700:
proceeding by the district courts of the federal judiciary. This was likewise also superseded by an Amparo law in 1882., promulgated on 14 December 1882 and effective the following year. The use of the legislative writ of Apmaro increased significantly during the life span of the 1857 constitution, for example in 1869 only 123 suits were decided, in 1880, only a little more than a decade later, the number of cases had risen to 2,108, and in a three-month period from June 1901 to August 1901 there were 957 amparo suits heard and decided. In 1897, the first
Federal Code of Civil Procedure was enacted, which included an Amparo suit, thus effectively repealing the 1882 law, followed by a similar Federal Code of Civil Procedure provision in 1908, which reflected the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court. The writ of Amparo legislation transformed Amparo from "an instrument lacking precise contours to a true proceeding directed at violative official acts, with a particular emphasis placed on the protection of life and liberty of the citizens."
1241:
1152:: "All privileges of ecclesiastical jurisdiction are removed; it establishes that no one can absolutely enjoy emoluments that are a serious burden for society; everyone who can be bound by any obligation that implies either a contract, or a promise, or religious vows is prohibited; the free exercise of all cults is admitted, and everyone is granted the full power to manifest publicly and openly all kinds of opinions and thoughts." In March 1857, Archbishop José Lázaro de la Garza y Ballesteros stated that Catholics could not swear allegiance to the Constitution on pain of
707:, establishing a firm foundation for the amparo. The 1917 constitution largely tracks the 1857 constitution in order of article and text, only argumenting and clarifying certain clauses. Therefore, both of these amaro provisions featured in the subsequent 1917 Mexican constitution, i.e. article 101 (1857 version) was identical to article 103 (1917 version); and article 102 (1857 version) corresponded to article 107 (1917), with amendments Currently, amparo exists in 17 other countries, however, there is no comparable mechanism in the common law.
747:
691:" is the annunciation of individual guarantees, and the judicial proceedings to protect those rights. Section 101 of the 1857 constitution established that the amparo will lie only against violations of individual rights. The conscious division of Amparo into two sections in the 1857 Mexican Constitution, as opposed to the United States Constitution, meant that, although it protects against violation of constitutional privileges, it may not issue an order to maintain respect for treaties and laws.
29:
1669:
2504:
It may be taken as an indication of the attitude of the
Government toward the individual and also as a justification of the need for such a remedy that, whereas in 1869 only 123 such suits were decided, in 1880, only a little more than a decade later, the number of cases 'had risen to 2,108. These
672:
judgment should contain no general declarations about the law or act complained of, thus having no effect beyond preventing the application of the constitutionally defective law to the immediate party complainant. The 1847 Reform Act officially incorporated and amended, the
Federal Constitution of
2607:
These laws were subsequently incorporated into the
Federal Codes of Civil Procedure of 1897 and 1908 which reflected the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court. The writ of amparo was thus transformed from an instrument lacking precise contours to a true proceeding directed against violative official
1398:
a great black banner for mourning with the legend "The
Constitution is dead." Less well known is that Reform liberals, including Benito Juárez and Ignacio Comonfort saw the flaws of the 1857 constitution, which undercut the power of the executive. With the triumph of the Constitutionalists on the
1393:
fought in the name of the
Constitution of 1857, with the explicit understanding that they fought for constitutional order. During the Porfiriato, Díaz had strengthened the power of the executive and place his loyalists in power in most Mexican state governments, creating a centralized government.
694:
The 1857 Constitution provided that a special law relating to the procedure and regulation of an amparo suit should be enacted subsequently. This law of Amparo was divided into four sections: 1) violations of individual rights; 2) violations of state sovereignty; 3) violations of the Power of the
2366:
No procedural law regulating the suit was adopted, however, until 1861;16 and its application was further delayed for several years, first by the war in which the nation was then engaged, and later by the establishment of the Empire, under
Maxmilian of Austria, which suspended the constitutional
1967:
Article 25 of the new constitutional document contained a provision known as the "Otero
Formula" which provided that the protection granted by the amparo judgment should contain no general declarations about the law or act complained of; that is, an amparo judgment holding a law unconstitutional
2401:
No procedural law regulating the suit was adopted, however, until 1861; and its application was further delayed for several years, first by the war in which the nation was then engaged, and later by the establishment of the Empire, under
Maxmilian of Austria, which suspended the constitutional
2217:
According to Judge Rabasa, the authors of the
Constitution of 1857 divided into two parts the article on the jurisdiction of the judicial power, which corresponds to the single provision on the same subject in our own Constitution. This separation of jurisdiction was not an oversight but a
1167:
In Mexico, the Congress presided over by Valentín Gómez Farías and the head of the Executive Comonfort swore the Constitution on 5 February 1857, which was promulgated on 11 March. Despite the fact that Comonfort won the elections, and that in December he should extend his mandate for a new
699:
which suspended constitutional government. The Secretary of Justice drafted and presented a new law at the end of the year 1868, which was approved by Congress and promulgated on 20 January 1869. This law was more simple in its procedure, establishing a single suit to be judged in a summary
2291:
This law of Amparo was divided into four sections dealing respectively with: (1) violations of the rights of individuals; (2) federal laws and acts violating the sovereignty of the states; (3) laws and acts of the states infringing upon the power of the Union; and (4) decisions and
1223:
agreed the plan. Veracruz changed from supporting the conservatives to the liberals in a major blow against Comonfort. Zuloaga distrusted the president, because he thought that he was returning to the side of the Liberals. Without any alternative, Comonfort resorted to the
1488:
were privileges that kept the military and clergy to forbade members of these two groups were judged by the law, which effectively put them above the law and that no matter what kind of crime they committed, could not be judged, or in the best cases judged by special
1673:
2747:
2659:
1897:
1770:
1874:
In 1847 a committee of six members was appointed to draw up a draft for a new Federal Constitution. Rej6n, from Yucatan, was appointed as a member; and Mariano Otero, who vies with Rej6n for the title of the creator of the amparo action, was another
2222:
may be petitioned for protection against the violation of privileges granted by the Constitution, it may not issue in order to maintain respect for the treaties and laws. ... These problems, then, would not be approached through an amparo
1163:
with the Cardinal Secretary of State. The Pope accepted the Juárez Law and the disposals of the Lerdo Law but demanded the ability to acquire political rights. The negotiations were interrupted by the resignation of President Comonfort.
2803:
Despite difficulty in defining the scope of amparo, other nascent hemispheric democracies adopted it and amparo now exists in 17 other countries. It serves as an extraordinary remedy and no comparable mechanism exists in the common law
2057:
2552:
2518:
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2415:
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2137:
1984:
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presidential term, he considered that his popularity was seriously affected by the constitutional reforms in religious matters. In December he expressed his intention to reverse the reforms achieved by the Legislative branch.
2695:
The current constitution, largely known as the 1917 Constitution, did not begin from tabula rasa, as it largely tracks the 1857 constitution in order of articles and text although, at times, it augments and clarifies certain
454:
liberals ensured that their proposals successfully included: the prohibition of purchase of property by ecclesiastical corporations, the exclusion of the clergy in public office, the abolition of ecclesiastical and military
1181:, which sought repeal of the Constitution and the convening of a new Constituent Congress. During the coup against the Congress and the Constitution, several ministers of Presidential Cabinet resigned. The president of the
1403:
initially opposed calls for drafting an entirely new constitution in 1916, but advisers convinced him that doing that would be far easier than doing piecemeal amendments to the lengthy and complex charter for the nation.
2645:
The 1857 Constitution served as an important model for the current 1917 Constitution. Among other elements, it established a firm foundation for the amparo procedure that has become a major feature of Mexican judicial
695:
Union; and 4) decisions and sentences. The first Amparo Law had little effect due to the French intervention, first by the war in which the nation was then engaged, and later by the establishment of the Empire under
371:
was again governed under the 1857 Constitution. The constitution was durable but its provisions not always followed in practice. It was revised in 1874 to create a Senate. It remained as Mexico's constitution
1135:
was called the State of Valley of Mexico but only if the powers of the Federation moved to another site. On February 26, 1864, Nuevo León was separated from Coahuila and regained its status as a free state.
1577:, p.200 : "On December 14, 1838 a popular movement emerged in Mexico City that invaded the National Palace acting against the constituted authorities and according to Bocanegra, under the slogan of
2005:
The ampara is found definitely established and clearly described for the first time in the Mexican Federal Constitution of 1857. No mention of it was made in the first Constitution of the new nation in
2980:
1732:
Amparo had its origin in the early nineteenth century, when the state of Yucatan adopted a procedure to strengthen the judicial enforcement of individual rights in the state constitution of 1841.
1968:
shall have no effect beyond preventing the application of the constitutionally defective law to the immediate party complainant. This aspect of the amparo proceeding persists to the present day.
1840:
The Act of Reforms undoubtedly derived from a proposal drafted by another distinguished Mexican jurist and politician, Mariano Otero, who is considered to be the second Father of the amparo.
1365:. Because of the civil war, the Constitution remained without effect on almost all the country until January, 1861, when the Liberals returned to the capital. In 1862, as a result of
347:(1858-1860) began as a result, with liberals winning on the battlefield over conservatives. The losing conservatives sought another way back into power, and their politicians invited
673:
1824 (which made no mention of amparo), to operate while the next constitution was drafted (1857 constitution). The 1857 constitution was Mexico's first "constitutionalization" of a
2040:
It was translated into Spanish in 1855, the same year that the Constituent Congress produced the Federal Constitution of 1857, Mexico's first "constitutionalization" of the writ of
1933:
Borrowing the Yucatán's Constitution, Mariano Otero's proposed inclusion of Amparo on the federal level was almost universally approved in the 1847 Acta Constitutiva de Reformas.
2539:
When, in 1897, the Federal Code of Civil Procedure was enacted, it included among its contents provisions on the amparo suit, thus effectively repealing the special law of 1882.
668:") (Article 25), which was almost universally approved. The "Otero Formula", a provision of the Act of Reforms which persists today, provided that the protection granted by an
1641:
615:
2919:
606:
Despite problems in Texas, some deputies unsuccessfully proposed a law granting certain rights to foreign colonization by arguing that the country needed to be settled.
1581:. From that came, by the same author, the title of pure, which met the radical sector of the Mexican liberals (according to the book in 1858, a popular slogan was that
423:
with some changes. Some of the prominent figures were Mariano Arizcorreta, Marcelino Castañeda, Joaquín Cardoso, and Pedro Escudero y Echánove. Their opponents the
3086:
Knowlton, Robert J. "Some practical effects of clerical opposition to the Mexican Reform, 1856-1860." The Hispanic American Historical Review 45.2 (1965): 246–256.
729:
with the latter name being adopted. The creation of a new state and the admission of three of the four territories as free states of the federation also occurred.
343:(legal privileges), and the forced sale of Church property. Conservatives strongly opposed the enactment of the constitution, which polarized Mexican society. The
450:
President Comonfort interfered through its ministers for the moderate faction, which he preferred. Despite opposition from the executive branch and the minority,
3262:
3182:
580:
40. Mexico is constituted as a representative, democratic, federal Republic, composed of free and sovereign States in everything concerning its internal regime.
2984:
2436:
This law was more simple in its procedure, establishing a single suit to be judged in a summary proceeding by the district courts of the federal judiciary.
1394:
Díaz's critics viewed him as a dictator. On February 5, 1903, a liberal group protesting the regime placed on the balcony of the offices of the newspaper
474:. During the sessions of Congress, an insurrection for the clergy supported by conservatives, the staunchest opponents of the liberals, gathered force in
2505:
figures are given by Isidro Rojas, who also states that in a three-month period from June to August, 1901, there were heard and decided 957 amparo suits.
1655:
1251:
Conservatives refused to recognize the new constitution or the liberal government. Conservative Félix Zuloaga established a Conservative Government in
561:
27. No civil or ecclesiastical corporation allowed to hold or manage real estate except buildings for services or for the purpose of the institution (
2876:
436:
2257:
The Constitution of 1857 also provided that a special law relating to the procedure and regulation of an amparo suit should be enacted subsequently.
654:
3224:, "El congreso constituyente de 1856-1857: el decenio de su entorno" Fernando Zertuche Muñoz, México, ed.Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
3027:
1540:
Martin Quirarte. "Visión panorámica de la historia de México". Librería Porrúa Hnos y Cia, S. A. 27a. edición 1995. México, D. F. Pág. 170-171.
1232:. On 7 February, he sailed for exile in the United States. As head of the Supreme Court, Juárez became president of Mexico on 21 January 1858.
485:
The Constitution was promulgated on February 5, 1857, but the clergy threatened that whoever swore the Constitution would be excommunicated.
2332:
The first Amparo Law had little effect, due to the French intervention, and was eventually superseded by later Amparo Laws of 1869 and 1882.
558:
23. Abolition of death penalty for political prisoners, (later modified to permit the execution of traitors under the law of 12 April 1869).
3247:
3214:
2962:
664:
3254:
3076:
Knapp, Frank A, Jr., "Parliamentary Government and the Mexican Constitution of 1857: A Forgotten Phase of Mexican Political History,"
2620:
Zamora, Stephen; Ramón Cossío, José; Pereznieto, Lenone; Xopa, José Roldá; Lopez, David (June 2005). "1. The History of Mexican Law".
2307:
Zamora, Stephen; Ramón Cossío, José; Pereznieto, Lenone; Xopa, José Roldá; Lopez, David (June 2005). "1. The History of Mexican Law".
1707:
Zamora, Stephen; Ramón Cossío, José; Pereznieto, Lenone; Xopa, José Roldá; Lopez, David (June 2005). "1. The History of Mexican Law".
636:), a procedure adopted to strengthen the judicial enforcement of individual rights in that state. In 1847, Rejón (from Yucatán) and
2837:
2111:
2944:
1744:
3319:
1182:
624:
2923:
2901:
3229:
3211:
3179:
1508:
1429:
1366:
364:
196:
1806:
Rejón was then instrumental in placing the inaugural amparo in the Political Constitution of the State of Yucatán in 1841.
2862:
536:
5. Freedom of vocation, with a ban on contracts with loss of freedom for the sake of work, education, or religious vows.
644:) were members of the six-member committee appointed to draft up the new 1857 Federal Constitution, that abrogated the
1604:
3162:
2631:
2318:
1718:
1612:
1228:
and released Juárez and other political prisoners. On January 11, 1858, Comonfort resigned and left with a guard for
1203:
adhered to the plan: "I just change my legal title of president, by those of revolutionary miserable." The states of
687:
word for "protection" (literally also "favor", "aid", "defence", "shelter" or "help"). The generic legal concept of "
3304:
3279:
526:
2. Abolition of slavery. It was ratified by the Decree of Abolition of Slavery on September 15, 1829, by President
419:
The Congress was divided between two main factions. Most members were moderate liberals and planned to restore the
2850:
Amparo is an extraordinary recourse in the Mexican justice system, with no equivalent in the common law tradition.
2470:
The third regulatory law on amparo procedure was promulgated on December 14, 1882,19 effective the following year.
1361:, President Juárez and his government added to the Constitution of 1857, the Reform Laws that had been enacted in
3157:
capítulo "El liberalismo militante", Lilia Díaz, México, ed.El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Históricos,
2170:
716:
3167:
1373:, the Constitution was suspended. In 1867 the liberal, republican forces succeeded in ousting the monarchy, and
3294:
1464:
2880:
2078:
The proceeding by which the judicial protection is extended is called amparo, the Spanish word for protection.
385:
3309:
721:
During the promulgation of the constitution, the nation was composed of 23 states and one federal territory.
329:
A number of articles were contrary to the traditional powers of the Catholic Church, such as the ending of
319:
287:
142:
3031:
1449:
1444:
494:
420:
251:
214:
3222:
El proceso constituyente mexicano: a 150 años de la Constitución de 1857 y 90 de la Constitución de 1917
2218:
deliberate act on the part of the drafters. ... It stipulates that, although provision is made that the
648:("Siete Leyes"). Borrowing the Yucatán's Constitution, Otero promoted an Amparo procedure, known as the
2759:
2621:
2308:
1708:
1374:
368:
255:
1128:
586:
76. On the election of the president through indirect suffrage in the first degree and secret ballot.
315:
1172:
175:
3126:
3314:
3289:
1439:
3150:
2966:
1240:
3299:
3001:, Michael C. Meyer and William H. Beezley, eds. New York: Oxford University Press 2000, p. 373.
1527:
1390:
704:
696:
359:
with the Church's support. The republican government-in-domestic-exile was headed by President
348:
303:
629:
1434:
1370:
510:
356:
299:
2608:
acts, with particular emphasis placed on the protection of life and liberty of the citizens.
3284:
2586:
2019:
1946:
1819:
440:
389:
267:
239:
124:
3096:
Scholes, Walter V. "Church and State at the Mexican Constitutional Convention, 1856-1857"
1306:
supported the liberal government of Benito Juárez and the Constitution of 1857. States of
8:
2817:
2091:
1400:
464:
405:
337:, the nationwide establishment of secular public education, the removal of institutional
271:
129:
107:
2948:
633:
404:
and to draft a new constitution embodying liberalism. The following year, the incumbent
314:
of individuals and sought to abolish common ownership by corporate entities, mainly the
2787:
2771:
2721:
2679:
1917:
1790:
1748:
1459:
1386:
1190:
373:
334:
291:
283:
263:
243:
2158:
It is known as amparo, a term literally signifying protection, favor, aid, or defense.
1351:
1315:
1212:
3232:
3225:
3207:
3175:
3158:
2791:
2779:
2683:
2627:
2573:
Similar provisions were also included in the Federal Code of Civil Procedure of 1908.
2314:
1921:
1794:
1714:
1608:
1319:
1200:
1197:
688:
674:
409:
259:
247:
136:
97:
1259:
repealed the liberal reforms. Liberal were forced to move the seat of government to
2905:
2829:
2763:
2671:
2103:
1909:
1782:
1177:
684:
659:
619:
548:
13. Prohibition of privileges to individuals or institutions or of special courts (
527:
514:
506:
444:
432:
428:
311:
227:
1642:"El Congreso Constituyente a la Nación al proclamar la nueva Constitución Federal"
1186:
400:, he convened the Constituent Congress on October 16 to establish headquarters in
360:
3057:
1512:
1307:
1204:
1153:
471:
401:
116:
3190:
La constitución y la dictadura: Estudio sobre la organización política de México
3174:, edición de Eugenia Meyer, México, ed.Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
746:
555:
22. Prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment or the confiscation of property.
521:
in which each state was divided politically. These were most relevant articles:
393:
1256:
518:
397:
703:
The 1857 Constitution served as an important model for the subsequent current
628:) was instrumental in placing the inaugural Amparo in the constitution of the
3273:
2783:
2775:
637:
502:
493:
The Constitution of 1857, with 8 titles and 128 articles, was similar to the
294:. The constitution was designed to guarantee a limited central government by
275:
1670:"El presidente Vicente Guerrero expide un decreto para abolir la esclavitud"
1287:
722:
549:
460:
28:
307:
279:
62:
1283:
1279:
2748:"Amparo as a Reflection of Mexico's Evolving Society and Judicial System"
2710:"The Mexican Constitution of 1917 Compared with The Constitution of 1857"
2660:"Amparo as a Reflection of Mexico's Evolving Society and Judicial System"
1898:"Amparo as a Reflection of Mexico's Evolving Society and Judicial System"
1771:"Amparo as a Reflection of Mexico's Evolving Society and Judicial System"
1424:
1252:
1132:
475:
413:
330:
155:
2997:
Paul Vanderwood, "Betterment for Whom? The Reform Period: 1855-1875" in
3081:
3071:
2833:
2767:
2725:
2709:
2675:
2107:
1913:
1786:
1419:
1414:
1399:
battlefield, there was a reassessment of the constitutional framework.
1358:
1295:
1275:
1264:
1260:
645:
498:
344:
295:
112:
82:
3260:
Instituto de Investigaciones Legislativas del Senado de la República,
363:
as the legitimate Mexican government under the constitution. With the
1175:, epudiated the Constitution. On 17 December 1857, he proclaimed the
1149:
1148:
denounced the new Constitution and criticized the Juárez Law and the
562:
323:
427:, who wanted to make a completely-new constitution. Among them were
1362:
1331:
1303:
1291:
1229:
1220:
1216:
1160:
726:
352:
3061:
The Transformation of Liberalism in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexico
2714:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
3028:"La República Restaurada. Una década en busca de un nuevo Estado"
1343:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1271:
1145:
3199:. Mexico City: Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, UNAM 1959.
3112:
The Mexican Reform, 1856-1876:A Study in Liberal Nation-Building
2619:
2306:
1706:
1656:"El clero, intolerante, amenaza a quienes juren la constitución"
2058:"Constitutionalism in the Americas: A Bicentennial Perspective"
1347:
1339:
1311:
1299:
1208:
479:
392:
sought to implement their ideology in new laws and briefly had
165:
47:
1171:
Conservatives began planning a coup. A conservative general,
583:
50. Division of powers: executive, legislative, and judicial.
339:
250:. Ratified on February 5, 1857, the constitution established
1450:
Political Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1917
2124:
The word amparo literally means protection, favor, or aid.
1380:
1445:
Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824
482:. Comonfort sent federal troops and defeated the rebels.
1263:. Armies of the two opposing governments clashed in the
577:
39. The sovereignty of the nation comes from the people.
3197:
La prensa periódicoa en torno a la Constitución de 1857
3147:. Vol. 1. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1988.
3066:
Hamnett, Brian. "The Comonfort presidency, 1855-1857,"
376:
although many of its provisions ceased to be enforced.
3255:
Constitución Política de la República Mexicana de 1857
3248:
Constitución Política de la República Mexicana de 1857
2863:"Constitución Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos"
447:. The discussions were heated and lasted over a year.
232:
Constitución Política de la República Mexicana de 1857
224:
Political Constitution of the Mexican Republic of 1857
16:
Fundamental law of Republican Mexico from 1857 to 1917
2587:"A Brief Introduction to the Mexican Writ of Amparo"
2302:
2300:
2020:"A Brief Introduction to the Mexican Writ of Amparo"
1947:"A Brief Introduction to the Mexican Writ of Amparo"
1820:"A Brief Introduction to the Mexican Writ of Amparo"
470:
Those reforms were contrary to the interests of the
3263:
El federalismo mexicano (elementos para su estudio)
3105:
Mexican Politics during the Juárez Regime 1855-1872
310:. Liberal ideals meant the constitution emphasized
3246:Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM
3093:. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press 1978.
1579:We want tailless Constitution and pure Federation!
1354:supported the conservative government of Zuloaga.
756:States admitted by the Constitution of 1824 were::
3009:
3007:
2613:
2297:
1700:
1525:Arroyo García, Israel. "Constitution of 1857" in
598:124. Prohibition on internal customs checkpoints.
367:and the defeat of the conservatives in 1867, the
141:Yes, presidential elections are validated by the
3271:
1978:
1976:
412:, endorsed the call to move the headquarters to
242:constitution promulgated in 1857 by Constituent
3004:
2809:
2578:
2083:
1938:
1811:
22:Political Constitution of the Mexican Republic
3138:La constitución de 1857 y los leyes en México
3063:. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1989.
2651:
2510:
2262:
2228:
2188:
2129:
1973:
1889:
1845:
1762:
735:Map of Mexico under the Constitution of 1857
2591:California Western International Law Journal
2024:California Western International Law Journal
1951:California Western International Law Journal
1824:California Western International Law Journal
1159:Justice Minister Ezequiel Montes met in the
3145:México: del antiguo régimen a la revolución
3091:Juárez and Díaz: Machine Politics in Mexico
2707:
2584:
2049:
2017:
1944:
1817:
1695:Juárez and Díaz: Machine Politics in Mexico
1377:and bringing the constitution into effect.
298:and created a strong national congress, an
2752:International Journal of Legal Information
2664:International Journal of Legal Information
1902:International Journal of Legal Information
1775:International Journal of Legal Information
505:were again implemented, and there were 23
27:
3220:Valadés, Diego; Carbonell, Miguel (2007)
3140:. Mexico City: Tipografía Económica 1906.
2135:
1982:
1851:
1602:
609:
589:77. Requirements to be elected president.
3155:Historia general de México, versión 2000
2902:"Portal Gobierno del Estado de Tlaxcala"
2550:
2516:
2481:
2447:
2413:
2378:
2343:
2268:
2234:
2194:
1239:
322:, incorporating the legal thrust of the
3204:Leyes fundamentales de México 1808-1992
2815:
2745:
2708:Branch, H. N.; L. S., Rowe (May 1917).
2657:
2626:. Oxford University Press. p. 25.
2313:. Oxford University Press. p. 25.
2089:
1895:
1768:
1713:. Oxford University Press. p. 25.
1381:Replacement by the Constitution of 1917
1193:, Isidoro Olvera, were taken prisoner.
652:, on the national level as part of the
601:128. Inviolability of the Constitution.
33:Original front of the 1857 Constitution
3272:
3131:La constitución de 1857 y sus críticos
2055:
1603:Revueltas, Silvestre Villegas (1997).
1183:Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation
568:30. Definition of Mexican nationality.
384:Having overthrown the dictatorship of
2920:"Portal Ciudadano de Baja California"
2840:from the original on 16 December 2022
2114:from the original on 16 December 2022
1357:After the Liberal government won the
739:The 23 states of the federation were:
396:in the presidency. As established in
115:, amended in 1874 to reestablish the
3133:. Mexico City: SepSetentas 98, 1973.
3107:(University of Missouri Press, 1957)
1631:, "Fernado Zertuche Muñoz" p.865-867
1564:, capítulo "La Constitución de 1857"
545:12. Abolition of titles of nobility.
197:Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones
87:Constitutional presidential republic
3235:consultado el 23 de octubre de 2009
3217:consultado el 23 de octubre de 2009
3078:Hispanic American Historical Review
3068:Bulletin of Latin American Research
2746:McNulty, Devin C. (17 March 2022).
2062:University of Pittsburgh Law Review
1627:Valadés, Diego; Carbonell, Miguel,
1605:"El Liberalismo Moderado en México"
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1477:
1245:Alegoría de la Constitución de 1857
1235:
488:
13:
3195:Ruiz Castañeda, María del Carmen.
3050:
2822:United States - Mexico Law Journal
2096:United States - Mexico Law Journal
745:
640:(considered the "second father of
533:3. Free public, secular education.
14:
3331:
3240:
3185:consultado 3 de noviembre de 2009
3114:(University of Texas Press, 1979)
2056:Barker, Robert S. (Spring 1988).
1509:"Día de la Constitución Mexicana"
2963:"Gobierno del Estado de Yucatán"
1886:Acta de Reformas, art. 25 (1847)
1543:
3020:
2991:
2973:
2955:
2937:
2912:
2894:
2869:
2855:
2739:
2701:
2544:
2475:
2441:
2407:
2372:
2337:
2163:
2011:
1880:
1737:
1687:
1662:
1479:
1127:The only federal territory was
717:Territorial evolution of Mexico
517:. It supported the autonomy of
2818:"The Amparo Process in Mexico"
2553:"The Mexican Suit of "Amparo""
2519:"The Mexican Suit of "Amparo""
2484:"The Mexican Suit of "Amparo""
2450:"The Mexican Suit of "Amparo""
2416:"The Mexican Suit of "Amparo""
2381:"The Mexican Suit of "Amparo""
2346:"The Mexican Suit of "Amparo""
2271:"The Mexican Suit of "Amparo""
2237:"The Mexican Suit of "Amparo""
2197:"The Mexican Suit of "Amparo""
2138:"The Mexcian Suit of "Amparo""
2092:"The Amparo Process in Mexico"
1985:"The Mexcian Suit of "Amparo""
1854:"The Mexcian Suit of "Amparo""
1648:
1634:
1621:
1596:
1567:
1534:
1519:
1501:
1465:History of democracy in Mexico
1255:; through the promulgation of
625:Manuel Crescencio García Rejón
1:
3320:1857 establishments in Mexico
3253:Archivo General de la Nación
3119:
2981:"Información turística INEGI"
1493:
1430:French intervention in Mexico
1139:
710:
379:
3202:Tena Ramírez, Felipe (1997)
3030:(in Spanish). Archived from
2999:The Oxford History of Mexico
2983:(in Spanish). Archived from
2965:(in Spanish). Archived from
2947:(in Spanish). Archived from
2922:(in Spanish). Archived from
2904:(in Spanish). Archived from
2879:(in Spanish). Archived from
2585:Fix-Zamudio, Hector (1979).
2018:Fix-Zamudio, Hector (1979).
1945:Fix-Zamudio, Hector (1979).
1818:Fix-Zamudio, Hector (1979).
1747:(in Spanish). Archived from
1672:(in Spanish). Archived from
1511:(in Spanish). Archived from
595:123. Regulation of religion.
574:36. Obligations of citizens.
571:31. Obligations of Mexicans.
288:cruel and unusual punishment
7:
3192:. Mexico City: Porrúa 1974.
3080:(1953) 33#1 pp. 65–87
2877:"Portal Estado de Guerrero"
2136:Hellen L., Clagett (1945).
1983:Hellen L., Clagett (1945).
1852:Hellen L., Clagett (1945).
1407:
1385:The winning faction of the
1049:
1004:
759:
731:
386:Antonio López de Santa Anna
234:), often called simply the
215:1824 Constitution of Mexico
10:
3336:
3266:accessed November 22, 2009
3172:Los caminos de la historia
3136:García Granados, Ricardo.
2760:Cambridge University Press
2551:Helen L., Clagett (1945).
2517:Helen L., Clagett (1945).
2482:Helen L., Clagett (1945).
2448:Helen L., Clagett (1945).
2414:Helen L., Clagett (1945).
2379:Helen L., Clagett (1945).
2344:Helen L., Clagett (1945).
2269:Helen L., Clagett (1945).
2235:Helen L., Clagett (1945).
2195:Helen L., Clagett (1945).
714:
3257:accessed October 23, 2009
3250:accessed October 23, 2009
3143:Guerra, François-Xavier,
1369:and the establishment of
1247:, Petronilo Monroy, 1869.
614:In 1841, Mexican justice
278:. It also reaffirmed the
246:during the presidency of
210:
206:1857 Constituent Congress
202:
192:
184:
174:
164:
154:
149:
135:
123:
106:
96:
91:
81:
61:
53:
43:
38:
26:
21:
3089:Perry, Laurens Ballard.
1471:
1046:States admitted in 1857:
3305:Legal history of Mexico
3280:Constitutions of Mexico
2816:Zagaris, Bruce (1998).
2090:Zagaris, Bruce (1998).
1440:Constitutions of Mexico
1189:, and the president of
1144:In December 1856, Pope
616:Manuel Crescencio Rejón
542:10. Right to bear arms.
326:into the constitution.
256:universal male suffrage
69:; 167 years ago
3127:Cosío Villegas, Daniel
3070:(1996) 15#1 pp 81–100
3013:El Colegio de México,
2658:McNulty, D.C. (2021).
2557:Georgetown Law Journal
2523:Georgetown Law Journal
2488:Georgetown Law Journal
2454:Georgetown Law Journal
2420:Georgetown Law Journal
2385:Georgetown Law Journal
2350:Georgetown Law Journal
2275:Georgetown Law Journal
2241:Georgetown Law Journal
2201:Georgetown Law Journal
2142:Georgetown Law Journal
1989:Georgetown Law Journal
1896:McNulty, D.C. (2021).
1858:Georgetown Law Journal
1769:McNulty, D.C. (2021).
1573:Reyes Heroles, Jesús,
1560:Tena Ramírez, Felipe,
1528:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1396:El hijo de El Ahuizote
1248:
750:
663:
623:
610:Articles 101 & 102
349:Maximilian I of Mexico
320:indigenous communities
231:
3295:Defunct constitutions
2720:(Supplement): 80–86.
1745:"El Juicio de Amparo"
1435:Second Mexican Empire
1375:restored the Republic
1371:Second Mexican Empire
1243:
749:
592:101 & 102. Amparo
539:7. Freedom of speech.
300:independent judiciary
264:freedom of conscience
258:, and others such as
3310:Liberalism in Mexico
3168:Reyes Heroles, Jesús
3151:El Colegio de México
697:Maxmilian of Austria
421:Constitution of 1824
365:ouster of the French
280:abolition of slavery
268:freedom of the press
236:Constitution of 1857
92:Government structure
67:5 February 1857
3110:Sinkin, Richard N.
3103:Scholes, Walter V.
2399:. p. 422-423:
2364:. p. 422-423:
1401:Venustiano Carranza
1173:Félix María Zuloaga
630:Republic of Yucatán
501:and representative
465:freedom of religion
286:, and all forms of
272:freedom of assembly
3206:México, ed.Porrúa
2834:10.25922/359h-6s17
2768:10.1017/jli.2022.1
2676:10.1017/jli.2022.1
2108:10.25922/359h-6s17
1914:10.1017/jli.2022.1
1787:10.1017/jli.2022.1
1585:went forward, the
1460:Politics of Mexico
1454:currently in force
1391:Constitutionalists
1387:Mexican Revolution
1367:Franco-Mexican War
1249:
1061:to the Federation
1016:to the Federation
1001:New state created:
751:
276:right to bear arms
244:Congress of Mexico
3230:978-970-32-3930-6
3212:978-968-432-011-6
3180:978-968-36-9350-1
1589:did not move and
1201:Ignacio Comonfort
1198:Mexican President
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1064:Installation date
1059:Date of Admission
1043:
1042:
1019:Installation date
1014:Date of Admission
998:
997:
705:1917 constitution
495:1824 Constitution
410:Ignacio Comonfort
369:Restored Republic
355:, to establish a
335:official religion
260:freedom of speech
252:individual rights
248:Ignacio Comonfort
220:
219:
156:First legislature
137:Electoral college
3327:
3188:Rabasa, Emilio.
3100:, vol. 5, no. 1.
3058:Hale, Charles A.
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3024:
3018:
3011:
3002:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2214:
2212:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2175:Google Translate
2167:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1704:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1600:
1594:
1593:went backward)".
1571:
1565:
1558:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1505:
1483:
1236:Immediate impact
1196:On December 19,
1178:Plan of Tacubaya
1066:of the Congress
1050:
1021:of the Congress
1005:
904:Coahuila y Texas
760:
732:
665:Acta de Reformas
634:State of Yucatán
528:Vicente Guerrero
515:federal district
489:Major provisions
445:Santos Degollado
433:Guillermo Prieto
429:Ponciano Arriaga
357:Mexican monarchy
312:private property
284:debtors' prisons
160:7 September 1857
77:
75:
70:
31:
19:
18:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3270:
3269:
3243:
3238:
3233:texto en la web
3215:texto en la web
3183:texto en la web
3122:
3117:
3053:
3051:Further reading
3048:
3047:
3046:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3012:
3005:
2996:
2992:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2945:"el Comentario"
2943:
2942:
2938:
2929:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2886:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2843:
2841:
2814:
2810:
2801:. p. 152:
2796:
2794:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2728:
2706:
2702:
2693:. p. 159:
2688:
2686:
2656:
2652:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2618:
2614:
2605:. p. 313:
2600:
2598:
2583:
2579:
2571:. p. 423:
2566:
2564:
2549:
2545:
2537:. p. 423:
2532:
2530:
2515:
2511:
2502:. p. 423:
2497:
2495:
2480:
2476:
2468:. p. 423:
2463:
2461:
2446:
2442:
2434:. p. 423:
2429:
2427:
2412:
2408:
2394:
2392:
2377:
2373:
2359:
2357:
2342:
2338:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2305:
2298:
2289:. p. 423:
2284:
2282:
2267:
2263:
2255:. p. 422:
2250:
2248:
2233:
2229:
2215:. p. 434:
2210:
2208:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2156:. p. 418:
2151:
2149:
2134:
2130:
2117:
2115:
2088:
2084:
2076:. p. 906:
2071:
2069:
2054:
2050:
2038:. p. 309:
2033:
2031:
2016:
2012:
2003:. p. 418:
1998:
1996:
1981:
1974:
1965:. p. 313:
1960:
1958:
1943:
1939:
1926:
1924:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1872:. p. 418:
1867:
1865:
1850:
1846:
1838:. p. 313:
1833:
1831:
1816:
1812:
1804:. p. 154:
1799:
1797:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1705:
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1679:
1677:
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1597:
1572:
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1559:
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1535:
1524:
1520:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1474:
1469:
1410:
1383:
1316:San Luis Potosí
1238:
1213:San Luis Potosí
1154:excommunication
1142:
1129:Baja California
1114:
1096:
1078:
1065:
1060:
1048:
1033:
1020:
1015:
1003:
994:
984:
972:
962:
950:
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928:
918:
906:
896:
894:San Luis Potosí
884:
872:
860:
850:
838:
828:
816:
806:
794:
784:
758:
719:
713:
612:
604:
491:
472:Catholic Church
441:José María Mata
437:Francisco Zarco
402:Dolores Hidalgo
382:
316:Catholic Church
188:7 November 1911
170:5 February 1917
73:
71:
68:
57:1856–1857
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3333:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3315:1857 documents
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3290:1857 in Mexico
3287:
3282:
3268:
3267:
3258:
3251:
3242:
3241:External links
3239:
3237:
3236:
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3052:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3019:
3003:
2990:
2987:on 2011-07-22.
2972:
2969:on 2010-04-11.
2954:
2951:on 2010-08-10.
2936:
2911:
2908:on 2009-12-27.
2893:
2868:
2854:
2848:. p. 61:
2808:
2738:
2700:
2670:(3): 149–161.
2650:
2643:. p. 25:
2632:
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2330:. p. 25:
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2187:
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2128:
2122:. p. 61:
2082:
2048:
2010:
1972:
1937:
1908:(3): 149–161.
1888:
1879:
1844:
1810:
1781:(3): 149–161.
1761:
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1647:
1633:
1620:
1613:
1607:(in Spanish).
1595:
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1542:
1533:
1518:
1515:on 2003-08-11.
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1415:Liberal Reform
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675:writ of Amparo
655:Act of Reforms
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302:, and a small
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3300:Modern Mexico
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3163:968-12-0969-9
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1675:
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503:republicanism
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361:Benito Juárez
358:
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327:
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321:
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309:
306:to prevent a
305:
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3097:
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3036:. Retrieved
3032:the original
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2985:the original
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2967:the original
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2881:the original
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2857:
2849:
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2828:(1): 61–69.
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1950:
1940:
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1650:
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1628:
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1598:
1591:conservative
1590:
1586:
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394:Juan Álvarez
383:
338:
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308:dictatorship
290:such as the
254:, including
235:
223:
221:
185:Last amended
44:Jurisdiction
3285:1857 in law
2844:16 December
2797:16 December
2762:: 149–161.
2731:16 December
2689:14 December
2639:16 December
2623:Mexican Law
2601:14 December
2567:18 December
2533:18 December
2498:18 December
2464:18 December
2430:18 December
2402:government.
2395:18 December
2367:government.
2360:18 December
2326:16 December
2310:Mexican Law
2285:18 December
2251:18 December
2211:18 December
2180:16 December
2152:18 December
2148:(4): 418437
2118:16 December
2072:16 December
2034:14 December
1999:18 December
1995:(4): 418437
1961:14 December
1927:14 December
1868:18 December
1864:(4): 418437
1834:14 December
1800:14 December
1726:16 December
1710:Mexican Law
1425:Reform laws
1253:Mexico City
1133:Mexico City
1117:05-02-1857
1102:19-07-1857
1099:09-12-1856
1084:01-06-1857
1081:09-12-1856
1039:30-01-1850
1036:27-10-1849
476:Zacapoaxtla
414:Mexico City
331:Catholicism
3274:Categories
3120:In Spanish
3038:2010-04-28
2930:2010-04-28
2887:2010-04-28
2804:tradition.
2292:sentences.
1755:2010-04-28
1680:2010-04-28
1494:References
1420:Reform War
1359:Reform War
1296:Tamaulipas
1288:Nuevo León
1276:Guanajuato
1270:States of
1265:Reform War
1261:Guanajuato
1140:Opposition
881:Nuevo León
858:Tamaulipas
804:Guanajuato
723:Nuevo León
711:Federation
646:Seven Laws
550:Juárez Law
513:, and the
499:federalism
461:Juárez Law
380:Background
374:until 1917
345:Reform War
296:federalism
274:, and the
238:, was the
211:Supersedes
176:Amendments
113:Unicameral
74:1857-02-05
3017:p.597-598
2792:247475612
2784:0731-1265
2776:2331-4117
2684:247475612
2068:(3): 891–
1922:247475612
1795:247475612
1320:Chihuahua
1284:Michoacán
1280:Querétaro
1257:Five Laws
1150:Lerdo Law
982:Zacatecas
948:Chihuahua
870:Michoacán
792:Querétaro
632:(now the
563:Lerdo Law
511:territory
406:president
388:in 1855,
324:Lerdo Law
304:executive
203:Author(s)
130:President
125:Executive
3082:in JSTOR
3072:in JSTOR
2838:Archived
2696:clauses.
2646:process.
2171:"Amparo"
2112:Archived
1629:op. cit.
1587:moderate
1562:op. cit.
1408:See also
1363:Veracruz
1332:Tlaxcala
1304:Veracruz
1292:Coahuila
1230:Veracruz
1221:Veracruz
1217:Tlaxcala
1191:Congress
1161:Holy See
1131:. Also,
1076:Tlaxcala
1031:Guerrero
916:Veracruz
727:Coahuila
390:liberals
353:Habsburg
193:Location
166:Repealed
143:Deputies
108:Chambers
98:Branches
63:Ratified
39:Overview
3170:(2002)
3153:(2009)
3015:Op.cit.
2726:1013370
1875:member.
1697:, p. 10
1693:Perry,
1575:op.cit.
1489:courts.
1352:Yucatán
1344:Sinaloa
1336:Chiapas
1328:Tabasco
1324:Durango
1272:Jalisco
1146:Pius IX
992:Sinaloa
970:Chiapas
960:Jalisco
938:Yucatán
926:Durango
836:Tabasco
685:Spanish
683:is the
660:Spanish
620:Spanish
497:. Both
463:), and
240:liberal
228:Spanish
150:History
72: (
54:Created
3228:
3210:
3178:
3161:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2724:
2682:
2630:
2317:
2220:amparo
2042:amparo
1920:
1793:
1717:
1611:
1486:fueros
1389:, the
1348:Oaxaca
1340:Sonora
1312:Puebla
1308:México
1300:Colima
1209:Puebla
1205:México
1094:Colima
1053:Order
1008:Order
848:Puebla
826:Oaxaca
814:Sonora
782:México
769:Order
763:Order
689:amparo
681:Amparo
670:amparo
642:Amparo
507:states
480:Puebla
457:fueros
443:, and
340:fueros
117:Senate
83:System
48:Mexico
2788:S2CID
2772:eISSN
2758:(3).
2722:JSTOR
2680:S2CID
2223:suit.
2006:1824.
1918:S2CID
1791:S2CID
1531:, 332
1472:Notes
1056:Name
1011:Name
772:Name
766:Name
3226:ISBN
3208:ISBN
3176:ISBN
3159:ISBN
2846:2022
2799:2022
2780:ISSN
2733:2022
2691:2022
2641:2022
2628:ISBN
2603:2022
2569:2022
2535:2022
2500:2022
2466:2022
2432:2022
2397:2022
2362:2022
2328:2022
2315:ISBN
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2253:2022
2213:2022
2182:2022
2154:2022
2120:2022
2074:2022
2036:2022
2001:2022
1963:2022
1929:2022
1870:2022
1836:2022
1802:2022
1728:2022
1715:ISBN
1609:ISBN
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1484:The
1350:and
1302:and
1226:pure
1219:and
509:, a
478:and
452:pure
351:, a
318:and
222:The
2830:doi
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1071:22
1026:21
987:20
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