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favor a principled way of reasoning (one more common to boys) over a moral argumentation concentrating on relations, which would be more amenable to girls. The analysis by
Gilligan about Kohlberg's theory was later challenged, although the debate about Kohlberg's model not representing the full scope of the moral domain remains active.
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childhood fairytales. Where men fantasize about slaying dragons, women fantasize about a relationship. "Justice is ultimate moral maturity for adolescents (usually male) who see themselves as autonomous. Care is the ultimate responsibility of adolescents (usually female) who see themselves as linked to others."
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is a limit to how far
Gilligan can go given her (necessary) theoretical starting point — correcting the past. What she has produced is still response. It pushes the debate forward, yet it is limited by the terms set by men who had no grasp of the worlds that flourished in their own kitchens and nurseries."
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points the way to a new psychology that will not be divided against itself, one in which
Gilligan’s insights will be integrated into a discussion of women and men that acknowledges different voices as a matter of course and no longer assigns them positions of superiority and inferiority. Still, there
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The preconventional, or the orientation to individual survival, stage is to show that women are seeking "who they are." In other words, they usually felt alone in a hostile world and are unable to look past their own self-interest. In this stage, there is no thought of a "should" and women only think
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of children. Kohlberg's data showed that girls on average reached a lower level of moral development than boys did. Kohlberg's theory (based on his 1958 dissertation) had been developed on a sample of boys (as he had been advised to do). Gilligan stated that the scoring method
Kohlberg used tended to
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Reviews by Walker (2006) and Jaffee and Hyde (2001) found that
Gilligan's theory was not supported by empirical studies. Her study conducted on 80 people which served as a base for her theory was later challenged by neo-Kohlbergian studies with the Defining Issues Test, in which females tend to get
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The conventional stage, or the goodness of self-sacrifice, is when women think of themselves as selfless and begin to care more about others. This stage allows women to find solutions where no one is hurt or to choose the victim wisely. Women in this stage change their self-image and transition to
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When
Gilligan asked women, "How would you describe yourself?" she found that women define who they are by describing relationships. Men defined themselves by separation, or the use of "I" statements. She also found that men think in more violent terms than women. Gilligan compares these results to
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is a communication theory derived from this book. Em
Griffin asserts that Gilligan's theory of "moral development that women tend to think and speak in a different way than men when they confront ethical dilemmas." This theory also suggests the feminine ethic of care and the masculine ethic of
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The postconventional stage, or the responsibility for consequences of choice, is making a choice and then taking responsibility for that choice. In this stage, women tend to take control of their lives and realizing the seriousness of a situation, especially if there happened to be a chance to
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that, "Gilligan has failed to produce the data for her research". Gilligan argued in response that, "her findings have been published in leading journals and that
Sommers' points are not accurate," even though access to the raw data has been consistently denied to other researchers.
304:. The ethics of justice deals with moral choices through a measure of rights of the people involved and chooses the solution that seems to damage the fewest people. Rooted in a respect for the legal system, it applies in the Western democracy ideas like
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Gilligan found three stages to maturity when studying twenty-nine women from referrals of abortion and pregnancy-counseling centers. These stages are: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. These stages are also part of
Kohlberg's model.
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purports to take account of both men and women. She strives to emphasize that women, like men, are capable of thinking and acting in a manner associated with justice, and women with elements more associated with the value of care.
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involve someone getting hurt. Also, women begin to take care of others instead of just caring about themselves in this stage. They also put out a sense of morality to those around them.
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Rest, James R.; Narvaez, Darcia; Thoma, Stephen J.; Bebeau, Muriel J. (3 August 2010). "A Neo-Kohlbergian
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Gilligan, Carol; Attanucci, Jane (1 January 1988). "Two Moral Orientations: Gender Differences and Similarities".
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Walker, L. J. (2006). "Gender and Morality". In Killen, Melanie; Smetana, Judith G. (eds.).
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War against boys : how misguided policies are harming our young men
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In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development
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In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development
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higher scores than males, though generally not significantly so.
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In a Different Voice — Carol Gilligan | Harvard University Press
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