63:, and patriarchal assumptions about the research subject. By pointing out the biased perspectives and assumptions of researchers, feminist scholars work to elucidate the ways in which the idea of objectivity has operated merely as a stand-in for the white, male perspective, and how feminist methods, in contrast, work to produce knowledge in which “the researcher appears to us not as an invisible, anonymous voice of authority, but as a real, historical individual with concrete, specific desires and interests.”
2021:
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productive, feminist methods attempt to “demystify” and “decolonize” research through recognizing how traditional methods construct the Other and are cloaked in a false objectivity, and subsequently to deconstruct these narratives in order to “talk more creatively about research with particular groups and communities – women, the economically oppressed, ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples.”
2009:
47:. Feminist sociologists have made important contributions to this debate as they began to criticize positivism as a philosophical framework and, more specifically, its most acute methodological instrument—that of quantitative methods for its practice of detached and objective scientific research and the objectification of research subjects (Graham 1983b; Reinharz 1979).
67:
which does not take into account their agency or the will of their community. Subjects are also simultaneously “Othered” by
Western researchers who exotify their ways of life through “a Western discourse about the Other which is supported by ‘institutions, vocabulary, scholarship, imagery, doctrines, even colonial bureaucracies and colonial styles.’”
51:
values within the academy. Such concerns emerged from a sense of despair and anger that knowledge, both academic and popular, was based on men's lives, male ways of thinking, and directed toward the problems articulated by men. Dorothy Smith (1974) argued that "sociology ... has been based on and built up within the male social universe".
31:
Each of these methods must consist of different parts including: collection of evidence, testing of theories, presentation of data, and room for rebuttals. How research is scientifically backed up affects the results. Like consciousness raising, some feminist methods affect the collective emotions of
70:
Reinharz therefore posits that the destruction of the Other and the remodeling of the traditional subject-object relationship must occur simultaneously through explicit engagement with three different actors in feminist research: the researcher, the reader, and the people being studied. In this way,
27:
standpoint. Feminist methodologies are varied, but tend to have a few common aims or characteristics, including seeking to overcome biases in research, bringing about social change, displaying human diversity, and acknowledging the position of the researcher. Questioning normal scientific reasoning
107:
disputes the dichotomy between reason and emotion and argues that rationality needs emotion. She states emotions are normally associated with women and rationality is associated with men. She also claims that there are many theories as to the origins of emotions, and in the long run listening to
66:
Also inherent in the traditional researcher-subject relationship is the subject-object relationship, for the researcher becomes the autonomous subject when they study other humans as objects, as in this case the “subject” is ironically objectified through the process of scientific investigation,
50:
More recently, feminist scholars have argued that quantitative methods are compatible with a feminist approach, so long as they are attentive to feminist theory. These methodological critiques were well placed against a backdrop of feminist scholarship struggling to find a place for alternative
83:
came up with alternatives to the concept of having only two sexes, male and female. She argues that through biological development there is a possibility of having five sexes instead of two. She believes there are male, female, merm (male
32:
women, when things like political statistics are more of a structural result When knowledge is either constructed by experiences, or discovered, it needs to both be reliable and valid.
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Feminist methods have, in large part, been scaffolded as a rebuttal to existing research methods that operate under imperialist,
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96:, i.e. when both testicular and ovarian tissue is present).
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487:
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589:
Fausto-Sterling, Anne (Mar–Apr 1993). "The Five Sexes".
562:
Fausto-Sterling, Anne (Mar–Apr 1993). "The Five Sexes".
535:
Fausto-Sterling, Anne (Mar–Apr 1993). "The Five Sexes".
88:, i.e. when testicular tissue is present), ferm (female
369:. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. p.
680:"Love and knowledge: Emotion in feminist epistemology"
649:"Love and knowledge: Emotion in feminist epistemology"
618:"Love and knowledge: Emotion in feminist epistemology"
452:
Reinharz, Shulamit; Davidman, Lynn (April 30, 1992).
394:
Reinharz, Shulamit; Davidman, Lynn (April 30, 1992).
328:
Reinharz, Shulamit; Davidman, Lynn (April 30, 1992).
269:
247:. Routlage Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from
195:
Reinharz, Shulamit; Davidman, Lynn (April 30, 1992).
162:
Reinharz, Shulamit; Davidman, Lynn (April 30, 1992).
125:
Reinharz, Shulamit; Davidman, Lynn (April 30, 1992).
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Questioning biological sex as a scientific construct
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92:, i.e. when ovarian tissue is present), and herm (
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451:
393:
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588:
561:
534:
365:Feminism and Methodology: Social Science Issues
460:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
228:Bird, Sharon. "Feminist Methods of Research".
170:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
1176:
721:
402:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
336:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
203:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
55:Objectivity and the construction of the Other
1183:
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728:
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1802:Relationship between religion and science
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108:emotions might lead to better decisions.
28:is another form of the feminist method.
360:
35:Strong feminist supporters of this are
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615:
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709:
509:
484:
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272:Feminist measures in survey research
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456:Feminist Methods in Social Research
398:Feminist Methods in Social Research
361:Harding, Sarah (January 22, 1988).
332:Feminist Methods in Social Research
199:Feminist Methods in Social Research
166:Feminist Methods in Social Research
129:Feminist Methods in Social Research
16:Means of generating feminist theory
13:
603:10.1002/j.2326-1951.1993.tb03081.x
576:10.1002/j.2326-1951.1993.tb03081.x
549:10.1002/j.2326-1951.1993.tb03081.x
14:
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1822:Sociology of scientific knowledge
1817:Sociology of scientific ignorance
1770:History and philosophy of science
514:. London: Zed Books. p. 10.
489:. London: Zed Books. p. 17.
2019:
2007:
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431:. London: Zed Books. p. 2.
307:. London: Zed Books. p. 1.
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510:Smith, Linda (May 10, 2012).
485:Smith, Linda (May 10, 2012).
427:Smith, Linda (May 10, 2012).
303:Smith, Linda (May 10, 2012).
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79:Through questioning science
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1544:Hypothetico-deductive model
1519:Deductive-nomological model
1504:Constructivist epistemology
10:
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1524:Epistemological anarchism
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665:10.1080/00201748908602185
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1347:Intertheoretic reduction
1336:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
1313:Functional contextualism
1150:Women's studies journals
678:Jaggar, Allison (1989).
647:Jaggar, Allison (1989).
616:Jaggar, Allison (1989).
1832:Philosophers of science
1610:Scientific essentialism
1559:Model-dependent realism
1494:Constructive empiricism
1387:Evidence-based practice
828:International relations
274:. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
245:"Feminist Epistomology"
135:Oxford University Press
1915:Alfred North Whitehead
1905:Charles Sanders Peirce
1109:Catharine A. MacKinnon
2046:Metatheory of science
2014:Philosophy portal
1765:Hard and soft science
1760:Faith and rationality
1629:Scientific skepticism
1409:Scientific Revolution
1192:Philosophy of science
1089:Patricia Hill Collins
983:Hegemonic masculinity
230:Iowa State University
1740:Criticism of science
1615:Scientific formalism
1499:Constructive realism
1404:Scientific pluralism
1377:Problem of induction
90:pseudohermaphrodites
86:pseudohermaphrodites
81:Anne Fausto-Sterling
1807:Rhetoric of science
1745:Descriptive science
1489:Confirmation holism
1382:Scientific evidence
1342:Inductive reasoning
1271:Demarcation problem
1124:Diana E. H. Russell
793:Composition studies
94:true hermaphrodites
2026:Science portal
1955:Carl Gustav Hempel
1910:Wilhelm Windelband
1797:Questionable cause
1620:Scientific realism
1441:Underdetermination
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1009:Elizabeth Anderson
1002:Feminist theorists
803:Digital humanities
781:Literary criticism
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1644:Uniformitarianism
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890:Political ecology
521:978-1-84813-950-3
496:978-1-84813-950-3
471:978-0-19-507386-7
438:978-1-84813-950-3
413:978-0-19-507386-7
380:978-0-253-20444-8
347:978-0-19-507386-7
314:978-1-84813-950-3
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181:978-0-19-507386-7
148:978-0-19-507386-7
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1985:Bas van Fraassen
1940:Hans Reichenbach
1920:Bertrand Russell
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1446:Unity of science
1239:Commensurability
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1624:Anti-realism
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1592:Rationalism
1582:Determinism
1569:Physicalism
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1367:Observation
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1323:alternative
1254:Correlation
1244:Consilience
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1029:Nancy Bauer
1024:Wendy Brown
1014:Karen Barad
973:Ecofeminism
878:Metaphysics
798:Criminology
776:Film theory
756:Archaeology
255:19 November
41:Hilary Rose
2040:Categories
1867:David Hume
1840:Precursors
1722:Psychology
1702:Economics
1596:Empiricism
1587:Pragmatism
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1434:scientific
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137:. p.
112:References
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