Feminist epistemology

3162:, a postmodern feminist, claims that postmodern feminism recognizes positivism as an inherently oppressive ideology, where science's rhetoric of truth was supposedly used to undermine marginalized people's agency and delegitimize 'embodied' accounts of truth. Furthermore, they argue that 'objectivity' is an external, disembodied point of view left only to privileged (unmarked bodies), because marginalized (marked bodies) cannot have perspectives dissociated from 'who they are'. Despite post-modern relativist criticism, this theory resists relativism in firmly recognizing power relations in that objectivity is a privilege of unmarked bodies. Haraway's theory of "situated knowledges" holds true to post-modern ideology, where knowledge should be placed in context; this creates a more limited range of knowledge than theoretical "objectivity", but is richer in allowing for exchange of understanding between individual experiences. Positivism inherently gives way to authoritarian positions of knowledge which hinder discussion and render limited understanding of the world. Both positivist science and relativism have been recognized as contrary to post-modern feminist thought, since both minimize the significance of context (geographic, demographic, power) on knowledge claims. 2897:

justification and theory of knowledge; it describes how knowledge and justification disadvantage women. Feminist epistemology is derived from the terms feminism and epistemology. Feminism is concerned with the abolition of gender and sex inequalities, from the perspective that only women suffer inequalities while epistemology is the inquiry into knowledge's meaning. Scholars of feminist epistemology claim that some theories of knowledge discriminate against women by disbarring them from inquiry, unfairly criticizing their cognitive styles, and producing theories of women and social phenomena that reinforce gender hierarchies and represent women as inferior. The easy and uncontroversial point is that much of what has been recognised as knowledge and passed on in academic and industrial circles has been produced by men. Consequently their experiences and concerns have served to determine its direction. According to feminist epistemologists, these failures in dominant knowledge result from faulty scientific methodologies and knowledge conceptions. Therefore, feminist epistemologists attempt to propagate theories that aid liberation and egalitarian causes and protect these endeavors as advances in knowledge.

3115:, Kuhn argued that scientific progress does not occur through gradual accumulation of correct ideas. Rather, he believed that there were occasionally large revolutions that completely overturned the previous scientific theories. When a crisis occurs within the prevailing theory of a time, revolutionary scientists will challenge them and build new scientific theories. For example, in his view, the transition from the geocentrism of Ptolemy to the heliocentric theory of Copernicus did not occur through a gradual series of challenges and improvements to the previous model. Rather, it was a sudden and complete revolution because it is impossible to conceptualize the theory of heliocentrism within the dominant geocentric theory. Kuhn argued that together, the ideas of Newton, Galileo, and Kepler completed the revolution that Copernicus started. However, most students of science do not learn of the many failed and alternative scientific paradigms. They are taught a version of the history of science where progress is guaranteed and linear. In Harding's view, Kuhn's theories showed that all science was situated within its historical context, and that any theory could remain accepted if its believers held power. 3201:, who claims that theorizing is often tied to a process of self-recovery and collective liberation; it is not thus limited to those in the western academic realm, nor does it require 'scientific' research. Hooks asserts that theory and practical application of emancipatory politics can, and often do, exist simultaneously and reciprocally. Post-Modern feminism has given way to the question of whether or not there should be any particular feminist ways of knowing. A 'theory in the flesh' seems to suggest that prioritizing or normalizing any specific feminist epistemology would in itself be, and has been, oppressive. According to Morgana, feminism needs to function as a united, all-inclusive body that promotes gender equality across all spectrums. Racism integrated within feminism needs to be dismantled to achieve true equity. Internalized oppression needs to be avoided at all costs because it exacerbates systematic racist and classist discrimination. 3077:

Feminist standpoint theory states a privilege in gender relations, various feminist standpoint theories are based on the statement about the epistemic privilege in different feministic situations. Feminist standpoint theory is one of the types of critical theory, their main intention is to improve their situation. In order to achieve this critical aim, social theories must represent the understanding of feministic problems and try to improve their condition. Critical theory is theory of, by, and for the subjects of study. Feminism and feminist epistemology is all about inquiry, assumptions, and theories. Through these methods feminist epistemology overcomes the tension between bias on which feminist empiricism is based on. It presents an elaborate map or method for maximizing "strong objectivity" in natural and social science, yet does not necessarily focus on encouraging positivistic scientific practices, like is central to Feminist Empiricism.

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their viewpoints. According to Andrew, all epistemological views are biased. Besides, it is difficult to distinguish between various subjective principles without biased or partial evaluation standards. Therefore, it becomes difficult to conceptualize and evaluate bias while rejecting impartiality. Anthony makes several claims in formulating the paradox of bias. First, he asserts that impartiality is not a tenable epistemic practice ideal. Secondly, he states that the untenable state of impartiality means that all epistemic practices have an inherent bias. Thirdly, it is impossible to develop impartial criteria for assessing the epistemic value of biases if all practices are biased. Lastly, all biases are equal since there are no unbiased criteria for evaluating practices. These claims suggest that people should either endorse objectivity or stop distinguishing between good and biases.

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partial or 'subjective' knowledge of the world. In essence, all empirical inquiry is inherently skewed by value judgments and biased interpretation of evidence by male-biased authorities. For instance, it was not until retrieving statistical data on the prevalence of women in the workplace experiencing (what is now known to be) 'sexual harassment' through surveys in the 1970s that sexual harassment became identified by political authorities as a commonality. Without this intervention of feminists in an empirical field, this commonality would never have been identified as an issue, since males had no reason to pursue this phenomenon. Londa Schiebinger further asserts that empirical research "embodies many core feminist values", in that feminist empiricists are actively seeking out and eliminating exploitative research whilst resisting strategic, oppressive explanations of data.

3280:'s (1987, 1991, 1995, 1996) with other feminist co-workers determined in which ways political and social routine shapes our identities and perspectives of our world and especially gender, how it leads to understanding of epistemic responsibility. Code's works also have been influential in epistemological fields, which can be described as version of naturalism takes and reinvents simple and uncontroversial empirical beliefs, for example the belief like "I know that I am seeing a bird", deforms the epistemic animal nature. Feminist epistemic virtue theorists rejects almost all the assumptions. Skeptical problems can not get any connections with it, so it is ignored and considered as a pseudo-problem. 3038:

expose, subvert and overcome all forms of oppression. In the context of feminist epistemology, the consequence of this outcome is that feminists constantly attack impartiality as a disguise of the subjective interests of the powerful in society. The second commitment is to empiricism, where feminists pledge allegiance to the methods and tools of analytical philosophy. While analytic philosophy(?) (feminism?) requires a commitment to subjectivity, empiricism requires partakers to endorse impartiality. Therefore, there is a paradox of bias that confronts both empiricism and epistemological views that attempt to balance subjectivism and objectivism in knowledge acquisition.

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ideas, postmodernism allows for imagination that was previously obscured. Post-modern thought marks a feminist group shift away from dominant, positivistic ideals of objectivity and universal understanding. Instead, it acknowledges a diversity of unique human perspectives, none of which can claim absolute knowledge authority. Post-Modern feminism has thus been critiqued for having a relativist-stance, where ongoing power relations between key identities have been often neglected attention. It is possible to see this political stance in direct opposition to the "emancipatory aspirations" of women. However,

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hypotheses. In daily life, scientists face some restrictions in selecting the background assumptions, that are based on cognitive values like simplicity and conservatism, which a political and social philosophy that is based on retaining traditional social establishments. Feminist empiricists state that no logical or methodological principle categorically prohibits scientists from choosing their background assumptions as their political and social values or other interests. Therefore, feminist scientists may select their background presumptions on account of their opinions on some feminist values.

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be liberated. As such, feminist postmodernism opposes traditional theories that justify sexist practices. Such theories perpetrate the ideas that the differences between men and women are natural, or that women have innate characteristics that justify their inferior position in society. For instance, while essentialism claims that gender identity is universal, feminist postmodernism suggests that these theories exclude marginalized groups such as lesbians and women of color. Such exclusions reproduce power relations as the heterosexual white middle-class women are assumed to represent all women.

3194:'s piece "Theory in the Flesh", where the 'physical realities' of indigenous peoples' lives are said to be the means of creating a decolonial politic against oppressive, inaccessible, Eurowestern academic methods of knowledge production. In her piece, Moraga highlights the various forms of oppression that stem from various forms of discrimination. Though women of color are disproportionately stigmatized, all women, in general, suffer from societal repression. Moraga asserts that internalized racism and classism determine the disparity of treatment between blacks and whites. 818: 87: 3383:

single theory. In other words, allowing communities to freely explore their interests reveals multiple structures and patterns. In opposing this view, some scientists claim that feminist science should follow specific methodologies and ontologies. However, this view has been opposed by supporters of pluralism, who argue that there are no unique methods for feminist science. They also claim that sticking to specific methods tends to favor certain representation types, which may also reinforce sexism.

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feminist postmodernism, and feminist empiricism. Standpoint theory defines a specific social perspective as epistemically privileged. Feminist postmodernism emphasizes the instability of the social identity explorers and therefore their representations. Empiricism focuses on combining the main ideas of feminism and their observations to prove feministic theories through evidence.

3013:"hard/soft, emotional/rational, worthy/worthless". Many assert that 'objective truth' is a false concept, and thus feminist empiricists may overestimate the extent to which they can increase objectivity. Furthermore, positivism and quantitative research has been critiqued as a "detached" philosophical framework that inherently objectifies its research subjects. 3081:

marginalized identity. Harding further argues that the methodology does not subscribe to notions of "maximizing neutrality" between groups in an effort to maximize objectivity, but instead recognizes that the power relations between groups are what complicate these relationships. This is in some ways contrary to Doucet's assertion that the controversy of

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methods further. Feminist empiricism has also been criticized for ignoring the role of feminist political activity as a vital source of evidence and hypotheses to challenge androcentric and sexist theories. This criticism applies especially to the development of oppositional consciousness as an element of feminist political activity.

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into their theories (she cites eugenics and intelligence test designs as examples of politicized science). She also criticizes Harding for claiming that marginalized groups produce better, less biased scientific results because, according to Pinnick, Harding fails to provide any empirical evidence for this idea.

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would argue this critique is in some ways oppositional to global understandings of female desire, where the idea of 'freedom' is an essential, conditionally oppressive component to western feminism which may wrongly assume that women of eastern countries dominated by male power are victims needing to

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Proponents of feminist science claim that scientific studies informed by feminist values are founded on sound biases that are generative limiting. This paints a pluralistic picture of science, where it appears to be disunified due to the presence of diverse structures that are not encompassed in any

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Simply stated, the paradox of bias is the existing tension between feminists who criticize male bias for lacking impartiality and feminists who reject the impartiality ideal. The latter claim that objectivity and neutrality are unattainable, which becomes problematic when claiming the objectivity of

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is against standpoint theory, because she claims that standpoint theory can not provide the knowledge of which standpoints have the most privilege. Bar On (1993) said that if feminine ethics of care provides privileged perspective on morality, then our moral knowledge is convinced only by existence

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1990). Also feminist empiricism theory states that science will correct all the biases and errors in theories about women and other groups by itself. According to Harding, this criticism stems from the perception that it is sufficient to eliminate sexist bias without altering traditional scientific

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Postmodernism is inspired by postmodernist and postculturalist theorists such as Lyotard and Foucalt, who question universality and objectivity as ways to transcend situatedness. In other words, postmodernism focuses partiality, locality and contestability of worldviews. By delegitimizing dominant

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theory Harding uses. Pinnick, to illustrate her point about Harding's poor evidence, points to standpoint theory's claim that science is more objective if it is politically motivated, which Pinnick claims runs contrary to what has happened in the past when scientists deliberately injected politics

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Haraway in Postmodern Bodies: Haraway introduced Biopolitics- a concept connecting policy to life- as a primary category during the Postmodern period. In one of Haraway's most famous essays, "The Biopolitics of Postmodern Bodies: Determinations of Self in Immune System Discourse," she regards the

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Standpoint theories portray the universe from a concrete situated perspective. Every standpoint theory must specify: the social location from the feminist perspective, the scope of its privileges, the social role and the identity that generates knowledge and the justification of these privileges.

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The paradox of bias emerges from arguments that revise or reject conceptions of impartiality and objectivity in research. This bias lies between feminist empiricism's two main commitments. First, feminist empiricism is committed to the feminist project. In other words, feminists are determined to

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asserts that most knowledge (in particular academic knowledge) is always situated and "produced by positioned actors working in/between all kinds of locations, working up/on/through all kinds of research relation(ships)", and thus what is known and the ways in which this knowledge can be known is

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The central idea of feminist epistemology is that knowledge reflects the particular perspectives of the theory. The main interest of feminist philosophers is how gender stereotypes situate knowing subjects. They approach this interest from three different perspectives: feminist standpoint theory,

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Many feminist empiricists advocate for exposing the androcentric and sexist biases in scientific research, namely that people have a bias towards gender difference and sexuality. However, while feminist empiricists would claim that the feminist inquiry helps the development of science, their own

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Feminist empiricists respond to the problem of value-neutrality by lengthening Quine's argument: theory is not determined by evidence. Any observation counts as proof for particular thesis only if connected with certain background presumptions, because similar observation might support different

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Feminist empiricism emerged from a feminist critique that gave attention to male bias in positivistic practices of science. 2nd Wave feminist researchers identified how quantification and objectivity, as facets of positivism, have been held as the "gold standard" for social and political science

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In practicality, standpoint theory has widespread use as "a philosophy of knowledge, a philosophy of science, a sociology of knowledge, a moral/political advocacy of the expansion of democratic rights". Although it has been asserted that "epistemic privilege" is inherent to marginalized groups,

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Although standpoint epistemology has been critiqued for focusing too closely on a distinctive women's perspective which may render invisible concepts of historically and sociologically variable knowledge, Harding strongly asserts that standpoint epistemology does not essentialize any particular

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At a basic level, standpoint epistemology asserts that marginalized groups such as women are bestowed with an "epistemic privilege", where there exists the potential for less distorted understandings of the world than dominant groups, such as men. This methodology presents many new ideas to the

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consists in prejudices that cause one to "give a deflated level of credibility to a speaker's word": Fricker gives the example of a woman who due to her gender is not believed in a business meeting. She may make a good case, but prejudice causes the listeners to believe her arguments to be less

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Research bias is partial or limiting but not wrong if it has some empirical success and keeps off error. Such bias may be considered acceptable and suitable to serve as a basis for epistemic inquiry. They help in gaining more understanding of the world by producing new hypotheses, methods, and

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Feminist empiricists believe in the concept of positivism; that all knowledge can be understood objectively and can be accessed through empirical research. They assert that pre-feminist positivism was actually not objective at all, since traditional positivism's 'androcentric bias' led to only

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Feminist epistemology is criticized by different philosophers. Feminist postmodernists blame feminist empiricists for assuming the existence of an individual and for admitting an uncritical concept of experience. Naturalized Quine epistemology of some feminist empiricists perceives knowers as

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Feminist empiricism is critiqued for its belief that "objectivity" is best achieved through quantification, whether or not viewed through a feminist lens or utilized for feminist ideals. The division between quantitative and qualitative data has historically reinforced gendered dichotomies of

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organized feminist epistemology into three categories: feminist empiricism, standpoint epistemology, and post-modern epistemology. While potentially a limited set of categories, post-modern feminism was a transitional ideology that denounced absolute objectivity and asserted the death of the

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Many critics of feminist science argue that science is generally influences by political and social factors. These critics advance sexist and androcentric theories due to the influence of sexist values in society. This implies the existence of social biases in feminist science, which may be

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Feminist epistemology claims that ethical and political values are important in shaping epistemic practices, and interpretations of evidence. Feminist epistemology has been in existence for over 25 years. Feminist epistemology studies how gender influences our understanding of knowledge,

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Harding poses standpoint theory as an explanatory means for both marginalized and dominant group individuals to be able to achieve liberatory perspectives. In building her standpoint epistemology, Sandra Harding used and built on her interpretation of the work of philosophers of science

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2000). While differences exist between different classes of women, different modes of sexism may be accommodated through an intersectional approach. The postmodernism theory dissolves all groups, and supports the ideas that knowledge from any source is better than no knowledge at all

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research. Quantification, and its political relationships to notions of objectivity, maintains methodological dominance and preference primarily in the United States. This is perpetuated by how funding authorities tend to prioritize quantitative research with positivist frameworks.

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competent or sincere and thus less believable. In this kind of case, Fricker argues that as well as there being an injustice caused by possible outcomes (such as the speaker missing a promotion at work), there is a testimonial injustice: "a kind of injustice in which someone is

2939:". Such an awareness allows a hearer to account for the likely impact of the identity power relation that mediates between himself and the speaker on his spontaneous perception, essentially correcting for the problems that can result in transactions of testimonial injustice. 3085:

power influenced knowledge production is a post-standpoint, more contemporary debate. Standpoint epistemology also poses a necessity to ask critical questions about the lives and social institutions created by dominant groups; where the field becomes a sociology

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Feminist postmodernism has been criticized on the basis of its rejection of the woman as a category of study and its fragmentation of perspectives. They claim that although women experience sexism differently, it is still a common characteristic among them

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feminist empiricist notion that androcentric dominance and bias presents an incomplete understanding of the world. A "standpoint" is not so much about a subject's biased perspective, but instead the 'realities' that structure social relationships of power.

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concepts, thus serving as epistemic resources. According to feminist philosophers, research should not be dominated by few limiting biases that exclude other generative standpoints, which would result in wider conceptions of research subjects.

2946:, "speakers' knowledge claims fall into lacunae in the available conceptual resources, thus blocking their capacity to interpret, and thence to understand or claim a hearing for their experiences." For example, when the language of ' 3166:

human body as a subject composed of Independent systems that interact with one another, in a political or strategic sense. According to Haraway, these bodily functions coexist while operating as separate strategic entities.

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Biases toward working with "masculine" cognitive styles (and in some cases even the words related to them) that may — through limiting, partial, or incomplete perspective — lead to errors of omission or unjustified

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eliminated through the adoption of individual epistemology. Nonetheless, many feminists believe in the openness of scientific practices to diverse social influences, resulting in the paradox of social construction.

3276:'s (1984) examined how "maleness" and "femaleness" are used in philosophical theories and discussions about relationship such as, reason/unreason, reason/emotion and objectivity/subjectivity. 3126:

of gender relations. Bar On also claims that theory which explains structural relationship between advanced and less developed, which dictates epistemic privilege can not be applied to women.

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Hesse-Biber, S. N. & Leavy, P. L. (2007). Feminist empiricism: challenging gender bias and "setting the record straight". In Hesse-Biber, S. N. & Leavy, P. L.

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Standpoint theory is often criticized for the lack of evidence available to support it and the ideas underlying it, such as the lack of justification for the

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Feminist science criticism mainly has five different kinds of research about gender and science to address five identified biases. These are studies of how:

3106:. Harding's standpoint theory is also grounded in Marxism, although she largely rejected classical Marxism for its portrayal of women in merely class terms. 784: 5393: 930: 5403: 1047: 6521: 4646:"Throwing Like a Girl and Other Essays in Feminist Philosophy and Social Theory. By Iris Marion Young. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990" 4500: 4147:"Throwing Like a Girl and Other Essays in Feminist Philosophy and Social Theory. By Iris Marion Young. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990" 3134:

socially situated; Hundleby, a standpoint theorist, criticizes feminist empiricism for disregarding the key role of women in political activities.

2954:' were not generally available, those who experienced these wrongs lacked the resources to make a claim to being wronged in morally relevant ways. 2365: 3059:

It is the most criticized theory by others, for its assumptions that transhistorical subject of knowledge exists outside of social determination (

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Applications of science and technology disadvantage women and other vulnerable groups and treat their interests as less important.

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Research into sex differences that reinforces sex stereotypes and sexist practices fail to live up to standards of good science.

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Science has ignored women and gender, and how turning attention to these issues may require revisions of accepted theories.

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Mahmood, S (2001). "Feminist Theory, Embodiment, and the Docile Agent: Some Reflections on the Egyptian Islamic Revival".

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Bart, J. (1998, January 19). Feminist Theories of Knowledge: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly. Retrieved October, from

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There are two central paradoxes with feminist empiricism—the paradox of bias and the paradox of social construction.

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claimed that class conflict derives other conflicts such as racism, sexism, national and religious conflicts.

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Collins, P. H. (1990). "Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment".

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This theory focuses on how power and gender relations behave in terms of value theory and epistemology.

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meta-narrative. While these three categories of feminist epistemology have their place in history (see

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Feminist Epistemology. (n.d.). Retrieved February 9, 2017 from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy:

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HARDING, SANDRA (1992). "After the Neutrality Ideal: Science, Politics, and "Strong Objectivity"".

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Pinnick, Cassandra L. (1994). "Feminist Epistemology: Implications for Philosophy of Science".

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has argued that in addition to social or political injustices, there can be

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subject to the position—the situation and perspective—of the knower.

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There might be a discussion about this on 4021: 3952: 7023: 7009: 5983:African-American women's suffrage movement 5227: 5213: 4772: 4758: 4005:(pp. 26-52). : SAGE Publications Ltd 3067: 2865: 2851: 1745:African-American women's suffrage movement 785: 771: 4432: 4329:, Routledge, pp. 51–62, 2013-06-17, 3494: 3366:Learn how and when to remove this message 3289:Feminist science criticism: bias as error 3256:Learn how and when to remove this message 2994:postconstructionist feminist epistemology 5928:Discrimination against transgender women 4327:The Routledge Companion to Postmodernism 1690:Discrimination against transgender women 4498: 4463: 4406: 4362: 4291: 4223: 3770:. 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Oxford University Press. p. 1. 3619: 3536: 3416: 3185: 2999: 257:Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center 7004: 6277:Post-structuralist discourse analysis 5543:Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary 5208: 4753: 4584: 4582: 4407:Haraway, D (September–October 1988). 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4317: 4315: 4219: 4217: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3918: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3809: 3523:Bloomington: Indiana University Press 3519: 2911:is central to feminist epistemology. 277:Toward a Feminist Theory of the State 4266: 3318: 3208: 18: 4779: 4737:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4726:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project 4714:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4634: 4138: 4078: 3465:The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology 13: 4662:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1991.tb00265.x 4579: 4391: 4312: 4214: 4185: 4163:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1991.tb00265.x 4108:10.1023/B:SYNT.0000016424.47883.b9 4050: 3988: 3939: 3876: 3854:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1995.tb00736.x 3315:Feminist science: bias as resource 3028: 307:Feminism and the Mastery of Nature 14: 7690: 4703: 4688: 4067:http://www.dean.sbc.edu/bart.html 3953:Hughes, C.; Cohen, R. L. (2010). 2919:The English feminist philosopher 7030: 6984: 6975: 6974: 6962: 6522:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5938:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 4992: 4630:http://www.iep.utm.edu/fem-epis/ 3323: 3213: 3205:Feminist epistemic virtue theory 3145: 3020: 2834: 2366:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1700:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 816: 85: 23: 4622: 4595: 4555: 4542: 4492: 4457: 4356: 4285: 4271:. University of Chicago Press. 4260: 4015: 3912: 3833: 3819:. 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(2004). 3717:September 25, 2006, at the 3431:10.1007/978-1-4020-6835-5_1 3386: 3170:Criticism of postmodernism: 2907:argues that the concept of 2891: 2023:Views on transgender topics 2013:Views on sexual orientation 187:Speculum of the Other Woman 36:to comply with Knowledge's 10: 7695: 4563:"Learning from Experience" 4499:Haraway, Donna J. (2005), 4003:Feminist research practice 3925:. Routledge. p. 126. 3919:Lykke, Nina (2010-04-05). 3675:10.5040/9781474297806.0018 3592:10.5040/9781474297806.0018 3473:10.1002/9781405164863.ch14 3459:Longino, Helen E. (2017), 267:The Creation of Patriarchy 7618: 7567: 7416: 7323:Evolutionary epistemology 7293: 7038: 6956: 6896: 6835: 6828: 6507: 6212: 5958:Female genital mutilation 5896: 5829: 5726: 5446: 5435: 5362:Majority-Muslim countries 5327: 5294: 5251: 5242: 5186: 5045: 5009: 4987: 4787: 4434:2027/spo.0499697.0014.310 4377:10.1525/can.2001.16.2.202 2814:Women's rights by country 1720:Female genital mutilation 197:This Sex Which is Not One 7595:Philosophy of perception 7398:Representational realism 7368:Naturalized epistemology 6931:Women's studies journals 6889:Women's rights activists 5438:Movements and ideologies 5194:Women's studies journals 4513:10.4324/9781003060338-39 4335:10.4324/9780203451649-10 4011:10.4135/9781412984270.n2 3626:Handbook of Epistemology 3543:Handbook of Epistemology 2819:Feminists by nationality 2793:Women's studies journals 2788:Women's rights activists 1506:Movements and ideologies 327:The Promise of Happiness 49:may contain suggestions. 34:may need to be rewritten 7575:Outline of epistemology 7408:Transcendental idealism 6474:International relations 4872:International relations 4732:"Feminist epistemology" 4610:New Sorbonne University 3622:"Feminist Epistemology" 3539:"Feminist Epistemology" 3461:"Feminist Epistemology" 3068:Standpoint epistemology 2944:hermeneutical injustice 2207:International relations 1068:Intersectional variants 237:The Politics of Reality 122:The Subjection of Women 7522:Problem of other minds 6904:Conservative feminisms 6202:Women in the workforce 6170:Violence against women 6145:Sexual objectification 6105:Opposition to feminism 5302:Bicycling and feminism 5153:Catharine A. MacKinnon 4644:Oliver, Kelly (1991). 4592:. New York: Routledge. 4466:Contemporary Sociology 4145:Oliver, Kelly (1991). 2733:Conservative feminisms 1988:Bicycling and feminism 1964:Women in the workforce 1932:Violence against women 1907:Sexual objectification 1867:Opposition to feminism 1124:Vegetarian ecofeminism 297:Black Feminist Thought 247:Women, Race, and Class 7600:Philosophy of science 7580:Faith and rationality 7462:Descriptive knowledge 7333:Feminist epistemology 7273:Nicholas Wolterstorff 6944:Women in peacekeeping 6484:Revisionist mythology 5921:Children's literature 5133:Patricia Hill Collins 5027:Hegemonic masculinity 4722:Feminist epistemology 4695:Feminist epistemology 4365:Cultural Anthropology 4267:Kuhn, Thomas (2012). 4226:Philosophy of Science 3797:Lorraine Code, 2008. 3710:. London, IB: Taurus 3090:women and not solely 2932:Testimonial injustice 2880:is an examination of 2878:Feminist epistemology 2763:Feminist rhetoricians 2753:Feminist philosophers 2305:Revisionist mythology 2008:Views on prostitution 1993:Criticism of marriage 1683:Children's literature 662:Gender performativity 157:The Feminine Mystique 7532:Procedural knowledge 7517:Problem of induction 6386:Pathways perspective 6231:Gender mainstreaming 6150:Substantive equality 6130:Reproductive justice 6080:Matriarchal religion 5933:Diversity (politics) 4567:publishing.cdlib.org 3336:confusing or unclear 3226:confusing or unclear 2743:Feminist art critics 2718:Feminist comic books 2675:Lists and categories 2354:By continent/country 2185:Pathways perspective 2068:Gender mainstreaming 2003:Views on pornography 1912:Substantive equality 1892:Reproductive justice 1842:Matriarchal religion 1695:Diversity (politics) 1631:Political lesbianism 941:Other women's rights 227:In a Different Voice 217:Throwing Like a Girl 177:The Dialectic of Sex 7669:Feminist philosophy 7664:Social epistemology 7610:Virtue epistemology 7605:Social epistemology 7585:Formal epistemology 7472:Epistemic injustice 7467:Exploratory thought 7268:Ludwig Wittgenstein 6969:Feminism portal 6849:Ecofeminist authors 6699:Trinidad and Tobago 6639:Republic of Ireland 6499:Composition studies 6180:Women's empowerment 6135:Sex workers' rights 6060:Feminist capitalism 6040:Internalized sexism 5973:Feminism in culture 5851:Kurdish (Jineology) 5168:Diana E. 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Russell 4837:Composition studies 3393:Epistemic advantage 3344:clarify the section 3234:clarify the section 3186:Theory in the flesh 3000:Feminist empiricism 2978:postmodern feminism 2974:standpoint feminism 2970:feminist empiricism 2841:Feminism portal 2748:Feminist economists 2738:Ecofeminist authors 2543:Trinidad and Tobago 2483:Republic of Ireland 2175:Composition studies 1942:Women's empowerment 1897:Sex workers' rights 1822:Feminist capitalism 1802:Internalized sexism 1735:Feminism in culture 843:History of feminism 756:Feminist philosophy 79:Feminist philosophy 7263:Timothy Williamson 7053:Augustine of Hippo 6344:Literary criticism 6221:Complementarianism 5943:Effects on society 5911:Complementarianism 5718:Women's liberation 5063:Simone de Beauvoir 5053:Elizabeth Anderson 5046:Feminist theorists 4847:Digital humanities 4825:Literary criticism 4072:2020-02-16 at the 3139:underdetermination 2982:epistemic insights 2909:situated knowledge 2905:Elizabeth Anderson 2153:Literary criticism 2018:Views on sexuality 1705:Effects on society 1673:Complementarianism 1648:Women's liberation 1403:Religious variants 1377:trans-exclusionary 1095:Radical lesbianism 724:Radical Philosophy 7679:Postmodern theory 7646: 7645: 7512:Privileged access 7148:Søren Kierkegaard 6998: 6997: 6952: 6951: 6361:Political ecology 6267:Écriture féminine 6165:Triple oppression 6155:Toxic masculinity 6140:Sexual harassment 6000:Feminist stripper 5978:Feminist movement 5892: 5891: 5830:Ethnic and racial 5431: 5430: 5202: 5201: 5083:Kimberlé Crenshaw 4934:Political ecology 4522:978-1-003-06033-8 3826:978-0-226-31137-1 3777:978-0-19-957052-2 3743:978-0-19-957052-2 3684:978-1-4742-9778-3 3643:978-1-4020-1986-9 3601:978-1-4742-9778-3 3560:978-94-015-6969-9 3482:978-1-4051-6486-3 3440:978-1-4020-6835-5 3376: 3375: 3368: 3266: 3265: 3258: 2948:sexual harassment 2875: 2874: 2826: 2825: 2345: 2344: 2335:womanist theology 2278:Political ecology 2109:Écriture féminine 2036: 2035: 1927:Triple oppression 1917:Toxic masculinity 1902:Sexual harassment 1762:Feminist stripper 1740:Feminist movement 1296: 1295: 1227:Africana womanism 1058: 1057: 795: 794: 682:Standpoint theory 677:Intersectionality 105:A Vindication of 64: 63: 38:quality standards 7686: 7590:Metaepistemology 7568:Related articles 7542:Regress argument 7477:Epistemic virtue 7228:Bertrand Russell 7203:Duncan Pritchard 7163:Hilary Kornblith 7078:Laurence BonJour 7025: 7018: 7011: 7002: 7001: 6988: 6987: 6978: 6977: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6833: 6832: 6816:History of women 6292:Political theory 6192: 6185:Women-only space 6070:Likeability trap 6035:Invisible labour 5953:Female education 5444: 5443: 5439: 5399:African-American 5329:Women's suffrage 5320: 5307:Feminist history 5249: 5248: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5206: 5205: 5173:Dorothy E. 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F. Strawson 7250: 7245: 7243:Susanna Siegel 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7218:W. V. O. Quine 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7118:Nelson Goodman 7115: 7110: 7108:Edmund Gettier 7105: 7100: 7095: 7093:René Descartes 7090: 7085: 7083:Gilles Deleuze 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7058:William Alston 7055: 7050: 7048:Thomas Aquinas 7044: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7028: 7027: 7020: 7013: 7005: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6982: 6972: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6946: 6941: 6937:SCUM Manifesto 6933: 6928: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6916: 6906: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6839: 6830: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6808: 6806:United Kingdom 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6479:Existentialism 6476: 6471: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6454: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6435:Existentialism 6432: 6431: 6430: 6428:Justice ethics 6420: 6415: 6410: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6304: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6226:Gender studies 6223: 6218: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6197:Women's rights 6194: 6191:Women's health 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6075:Male privilege 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6044:International 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5913: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5745: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5513: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5450: 5448: 5441: 5433: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5401: 5396: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5377:United Kingdom 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5333: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5266: 5261: 5255: 5253: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5232: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5209: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5178:Marilyn Waring 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5148:Julia Kristeva 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5128:Sandra Harding 5125: 5120: 5118:Germaine Greer 5115: 5110: 5108:Martha Fineman 5105: 5100: 5098:Andrea Dworkin 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4917:Existentialism 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4876:Constructivism 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4777: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4728: 4719: 4701: 4690: 4689:External links 4687: 4684: 4683: 4656:(3): 218–221. 4633: 4621: 4594: 4578: 4554: 4541: 4521: 4491: 4472:(1): 221–238. 4456: 4419:(3): 575–599. 4390: 4371:(2): 202–236. 4355: 4343: 4311: 4300:(3): 567–587. 4284: 4277: 4259: 4238:10.1086/289827 4232:(4): 646–657. 4213: 4184: 4157:(3): 218–221. 4137: 4102:(3): 315–335. 4077: 4049: 4036:10.1086/345319 4030:(3): 859–886. 4014: 3987: 3968:(3): 189–196. 3938: 3931: 3911: 3875: 3832: 3825: 3802: 3790: 3776: 3756: 3742: 3722: 3695: 3683: 3654: 3642: 3612: 3600: 3571: 3559: 3529: 3493: 3481: 3451: 3439: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3400: 3395: 3388: 3385: 3374: 3373: 3331: 3329: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3272:'s (1990) and 3264: 3263: 3221: 3219: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3192:Cherrie Moraga 3187: 3184: 3147: 3144: 3069: 3066: 3056: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3030: 3027: 3022: 3019: 3001: 2998: 2965:Sandra Harding 2893: 2890: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2869: 2862: 2855: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2758:Feminist poets 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2728: 2727: 2725:Feminist songs 2722: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2701:by nationality 2693: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2652: 2650:United Kingdom 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2357: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2261:Existentialism 2258: 2257: 2256: 2254:Justice ethics 2246: 2241: 2236: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2215: 2214: 2212:Constructivism 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2119:Areas of study 2116: 2115: 2113: 2112: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2063:Gender studies 2060: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2030: 2028:SCUM Manifesto 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1984: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1959:Women's rights 1956: 1953:Women's health 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1837:Male privilege 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1806:International 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1675: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1643:Technofeminism 1640: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1606: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1587: 1582: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1418: 1413: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1305:Other variants 1304: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1293: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1229: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1109: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1082: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1055: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1031:Cayman Islands 1026:United Kingdom 1023: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 957: 954: 953: 946: 945: 944: 943: 936: 935: 934: 933: 928: 917: 914: 913: 909: 908: 906: 905: 900: 895: 890: 884: 881: 880: 876: 875: 873: 872: 871: 870: 865: 860: 855: 845: 840: 834: 829: 826: 825: 822: 821: 813: 812: 806: 805: 793: 792: 790: 789: 782: 775: 767: 764: 763: 750: 749: 747: 744: 743: 740: 739: 735: 734: 727: 720: 713: 706: 698: 697: 694: 693: 690: 689: 685: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 653: 652: 647: 642: 640:existentialism 637: 632: 627: 616: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 603: 602: 597: 592: 590:Wollstonecraft 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 346: 345: 343:Major thinkers 342: 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 323: 313: 303: 293: 287:Gender Trouble 283: 273: 263: 253: 243: 233: 223: 213: 203: 193: 183: 173: 163: 153: 147:The Second Sex 143: 130: 128: 118: 101: 98: 95: 94: 91: 90: 82: 81: 75: 74: 62: 61: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7691: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7674:Postmodernism 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7617: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7497:Justification 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7373:Phenomenalism 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7363:Naïve realism 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7313:Contextualism 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7281: 7279: 7278:Vienna Circle 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7213:Hilary Putnam 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7188:Robert Nozick 7186: 7184: 7183:John McDowell 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7143:Immanuel Kant 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7113:Alvin Goldman 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7026: 7021: 7019: 7014: 7012: 7007: 7006: 7003: 6991: 6983: 6981: 6973: 6971: 6970: 6959: 6958: 6955: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6811:United States 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6659:Latin America 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6489:Technoscience 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6339:Art criticism 6337: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6252:Men's studies 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6160:Transmisogyny 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6120:Purplewashing 6118: 6116: 6115:Protofeminism 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6025:Honor killing 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5696:Transnational 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5565:Individualist 5563: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5464:Anti-abortion 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5434: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5389:United States 5387: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5225: 5223: 5218: 5216: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5143:Luce Irigaray 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5123:Donna Haraway 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5103:Cynthia Enloe 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5088:Hélène Cixous 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5078:Judith Butler 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4990: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4964:Technoscience 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4944:Postmodernism 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4815:Art criticism 4813: 4812: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4770: 4768: 4763: 4761: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4638: 4631: 4625: 4611: 4604: 4598: 4591: 4585: 4583: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4551: 4545: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4507:, Routledge, 4506: 4502: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4346: 4344:9780203451649 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4316: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4280: 4278:9780226458120 4274: 4270: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4218: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 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2358: 2351: 2350: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2325:Technoscience 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2148:Art criticism 2146: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2098:Men's studies 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2041: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1998:Views on BDSM 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1982: 1974: 1973: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1922:Transmisogyny 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1882:Purplewashing 1880: 1878: 1877:Protofeminism 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1787:Honor killing 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1658: 1657: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1556:Individualist 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1529:Cyberfeminism 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1501: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1398: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1312:Anti-abortion 1310: 1309: 1302: 1301: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1217:Multicultural 1215: 1214: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1200:Transnational 1198: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1117:Postgenderism 1115: 1114: 1113: 1112:Transfeminism 1110: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1043:United States 1041: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 996:Liechtenstein 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 958: 956: 955: 951: 948: 947: 942: 939: 938: 932: 929: 927: 924: 923: 922: 919: 918: 916: 915: 911: 910: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 885: 883: 882: 878: 877: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 850: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 835: 833: 832: 824: 823: 819: 815: 814: 811: 808: 807: 803: 799: 798: 788: 783: 781: 776: 774: 769: 768: 766: 765: 757: 753: 742: 741: 733: 732: 728: 726: 725: 721: 719: 718: 714: 712: 711: 707: 705: 704: 700: 699: 692: 691: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 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Rights of 100: 99: 93: 92: 88: 84: 83: 80: 77: 76: 72: 68: 67: 58: 48: 44: 39: 35: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 7556: 7457:Common sense 7435:A posteriori 7434: 7426: 7388:Reductionism 7332: 7282: 7233:Gilbert Ryle 7103:Fred Dretske 7088:Keith DeRose 7032:Epistemology 6960: 6935: 6879:Rhetoricians 6869:Philosophers 6761:Saudi Arabia 6557:South Africa 6418:Epistemology 6417: 6371:Anthropology 6366:Architecture 6329:Legal theory 6236:Gynocentrism 6175:War on women 6110:Pro-feminism 6065:Gender-blind 6015:Gender quota 5988:Art movement 5780:Dianic Wicca 5659:Sex-positive 5622:Postcolonial 5489:Conservative 5469:Anti-fascist 5163:Val Plumwood 5113:Nancy Fraser 4907:Epistemology 4906: 4882:Legal theory 4805:Architecture 4795:Anthropology 4735: 4712: 4653: 4649: 4624: 4613:. Retrieved 4609: 4597: 4589: 4570:. Retrieved 4566: 4557: 4549: 4544: 4534:, retrieved 4504: 4494: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4416: 4412: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4348:, retrieved 4326: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4268: 4262: 4229: 4225: 4206:Science wars 4205: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4099: 4095: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4002: 3965: 3961: 3921: 3914: 3906: 3848:(3): 31–49. 3845: 3841: 3835: 3815: 3811:Haack, Susan 3805: 3793: 3781:. Retrieved 3766: 3759: 3747:. Retrieved 3732: 3725: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3688:, retrieved 3666: 3657: 3647:, retrieved 3625: 3615: 3605:, retrieved 3583: 3574: 3564:, retrieved 3542: 3532: 3522: 3486:, retrieved 3464: 3454: 3444:, retrieved 3422: 3412: 3381: 3377: 3362: 3353: 3342:Please help 3333: 3307:conclusions. 3292: 3267: 3252: 3243: 3232:Please help 3223: 3196: 3189: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3153:Saba Mahmood 3149: 3136: 3132: 3121:Philosopher 3118: 3117: 3110: 3108: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3058: 3049: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2989: 2963: 2956: 2943: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2925: 2918: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2888:standpoint. 2882:epistemology 2877: 2876: 2605:Saudi Arabia 2401:South Africa 2244:Epistemology 2243: 2219:Legal theory 2138:Architecture 2128:Anthropology 2107: 2073:Gynocentrism 1937:War on women 1872:Pro-feminism 1827:Gender-blind 1777:Gender quota 1750:Art movement 1519:Anti-fascist 1453:Dianic Wicca 1332:Postfeminism 1207:Xenofeminism 1190:Postcolonial 1107:Sex-positive 729: 722: 715: 708: 701: 630:epistemology 629: 326: 316: 306: 296: 286: 276: 266: 256: 246: 236: 226: 216: 206: 196: 186: 176: 166: 156: 146: 133: 121: 104: 52: 43:You can help 33: 7537:Proposition 7507:Objectivity 7393:Reliabilism 7383:Rationalism 7328:Fallibilism 7303:Coherentism 7248:Ernest Sosa 7223:Thomas Reid 7208:James Pryor 7178:G. E. Moore 7168:David Lewis 7158:Saul Kripke 7153:Peter Klein 7133:Susan Haack 7063:Robert Audi 6919:Comic books 6844:Art critics 6766:South Korea 6746:Philippines 6726:New Zealand 6721:Netherlands 6452:Pornography 6440:Metaphysics 6381:Criminology 6376:Archaeology 6349:Film theory 6050:Women's Day 5790:Ecofeminist 5649:Reactionary 5597:Materialist 5372:Switzerland 5367:New Zealand 5286:Fourth-wave 5269:Second-wave 5093:Alice Crary 5073:Nancy Bauer 5068:Wendy Brown 5058:Karen Barad 5017:Ecofeminism 4922:Metaphysics 4842:Criminology 4820:Film theory 4800:Archaeology 3100:Thomas Kuhn 2959:Susan Haack 2610:South Korea 2590:Philippines 2570:New Zealand 2565:Netherlands 2288:Pornography 2266:Metaphysics 2180:Criminology 2158:Film theory 2133:Archaeology 1812:Women's Day 1604:Libertarian 1546:Ecofeminism 1463:Ecofeminist 1344:Reactionary 1337:Neofeminism 1278:Multiracial 1183:Ecofeminist 1178:Materialist 1021:Switzerland 1001:New Zealand 717:philoSOPHIA 672:Care ethics 645:metaphysics 525:Taylor Mill 360:de Beauvoir 207:Gyn/Ecology 96:Major works 7653:Categories 7638:Discussion 7628:Task Force 7547:Simplicity 7527:Perception 7403:Skepticism 7378:Positivism 7353:Infinitism 7318:Empiricism 7173:John Locke 7138:David Hume 7128:Anil Gupta 7123:Paul Grice 7098:John Dewey 7068:A. J. Ayer 6909:Literature 6854:Economists 6574:Bangladesh 6508:By country 6457:Psychology 6413:Empiricism 6408:Aesthetics 6403:Philosophy 6262:Patriarchy 6242:Matriarchy 6046:Girl's Day 6020:Girl power 5993:In hip hop 5916:Literature 5846:Indigenous 5785:Reclaiming 5681:Standpoint 5654:Separatism 5627:Postmodern 5521:Vegetarian 5511:Difference 5454:Analytical 5281:Third-wave 5264:First-wave 5138:bell hooks 4949:Psychology 4902:Empiricism 4897:Aesthetics 4892:Philosophy 4699:PhilPapers 4615:2021-12-11 4572:2021-12-11 4536:2021-12-11 4350:2021-12-07 3690:2021-12-07 3649:2021-12-07 3607:2021-11-22 3566:2021-11-22 3488:2021-11-11 3446:2021-12-07 3404:References 3338:to readers 3228:to readers 3199:bell hooks 2986:Nina Lykke 2952:homophobia 2928:injustices 2806:Categories 2708:Literature 2418:Bangladesh 2293:Psychology 2239:Empiricism 2234:Aesthetics 2229:Philosophy 2103:Patriarchy 2088:Matriarchy 1808:Girl's Day 1782:Girl power 1755:In hip hop 1678:Literature 1636:Separatist 1614:Postmodern 1580:Difference 1514:Analytical 1458:Reclaiming 1266:Indigenous 1171:Standpoint 1100:Separatist 952:by country 625:analytical 390:De la Cruz 55:April 2020 7502:Knowledge 7487:Induction 7437:knowledge 7429:knowledge 6664:Argentina 6624:Indonesia 6614:Hong Kong 6569:Australia 6469:Seriality 6393:Geography 6319:Sociology 6272:Economics 6257:Kyriarchy 5748:Christian 5728:Religious 5669:Socialist 5459:Anarchist 5404:States of 5342:Australia 4959:Sociology 4862:Geography 4852:Economics 4678:145068152 4670:0887-5367 4531:225469036 4254:144815015 4179:145068152 4171:0887-5367 4116:0039-7857 4044:146670080 3982:145406652 3870:144075886 3813:(2000) . 3175:MacKinnon 2926:epistemic 2696:Feminists 2508:Argentina 2468:Indonesia 2458:Hong Kong 2413:Australia 2320:Sociology 2202:Geography 2192:Economics 2083:Male gaze 2078:Kyriarchy 1539:Networked 1421:Christian 1156:Jineology 1144:Anarchist 1134:Socialist 1014:Francoist 966:Australia 912:Timelines 570:Showalter 545:Pankhurst 505:MacKinnon 500:Luxemburg 460:Haslanger 425:Firestone 47:talk page 7659:Feminism 7623:Category 7442:Analysis 7427:A priori 7418:Concepts 7358:Innatism 7295:Theories 6980:Category 6914:American 6786:Thailand 6741:Pakistan 6711:Malaysia 6694:Paraguay 6684:Honduras 6532:Ethiopia 6398:Pedagogy 6324:Rhetoric 6314:Sexology 6307:Womanist 6302:Thealogy 6297:Theology 6095:Misogyny 5963:Femicide 5948:Equality 5897:Concepts 5812:Orthodox 5775:Neopagan 5763:Womanist 5743:Buddhist 5711:Africana 5706:Womanism 5602:Maternal 5592:Lipstick 5558:Activism 5528:Equality 5494:Cultural 5479:Carceral 5414:Virginia 5394:Timeline 5337:Timeline 5274:timeline 5259:Timeline 5236:Feminism 4974:Womanist 4969:Theology 4954:Sexology 4887:Pedagogy 4505:The Body 4451:39794636 4385:17116965 4306:40970706 4132:37513738 4124:20118395 4096:Synthese 4070:Archived 3909:, 36-45. 3715:Archived 3387:See also 3356:May 2019 3246:May 2019 2892:Overview 2886:feminist 2691:Articles 2630:Thailand 2585:Pakistan 2555:Malaysia 2538:Paraguay 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