62:
524:, but these were denied by the District Court for the District of South Carolina. In January 2015, the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reversed this decision and dismissed the complaint, stating that, it did not "mean to diminish the severe harm that M.C. claims to have suffered" but that in 2006 it was not clear that there was precedent that the surgery on a sixteen-month-old violated an established constitutional right. The Court did not rule on whether or not the surgery violated M.C.'s constitutional rights.
513:, was brought before the courts in 2013. The child in the case was born in December 2004 with ovotestes, initially determined as male, but subsequently assigned female and placed in the care of South Carolina Department of Social Services in February 2005. Physicians responsible for M.C. initially concluded that surgery was not urgent or necessary and M.C. had potential to identify as male or female, but, in April 2006, M.C. was subjected to feminizing medical interventions. According to the
517:, "The reconstruction of female genitalia was more readily performed than the reconstruction of male genitalia, so ambiguous individuals often were made to be female." He was adopted in December 2006. M.C. identified as male at the time the case was brought, at age eight. The defendant in the case, Dr. Ian Aaronson, had written in 2001 that "feminizing genitoplasty on an infant who might eventually identify herself as a boy would be catastrophic".
2232:
400:
It has also been estimated that more than 525 have been documented. While it can appear anywhere in the world, and be reported or unreported, the greatest amounts reported of ovotesticular syndrome is from Africa and Europe.
901:
Some intersex people have reclaimed this word for themselves, but it is usually considered a slur. There are many ways to have an intersex body, but it is not possible for one person to have both a fully developed penis and
851:
The mythological term "hermaphrodite" implies that a person is both fully male and fully female. This is a physiologic impossibility. The words "hermaphrodite" and "pseudo-hermaphrodite" are stigmatizing and misleading
2142:
280:
The SRY gene has a 8 to 10% of showing up in those that are found to have ovotesticular syndrome. Due to the genetic makeup of an SRY gene, it implies that ovotesticular syndrome is more of a heterogeneous
1086:"True hermaphroditism in a 46,XY individual, caused by a postzygotic somatic point mutation in the male gonadal sex-determining locus (SRY): molecular genetics and histological findings in a sporadic case"
462:
is formed from a male and female zygote fusing into a single embryo, giving an individual functional gonadal tissue of both types, such self-fertilization is feasible. Indeed, it is known to occur in
429:
has only been proven in two cases. In one of the two cases, a phenotypically male individual with XX,46/XY,46 mixture had fathered a child. It has been estimated that 80% of cases could be fertile as
447:
As of 2010, there have been at least 11 reported cases of fertility in humans with ovotesticular syndrome in the scientific literature, with one case of a person with XY-predominant (96%)
2264:
752:
127:, which is considered outdated as of 2006. The term "true hermaphroditism" was considered incredibly misleading by many medical organizations and by many advocacy groups, as
1838:
545:
936:
was widely applied in such cases, but humans are not hermaphroditic. In a truly hermaphroditic species, individuals have functional sets of male and female organs.
2073:
2257:
1495:
Krob, G.; Braun, A.; Kuhnle, U. (January 1994). "True hermaphroditism: Geographical distribution, clinical findings, chromosomes and gonadal histology".
271:• Only 3 reports exist attributing specific cases of the condition to some form of duplication of the SOX9 gene; making this an incredibly rare cause.
865:
1674:
Schultz, Brett A. H.; Roberts, Soldrea; Rodgers, Allison; Ataya, Khalid (2009). "Pregnancy in True
Hermaphrodites and All Male Offspring to Date".
2630:
2250:
915:
466:
and has been observed in a rabbit. However, no such case of functional self-fertilization or "true bi-sexuality" has been documented in humans.
1944:
1866:
363:
Next most common are XX/XY (20-30% of cases) and XY (5-15% of cases), with the remainder being a variety of other chromosomal anomalies and
475:
444:
In 1994, a study on 283 cases found 21 pregnancies from 10 individuals with ovotesticular syndrome, while one allegedly fathered a child.
1756:
Jarne, Philippe; Auld, Josh R. (2006). "Animals Mix It up Too: The
Distribution of Self-Fertilization Among Hermaphroditic Animals".
2242:
1418:
2012:
Aaronson, Ian A (July 2001). "The investigation and management of the infant with ambiguous genitalia: A surgeon's perspective".
2499:
1916:
1058:
1845:
2069:
1871:
1428:
1398:
1297:
1255:
1068:
925:
582:
506:
451:
giving birth. All known offspring have been male. There has been at least one case of an individual being fertile as a male.
2515:
1141:"A Duplication Upstream of SOX9 Associated with SRY Negative 46,XX Ovotesticular Disorder of Sex Development: A Case Report"
528:
493:
17:
185:
Studies on the limited amount of cases on ovotesticular syndrome shows the condition does not cause cognitive impairment.
2165:
990:
Fitzgerald, PH; Donald, RA; Kirk, RL (1979). "A true hermaphrodite dispermic chimera with 46, XX and 46, XY karyotypes".
531:
for $ 440,000. The university denied negligence, but agreed to a "compromise" settlement to avoid "costs of litigation."
503:
2077:
378:, or 46XX/47XXY or XX & XY with SRY mutations, mixed chromosomal anomalies or hormone deficiency/excess disorders,
527:
State suits were subsequently filed. In July 2017, it was reported that the case had been settled out of court by the
360:
In ovotesticular syndrome, XX is the most common (55-80% of cases); most individuals with this form are SRY negative.
351:
it is known that the condition is present, but it isn't evident as to where the testicular or ovary tissue is located.
969:
810:
250:
Double fertilization: Can result in 46XX/46XY chimerism, which occurs when an X sperm and a Y sperm fertilize an ovum
193:
The first medical attempts to document cases appeared in the 16th century. Individuals with these conditions in the
253:
Fusion of two ova: Can result in 46XX/46XY chimerism, which occurs when one male zygote and one female zygote fuse
874:
It is now considered pejorative and outdated, although a small number of intersex people have reclaimed the term.
1839:"DoD Instruction 6130.03 Medical Standards For Appointment, Enlistment, Or Induction Into The Military Services"
2595:
1541:
Parvin, Simon (May 1982). "Ovulation in a cytogenetically proved phenotypically male fertile hermaphrodite".
712:"True Hermaphroditism and Mixed Gonadal Dysgenesis in Young Children: A Clinicopathologic Study of 10 Cases"
710:
Kim, Kyu-Rae; Kwon, Youngmee; Joung, Jae Young; Kim, Kun Suk; Ayala, Alberto G.; Ro, Jae Y. (October 2002).
2640:
2285:
2099:
94:
2051:
814:
397:
The exact number of confirmed cases is uncertain, but by 1991 approximately 500 cases had been confirmed.
2446:
2216:
1890:
949:
510:
463:
1285:
2423:
2273:
1284:
Bouvattier, Claire (2010-01-01), Gearhart, John P.; Rink, Richard C.; Mouriquand, Pierre D. E. (eds.),
479:
51:
1894:
262:
Mutation/duplication or deletion of an X-linked locus: Can explain SRY-negative ovotesticular syndrome
2574:
2272:
2236:
565:
Barseghyan, Hayk; Vilain, Eric (2014). "The
Genetics of Ovotesticular Disorders of Sex Development".
1876:
866:""I Want to Be Like Nature Made Me": Medically Unnecessary Surgeries on Intersex Children in the US"
329:(both ovary and testicle tissue), and the other side has either ovary tissue or testicular tissue -
61:
2277:
2176:
2074:"Update on M.C.'s Case – The Road to Justice can be Long, but there is more than one path for M.C."
106:
1718:
647:
645:
643:
514:
652:
Nistal, Manuel; Paniagua, Ricardo; González-Peramato, Pilar; Reyes-Múgica, Miguel (2015-09-01).
2635:
1126:"Ovotesticular Disorder of Sexual Development: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology"
640:
2600:
2477:
2441:
2308:
1125:
2605:
2472:
2300:
379:
1799:
Frankenhuis, M. T.; Smith-Buijs, C. M.; de Boer, L. E.; Kloosterboer, J. W. (1990-06-16).
654:"Perspectives in Pediatric Pathology, Chapter 7. Ovotesticular DSD (True Hermaphroditism)"
8:
1156:
751:
Lee, Peter A.; Houk, Christopher P.; Ahmed, S. Faisal; Hughes, Ieuan A. (1 August 2006).
598:
Lee, Peter A.; Houk, Christopher P.; Ahmed, S. Faisal; Hughes, Ieuan A. (1 August 2006).
118:
2100:"A Landmark Lawsuit About An Intersex Baby's Genital Surgery Just Settled For $ 440,000"
1033:
Aruna, N; Purushottam, RM; Rajangam, S (2006). "46,XX/46,XY chimerism - a case report".
265:
Depression of autosomal testis-determining genes: Can explain 46,XX true hermaphroditism
2361:
2318:
1781:
1699:
1610:
1585:
1566:
1520:
1472:
1349:
1322:
1261:
1165:
1140:
1102:
1085:
1015:
1003:
961:
780:
689:
624:
599:
574:
521:
459:
259:
Mutation of downstream autosomal genes: Can explain SRY-negative ovotesticular syndrome
231:
167:
71:
A condition where a person has a gonad that contains both ovarian and testicular tissue
1447:
Bayraktar, Zeki (28 February 2017). "Potential autofertility in true hermaphrodites".
728:
711:
2376:
2366:
2328:
2313:
2029:
1998:
1820:
1812:
1773:
1738:
1691:
1656:
1651:
1634:
1615:
1597:
1558:
1512:
1464:
1424:
1394:
1354:
1293:
1265:
1251:
1212:
Bland, Kirby; Copeland iii, Edward; Klimberg, V. Suzanne; Gradishar, William (2018).
1170:
1107:
1064:
1007:
965:
921:
772:
733:
681:
673:
629:
578:
448:
364:
46:
1785:
1703:
1570:
1476:
1019:
784:
693:
230:
Two ova fertilized by two sperm cells will occasionally fuse to form a tetragametic
2462:
2371:
2323:
2205:
2021:
1765:
1730:
1683:
1646:
1605:
1550:
1524:
1504:
1456:
1344:
1334:
1243:
1160:
1152:
1097:
999:
957:
764:
723:
665:
619:
611:
570:
441:
There are extremely rare cases of fertility in humans with ovotesticular syndrome.
194:
1460:
2381:
2181:
1852:
1687:
1388:
1247:
1139:
Mengen, Eda; Kayhan, Gülsüm; Kocaay, Pınar; Uçaktürk, Seyit (September 2, 2020).
1084:
Braun, A; Kammerer, S; Cleve, H; Löhrs, U; Schwarz, H P; Kuhnle, U (March 1993).
426:
414:
224:
1976:
2408:
2356:
2338:
2333:
1801:"A case of combined hermaphroditism and autofertilisation in a domestic rabbit"
1734:
1235:
454:
There is a hypothetical scenario, in which it could be possible for a human to
409:
The gonad most likely to function is the ovary. The ovotestes show evidence of
2159:
2155:
2151:
2624:
2590:
2413:
1816:
1601:
677:
128:
55:
2025:
1633:
Schoenhaus, S. A.; Lentz, S. E.; Saber, P; Munro, M. G.; Kivnick, S (2008).
669:
2491:
2033:
1999:"Hermaphroditism | Definition, Types, & Effects | Britannica"
1977:"Preferred Private Parts: Importing Intersex Autonomy for M.C. v. Aaronson"
1949:
1940:
1800:
1777:
1742:
1695:
1660:
1619:
1554:
1468:
1358:
1174:
776:
768:
737:
685:
651:
633:
615:
394:
Ovotesticular syndrome represents 5% of all sex disorder differentiations.
153:
1824:
1562:
1516:
1339:
1111:
653:
2544:
2536:
1798:
1011:
540:
383:
375:
2134:
342:
both testicular and ovary tissue are present, but are on opposite sides.
105:
containing both types of tissue. Although it is similar in some ways to
2559:
2549:
2418:
1635:"Pregnancy in a hermaphrodite with a male-predominant mosaic karyotype"
1508:
1321:
Ceci, Michelle; Calleja, Edward; Said, Edith; Gatt, Noel (2015-02-03).
371:
256:
Mutation in the SRY gene: Can be associated with ovotesticular syndrome
213:, followed by fertilization of each haploid ovum and fusion of the two
85:) is a rare congenital condition where an individual is born with both
836:
2569:
2200:
1769:
1214:
The Breast: Comprehensive
Management of Benign and Malignant Diseases
886:
422:
410:
102:
1719:"Self-fertilization in human: Having a male embryo without a father"
2564:
2400:
2281:
2211:
948:
Mancino, Anne T.; Young, Zachary T.; Bland, Kirby I. (2018-01-01).
455:
418:
290:
It is documented to show up in 4 different variations. Those being
174:
136:
1390:
Disorders of Sex
Development: An Integrated Approach to Management
1323:"A Case of True Hermaphroditism Presenting as a Testicular Tumour"
1211:
2554:
1387:
Hutson, John M.; Warne, Garry L.; Grover, Sonia R. (2012-02-02).
474:
214:
160:
2170:
520:
The defendants sought to dismiss the case and seek a defense of
223:
Alternately, an ovum can be fertilized by two sperm followed by
2391:
2348:
2231:
2146:
1420:
Human Fetal Growth and
Development: First and Second Trimesters
1417:
Bhattacharya, Niranjan; Stubblefield, Phillip G. (2016-05-17).
806:
430:
90:
1286:"CHAPTER 35 - DISORDERS OF SEX DEVELOPMENT: ENDOCRINE ASPECTS"
370:
Some degree of mosaicism is present in about 25%. Encountered
2433:
1242:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 469–478,
247:
Mitotic or meiotic errors: Can cause sex chromosome mosaicism
132:
98:
86:
1917:"Do No Harm: Intersex Surgeries and the Limits of Certainty"
1889:
316:
both the ovaries and testicle tissues appear on both sides.
210:
1673:
1138:
1632:
1393:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 84–85.
753:"Consensus Statement on Management of Intersex Disorders"
600:"Consensus Statement on Management of Intersex Disorders"
546:
Intersex people and military service in the United States
464:
non-human species where hermaphroditic animals are common
238:
1584:
Ahmad, M.; Saleem, M.; Jam, M. R.; Iqbal, M. Z. (2011).
1416:
1032:
1240:
Pediatric
Gynecology: An Illustrated Guide for Surgeons
1145:
Journal of
Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology
1083:
1060:
123:
In the past, ovotesticular syndrome was referred to as
109:, the conditions can be distinguished histologically.
97:, with only 500 reported cases. Commonly, one or both
1945:"When to Do Surgery on a Child With 'Both' Genitalia"
1449:
The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
1234:
Al-Salem, Ahmed H. (2020), Al-Salem, Ahmed H. (ed.),
2124:
989:
1583:
1320:
807:"Getting Rid of "Hermaphroditism" Once and For All"
750:
597:
2280:congenital anomalies of the genitalia, including
1386:
1292:, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, pp. 459–475,
947:
205:There are several ways in which this may occur.
2622:
1057:Wynbrandt, James; Ludman, Mark D. (2010-05-12).
564:
436:
234:, if one male zygote and one female zygote fuse.
1494:
1056:
709:
2045:
2043:
887:"What is Intersex? Frequently Asked Questions"
837:"Is a person who is intersex a hermaphrodite?"
705:
703:
2258:
2091:
163:midway in size between a clitoris and a penis
2005:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1442:
1440:
920:. University of Toronto Press. p. 309.
237:It can be associated with a mutation in the
2040:
1236:"Ovotestis Disorders of Sexual Development"
1077:
700:
2265:
2251:
1626:
1283:
139:, something that is impossible in humans.
60:
2097:
1963:
1755:
1650:
1609:
1536:
1534:
1446:
1437:
1348:
1338:
1164:
1101:
727:
623:
2068:
2011:
1883:
1233:
209:It can be caused by the division of one
2049:
1867:"AIC's Landmark Lawsuit Makes History!"
1374:Pediatric Endocrinology: The Requisites
1371:
1187:
131:refers to a species that produces both
14:
2631:Congenital disorders of genital organs
2623:
2500:Congenital absence of the vas deferens
1939:
1540:
1531:
985:
983:
981:
891:interACT: Advocates for Intersex Youth
863:
817:from the original on 27 September 2011
798:
469:
421:and not in the testicular portions of
325:on one side there is what is known as
2246:
1974:
1716:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1412:
1410:
1316:
1314:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1052:
1050:
1048:
913:
907:
658:Pediatric and Developmental Pathology
1914:
1844:. September 27, 2018. Archived from
1157:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2019.0101
529:Medical University of South Carolina
494:Intersex rights in the United States
1586:"True hermaphrodite: a case report"
1026:
978:
804:
504:intersex civil society organization
485:
417:has only been observed in solitary
24:
2516:Persistent MĂĽllerian duct syndrome
2098:Ghorayshi, Azeen (July 27, 2017).
1483:
1407:
1380:
1311:
1290:Pediatric Urology (Second Edition)
1220:
1196:
1190:Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases
1090:American Journal of Human Genetics
1045:
1004:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1979.tb02032.x
962:10.1016/B978-0-323-35955-9.00007-6
829:
591:
575:10.1016/B978-0-12-416006-4.00020-X
25:
2652:
2120:
1981:Fordham International Law Journal
841:Intersex Society of North America
811:Intersex Society of North America
729:10.1097/01.MP.0000027623.23885.0D
93:tissue. It is one of the rarest
2230:
2050:Largent, Emily (March 5, 2015).
1915:Reis, Elizabeth (May 17, 2013).
1652:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.104
173:Abnormal urethra opening on the
2062:
2056:Petrie-Flom Center, Harvard Law
1991:
1933:
1908:
1859:
1831:
1792:
1749:
1710:
1667:
1577:
1365:
1277:
1181:
1132:
1118:
941:
2596:Progestin-induced virilization
2014:Current Problems in Pediatrics
1875:. May 16, 2013. Archived from
1717:Irmak, M. Kemal (2010-11-01).
1497:European Journal of Pediatrics
879:
857:
744:
558:
227:in one or more daughter cells.
112:
41:Ovotesticular disorder, OT-DSD
13:
1:
1461:10.1080/14767058.2017.1291619
551:
437:Documented cases of fertility
425:. According to a 1994 study,
389:
355:
285:
1688:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181866456
1590:APSP Journal of Case Reports
1248:10.1007/978-3-030-49984-6_24
404:
180:
7:
2447:Unilateral ovarian agenesis
1891:Southern Poverty Law Center
1676:Obstetrics & Gynecology
1216:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
864:Knight, Kyle (2017-07-25).
534:
511:Southern Poverty Law Center
147:
142:
10:
2657:
2424:Sertoli cell-only syndrome
1851:on 2018-09-27 – via
1735:10.1016/j.mehy.2010.04.021
1543:British Journal of Surgery
491:
480:United States Armed Forces
433:with the right surgeries.
188:
116:
52:Obstetrics and gynaecology
2583:
2575:Penoscrotal transposition
2535:
2528:
2508:
2490:
2455:
2432:
2399:
2390:
2347:
2299:
2292:
2191:
2128:
1188:Martini, Luciano (2004).
567:Genetic Steroid Disorders
200:
156:(present in 75% of cases)
45:
37:
32:
2473:Mixed gonadal dysgenesis
1372:Moshang, Thomas (2005).
476:inadmissible for service
107:mixed gonadal dysgenesis
2026:10.1067/mps.2001.116127
1975:White, Ryan L. (2013).
1639:Fertility and Sterility
1327:Case Reports in Urology
1063:. Infobase Publishing.
670:10.2350/14-04-1466-PB.1
515:Encyclopedia Britannica
498:The U.S. legal case of
197:were looked down upon.
2468:Ovotesticular syndrome
1555:10.1002/bjs.1800690517
932:In the past, the term
914:Mills A (2018-01-01).
769:10.1542/peds.2006-0738
616:10.1542/peds.2006-0738
220:Single gene mutations.
79:ovotesticular disorder
75:Ovotesticular syndrome
33:Ovotesticular Syndrome
2601:Pseudohermaphroditism
2478:XY gonadal dysgenesis
2442:XX gonadal dysgenesis
1805:The Veterinary Record
492:Further information:
117:Further information:
2606:True hermaphroditism
2301:Uterine malformation
2239:at Wikimedia Commons
2080:on February 19, 2017
2072:(January 27, 2015).
1879:on February 6, 2017.
569:. pp. 261–263.
382:. Less than 1% have
217:early in development
166:Incompletely closed
125:true hermaphroditism
18:True hermaphroditism
2641:Intersex variations
1340:10.1155/2015/598138
470:Society and culture
119:Intersex in history
2362:Vaginal hypoplasia
2319:Unicornuate uterus
2309:MĂĽllerian agenesis
2192:External resources
2052:"M.C. v. Aaronson"
1895:"M.C. v. Aaronson"
1723:Medical Hypotheses
1509:10.1007/BF02000779
870:Human Rights Watch
522:qualified immunity
168:urogenital opening
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2524:
2523:
2486:
2485:
2377:Cloacal exstrophy
2367:Imperforate hymen
2329:Bicornuate uterus
2314:Cervical agenesis
2235:Media related to
2226:
2225:
1645:(5): 2016.e7–10.
1430:978-3-319-14874-8
1400:978-3-642-22963-3
1299:978-1-4160-3204-5
1257:978-3-030-49984-6
1192:. Academic Press.
1070:978-1-4381-2095-9
927:978-1-4875-9337-7
722:(10): 1013–1019.
584:978-0-12-416006-4
413:in 50% of cases.
69:
68:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2648:
2533:
2532:
2463:Gonadal agenesis
2397:
2396:
2372:Vaginal adenosis
2324:Uterus didelphys
2297:
2296:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2234:
2126:
2125:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1972:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1943:(May 16, 2013).
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1893:(May 14, 2013).
1887:
1881:
1880:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1770:10.1554/06-246.1
1753:
1747:
1746:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1613:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1492:
1481:
1480:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1342:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1231:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1168:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1105:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1054:
1043:
1042:
1035:J Anat Soc India
1030:
1024:
1023:
987:
976:
975:
945:
939:
938:
911:
905:
904:
898:
897:
883:
877:
876:
861:
855:
854:
848:
847:
833:
827:
826:
824:
822:
802:
796:
795:
793:
791:
763:(2): e488–e500.
748:
742:
741:
731:
716:Modern Pathology
707:
698:
697:
649:
638:
637:
627:
610:(2): e488–e500.
595:
589:
588:
562:
500:M.C. v. Aaronson
487:M.C. v. Aaronson
195:Late Middle Ages
170:(shallow vagina)
65:
64:
30:
29:
21:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2610:
2579:
2520:
2504:
2482:
2451:
2428:
2386:
2382:Vaginal atresia
2343:
2288:
2271:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2187:
2186:
2137:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2092:
2083:
2081:
2067:
2063:
2048:
2041:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1888:
1884:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1853:Wayback Machine
1848:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1811:(24): 598–599.
1797:
1793:
1754:
1750:
1715:
1711:
1672:
1668:
1631:
1627:
1582:
1578:
1539:
1532:
1493:
1484:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1385:
1381:
1370:
1366:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1268:
1258:
1232:
1221:
1210:
1197:
1186:
1182:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1055:
1046:
1031:
1027:
988:
979:
972:
946:
942:
928:
912:
908:
895:
893:
885:
884:
880:
862:
858:
845:
843:
835:
834:
830:
820:
818:
803:
799:
789:
787:
749:
745:
708:
701:
650:
641:
596:
592:
585:
563:
559:
554:
537:
496:
490:
472:
439:
427:spermatogenesis
415:Spermatogenesis
407:
392:
384:XX/XY chimerism
358:
288:
225:trisomic rescue
203:
191:
183:
150:
145:
129:hermaphroditism
121:
115:
77:(also known as
72:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2654:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2409:Cryptorchidism
2405:
2403:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2357:Vaginal septum
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2339:Arcuate uterus
2336:
2334:Uterine septum
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2208:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2173:
2162:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:Classification
2122:
2121:External links
2119:
2116:
2115:
2090:
2076:Archived from
2061:
2039:
2020:(6): 168–194.
2004:
1990:
1962:
1932:
1907:
1882:
1858:
1830:
1791:
1764:(9): 1816–24.
1748:
1729:(5): 448–451.
1709:
1682:(2): 534–536.
1666:
1625:
1576:
1549:(5): 279–280.
1530:
1482:
1455:(4): 542–547.
1436:
1429:
1406:
1399:
1379:
1364:
1310:
1298:
1276:
1256:
1219:
1195:
1180:
1151:(3): 308–314.
1131:
1117:
1096:(3): 578–585.
1076:
1069:
1044:
1025:
977:
970:
956:: 104–115.e5.
950:"Gynecomastia"
940:
926:
917:Biology of Sex
906:
878:
856:
828:
797:
743:
699:
664:(5): 345–352.
639:
590:
583:
556:
555:
553:
550:
549:
548:
543:
536:
533:
502:, advanced by
489:
484:
471:
468:
456:self-fertilize
438:
435:
406:
403:
391:
388:
357:
354:
353:
352:
343:
334:
317:
287:
284:
269:
268:
267:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
242:
235:
228:
221:
218:
202:
199:
190:
187:
182:
179:
178:
177:
171:
164:
157:
149:
146:
144:
141:
114:
111:
70:
67:
66:
49:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2653:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:Rare diseases
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:Clitoromegaly
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2414:Polyorchidism
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2001:. 9 May 2024.
2000:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1941:Dreger, Alice
1936:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1441:
1432:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1411:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1315:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1128:. 2022-10-10.
1127:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
984:
982:
973:
971:9780323359559
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
944:
937:
935:
934:hermaphrodite
929:
923:
919:
918:
910:
903:
892:
888:
882:
875:
871:
867:
860:
853:
842:
838:
832:
816:
812:
808:
801:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
747:
739:
735:
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
706:
704:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
648:
646:
644:
635:
631:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
594:
586:
580:
576:
572:
568:
561:
557:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
532:
530:
525:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
505:
501:
495:
488:
483:
481:
477:
467:
465:
461:
458:. If a human
457:
452:
450:
445:
442:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
402:
398:
395:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
361:
350:
348:
347:Indeterminate
344:
341:
339:
335:
332:
328:
324:
322:
318:
315:
313:
309:
308:
307:
305:
304:Indeterminate
301:
297:
293:
283:
282:
278:
277:
272:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
245:
243:
240:
236:
233:
229:
226:
222:
219:
216:
212:
208:
207:
206:
198:
196:
186:
176:
172:
169:
165:
162:
158:
155:
152:
151:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
120:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
63:
57:
56:endocrinology
53:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2492:Vas deferens
2467:
2210:
2199:
2175:
2164:
2141:
2107:. Retrieved
2103:
2093:
2082:. Retrieved
2078:the original
2064:
2055:
2017:
2013:
2007:
1993:
1984:
1980:
1954:. Retrieved
1950:The Atlantic
1948:
1935:
1924:. Retrieved
1921:Nursing Clio
1920:
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1885:
1877:the original
1870:
1861:
1846:the original
1833:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1546:
1542:
1500:
1496:
1452:
1448:
1423:. Springer.
1419:
1389:
1382:
1373:
1367:
1330:
1326:
1303:, retrieved
1289:
1279:
1269:, retrieved
1239:
1213:
1189:
1183:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1120:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1059:
1038:
1034:
1028:
998:(1): 89–96.
995:
991:
953:
943:
933:
931:
916:
909:
900:
894:. Retrieved
890:
881:
873:
869:
859:
850:
844:. Retrieved
840:
831:
819:. Retrieved
800:
788:. Retrieved
760:
756:
746:
719:
715:
661:
657:
607:
603:
593:
566:
560:
526:
519:
499:
497:
486:
473:
453:
446:
443:
440:
408:
399:
396:
393:
369:
362:
359:
346:
345:
337:
336:
330:
326:
320:
319:
311:
310:
303:
299:
295:
291:
289:
279:
275:
274:
273:
270:
204:
192:
184:
154:Gynecomastia
124:
122:
82:
78:
74:
73:
2545:Hypospadias
1900:November 8,
1503:(1): 2–10.
1041:(1): 24–26.
805:Herndon A.
541:46,XX/46,XY
113:Terminology
38:Other names
2625:Categories
2560:Micropenis
2550:Epispadias
2419:Monorchism
2109:2017-07-27
2084:2017-02-18
1956:2015-07-20
1926:2015-07-20
1333:: 598138.
1305:2020-09-08
1271:2021-04-23
992:Clin Genet
954:The Breast
896:2022-10-31
846:2024-01-20
757:Pediatrics
604:Pediatrics
552:References
390:Prevalence
372:karyotypes
365:mosaicisms
356:Karyotypes
321:Unilateral
296:Unilateral
286:Variations
281:condition.
91:testicular
2570:Diphallia
2201:eMedicine
1817:0042-4900
1758:Evolution
1602:2218-8185
1596:(2): 16.
1266:226562793
821:2 October
678:1093-5266
509:with the
423:ovotestes
411:ovulation
405:Fertility
376:46XX/46XY
327:ovotestis
312:Bilateral
292:Bilateral
181:Cognitive
103:ovotestis
47:Specialty
2565:Aphallia
2529:External
2401:Testicle
2293:Internal
2282:intersex
2237:Intersex
2212:Orphanet
2206:med/1702
2104:BuzzFeed
2070:interACT
2034:11436003
1786:23849389
1778:17089966
1743:20452130
1704:42128830
1696:19155947
1661:18394621
1620:22953283
1571:28027980
1477:22100505
1469:28282768
1359:25774314
1175:31476840
1020:39280592
815:Archived
785:11236329
777:16882788
738:12379746
694:34009652
686:25105460
634:16882788
535:See also
507:interACT
374:include
331:not both
175:perineum
148:Physical
143:Symptoms
2555:Chordee
2182:D050090
1825:2382355
1611:3418019
1563:7200380
1525:1931001
1517:8313919
1350:4333191
1166:7499138
1112:8447323
1103:1682159
902:vagina.
625:2082839
478:in the
460:chimera
431:females
338:Lateral
300:Lateral
232:chimera
215:zygotes
189:History
161:phallus
87:ovarian
2392:Gonads
2349:Vagina
2274:Female
2171:400045
2032:
1987:: 777.
1823:
1815:
1784:
1776:
1741:
1702:
1694:
1659:
1618:
1608:
1600:
1569:
1561:
1523:
1515:
1475:
1467:
1427:
1397:
1357:
1347:
1296:
1264:
1254:
1173:
1163:
1110:
1100:
1067:
1018:
1012:759058
1010:
968:
924:
852:words.
783:
775:
736:
692:
684:
676:
632:
622:
581:
449:mosaic
419:testes
302:, and
201:Causes
159:Small
101:is an
99:gonads
83:OT-DSD
58:
2584:Other
2537:Penis
2509:Other
2456:Other
2434:Ovary
2160:Q99.1
2156:Q99.0
2152:Q56.0
1849:(PDF)
1842:(PDF)
1782:S2CID
1700:S2CID
1567:S2CID
1521:S2CID
1473:S2CID
1262:S2CID
1016:S2CID
790:1 May
781:S2CID
690:S2CID
380:47XXY
276:Note:
244:Etc.
241:gene.
133:sperm
2284:and
2278:male
2276:and
2217:2138
2177:MeSH
2166:OMIM
2030:PMID
1902:2022
1821:PMID
1813:ISSN
1774:PMID
1739:PMID
1692:PMID
1657:PMID
1616:PMID
1598:ISSN
1559:PMID
1513:PMID
1465:PMID
1425:ISBN
1395:ISBN
1355:PMID
1331:2015
1294:ISBN
1252:ISBN
1171:PMID
1108:PMID
1065:ISBN
1008:PMID
966:ISBN
922:ISBN
823:2011
792:2023
773:PMID
734:PMID
682:PMID
674:ISSN
630:PMID
579:ISBN
211:ovum
135:and
95:DSDs
89:and
2286:DSD
2143:ICD
2022:doi
1872:AIC
1809:126
1766:doi
1731:doi
1684:doi
1680:113
1647:doi
1606:PMC
1551:doi
1505:doi
1501:153
1457:doi
1345:PMC
1335:doi
1244:doi
1161:PMC
1153:doi
1098:PMC
1000:doi
958:doi
765:doi
761:118
724:doi
666:doi
620:PMC
612:doi
608:118
571:doi
239:SRY
137:ova
81:or
2627::
2215::
2204::
2180::
2169::
2158:,
2154:,
2150::
2147:10
2102:.
2054:.
2042:^
2028:.
2018:31
2016:.
1985:37
1983:.
1979:.
1965:^
1947:.
1919:.
1869:.
1819:.
1807:.
1803:.
1780:.
1772:.
1762:60
1760:.
1737:.
1727:75
1725:.
1721:.
1698:.
1690:.
1678:.
1655:.
1643:90
1641:.
1637:.
1614:.
1604:.
1592:.
1588:.
1565:.
1557:.
1547:69
1545:.
1533:^
1519:.
1511:.
1499:.
1485:^
1471:.
1463:.
1453:31
1451:.
1439:^
1409:^
1353:.
1343:.
1329:.
1325:.
1313:^
1288:,
1260:,
1250:,
1238:,
1222:^
1198:^
1169:.
1159:.
1149:12
1147:.
1143:.
1106:.
1094:52
1092:.
1088:.
1047:^
1039:55
1037:.
1014:.
1006:.
996:15
994:.
980:^
964:.
952:.
930:.
899:.
889:.
872:.
868:.
849:.
839:.
813:.
809:.
779:.
771:.
759:.
755:.
732:.
720:15
718:.
714:.
702:^
688:.
680:.
672:.
662:18
660:.
656:.
642:^
628:.
618:.
606:.
602:.
577:.
482:.
386:.
367:.
306:.
298:,
294:,
54:,
2266:e
2259:t
2252:v
2145:-
2135:D
2112:.
2087:.
2058:.
2036:.
2024::
1959:.
1929:.
1904:.
1855:.
1827:.
1788:.
1768::
1745:.
1733::
1706:.
1686::
1663:.
1649::
1622:.
1594:2
1573:.
1553::
1527:.
1507::
1479:.
1459::
1433:.
1403:.
1376:.
1361:.
1337::
1246::
1177:.
1155::
1114:.
1073:.
1022:.
1002::
974:.
960::
825:.
794:.
767::
740:.
726::
696:.
668::
636:.
614::
587:.
573::
349:-
340:-
333:.
323:-
314:-
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
