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1614:) choose his successor. Madelung believes that Husayn did not recognize this treaty at first, but pressed by Hasan, accepted it. Later on when several Shia leaders suggested him to conduct a surprise attack on Mu'awiya's camp near Kufa, he refused, saying that as long as Mu'awiya was alive, he would abide by the terms of the peace treaty, however, after Mu'awiya's death, he will reconsider it. After signing the peace treaty, Mu'awiyah delivered a sermon in Kufa in which he declared that he had violated all the provisions of the treaty and also insulted Ali ibn Abi Talib. Husayn wanted to respond, but Hasan refused to do so, and Hasan delivered a sermon in response. Husayn adhered to the terms of the treaty even after Hassan's death. Husayn then left Kufa for Medina along with Hasan and Abdullah ibn Ja'far. He adhered to the terms of the treaty even after Hasan's death.
3324:. Condemning the Iranian monarchy, Khomeini wrote: "The struggle of al-Husayn at Karbalâ is interpreted in the same way as a struggle against the non-Islamic principle of monarchy." Opposition to the Shah was thus compared with the opposition of Husayn to Yazid, and Muharram ritual gatherings became increasingly political in nature. According to Aghaie, the Shah's hostility towards various Muharram rituals, which he considered to be uncivilized, contributed to his fall. The Islamic republic that was established after the revolution has since promoted Muharram rituals. The clerics encourage public participation in elections as a form of "political activism" comparable to that of Husayn. Martyrdom spirit influenced by the death of Husayn was frequently witnessed in Iranian troops during the
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and brother – there are at least two types of narrations about him: first, his narrations from his relatives, and second, his personal hadiths. In Sunni sources, only the aspect of the narration of his hadith has been considered in these hadiths. These
Musnads, like the Musnad of the Companions of the Prophet of Islam, also have a Musnad named Husayn Ibn Ali. In his Musnad, Abu Bakr Bazar has narrated the Musnad of Husayn Ibn Ali with 4 hadiths and Tabarani has narrated his Musnad with 27 hadiths, respectively. In the Musnad of Husayn ibn Ali, in addition to the hadiths of Husayn himself, there are also hadiths of the Prophet of Islam and Ali ibn Abi Talib. In the present era, Azizullah Atardi has compiled the document of the Imam of the Martyr Abi Abdullah Al-Husayn Ibn Ali.
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with his father and brother, saying, "These people have submitted to the obedience of Satan and have left the obedience of God the
Merciful." On the way, he refused to accept the offer to go to the tribe of Tayy by pointing to his pact with Hurr about not returning. Later, a messenger from Ibn Ziad came to Hur and, without greeting Husayn, gave a letter to Hur in which Ibn Ziad had ordered him to not to stop in a place where Husayn can have easy access to water. With this letter, Obaidullah wanted to force Husayn to fight. Zuhair ibn Qayn suggested to Husayn to attack the small army of Hur and capture the fortified village of Akr. But Husayn did not accept; Because he did not want to start a war.
2195:, who argues that despite there being some fabricated accounts, all of the contemporary accounts together form "a coherent and credible narrative". She criticizes Lammens' hypothesis as being based on a single isolated report and being devoid of critical analysis. Similarly, Madelung and Wellhausen assert that the battle lasted from sunrise to sunset and that the overall account of the battle is reliable. Vaglieri and Madelung explain the length of the battle despite the numerical disparity between the opposing camps as Ibn Sa'd's attempt to prolong the fight and pressure Husayn into submission instead of attempting to quickly overwhelm and kill him.
1982:. Shemr argued that Husayn was in his domain and letting him go would be to demonstrate weakness. Ibn Ziyad then sent Shemr with orders to ask Husayn for his allegiance once more and to attack, kill and disfigure him if he was to refuse, as "a rebel, a seditious person, a brigand, an oppressor and he was to do no further harm after his death". If Ibn Sa'd was unwilling to carry out the attack, he was instructed to hand over command to Shemr. Ibn Sa'd cursed Shemr and accused him of foiling his attempts to reach a peaceful settlement but agreed to carry out the orders. He remarked that Husayn would not submit because there was "a proud soul in him".
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leave, Hurr blocked his way and said that if Husayn did not accept the order given by Ibn Ziyad, Hurr would not allow him to go to Medina or Kufa. He suggested to Husayn to neither go to Kufa nor to Medina, rather write a letter to Yazid or Ibn Ziyad and wait for their orders, hoping to avoid this difficult situation by receiving an answer. But Husayn did not heed to his advice and continued to Azad or
Qadisiyah. Hurr informed Husayn that he was doing this for Husayn and that if there would be a war, Husayn would be killed. Husayn, however, was not afraid of death and stopped in an area called Karbala, on the outskirts of Kufa.
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trying to keep aloof from political involvement for or against Mu'awiya. Sentiments in favor of the rule of Ahl al-Bayt occasionally emerged in the form of small groups, mostly from Kufa, visiting Hasan and Husayn asking them to be their leaders – a request to which they declined to respond. When Hasan was poisoned, he refused to tell Husayn the name of his suspect, probably Mu'awiya, in fear of provoking bloodshed. The burial of Hasan's body near that of
Muhammad, was another problem which could have led to bloodshed, as Marwan ibn Hakam swore that he would not permit Hasan to be buried near Muhammad with
1881:– who had been sent from Hejaz to Kufa to inform the people of Husayn's imminent arrival, was exposed and killed by falling from the roof of Kufa Palace. Upon hearing this, Husayn allowed his supporters to leave the caravan due to the depressing issues such as the betrayal of the Kufis. A number of those who had joined him on the way, parted away. But those who had come with Husayn from Hejaz did not leave him. The news from Kufa showed that the situation there had completely changed from what Muslim had reported. The political assessments made it clear to Husayn that going to Kufa was no longer apt.
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the death of man, Husayn set her free and gave her property. Once one of Husayn's slaves did something wrong. But after the slave recited the verse "وَالْعافینَ عَنِ النَّاس", Husayn forgave him and after that the slave recited the verse "وَلَلَّهُ یُحِبُّ الْمُحسسِينَ" and Husayn released the slave because of this. There is a narration that Husayn gave the property and goods that he inherited before receiving them. Husayn gave his children's teacher a large sum of money and clothes; While acknowledging that this does not compensate for the value of the teacher's work. A
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about the loss of his brother Hasan after his burial. The sermons and letters of Husayn ibn Ali during his
Imamate are more than before him. His letters to the Shiites, as well as his letters to Mu'awiyah regarding his adherence to the peace treaty, trace Mu'awiyah's actions, especially regarding Yazid, as well as his sermons and letters in the form of letters of recommendation at the beginning of Yazid's caliphate. An important part of the sermons and letters belong to the period of the uprising of Husayn bin Ali. Correspondence with Kufis, Basrians and people like
1746:"I did not go out for fun and selfishness and for corruption and oppression; Rather, my goal is to correct the corruptions that have occurred in the nation of my ancestors. I want to command the good and forbid the bad, and follow the tradition of my grandfather and the way of my father Ali ibn Abi Talib. So, whoever accepts this truth (and follows me) has accepted the way of God and whoever rejects (and does not follow me) I will walk (my way) with patience and perseverance so that God may be the judge between me and this nation and he is the best judge."
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2134:, who had not taken part in the fighting because of illness, but was prevented by Ibn Sa'd. There are reports of more than sixty wounds on Husayn's body, which was then trampled with horses as previously instructed by Ibn Ziyad. The bodies of Husayn's companions were decapitated. There were eighty-eight dead in Ibn Sa'd's army, who were buried before he left. After his departure, members of the Banu Asad tribe, from the nearby village of Ghadiriya, buried the headless bodies of Husayn's companions.
1639:. After the death of Hasan, when Iraqis turned to Husayn, concerning an uprising, Husayn instructed them to wait as long as Mu'awiya was alive due to Hasan's peace treaty with him. Meanwhile, Marwan reported to Mu'awiya the frequent visits of Shias to Husayn. Mu'awiya instructed Marwan not to clash with Husayn, in the same time he wrote a letter to Husayn in which he "mingled generous promises with the advice not to provoke him." Later on, when Mu'awiya was taking allegiance for his son,
2793:, the opinion of some commentators about the difference in taste between Hasan and Husayn is misplaced; Because despite not swearing allegiance to Yazid, Husayn, like his brother, spent ten years in Mu'awiya's rule and never opposed it. Mohammad Emadi Haeri believes that Husayn is considered to be similar to Muhammad in most sources, and in one narration the most similar to him. There is also a narration that Ali considers Hussein to be the most similar person in terms of behavior.
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attacked Husayn's force, but was repulsed. Hand-to-hand fighting paused and further volleys of arrows were exchanged. Shemr, who commanded the left wing of the
Umayyad army, launched an attack, but after losses on both sides he was repulsed. This was followed by cavalry attacks. Husayn's cavalry resisted fiercely and Ibn Sa'd brought in armoured cavalry and five hundred archers. After their horses were wounded by arrows, Husayn's cavalrymen dismounted and fought on foot.
1713:, in his place. As a result of Ibn Ziyad's suppression and political maneuvering, Ibn Aqil's following began to dissipate and he was forced to declare the revolt prematurely. It was defeated and Ibn Aqil was killed. Husayn had also sent a messenger to Basra, another garrison town in Iraq, but the messenger could not attract any following and was quickly apprehended and executed. Husayn was unaware of the change of political circumstances in Kufa and decided to depart.
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early Sunni sources refer to Ali al-Sajjad as 'Ali al-Asghar and Ali II as 'Ali al-Akbar, it is probably true that Sheikh Mufid and other Shi'ite writers are correct in stating the opposite. Ali II was killed in
Karbala at the age of 19. His mother is Layla, the daughter of Abi Murrah ibn Urwah al-Thaqafi and Maymuna bint Abi Sufyan, the sister of Mu'awiya. According to Madelung, after Hasan's peace with Mu'awiya, Husayn married Layla, from whom Ali al-Akbar was born.
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3437:, and of numerous other events concerning prophets. Husayn is claimed to have performed various miracles, including quenching his companions' thirst by putting his thumb in their mouths and satisfying their hunger by bringing down food from the heavens, and to have killed several thousand Umayyad attackers. Other accounts claim that when Husayn died, his horse shed tears and killed many Umayyad soldiers; the sky became red and it rained blood;
1363:. For the Shi'a, Husayn's suffering and martyrdom became a symbol of sacrifice in the struggle for right against wrong, and for justice and truth against injustice and falsehood. It also provides the members of the Shi'a faith with a catalog of heroic norms. The battle is commemorated during an annual ten-day period during the Islamic month of Muharram by many Muslims especially Shi'a, culminating on tenth day of the month, known as the day of
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named two of his sons
Muhammad and did not name any of them Ali and that Husayn named two of his four sons Ali and did not name either Muhammad as proof of this claim. Rasool Jafarian considers the narrations in which Husayn is like Ali and Hasan is like Muhammad to be fake; According to him, the image presented in these narrations could have been used to destroy the image of Ali and Ashura and to be useful to those who were in favor of
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according to him, early accounts place the responsibility for Husayn's death on Ibn Ziyad instead of Yazid. Yazid, Madelung argues, wanted to end Husayn's opposition, but as a caliph of Islam could not afford to be seen as publicly responsible and so diverted blame onto Ibn Ziyad by hypocritically cursing him. According to Howard, some traditional sources have a tendency to exonerate Yazid at the cost of Ibn Ziyad and lower authorities.
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was not a "reckless rebel" but a religious man motivated by pious convictions. According to him, Husayn was convinced that "the family of the
Prophet was divinely chosen to lead the community founded by Moḥammad, as the latter had been chosen, and had both an inalienable right and an obligation to seek this leadership." He was, however, not seeking martyrdom and wanted to return when his expected support did not materialize.
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2221:. Abu Mikhnaf's was an adult some twenty years after the Battle of Karbala. As such he knew many eyewitnesses and collected firsthand accounts and some with very short chains of transmitters, usually one or two intermediaries. The eyewitnesses were of two kinds: those from Husayn's side; and those from Ibn Sa'd's army. Since few people from Husayn's camp survived, most eyewitnesses were from the second category. According to
2458:"O Muhammad!... Here is Husayn in the open, stained with blood and with limbs torn off. O Muhammad! Your daughters are prisoners, your progeny are killed, and the east wind blows dust over them." Shi'a Muslims consider this to be the first instance of wailing and mourning over the death of Husayn. Husayn's son Ali al-Sajjad is reported to have spent the rest of his life weeping for his father. Similarly, Husayn's mother
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doctrines and specific set of rituals had not developed. Karbala gave this early political party of pro-Alids a distinct religious identity and helped transform it into a distinct religious sect. Heinz Halm writes: "There was no religious aspect to Shi'ism prior to 680. The death of the third imam and his followers marked the 'big bang' that created the rapidly expanding cosmos of Shi'ism and brought it into motion."
3088:, whose return is awaited. With his return, Husayn and his seventy-two companions are expected to be resurrected along with their killers, who will then be punished. Believing that Husayn wanted to redeem people from their sins with his blood, and that his action was "a redemptive sacrifice for the salvation of the world", according to Vaglieri, is foreign to Shia belief; however it may have been penetrated to Shia
1449:, the ahl al-bayt has been praised. According to Madelung, there are numerous narrations showing Muhammad's love for Hasan and Husayn, such as carrying them on his shoulders, or putting them on his chest and kissing them on the belly. Madelung believes that some of these reports may imply a little preference of Muhammad for Hasan over Husayn, or pointing out that Hasan was more similar to his grandfather. Other
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Kufans from joining Husayn. Husayn's caravan started to move towards
Qadisiyya, and Hurr followed them. At Naynawa, Hurr received orders from Ibn Ziyad to force Husayn's caravan to halt in a desolate place without fortifications or water. One of Husayn's companions suggested that they attack Hurr and move to the fortified village of al-Aqr. Husayn refused, stating that he did not want to start the hostilities.
2865:, Tabatabai in Al-Mizan, while reporting and criticizing the various sayings of the commentators, has said that the meaning of "nearness" is the love of the Ahl al-Bayt of Muhammad; That is, Ali is Fatima, Hassan and Husayn. He goes on to cite various narrations from Sunnis and Shiites that have clarified this issue. Sunni commentators such as Fakhr al-Razi and Ibn Kathir have also referred to this issue.
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2225:, most of them regretted their actions in the battle and embellished the accounts of the battle in favor of Husayn in order to dilute their guilt. Although as an Iraqi, Abu Mikhnaf had pro-Alid tendencies, his reports generally do not contain much bias on his part. Abu Mikhnaf's original text seems to have been lost and the version extant today has been transmitted through secondary sources such as the
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2130:. This included two of Husayn's sons, six of his paternal brothers, three sons of Hasan ibn Ali, three sons of Jafar ibn Abi Talib and three sons and three grandsons of Aqil ibn Abi Talib. Following the battle, Husayn's clothes were stripped, and his sword, shoes and baggage were taken. The women's jewelry and cloaks were also seized. Shemr wanted to kill Husayn's only surviving son
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3259:, a Shi'a dynasty originally from Iran which later occupied the Abbasid capital Baghdad while accepting the Abbasid caliph's suzerainty, promoted the public rituals of Muharram to portray themselves as patrons of religion and to strengthen the Shi'a identity in Iraq. After taking over Iran in 1501, Safavids, who were previously a Sufi order, declared the state religion to be
2245:. Tabari quotes either directly from Abu Mikhnaf or from his student Ibn al-Kalbi, who took most of his material from Abu Mikhnaf. Tabari occasionally takes material from Ammar ibn Mu'awiya, Awana and other primary sources, which, however, adds little to the narrative. Baladhuri uses same sources as Tabari. Information on the battle found in the works of
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night, since their opponents only wanted him. Very few availed themselves of this opportunity. Defense arrangements were made: tents were brought together and tied to one another and a ditch was dug behind the tents and filled with wood ready to be set alight in case of attack. Husayn and his followers then spent the rest of the night praying.
2287:. Most of these sources took material from Abu Mikhnaf, in addition to some from the primary works of Awana, al-Mada'ini and Nasr ibn Muzahim. Although Tabari and other early sources contain some miraculous stories, these sources are mainly historical and rational in nature, in contrast to the literature of later periods, which is mainly
2908:". In another group of narrations related to Hasnain, they are introduced as "the master of the youth of Paradise". His name and Hassan's, due to their young age, are among those who pledge allegiance in renewing allegiance to the Prophet, which indicates the Prophet's goal in strengthening their historical and social status.
2325:. This tomb was probably formed two centuries after the event of Karbala and was rebuilt and expanded until the thirteenth century AH. This place did not have a building at first and was marked with a simple sign. After that, in the third century AH, a monument was built on it, which was considered during the time of some
2191:, Lammens concludes that there was no battle at all but a quick massacre that was over in an hour; he suggests that the detailed accounts found in the primary sources are Iraqi fabrications, since their writers were dissatisfied with their hero being killed without putting up a fight. This is countered by the historian
3304:. According to these, Shi'ism was an ideology of revolution and political struggle against tyranny and exploitation, and the Battle of Karbala and the death of Husayn was to be seen as a model for revolutionary struggle; weeping and mourning was to be replaced by political activism to realize the ideals of Husayn.
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prophets about the killing of Husayn. Ali also knew that Husayn would be killed in Karbala, and once he passed by this area, he stopped and cried and remembered the news of Muhammad. He interpreted Karbala (کربلا) as (کرب) anguish and (بلا) calamity. The slain of Karbala will enter Paradise without any reckoning.
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Theophilus's history corroborates the death in battle of Husayn and most of his men at Karbala after suffering from thirst. But in contrast to all Muslim sources, which state that Husayn fought Yazid, Theophilus appears to have written that Husayn was killed by Mu'awiya as the final engagement of the
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of Husayn) be killed while you stand and watch?" Ibn Sa'd wept but did nothing. Husayn is said to have killed many of his attackers. The Umayyad forces however were still unwilling to kill him and each of them wanted to leave this to somebody else. Eventually Shemr shouted: "Shame on you! Why are you
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to suppress a local rebellion, but then recalled to confront Husayn. Initially, he was unwilling to fight Husayn, but complied following Ibn Ziyad's threat to revoke his governorship. After negotiations with Husayn, Ibn Sa'd wrote to Ibn Ziyad that Husayn was willing to return. Ibn Ziyad replied that
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Husayn had considerable support in Kufa, which had been the caliphal capital during the reigns of his father and brother. The Kufans had fought the Umayyads and their Syrian allies during the First Fitna, the five-year civil war which had established the Umayyad Caliphate. They were dissatisfied with
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and carry water to him. According to Vaglieri, when Hasan entered Uthman's house, Uthman was already assassinated. Another report says that Uthman asked Ali's help. The latter send Husayn in response. Then Uthman asked Husayn if he was able to defend himself against rebels. Husayn demurred, so Uthman
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do not name the participants. Other Sunni historians mention Muhammad, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn as having participated in the Mubahala, and some agree with the Shia tradition that Ali was among them. The verse "God wishes only to remove taint from you, people of the Household, and to make you utterly
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is an epithet used by Shias to refer to each of Muhammad's grandsons. It is also narrated that Muhammad took Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn under his cloak and called them ahl al-bayt and stated that they are free from any sin and pollution. Muhammad reported the Karbala incident on several occasions;
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who was also beheaded and his head was placed on a plate. It is also narrated that Ali knew that Husayn would be killed in Karbala, and when he passed by this area, he stopped and cried, remembering Muhammad's prophecy. Ali interpreted the name "Karbala" as "Karb" and "bala" meaning "affliction" and
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Among the verses that interpreted by some Shia sources as referring to Husayn is (Qur'an 46:15) which talks about a pregnant mother, Fatima, the mother of Husayn, who suffers a lot, when God expressed his condolences to Muhammad about the fate of this grandson, and Muhammad expressed this to Fatima;
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he receives all the divine grace that exist in his older brother, Hasan; also as the grandson of Muhammad. According to Vaglieri, the basis of the Shias' glorification of Husayn is his outstanding sacred and moral action and the noble ideals to which he sacrificed himself. From the belief that "the
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is like this. Hadiths on the subjects of jurisprudence, interpretation, beliefs, rulings and sermons, supplications, advice and poetry also remain from Husayn, which are scattered in Shiite and Sunni sources and have been compiled and published in the form of collections. There are also prayers left
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In the category of sermons of Husayn Ibn Ali, there are some sermons of him in the pre-Imamate period, some of which are very famous. Thus, the sermon of Husayn ibn Ali, after public allegiance to Ali ibn Abi Talib and others, is his sermon in the battle of Safin. Another example is a poem by Husayn
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Husayn was known for his generosity in Medina, and he freed his slaves and maids if they saw any good behavior. There is a narration that Mu'awiyah sent a maid to Husayn with a lot of property and clothes. When the maid recited verses from the Qur'an and a poem about the instability of the world and
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Mourning for Husayn is considered by Shi'as to be a source of salvation in the afterlife, and is undertaken as a remembrance of his suffering. After the death of Husayn, when his family was being taken to Ibn Ziyad, Husayn's sister Zaynab is reported to have cried out after seeing his headless body:
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to be a source of divine blessings and rewards. According to Shi'a tradition the first such visit was performed by Husayn's son Ali al-Sajjad and the surviving family members during their return from Syria to Medina. The first historically recorded visit is Sulayman ibn Surad and the Penitents going
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to command the left flank, and his half-brother Abbas as the standard bearer. Husayn's companions, according to most accounts, numbered thirty-two horsemen and forty infantrymen. Ibn Sa'd's army totaled 4,000. The ditch containing wood were set alight. Husayn then delivered a speech to his opponents
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denied any knowledge of the letters and stated that Husayn must go with him to Ibn Ziyad, which Husayn refused to do. Hurr responded that he would not allow Husayn to either enter Kufa or go back to Medina, but that he was free to travel anywhere else he wished. Nevertheless, he did not prevent four
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in Mecca, Husayn did not back down from his decision to go to Kufa. Ibn 'Abbas pointed out that the Kufis had left both his father Ali and his brother Hasan alone, and suggested that Husayn go to Yemen instead of Kufa, or at least not take women and children with him if he were to go to Iraq. Husayn
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tribe. Both Hasan and Husayn were named by Muhammad, although Ali had other names such as "Harb" in mind. To celebrate Husayn's birth, Muhammad sacrificed a ram, and Fatima shaved his head and donated the same weight of his hair in silver as alms. According to Islamic traditions, Husayn is mentioned
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Others such as Wellhausen and Lammens, view his revolt as premature and ill-prepared, while others like Heinz Halm see it as a struggle for political leadership among the second generation of Muslims. Fred Donner, G. R. Hawting, and Hugh N. Kennedy consider Husayn's revolt an attempt to regain what
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proposes that Husayn, although motivated by ideology, did not intend to secure leadership for himself. Husayn, Jafri asserts, was from the start aiming for martyrdom in order to jolt the collective conscience of the Muslim community and reveal what he considers to be the oppressive and anti-Islamic
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The traditional narration "Every day is Ashura and every land is Karbala!" is used by the Shi'a as a mantra to live their lives as Husayn did on Ashura, i.e. with complete sacrifice for God and for others. The saying is also intended to signify that what happened on Ashura in Karbala must always be
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There are narrations, sermons and letters left from Husayn Ibn Ali which are available in Sunni and Shiite sources. Narrations about him can be divided into two periods before and after the Imamate. In the first period – which is the period of his life in the life of his grandfather, father, mother
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Husayn is described as looking like his grandfather, Muhammad, though not as much as his older brother, Hasan. According to Madelung, Husayn was similar to his father, Ali, while Hasan had the temperament of Muhammad and criticized the policies of his father, Ali. Madelung cites the fact that Hasan
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Husayn's family, along with the heads of the dead, were sent to Ibn Ziyad. He poked Husayn's mouth with a stick and intended to kill Ali al-Sajjad, but spared him after the pleas of Husayn's sister Zaynab. The heads and the family were then sent to Yazid, who also poked Husayn's mouth with a stick.
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Husayn and Ibn Sa'd met during the night to negotiate a settlement; it was rumored that Husayn made three proposals: either he be allowed to return to Medina, submit to Yazid directly, or be sent to a border post where he would fight alongside the Muslim armies. According to Madelung, these reports
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sent his brother and Ibn Ja'far after Husayn in order to assure him safety in Mecca and bring him back. Husayn refused to return, relating that Muhammad had ordered him in a dream to move forward irrespective of the consequences. Further on the way, he received the news of the execution of Ibn Aqil
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advised him not to move to Iraq, or, if he was determined, not to take women and children with him. Nevertheless, he offered Husayn support if he would stay in Mecca and lead the opposition to Yazid from there. Husayn refused this, citing his abhorrence of bloodshed in the sanctuary, and decided to
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for a period of ten years after the death of his brother Hasan in 670 AD. All of this time except the last six months coincided with the caliphate of Mu'awiya. In the nine-year period between Hasan's abdication in AH 41 (660 AD) and his death in AH 49 (669 AD), Hasan and Husayn retreated to Medina,
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sent letters to him, invited him to Kufa and asked him to be their Imam and pledged their allegiance to him. On Husayn's way to Kufa with a retinue of about 72 men, his caravan was intercepted by a 1,000-strong army of the caliph at some distance from Kufa. He was forced to head north and encamp in
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Vaglieri considers him to be motivated by ideology, saying that if the materials that have come down to us are authentic, they convey an image of person who is "convinced that he was in the right, stubbornly determined to achieve his ends..." Holding a similar view, Madelung has argued that Husayn
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According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, one of the moral characteristics of Husayn is Tolerance, humility, eloquence, and finally traits that can be deduced from his behavior, such as despising death, hatred of a shameful life, pride, and the like. In many narrations, the resemblance of Husayn and
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and Abd Allah. Contemporary Shiite circles have carefully identified Sajjad as Ali al-Awsat and Ali al-Asghar as an infant in Karbala; Among these children, Abd Allah – known by the mention of his name in the events of Ashura – is considered the other son of Husayn. According to Madelung, although
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During the month of Muharram, elaborate public processions are performed in commemoration of the Battle of Karbala. In contrast to pilgrimage to Husayn's tomb and simple lamenting, these processions do not date back to the time of the battle, but arose during tenth century. Their earliest recorded
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Since Umayyad forces could approach Husayn's army from the front only, Ibn Sa'd ordered the tents to be burned. All except the one which Husayn and his family were using were set on fire. Shemr wanted to burn that one too, but was prevented by his companions. The plan backfired and flames hindered
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After Husayn's speech, Zuhayr ibn Qayn attempted to dissuade Ibn Sa'd's soldiers from killing Husayn, but in vain. Ibn Sa'd's army fired several volleys of arrows. This was followed by duels in which several of Husayn's companions were slain. The right wing of the Kufans, led by Amr ibn al-Hajjaj,
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In one place, Husayn recited a sermon and said: "I do not see death except as martyrdom and living with the oppressors except as hardship." In another place, he explained the reason for his opposition to the government while recalling the bitterness of breaking the allegiance of the people of Kufa
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I did not come to you until your letters were brought to me, and your messengers came to me saying, 'Come to us, for we have no imam.' ... Therefore, if you give me what you guaranteed in your covenants and sworn testimonies, I will come to your town. If you will not and are averse to my coming, I
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explicitly told him that the hearts of the Iraqi people are with you, but their swords are in the service of the Umayyads. But Husayn's decision was unwavering, and in response to those who tried to dissuade him, he said that things were in God's hands and that God wanted the best for His servants
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Hence, he left Mecca for Kufa, aware of his imminent sacrifice and yet without any hesitation or attempt to escape the will of God. A narration according to which Husayn was called by God to choose between sacrifice and Victory (with the help of an angel), gives even more value to his enterprise.
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talks about a pregnant woman who endures a lot of pain and suffering. This verse is considered a reference to Fatima Zahra, and the son is also known as Husayn, when God expressed his condolences to Muhammad about the fate of this grandson and Muhammad expressed this to Fatima Zahra, she was very
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and refers to its hadiths, which number more than seventy hadiths and are mostly from the Sunnis. Sunni commentators such as Fakhr Razi and Ibn Kathir, in their commentary, while narrating various narrations about the example of Ahl al-Bayt in this verse, consider Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn as
2763:
Hasan and Husayn were the only male descendants of the Muhammad from whom the next generations were born. Hence, any person who says that his lineage goes back to the Muhammad is either related to Hasan or to Husayn. Hasan and Husayn are different in this respect from their half brothers, such as
2142:
has suggested that this is a duplication of the report regarding Ibn Ziyad. No one was compassionate towards the women and Ali al-Sajjad, One of his courtiers asked for the hand of a captive woman from Husayn's family in marriage, which resulted in heated altercation between Yazid and Zaynab. The
2068:
During the Battle of Karbala the Umayyad soldiers hesitated to initiate a direct attack on Husayn; however, he was struck in the mouth by an arrow as he went to the river to drink. He collected his blood in a cupped hand and cast towards the sky, complaining to God of his suffering. Later, he was
1916:
According to Valiri, Hurr ordered his army to take Husayn and his companions to Ibn Ziyad without fighting and intended to persuade Husayn to do so. But when he saw that Husayn was moving his caravan, he did not dare to follow it. However, Madlung and Bahramian write that when Husayn was ready to
3057:
Husayn gave his person and his possessions as an offering to God to "revive the religion of his grandfather Muhammad", "to redeem it", and "save it from the destruction into which it had been thrown by the behaviour of Yazid"; furthermore, he wished to show that the conduct of the hypocrites was
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against the established authority", condoned his murder by Yazid, but their opinion was opposed by the majority of Muslims. Therefore, almost all Muslims consider Husayn honorable because he was the grandson of Muhammad and because of the belief that he sacrificed himself for an ideal. Historian
2146:
The killing of the grandson of Muhammad shocked the Muslim community. The image of Yazid suffered and gave rise to sentiment that he was impious. Prior to the Battle of Karbala, the Muslim community was divided into two political factions. Nonetheless, a religious sect with distinct theological
1985:
The army advanced toward Husayn's camp on the evening of 9 October. Husayn sent Abbas to ask Ibn Sa'd to wait until the next morning, so that they could consider the matter. Ibn Sa'd agreed to this respite. Husayn told his men that they were all free to leave, with his family, under the cover of
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who had previously renounced allegiance. Husayn answered the summons but declined to pledge allegiance in the secretive environment of the meeting, suggesting it should be done in public. Marwan ibn Hakam told Walid to imprison or behead him, but due to Husayn's kinship with Muhammad, Walid was
1522:'s creation —who was born to neither a mother nor a father— and when the Christians did not accept the Islamic doctrine about Jesus, Muhammad reportedly received a revelation instructing him to call them to Mubahala, where each party should ask God to destroy the false party and their families:
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The first political use of the death of Husayn seems to have been during the revolt of Mukhtar, when he seized Kufa under the slogan of "Revenge for Husayn". Although the Penitents had used the same slogan, they do not seem to have had a political program. In order to enhance their legitimacy,
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The killing of Husayn has had an emotional impact on Sunnis, who remember the event as a tragic incident and those killed in the company of Husayn as martyrs. The impact on Shi'a Islam has been much deeper. According to Vaglieri, only the adherents of the Umayyad who considered him as "a rebel
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states that commemoration of the Battle of Karbala by the Shi'a is not only the retelling of the story, but also presents them with "life models and norms of behavior" which are applicable to all aspects of life, which he calls the Karbala Paradigm. According to Olmo Gölz, the Karbala Paradigm
1888:"You did not have an Imam and I became the means of uniting the ummah. Our family is more deserving of government than anyone else, and those in power do not deserve it and rule unjustly. If you support me, I will go to Kufa. But if you do not want me anymore, I will return to my first place."
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has collected, some of which have been narrated directly or with short chains of transmitters, mostly from Kufis who regretted their actions towards Husayn. These sad narrations of the Kufis, which were a sign of Abu Mikhnaf's Shia tendencies, became the source of the narrations used by later
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informed Muhammad at the time of Husayn's birth that his ummah would kill Husayn and that the Imamate would be from Husayn, and that Muhammad informed his companions of how Husayn had been killed. Except for Muhammad, Ali and Hasan, they had said the same thing. God also informed the previous
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According to Wellhausen, the compassion that Yazid showed to the family of Husayn, and his cursing of Ibn Ziyad was only for show. He argues that if killing Husayn was a crime its responsibility lay with Yazid and not Ibn Ziyad, who was only performing his duty. Madelung holds a similar view;
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Shemr advanced with a group of foot soldiers towards Husayn, who was now prepared to fight as few people were left on his side. A young boy from Husayn's camp escaped from the tents, ran to him, tried to defend him from a sword stroke and had his arm cut off. Ibn Sa'd approached the tents and
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refused Husayn safe passage without submitting to his authority, a condition declined by Husayn. Battle ensued on 10 October during which Husayn was martyred along with most of his relatives and companions, while his surviving family members were taken prisoner. The battle was followed by the
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unwilling to take any action against him. A few days later, Husayn left for Mecca without acknowledging Yazid. He arrived in Mecca at the beginning of May 680, and stayed there until the beginning of September. He was accompanied by his wives, children and brothers, as well as Hasan's sons.
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in Kufa informing him that they were tired of the Umayyad rule, which they considered to be oppressive, and that they had no rightful leader. They asked him to lead them in revolt against Yazid, promising to remove the Umayyad governor if Husayn would consent to aid them. Husayn wrote back
2725:, the daughter of Abi Murrah al-Thaqafi, who was an ally of the Umayyads. Husayn's marriage with Layla, according to Madelung, probably had material benefits for Husayn. Ali al-Sajjad's mother, on the other hand, was a slave probably from Sind named Ḡazāla, Solāfa, Salāma, Šāhzanān, or
3263:. In this regard, Karbala and Muharram rituals came to be a vehicle of Safavid propaganda and a means of consolidating the dynasty's Shi'a identity. Riza Yildirim has claimed that the impetus of the Safvid revolution was the revenge of the death of Husayn. The founder of the dynasty,
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of Husayn's wife later claimed that Husayn had suggested that he be allowed to leave, so that all parties could allow the fluid political situation to clarify. Ibn Sa'd sent the proposal, whatever it was, to Ibn Ziyad, who is reported to have accepted but then persuaded otherwise by
2171:. In October 685, Mukhtar and his supporters seized Kufa. His control extended to most of Iraq and parts of northwestern Iran. Mukhtar executed Kufans involved in the killing of Husayn, including Ibn Sa'd and Shemr, while thousands of people fled to Basra. He then sent his general
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reminding them of his status as Muhammad's grandson and reproaching them for inviting and then abandoning him. He asked to be allowed to leave. He was told that first he had to submit to Yazid's authority, which he refused to do. Husayn's speech moved Hurr to defect to his side.
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to Husayn's grave before their departure to Syria. They are reported to have lamented and beaten their chests and to have spent a night by the tomb. Thereafter this tradition was limited to the Shi'a imams for several decades, before gaining momentum under the sixth Shi'a imam
1754:, who was performing Hajj on the outskirts of the city, secretly left the city with his companions and family. Fifty men from Husayn's relatives and friends – who could fight if needed – accompanied Husayn, including women and children. He took the northerly route through the
1555:. According to a narration, Husayn, while the second caliph was sitting on the pulpit of Muhammad and giving a speech, objected to him for sitting on the pulpit of Muhammad, and Umar also stopped his sermon and came down from the pulpit. During the time of Uthman, he defended
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on Husayn were written. Most of these mix history with legend and have elaborate details on Husayn's miraculous birth, which is stated to be on 10 Muharram, coinciding with his date of death. The universe as well as humanity are described as having been created on the day of
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surrounded and struck on the head by Malik ibn Nusayr. The blow cut through his hooded cloak, which Husayn removed while cursing his attacker. He put a cap on his head and wrapped a turban around it to staunch the bleeding. Ibn Nusayr seized the bloodied cloak and retreated.
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Williams, Caroline. 1983. "The Cult of 'Alid Saints in the Fatimid Monuments of Cairo. Part I: The Mosque of al-Aqmar". In Muqarnas I: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Oleg Grabar (ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press, 37–52. p.41, Wiet,"notes," pp. 217ff.;
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of 1979. In contrast to the traditional view of Shi'ism as a religion of suffering, mourning and political quietism, Shi'a Islam and Karbala were given a new interpretation in the period preceding the revolution by rationalist intellectuals and religious revisionists like
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Then, Husayn, who had not yet received the letters of the new events of Kufa, prepared to leave for Kufa on the 8th or 10th of Dhu al-Hijjah 60 AH / 10 or 12 September 680 AD. Instead of performing Hajj, he performed Umrah, and in the absence of the Governor of Mecca,
1526:
If anyone dispute with you in this matter after the knowledge which has come to you, say: Come let us call our sons and your sons, our women and your women, ourselves and yourselves, then let us swear an oath and place the curse of God on those who lie.(Qur'an
1298:, despite it being suggested to do otherwise. In the nine-year period between Hasan's abdication in AH 41 (660 CE) and his death in AH 49 or 50 (669 or 670 CE), Hasan and Husayn retreated to Medina, trying to keep aloof from political involvement for or against
7059:
Brief History of Transfer of the Sacred Head of Hussain ibn Ali, From Damascus to Ashkelon to Qahera By: Qazi Dr. Shaikh Abbas Borhany PhD (USA), NDI, Shahadat al A'alamiyyah (Najaf, Iraq), M.A., LLM (Shariah) Member, Ulama Council of Pakistan. Published in
3084:, it is seen by Shi'as the climax of suffering and oppression, revenge for which came to be one of the primary goals of many Shi'a uprisings. This revenge is believed to be one of the fundamental objectives of the future revolution of the twelfth Shi'a Imam
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Al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, (born 11 January 626, Medina, Arabia —died October 10, 680, Karbalāʾ, Iraq), hero in Shiʿi Islam, grandson of the Prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fāṭima and son-in-law ʿAlī (the first Imam of the Shi'a and the fourth of the Sunni
1674:, to secure allegiance from Husayn with force if necessary. Yazid's goal was to take control of the situation in the city before the people became aware of Mu'awiya's death. Yazid's concern was especially about his two rivals in the caliphate; Husayn and
2752:, was another wife of Husayn, who had previously married Hasan. Despite her allegedly bad character, Hasan was pleased with her and asked his younger brother, Husayn, to marry her when he himself died. Husayn did so and had a daughter from her, named
2562:
provide Shi'as with heroic norms and a martyr ethos, and represents an embodiment of the battle between good and evil, justice and injustice. Rituals involving self-flagellation have been criticized by many Shi'a scholars as they are considered to be
5307:
1571:, have said Husayn: "Leave us, your father incites the people against us, and you are here with us!" Haeri writes in the Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: According to some narrations, Husayn or Hasan were wounded in the case of defending Uthman.
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Husayn had a white face and sometimes wore a green turban and sometimes a black turban. He would travel with the poor or invite them to his house and feed them. Mu'awiya said about Husayn that he and his father Ali were not deceitful, and
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labelled the Shah as the Yazid of his time. Shi'i beliefs and symbols were instrumental in orchestrating and sustaining widespread popular resistance with Husayn's story providing a framework for labeling as evil and reacting against the
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on the other. Tabatabai says that according to the narrations, the meaning of our sons in the verse of Mubahila was Hassan and Husayn. Many Sunni commentators have also stated that the people in it are Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn.
1643:, Husayn was among the five prominent persons who did not give his allegiance, as appointing a successor was in violation of Hasan's peace treaty with Mu'awiya. Before his death in April 680, Mu'awiya cautioned Yazid that Husayn and
2086:
waiting for the man? Kill him, may your mothers be deprived of you!" The Umayyad soldiers then rushed Husayn and wounded him on his hand and shoulder. He fell on the ground face-down and an attacker named Sinan ibn Anas stabbed and
2698:, Hasan has blamed Husayn for his excessive favors to Rubab. Husayn, in response, depicted his great love for Rubab and Sakinah in three lines of poetry. Later on Rubab bore a son, Abd Allah (or according to recent Shia sources,
1302:. After the death of Hasan, when Iraqis turned to Husayn, concerning an uprising, Husayn instructed them to wait as long as Mu'awiya was alive due to Hasan's peace treaty with him. Prior to his death, Mu'awiya appointed his son
1884:
In the area of Sharaf or Zuhsam, armies emerged from Kufa under the leadership of Hurr ibn Yazid. With the weather being hot there, Husayn ordered water to be given to them and then announced his motives to the army and said:
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and the indifference of the people of Kufa. He informed his followers of the situation and asked them to leave. Most of the people who had joined him on the way left, while his companions from Mecca decided to stay with him.
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tribes. Ali proposed her marriage with Husayn, but since Husayn and Imra al-Qais's daughter were too young at the time, the actual marriage took place later. Husayn had a daughter, Amena (or Amina or Omayma) who is known as
2019:
the Umayyad advance for a while. After noon prayers, Husayn's companions were encircled, and almost all of them were killed. Husayn's relatives, who had not taken part in the fighting so far, joined the battle. Husayn's son
4272:
Husayn at this point is reported to have considered turning back, but was persuaded to push forward by Ibn Aqil's brothers, who wanted to avenge his death; according to Madelung and I. K. A. Howard, these reports are
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to the death of Husayn, in which the incident is remembered in laments and elegies. He too sees Husayn's death as a sacrifice made in the path of God, and condemns Yazid as being bereft of divine love. Turkish Sufi
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There are several narrations about the burial place of Imam Husayn's head; For example, with his father Ali in Najaf, outside Kufa but not with Ali, in Karbala with his whole body, in Baqiya, in an unknown place in
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man once cursed Husayn and Ali, but Husayn forgave him and treated him with kindness. It is said that the place of the food bags that Husayn carried for the poor was obvious on his body on the day of Ashura.
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of this kind are: "whoever loves them loves me and whoever hates them hates me", and "al-Hasan and al-Husayn are the sayyids of the youth of Paradise". The recent one is used by Shia to prove the right of
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women of Yazid's household joined the captive women in their lamentation for the dead. After a few years, the women were compensated for their belongings looted in Karbala and were sent back to Medina.
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pure" is also attributed to this event, during which Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn stood under Muhammad's cloak. Thus the title, the Family of the Cloak, is related sometimes to the Event of Mubahala.
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that Abbas went to the river together with Husayn but became separated, was surrounded, and killed. At some point, a young child of Husayn's, who was sitting on his lap, was hit by an arrow and died.
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3049:
Imams know all that was, that is, and that is to come, and that their knowledge does not increase with time," it is inferred that Husayn already knew the fate that awaited him and his followers.
2557:, the rituals of Muharram have an "important" effect in the "invoking the memory of Karbala", as these help consolidate the collective identity and memory of the Shi'a community. Anthropologist
2006:
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might challenge his rule and instructed him to defeat them if they did. Yazid was further advised to treat Husayn with caution and not to spill his blood, since he was the grandson of Muhammad.
3490:, "was particularly cultivated by the Safavids." Various Persian authors wrote texts retelling romanticized and synthesized versions of the battle and events from it, including Sa'id al-Din's
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river. Ibn Sa'd stationed 500 horsemen on the route leading to the river. Husayn and his companions remained without water for three days before a group of fifty men led by his half-brother
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A few prominent Alid supporters in Kufa felt guilty for abandoning Husayn after having invited him to revolt. To atone for what they perceived as their sin, they began a movement known as
9565:
5147:
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2528:, representing Husayn's battle horse, is also led riderless through the streets. In Iran, the battle scenes of Karbala are performed on stage in front of an audience in a ritual called
11135:
11195:
11170:
11165:
11185:
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6496:سير أعلام النبلاء، لشمس الدين الذهبي، ومن صغار الصحابة، الحسين بن علي بن أبي طالب، جـ 3، صـ 280: 285، طبعة مؤسسة الرسالة، 2001م نسخة محفوظة 25 أبريل 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
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3004:, being promoted by Mu'awiya, caused Husayn's move to never be considered an uprising against corruption by the Sunnis, and they only considered it an illegal insurrection (
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The sincerity of Ibn al-Zubayr's advice has been doubted by many historians, however, as he had his own plans for leadership and was supposedly happy to be rid of Husayn.
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in the Torah as "Shubayr" and in the Gospels as "Tab". Aaron, Moses' brother, gave the same names to his sons after learning the names God had chosen for Ali's children.
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holds that Husayn considered the Umayyad rule oppressive and misguided, and revolted to reorient the Islamic community in the right direction. A similar view is held by
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Husayn was brought up in the household of Muhammad at first. The family formed from the marriage of Ali and Fatima was praised many times by Muhammad. In events such as
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Other early monographs on the death of Husayn, which have not survived, were written by al-Asbagh al-Nubata, Jabir ibn Yazid al-Ju'fi, Ammar ibn Mu'awiya al-Duhni,
3255:
Abbasid rulers claimed to have avenged the death of Husayn by dethroning the Umayyads. During the early years of their rule, they also encouraged Muharram rituals.
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4113:
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and their reincarnations. It is written in the book that the angel Ayvat incarnated into Husayn ibn Ali and after his death into an Yari saint named Baba Yadegar.
1731:
11160:
11150:
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3183:. The head remained buried in Ashkelon until 1153 (for about 250 years) only. Fearing the crusaders, Ashkelon's ruler Sayf al-Mamlaka Tamim brought the head to
1701:
to assess the situation in Kufa. Ibn Aqil attracted widespread support and informed Husayn of the situation, suggesting that he join them there. Yazid removed
1602:
people gave allegiance to Hasan. Mu'awiya who did not want go give allegiance to him, prepared to fight. To avoid the agonies of the civil war, Hasan signed a
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the plain of Karbala on 2 October, where a larger Umayyad army of some 4,000 or 30,000 arrived soon afterwards. Negotiations failed after the Umayyad governor
4412:
4562:
1538:, the phrase "our sons" would refer to Hasan and Husayn, "our women" refers to Fatima, and "ourselves" refers to Ali. Most of the Sunni narrations quoted by
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describes Husayn's suffering at Karbala as a means to achieve union with the divine, and hence considers it to be a matter of jubilation rather than grief.
10936:
2295:, who was chief astrologer in the Abbasid court between 775 and 785, is partially preserved in a number of extant Christian chronicles, including those by
7043:
1891:
Ibn Ziyad had stationed troops on the routes into Kufa. Husayn and his followers were intercepted by the vanguard of Yazid's army, about 1,000 men led by
7023:
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thus she was very upset. According to another narration, the mysterious letters of K.H.Y.A.S. at the beginning of the nineteenth chapter of the Qur'an (
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9632:
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and wild animals wept; that light emanated from Husayn's severed head and that it recited the Qur'an; and that all of his killers met calamitous end.
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season – that is, when it was first recited by Husayn ibn Ali – by Shia pilgrims. This prayer has a special and important role in Shia theology and
2554:
9726:
2187:
Based on an official report sent to caliph Yazid, which describes the battle of Karbala very briefly, stating that it lasted for no longer than a
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4370:) among the Arabs and the Persians. This is generally accepted by the Shias, but early sources do not confirm it and some genealogists reject it.
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is believed to be weeping for him in paradise and the weeping of believers is considered to be a way of sharing her sorrows. Special gatherings (
9555:
5141:
2167:; which resulted killing most of them including Ibn Surad. The defeat of the Tawwabin left the leadership of the Kufan pro-Alids in the hand of
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10086:
8361:
A Millennium of Classical Persian Poetry: A Guide to the Reading & Understanding of Persian Poetry from the Tenth to the Twentieth Century
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king of Iran to be captured during the Arab conquest. On the other hand, in narrative sources, mistakes and confusion have been made between
3502:(Garden of Martyrs), which was written in 1502 by Husain Wa'iz Kashefi. Kashefi's composition was an effective factor in the development of
3080:). The historian G. R. Hawting describes the Battle of Karbala as a "supreme" example of "suffering and martyrdom" for Shi'as. According to
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to fight an approaching Umayyad army, led by Ibn Ziyad, which had been sent to reconquer the province. The Umayyad army was routed at the
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on top of a hill" with no tomb but a fragment of a pillar showing the place where the head had been buried. Israeli Defense Forces under
2710:, Abu Abd Allah, probably refers to this son. After Husayn's death, Rubab spent a year in grief at his grave and refused to marry again.
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9997:
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Gölz, Olmo (2019). "Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran:The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War".
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Husayn must surrender or he should be subdued by force, and that to compel him, he and his companions should be denied access to the
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insisted on his decision and wrote about his motives and goals in a famous letter or will that he gave to Muhammad ibn al Hanafiyyah
1310:. When Mu'awiya died in 680, Yazid demanded that Husayn pledge allegiance to him. Husayn refused to do so. As a consequence, he left
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9662:
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2827:, attribute its revelation to Ali and Fatima and the story of the illness of their child or children and a vow for their recovery.
277:
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Yildirim, Riza (2015). "In the Name of Hosayn's Blood: The Memory of Karbala as Ideological Stimulus to the Safavid Revolution".
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The Yaresan : a sociological, historical, and religio-historical study of a Kurdish community, Islamkundliche Untersuchungen
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by Husayn Ibn Ali which have been published in the form of collections entitled Al-Sahifa Al-Husayn or prays of Imam Al-Husayn.
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9856:
8127:
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According to the Shi'a sources, however, more troops had joined Ibn Sa'd in preceding days, swelling his army to 30,000 strong.
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Although forty-five horsemen and one hundred foot-soldiers, or a total of a few hundred men have been reported by some sources.
1367:. On this day, Shi'a Muslims mourn, hold public processions, organize religious gathering, beat their chests and in some cases
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10058:
9832:
9494:
9403:
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9262:
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8697:
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labels Husayn, along with his brother Hasan, as the "fountain head of the martyrs" and "Kings of the Paradise" in his songs.
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and the participants parade barefoot through the streets, wailing and beating their chests and heads before returning to the
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were among closest allies of Ali. He remained alongside him, accompanying him in the battlefields. According to a report by
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in nature. The Battle of Karbala was also reported by an early Christian source. A history by the Syriac Christian scholar
1211:
345:
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attributed the historical progress of Islam, to the "sacrifices of Muslim saints like Husayn" rather than military force.
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10862:
4254:
see L. Massignon, La Mubahala de Médine et l’hyperdulie de Fatima, Paris, 1935; idem, "Mubāhala," EI1, supplement, p. 150
3608:, but should be seen as a model for revolutionary struggle towards the goal of a classless society and economic justice.
3552:
is predominantly religious in nature and usually concentrates on lamenting the Battle of Karbala. South Indian rulers of
2991:
The positive attitude of the Sunnis towards Husayn, according to Vaglieri, is most likely due to the sad narrations that
2884:, which have been interpreted to mean the continuation of the Imamate from his generation. Also, verses such as 77 Surah
2753:
9799:
9755:
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9009:
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8222:
6821:"In a distant age and climate, the tragic scene of the death of Husein will awaken the sympathy of the coldest reader."
2954:, this prayer is the most famous prayer in terms of its beauty and spiritual structure and is recited every year on the
11252:
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9084:
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3545:; the Battle of Karbala is described in detail and Frashëri eulogizes those who fell as martyrs, in particular Husayn.
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tells the story of the confrontation between the Prophet of Islam and his family on the one hand and the Christians of
4923:
2163:, a companion of Muhammad, to fight the Umayyads, and attracted large-scale support. The armies met in January 685 at
1857:
On the way, Husayn encountered various people. In response to Husayn's question about the situation in Iraq, the poet
11541:
10027:
10005:
9951:
9592:
9429:
9377:
9354:
9286:
9228:
9181:
9155:
9124:
8954:
8932:
8740:
8559:
8503:
8495:
8438:
8369:
8303:
8264:
8194:
8000:
7936:
7432:
7095:
6951:
6902:
6607:
2545:
Most of these rituals take place during the first ten days of Muharram, reaching a climax on the tenth day, although
1247:; 11 January 626 – 10 October 680) was a social, political and religious leader. The grandson of the Islamic prophet
9931:
11521:
4392:
2722:
1671:
1551:
During the caliphate of Abu Bakr and Umar, Husayn was present at some events such as testifying about the story of
1332:, during which the Iraqis organized two separate campaigns to avenge the martyrdom of Husayn; the first one by the
818:
676:
340:
10101:
4552:
2381:
9975:
9628:
1896:
1844:
31:
9738:
11070:
11024:
10807:
10761:
10678:
10632:
10501:
10455:
9942:
9146:
Howard, I. K. A. (1986). "Husayn the Martyr: A Commentary on the Accounts of the Martyrdom in Arabic Sources".
8827:
7041:
6998:
3626:) and suffering in the path of God are paramount principles, Husayn is seen as a model Sufi. Persian Sufi poet
1702:
500:
4515:, Imam Hussain's encyclopedia in the Quran, Sunnah and History, Dar Al-Hadith Research Center, vol. 1, pg. 215
3498:(The Site of the Murder of the Light of the Imams). These influenced the composition of the more popular text
3036:. Like other Imams, Husayn is a mediator with God for those who call on him; "it is through his intercession (
11245:
10991:
10728:
10599:
10422:
10329:
10244:
8527:
7416:
Rentier state and Shi'a Islam in the Iranian Revolution (Chapter 10) – Social Revolutions in the Modern World
7019:
3719:
2820:
2579:
2227:
2123:
361:
17:
1267:, Husayn is regarded as the third Imam (leader) in Shia Islam after his brother, Hasan, and before his son,
11501:
11045:
10782:
10653:
10476:
10049:
9618:
3935:
3301:
2781:
his brother to Muhammad is mentioned, and each of them is likened to half of their grandfather's behavior.
1539:
1012:
1606:, according to which Mu'awiya would not name a successor during his reign, and let the Islamic community (
11496:
11439:
10306:
6792:
2583:
1909:
1892:
1874:
1355:) into a unique religious sect with its own rituals and collective memory. It has a central place in the
828:
696:
691:
7085:
6216:"Vicissitudes of a Holy Place: Construction, Destruction and Commemoration of Mashhad Ḥusayn in Ascalon"
1688:
Hasan's abdication and strongly resented Umayyad rule. While in Mecca, Husayn received letters from pro-
1532:
11491:
10971:
10708:
10693:
10516:
10254:
10080:
9395:
8732:
8455:
3156:
3122:
1375:
likewise regard the incident as a historical tragedy; Husayn and his companions are widely regarded as
1031:
833:
578:
10105:
4557:
2549:
can also occur throughout the year. Occasionally, especially in the past, some Sunni participation in
2268:
11055:
10792:
10663:
10531:
10486:
10471:
9504:
9150:. Vol. 12. London: The Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. pp. 124–142.
9000:
8322:
8213:
7968:
4188:
3589:
2790:
2619:
1580:
932:
701:
536:
518:
7466:
11511:
11090:
11040:
11006:
10921:
10827:
10777:
10743:
10698:
10648:
10614:
10437:
10298:
10282:
9824:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIX: The Caliphate of Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiyah, A.D. 680–683/A.H. 60–64
9734:
9043:
8433:. Vol. 12. London: The Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. pp. 29–39.
6793:"Barack Hussein Obama, Omar Bradley, Benjamin Franklin and other Semitically Named American Heroes"
3643:
3522:
3151:
and discovered the head of Husayn in AH 448 (1056 AD). He constructed the minbar, a mosque and the
3021:
2738:
2699:
2695:
2300:
2280:
2098:
1603:
1307:
1295:
1204:
1159:
751:
686:
384:
74:
8648:
Black Banners from the East: The Establishment of the ʻAbbāsid State : Incubation of a Revolt
8429:
Schimmel, Annemarie (1986). "Karbalā' and the Imam Husayn in Persian and Indo-Muslim literature".
8189:. Vol. 12. London: The Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. pp. 3–12.
3341:
3058:
shameful and to teach the peoples the necessity of revolt against unjust and impious governments (
2257:, although they occasionally provide some extra notes and verses. Other secondary sources include
1971:
are probably untrue as Husayn at this stage is unlikely to have considered submitting to Yazid. A
1562:
According to several narrations, Ali asked Hasan and Husayn to defend the third Caliph during the
11551:
11476:
11050:
11011:
10787:
10748:
10658:
10619:
10481:
10442:
8689:
8587:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
8152:
3565:
3367:
3180:
2718:
2678:
2020:
1908:
He then showed them the letters he had received from the Kufans, including some in Hurr's force.
1718:
1675:
1644:
1129:
369:
335:
9970:
9908:
9881:
9851:
9657:
9623:
8894:
1994:
After the morning prayer on 10 October, both parties took up battle positions. Husayn appointed
1559:, who had preached against some of the actions of the tyrants and was to be exiled from Medina.
11115:
11080:
10852:
10817:
10215:
9992:
9560:
8148:
Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century
6514:
Present in both Sunni and Shia sources on basis of the hadith: "al-Ḥasan and al-Ḥusayn are the
4169:
4081:
3175:
blew up Mashhad Nabi Husayn in July 1950 as part of a broader operation. Around the year 2000,
2567:
2164:
2031:
and Hasan ibn Ali were slain. The account of Abbas' death is not given in the primary sources,
1759:
1584:
1237:
1094:
708:
681:
9786:
9687:
8720:
7926:
6822:
3463:
When Shi'ism became the official religion of Iran in the 16th century, Safavid rulers such as
2122:
Seventy or seventy-two people died on Husayn's side, of whom about twenty were descendants of
738:
11546:
11506:
11306:
11105:
11085:
11065:
10941:
10842:
10822:
10802:
10673:
10556:
10496:
10201:
9827:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
9722:
9210:
9112:
Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism
8485:
8064:
8052:
4193:
3349:
3321:
3312:
3233:
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2749:
2558:
2420:
2192:
2172:
1706:
1446:
1388:
1324:
1280:
922:
823:
813:
806:
783:
530:
9876:
7990:
3630:
describes Husayn as a martyr, higher in rank than all the other martyrs of the world; while
3358:(the Ocean of Sorrow), established the precedent of the Islamic epic in Bangali literature.
3267:, considered himself to be the Mahdi (the twelfth Shi'a Imam) or his forerunner. Similarly,
2685:, came to Medina during the Caliphate of Umar, and was appointed by him as the chief of the
1469:
and told her that the soil inside the bottle would turn into blood after Husayn was killed.
917:
11301:
11268:
11226:
11120:
11110:
10857:
10847:
10379:
8448:
Chaudhuri, Supriya (2012). "The Bengali novel". In Dalmia, Vasudha; Sadana, Rashmi (eds.).
7419:. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 240–258.
3604:
argues that Karbala is not a story of the past to be recounted by the religious clerics in
2942:
One of the most famous Shia prayers, as well as the works of Husayn, recorded in the book,
2816:
2362:
2292:
1878:
1599:
1556:
1519:
1291:
1109:
966:
853:
788:
718:
542:
524:
476:
8:
11526:
11486:
11481:
11321:
11214:
11100:
11075:
10911:
10837:
10812:
10683:
10506:
10275:
9421:
9272:
8857:
6599:
4309:
3164:
3148:
3081:
2951:
2905:
2691:
2263:
2246:
2028:
1739:
1714:
1197:
1144:
1124:
1061:
733:
713:
634:
374:
267:
10117:
9903:
9652:
9443:
5437:
11342:
11001:
10738:
10609:
10546:
10432:
10339:
10111:
9462:
9413:
9170:
9004:
8790:
8396:
8115:
7454:
6946:. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 193–194.
6591:
4512:
4301:
4055:
3561:
3553:
3288:
3260:
3144:
3025:
2979:
described the events at Karbala as a tragedy. According to historian Syed Akbar Hyder,
2661:
2501:
2397:
2312:
2296:
2168:
2160:
2061:
2040:
2024:
1360:
1337:
671:
563:
379:
263:
212:
9281:(in English and Arabic). Translated by Muhammad Muhsin Khan. Al-Saadawi Publications.
2057:
1959:
1514:) came to Muhammad to argue which of the two parties erred in its doctrine concerning
11455:
11280:
11219:
10996:
10881:
10733:
10604:
10577:
10541:
10427:
10400:
10369:
10354:
10334:
10054:
10001:
9947:
9828:
9809:
9765:
9710:
9588:
9490:
9468:
9449:
9439:
9425:
9399:
9373:
9350:
9327:
9282:
9258:
9224:
9198:
9177:
9151:
9120:
9116:
9080:
9047:
9019:
8969:
8950:
8928:
8867:
8831:
8794:
8736:
8693:
8656:
8616:
8591:
8555:
8499:
8459:
8434:
8365:
8355:
8341:
8299:
8288:
8260:
8232:
8190:
8156:
8131:
8120:
7996:
7932:
7428:
7091:
7065:
6947:
6898:
6603:
6238:
4929:
4675:
4532:
3839:
3631:
3542:
3487:
3451:
later entered Persian, Turkish, and Urdu literature, and inspired the development of
3434:
3325:
3316:
3085:
2835:
2326:
2222:
2156:
1999:
1940:
1735:
1656:
1481:
1430:
1368:
1344:
1333:
1284:
1248:
1187:
1154:
1119:
1051:
878:
848:
573:
506:
432:
427:
253:
241:
9979:
9846:
8775:
8057:
3530:
3044:) that his faithful followers obtain guidance and attain salvation." As a member of
1591:, Husayn was among Ali's major supporters who were cursed in public by the order of
1498:
and two hadiths of Muhammad on the cloth, probably belonging to Iran or Central Asia
11326:
11311:
10926:
10171:
10053:(in Turkish). Vol. 18 (Hilal - Huseyin Lamekani). Istanbul. pp. 518–524.
10015:
9987:
9961:
9872:
9842:
9648:
9387:
9276:
9106:
8992:
8771:
8612:
8536:
8417:
8182:
7420:
6230:
4577:
4404:
4342:
3581:
3383:
3308:
3293:
3229:
3105:
2966:, the philosopher and mystic, has referred to this prayer many times in his works.
2943:
2935:
2904:
Husayn is placed as an example for the second weight in the narrations related to "
2721:) was killed in the Battle of Karbala at the age of 19. Ali al-Akbar was born from
2427:
2208:
2179:
in August 686 and Ibn Ziyad was slain. Later on, in April 687, Mukhtar was killed.
2176:
1763:
1568:
1392:
1164:
1139:
1056:
9343:
6972:
2717:
who became the fourth Shia Imam later, was 23 years old when his younger brother (
2440:
2426:). In Shi'a tradition, Husayn's martyrdom is also connected to the hagiography of
11316:
11095:
10906:
10364:
10258:
10147:
9822:
9582:
9509:
9484:
9214:
9110:
9074:
9037:
8988:
8922:
8861:
8821:
8784:
8683:
8646:
8606:
8585:
8581:
8549:
8489:
8449:
8359:
8250:
8146:
7424:
7413:
Skocpol, Teda (1994). "Rentier state and Shi'a Islam in the Iranian Revolution".
7071:
7047:
7027:
6941:
6832:
4526:
3813:
3751:
3693:
3639:
3601:
3557:
3188:
2893:
2831:
2757:
2734:
2638:
2237:
2115:
2074:
2045:
1995:
1863:
1698:
1563:
1228:
1104:
949:
858:
470:
330:
9300:
2877:
2516:. Sometimes, chains and knives are used to inflict wounds and physical pain. In
1283:. Muhammad described him and his brother, Hasan, as the leaders of the youth of
871:
11060:
10901:
10832:
10797:
10688:
10668:
10511:
10491:
9794:
9790:
9750:
9742:
9695:
9691:
9520:
9480:
8996:
8942:
8724:
8326:
8318:
8217:
8209:
4313:
4181:
3648:
3634:
considers him a prototype of a Sufi who sacrificed himself in the love of God.
3363:
3353:
3168:
3140:
3132:
3101:
3020:
The most important components of Shia views about Husayn are the belief in the
2997:
2980:
2947:
2729:. According to the reports, commonly accepted by Shia, she was the daughter of
2705:
2334:
2213:
The primary source of the Karbala narrative is the work of the Kufan historian
2080:
1849:
1755:
1515:
1169:
1007:
939:
596:
568:
512:
482:
8727:; Mirza, Mahan; Kadi, Wadad; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.).
8540:
8391:
Sindawi, Khalid (2002). "The image of Ḥusayn ibn 'Alī in Maqātil Literature".
11470:
11404:
11363:
11032:
11016:
10916:
10891:
10769:
10753:
10640:
10624:
10589:
10463:
10447:
10412:
10344:
10319:
10212:
10189:
9813:
9782:
9769:
9746:
9730:
9714:
9683:
9472:
9453:
9366:
9296:
9202:
8918:
3268:
3256:
3176:
3029:
2976:
2955:
2774:
2730:
2714:
2366:
2337:
rulers, and over time, the city of Karbala was built and expanded around it.
2258:
2139:
2131:
2111:
1953:
1939:
On the following day, a 4,000-strong Kufan army arrived under the command of
1867:
1299:
1268:
1264:
1066:
927:
912:
494:
488:
464:
292:
279:
109:
97:
10044:
8421:
8290:
Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World
6234:
4408:
3104:) refers to Husayn and his fate in Karbala, that was similar to the fate of
2542:
refers to the coffins and replicas of Husayn's tomb carried in processions.
2476:. In these gatherings the story of Karbala is narrated and various elegies (
1928:, a desert plain 70 kilometers (43 mi) north of Kufa, and set up camp.
1862:
and would not be hostile to anyone who was right. The news of the murder of
52:
11434:
11384:
10956:
10886:
9250:
9192:
8642:
8246:
4242:
4198:
3577:
3386:, a tenth century Sufi, who was executed on a charge of claiming divinity.
3297:
3225:
3007:
2896:
refer to the uprising and killing of Husayn from the Shiite point of view.
2876:
Other verses that the Shiites attribute to Husayn include verse 6 of Surah
2777:
considered him the most beloved of the earthlings to the people of heaven.
2434:
1964:
1697:
and promised to lead them with the right guidance. Then he sent his cousin
1329:
1114:
944:
843:
216:
58:
10019:
6214:
Talmon-Heller, Daniella; Kedar, Benjamin; Reiter, Yitzhak (January 2016).
2023:
was killed; then Husayn's half-brothers, including Abbas, and the sons of
1963:
Battle of Karbala, Iranian painting, oil on canvas, 19th century from the
1873:
When Husayn reached the area of Zabalah, he found out that his messenger,
1693:
affirmatively that a rightful leader is the one who acts according to the
1271:. Being the grandson of the prophet, he is also a prominent member of the
11368:
10961:
10951:
10896:
10359:
10349:
10157:
10139:
10133:
9614:
9033:
8256:
8031:
7902:
7090:, Berlin, Germany: Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, 138, pp. 105–106,
3538:
3518:
3359:
3172:
3109:"trial". The slain of Karbala will enter Paradise without any reckoning.
3045:
2992:
2963:
2854:
2500:
instance was in Baghdad in 963 during the reign of the first Buyid ruler
2402:
2372:
2288:
2214:
2087:
1858:
1592:
1495:
1485:
1442:
1438:
1418:
1372:
1276:
1272:
1044:
959:
954:
905:
838:
793:
778:
773:
763:
728:
9912:. Vol. XII. New York: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 498–502.
9885:. Vol. I/8. New York: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 849–850.
9855:. Vol. XII. New York: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 493–498.
9558:. In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Rowson, E. (eds.).
9448:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.
8400:
4364:
Therefore Ali Zayn al-Abidin was considered "the son of the two elect" (
3474:(poems in the memory of the dead, with popular forms of Karbala related
3092:
and recent poems later on, since it is easy to make the transition from
11429:
11409:
11347:
11237:
11155:
10946:
10234:
10219:
10208:
10180:
9165:
3654:
3470:, patronized poets who wrote about the Battle of Karbala. The genre of
3405:
on the deaths of Ali, Uthman and various others have been written, the
3089:
3053:
About the reason for Husayn's sacrifice in Shia sources Vaglieri write:
2881:
2853:
in Al-Mizan, Tabatabai considers the addressee of this verse to be the
2598:
2563:
2530:
2521:
2517:
2472:
2450:
2413:
also encouraged this practice. Special visits are paid on 10 Muharram (
2330:
2250:
2107:
2103:
1956:
was able to access the river. They could only fill twenty water-skins.
1579:
During the Caliphate of Ali, Husayn, along with his brothers Hasan and
1503:
1466:
1398:
1359:
history, tradition, and theology, and has frequently been recounted in
1356:
1290:
During the caliphate of Ali, Husayn accompanied him in wars. After the
1099:
642:
198:
195:
71:
9661:. Vol. 1. New York: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 838–848.
10205:
6937:
4305:
3597:
3585:
3467:
3200:
3033:
2862:
2726:
2713:
According to Madelung, Husayn had two sons named Ali. The older one,
2686:
2682:
2376:
2242:
2232:
2036:
2032:
1949:
1931:
1751:
1694:
1134:
1019:
893:
651:
325:
10160:
AH 4 in the ancient (intercalated) Arabic calendar 10 October AD 625
9176:. Translated by Allison Brown. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers.
7966:
7050:; Prophet's grandson Hussein honoured on grounds of Israeli hospital
6990:
4925:
The Nusayri-Alawi Religion: An Enquiry into Its Theology and Liturgy
3024:
of Husayn and the characteristics of an Imam by the Shia religions;
1546:
10581:
10526:
10521:
10404:
10231:
10227:
10168:
9148:
Al-Serāt: Papers from the Imam Ḥusayn Conference, London, July 1984
8431:
Al-Serāt: Papers from the Imam Ḥusayn Conference, London, July 1984
8408:
Günther, Sebastian (1994). "Maqâtil Literature in Medieval Islam".
8187:
Al-Serāt: Papers from the Imam Ḥusayn Conference, London, July 1984
7928:
The Most Learned of the Shi'a: The Institution of the Marja' Taqlid
6137:
4174:
3961:
3264:
3218:
3160:
3039:
3001:
2869:
2824:
2487:
2410:
2386:
2342:
1870:
was reported by some travellers, for the first time in Thalabiyah.
1628:
1406:
1397:
According to majority of narrations, Husayn was born on the 3rd of
1024:
997:
983:
723:
458:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6762:
5322:
3127:
11399:
10536:
10045:"HÜSEYİN – An article published in Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam"
9220:
6874:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5230:
5228:
5226:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4826:
3430:
3371:
3370:
and compares Yazid's opposition to Husayn with the opposition of
2996:
historians and spread throughout the Islamic world. According to
2917:
2889:
2885:
2665:
2459:
2322:
2318:
1925:
1835:
1640:
1636:
1455:
1422:
1303:
900:
888:
883:
616:
237:
9278:
The English Translation of Sahih Al Bukhari With the Arabic Text
8823:
The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran
8608:
The Caliph and the Heretic: Ibn Sabaʾ and the Origins of Shīʿism
7163:
3345:
Cameleer telling people about the events he witnessed at Karbala
3279:, to improve the relationship between the state and the public.
3179:
from India built a marble platform there, on the grounds of the
11419:
11414:
11389:
10223:
10194:
6759:
6515:
6125:
5992:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5263:
4338:
4334:
4245:, English tr. by A. H. Siddiqui, Lahore, 1975, IV, pp. 1293–94"
4019:
3993:
3617:
3438:
3379:
3159:. The shrine was described as the most magnificent building in
2842:
2798:
2786:
2655:
2415:
2406:
2188:
1787:
1670:
60 AH (22 April 680 AD), Yazid charged the governor of Medina,
1588:
1507:
1450:
1434:
1414:
1402:
1376:
1364:
1311:
1260:
1149:
1089:
992:
973:
768:
758:
666:
409:
204:
7801:
7799:
6572:
5842:
5840:
5769:
5608:
5512:
5475:
5473:
5349:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5223:
4823:
3576:
afterwards became popular throughout India. Famous Urdu poets
1182:
11424:
10267:
7192:
7190:
6862:
6667:
6616:
5106:
4330:
3627:
3442:
3375:
3287:
Karbala and Shi'a symbolism played a significant role in the
3184:
3061:
2634:
2615:
2350:
2346:
1979:
1973:
1803:
1710:
1689:
1667:
1609:
1552:
1511:
1348:
1315:
1252:
1002:
978:
312:
208:
57:
Calligraphic seal featuring Husayn's name, on display in the
8966:
In Search of the Lost Heart: Explorations in Islamic Thought
8924:
The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750
7704:
7485:
7286:
7202:
7103:
6749:
6747:
6262:
6260:
2077:
complained to him: "'Umar b. Sa'd, will Abu 'Abd Allah (the
11394:
9464:
Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam
7796:
7750:
7748:
7746:
7731:
7721:
7719:
6442:
6178:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5927:
5837:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5598:
5596:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5470:
5240:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5179:
5177:
4672:
The Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam; Chapter 6
3635:
3622:
3464:
3389:
2959:
2899:
2861:
In the explanation and interpretation of verse 23 of Surah
2669:
2470:) are arranged in places reserved for this purpose, called
2419:
Pilgrimage) and 40 days after the anniversary of Husayn's (
2390:
1944:
1819:
1632:
1623:
1319:
437:
271:
9392:
The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate
9324:
The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam
8949:(in Persian). Vol. 2. Oom: Daftar-e Nashr-e al-Hadi.
7871:
7835:
7772:
7545:
7521:
7509:
7187:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6081:
5963:
5951:
5917:
5915:
4393:"An Attempt To Trace the Origin of the Rituals of Āshurā¸"
4345:(Am No. 78) libraries have been attributed to Abu Mikhnaf.
3529:. It influenced similar works in Albanian on the subject.
3096:
to this idea, or it may be influenced by Christian ideas.
2010:
The Battle of Karbala By Iranian painter Mohammad Modabber
1490:
10981:
10718:
10564:
10387:
10314:
9076:
The Umayyad Caliphate, 65-86/684-705: (a Political Study)
7971:; Abdullah, Abdul Rahman; Salafi, Muhammad Tahir (2001).
7847:
7811:
7680:
7656:
7634:
7632:
7557:
7175:
7151:
7139:
6744:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6633:
6631:
6335:
6257:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6016:
6004:
5939:
5745:
5569:
5500:
4494:
4316:; of these al-Nubta's monograph was perhaps the earliest.
3777:
3409:
genre has focused mainly on the story of Husayn's death.
2127:
1567:
sent him back. It is also narrated that Uthman's cousin,
1410:
1256:
403:
10114:
by Wilferd Madelung, an article of Encyclopædia Iranica.
8863:
Islamic Messianism: The Idea of Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism
7859:
7743:
7716:
7668:
7394:
7274:
7262:
7238:
6655:
6643:
6526:
6524:
6379:
6377:
6301:
6299:
6213:
6035:
6033:
6031:
5975:
5810:
5808:
5662:
5652:
5650:
5593:
5550:
5458:
5442:. Encyclopedia of the world of Islam. pp. 670–671.
5213:
5211:
5189:
5174:
5037:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4693:
4691:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4223:
Political supporters of Ali and his descendants (Alids).
1574:
8729:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
7992:
Consanguinity – Its Impact, Consequences and Management
7883:
7823:
7617:
7605:
7593:
7569:
7370:
7214:
6847:, By Syed Akbar Hyder, Oxford University Press, p. 170.
6715:
6478:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6347:
6245:
6108:
5912:
5540:
5538:
5490:
5488:
4813:
4811:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4612:
3401:) works narrate the story of someone's death. Although
3315:, which were opposed by the Iranian clergy and others,
1924:
On 2 October 680 (2 Muharram 61 AH), Husayn arrived at
1705:
as governor of Kufa due to his inaction, and installed
8026:
8024:
7760:
7692:
7644:
7629:
7310:
6727:
6628:
6454:
6401:
6389:
6364:
6362:
6311:
6284:
6272:
6190:
6161:
6098:
6096:
6069:
6057:
6045:
5900:
5888:
5757:
5733:
5709:
5094:
4885:
4883:
4355:
First Fitna between the Umayyads and Ali's supporters.
3271:
also patronized Muharram rituals such as processions,
1904:
will leave you for the place from which I came to you.
1661:
9197:(in French). Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique Beyrouth.
7581:
7497:
7358:
7334:
7298:
7250:
7226:
7115:
6521:
6413:
6374:
6323:
6296:
6028:
5876:
5864:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5805:
5781:
5721:
5697:
5685:
5647:
5635:
5581:
5376:
5208:
5162:
5118:
4870:
4868:
4749:
4732:
4688:
10120:
by Jean Calmard, an article of Encyclopædia Iranica.
9847:"Ḥosayn b. ʿAli i. Life and Significance in Shiʿism"
8088:
8086:
7784:
7533:
7473:
7382:
7346:
7322:
7127:
6425:
5793:
5535:
5485:
5417:
5339:
5337:
5281:
4808:
4715:
4609:
4365:
3067:
3059:
3037:
3005:
2703:
2437:, is considered to have miraculous healing effects.
2078:
1607:
1459:
1242:
9039:
Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam
8927:(Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
8021:
7895:
6466:
6359:
6093:
5852:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4880:
1617:
9365:
9342:
9169:
8866:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
8287:
8119:
8092:
8056:
8030:
7984:
7982:
7901:
7022:, by Batsheva Sobelman, special Los Angeles Times.
5820:
5146:. Ehsan Yarshater, Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE.
4865:
3521:wrote an abridged and simplified version of it in
9647:
9364:Halm, Heinz; Watson, Janet; Hill, Marian (2004).
8786:Horse of Karbala: Muslim Devotional Life in India
8685:Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory
8083:
7920:
7918:
7916:
6845:Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian memory
5334:
4803:
2694:, from her. According to a narration recorded by
1547:During the caliphate of Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman
11468:
9467:(in German). Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.
8901:. Vol. 1. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
8451:The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture
7962:
7960:
6984:
6982:
4989:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4524:
4476:. Qum: Ansariyan Publications. 2004. p. 95.
3433:'s and Muhammad's birth and of the ascension of
3219:Modern historical views on motivations of Husayn
3076:He is thus remembered as the prince of martyrs (
2553:and processions has been observed. According to
2317:Husayn ibn Ali's tomb is located in the city of
2118:and other prisoners being taken to Yazid's court
9677:
8144:
7989:Jaber, Lutfi A.; Halpern, Gabrielle J. (2014).
7979:
7037:
7035:
6778:
6143:
6131:
5775:
5629:
5529:
5370:
5328:
5234:
4921:
4836:
4791:
4604:
4518:
4463:Tirmidhi, Vol. II, p. 221; تاريخ الخلفاء، ص189
1935:A shrine built at the location of Husayn's camp
1848:Husayn traveled from Mecca to Kufa through the
1465:For example, he gave a small bottle of soil to
27:Grandson of Muhammad and the 3rd Imam (626–680)
10014:
9542:(in Arabic). Beirut: Al-Noor Press Foundation.
9533:(in Arabic). Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Alamiyah.
9524:(in Arabic). Beirut: Dar al-Fikr Buchhandlung.
9363:
9302:Mohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine
8047:
8045:
7913:
6969:Mohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine
5061:
5008:
3506:, a ritual recounting of the battle events in
3429:is also asserted to have been the day of both
3116:
3066:), in short he offered himself as an example (
2202:
1666:Immediately after Mu'awiya's death on 15th of
1275:. He is also considered to be a member of the
11253:
10283:
7957:
6979:
6911:
6892:
4895:
4854:
4232:Meaning "the master of the youth of Paradise"
3568:) were patrons of poetry and encouraged Urdu
2810:
2767:
2064:, where Husayn is buried, in the 21st century
1635:, while Uthman was buried in the cemetery of
1622:According to the Shi'a, Husayn was the third
1205:
9486:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines
9216:Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam
8551:Sociology of Shiʿite Islam: Collected Essays
7988:
7032:
4384:
3366:sees Husayn's sacrifice as being similar to
3113:remembered as part of suffering everywhere.
2815:Many Sunni and Shia'a commentators, such as
2570:has banned the practice in Iran since 1994.
1518:. After likening Jesus' miraculous birth to
1445:. In the Qur'an, in many cases, such as the
1405:and was still a child when his grandfather,
10042:
9946:. Brill Publishers, Leiden. December 2005.
8042:
4500:
4474:A Brief History of The Fourteen Infallibles
4444:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
2789:tendencies. According to the Shia scholar,
2349:, Syria, and in a mosque Mohsen Al-Amin in
1294:, he obeyed his brother in recognizing the
11260:
11246:
10290:
10276:
10085:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9800:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
9756:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
9701:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
9517:
9460:
9438:
9271:
9010:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
8491:Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution
8332:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
8223:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
8185:(1986). "Rūmī's view of the Imam Ḥusayn".
7157:
6673:
6622:
6584:
6022:
6010:
5998:
5945:
5933:
5846:
5679:
5563:
5479:
5464:
5202:
5183:
5112:
4922:Bar-Asher, Meir M.; Kofsky, Aryeh (2002).
4453:. Qum: Ansariyan Publications. p. 58.
4448:
3494:(The Garden of Islam) and Al-Khawarazmi's
2805:
1441:, Muhammad referred to this family as the
1417:, the daughter of Muhammad, both from the
1212:
1198:
9998:Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia
9808:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 240–243.
9764:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 381–386.
9503:
9489:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9412:
8856:
8447:
8354:
8340:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 608–609.
8231:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 610–612.
7995:. Bentham Science Publishers. p. 7.
7924:
7725:
7563:
6880:
6868:
6637:
6590:
4917:
4915:
3382:compares Husayn's suffering with that of
11267:
9986:
9960:
9871:
9841:
9776:
9721:
9386:
9172:Shi'a Islam: From Religion to Revolution
8963:
8941:
8547:
8524:
8428:
8181:
8114:
7931:. Oxford University Press. p. 102.
7889:
7877:
7865:
7853:
7841:
7829:
7710:
7674:
7575:
7491:
7400:
7292:
7280:
7268:
7244:
7109:
6988:
6895:literature:its existence, its appearance
6856:
6824:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
6721:
6709:
6697:
6685:
6578:
6566:
6554:
6542:
6530:
6155:
5986:
5921:
5275:
5088:
5055:
5031:
5019:
4983:
4960:
4889:
4860:
4848:
4817:
4697:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4650:
4466:
4427:
3390:Maqtal literature and legendary accounts
3340:
3331:
3126:
2911:
2900:In the biography of the Prophet of Islam
2681:. Her father, Imra' al-Qais, a chief of
2486:
2480:) are recited by professional reciters (
2439:
2380:
2097:
2056:
2005:
1998:to command the right flank of his army,
1958:
1930:
1682:
1489:
1318:in AH 60 (679 CE). There, the people of
9904:"Ḥosayn b. ʿAli ii. in Popular Shiʿism"
9901:
9584:Islam and Revolution in the Middle East
9479:
9190:
8982:
8917:
8892:
8782:
8718:
8604:
8580:
8484:
8407:
8390:
8312:
8203:
7805:
7737:
7698:
7686:
7662:
7650:
7638:
7623:
7611:
7599:
7412:
7376:
7220:
7208:
7181:
7169:
6960:
6738:
6484:
6395:
6353:
6207:
6184:
6119:
5906:
5882:
5763:
5739:
5715:
5602:
5217:
5100:
4764:
1725:
14:
11532:People killed at the Battle of Karbala
11469:
10887:Gharib Mirza (al-Mustansir Billah III)
9889:from the original on 22 September 2023
9820:
9580:
9553:
9537:
9528:
9518:Fakhr Razi, Muhammad ibn Umar (1901).
9340:
9321:
9295:
9145:
9032:
8905:from the original on 23 September 2018
8819:
8641:
8285:
8128:The University of North Carolina Press
8051:
7778:
7766:
7754:
7551:
7527:
7515:
7503:
7364:
7340:
7316:
7304:
7256:
7196:
7121:
7083:
7064:, Karachi, Pakistan on 3 January 2009
7020:Sacred Surprise behind Israel Hospital
6966:
6661:
6649:
6505:Husain: The great martyr by Fazl Ahmad
6448:
6419:
6317:
6305:
6290:
6278:
6251:
6201:
6172:
6087:
6075:
6063:
6051:
5969:
5957:
5870:
5814:
5787:
5751:
5727:
5703:
5691:
5656:
5641:
5587:
5575:
5506:
5446:from the original on 20 September 2018
5423:
5382:
5287:
5168:
5124:
4912:
4874:
4743:
4726:
4709:
4390:
4035:
3915:
3911:
3901:
3793:
3683:
3679:
2396:Shi'a Muslims consider pilgrimages to
2182:
1347:galvanized the development of the pro-
11241:
10271:
10067:from the original on 13 February 2023
10043:Fığlâlı, E.Ruhı; Üzün, İlyâs (1998).
10030:from the original on 13 February 2023
9877:"ʿALĪ B. ḤOSAYN B. ʿALĪ B. ABĪ ṬĀLEB"
9613:
9568:from the original on 13 February 2023
9249:
9209:
9105:
9072:
8681:
8245:
7817:
7790:
7587:
7232:
7145:
7133:
7053:
6753:
6436:
6383:
6341:
6329:
6266:
6039:
5894:
5858:
5799:
5544:
5494:
5435:
5150:from the original on 13 February 2023
5135:
5133:
5076:
5043:
4972:
4906:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4669:
4656:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4111:
4101:
4097:
4085:
4079:
4069:
4053:
4043:
4039:
4023:
4017:
4007:
3991:
3981:
3977:
3965:
3959:
3949:
3933:
3923:
3919:
3895:
3885:
3869:
3859:
3855:
3843:
3837:
3827:
3811:
3801:
3797:
3781:
3775:
3765:
3749:
3739:
3735:
3723:
3717:
3707:
3691:
3687:
3458:
3282:
3155:at the place of burial, known as the
1575:During the caliphate of Ali and Hasan
87:2 April 670 – 10 October 680
9635:from the original on 18 October 2014
9601:from the original on 10 October 2023
9237:from the original on 10 October 2023
9164:
9133:from the original on 10 October 2023
9093:from the original on 10 October 2023
9060:from the original on 10 October 2023
8880:from the original on 10 October 2023
8844:from the original on 10 October 2023
8807:from the original on 10 October 2023
8761:
8749:from the original on 10 October 2023
8706:from the original on 10 October 2023
8669:from the original on 10 October 2023
8629:from the original on 10 October 2023
8590:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
8568:from the original on 10 October 2023
8512:from the original on 10 October 2023
8472:from the original on 10 October 2023
8378:from the original on 10 October 2023
8252:Albanian Literature: A Short History
8169:from the original on 10 October 2023
8009:from the original on 10 October 2023
7945:from the original on 10 October 2023
7539:
7479:
7388:
7352:
7328:
6790:
6472:
6460:
6407:
6368:
6102:
5831:
5405:from the original on 8 November 2021
5394:
5343:
5310:from the original on 30 October 2021
5299:
5139:
4942:from the original on 10 October 2023
4670:Jafri, Syed Husain Mohammad (2002).
4525:S. Manzoor Rizvi (14 October 2014).
4325:Nevertheless, four manuscripts of a
2150:
1989:
1943:. He had been appointed governor of
1472:
545:(maternal cousin and step-mother)
10026:. Islamic Encyclopedia Foundation.
9916:from the original on 8 October 2020
9859:from the original on 29 August 2023
9680:"(al-) Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib"
9305:. London, England: Luzac & Co.
6971:. London: Luznac & Co. p.
6936:
6803:from the original on 8 January 2020
4415:from the original on 15 August 2016
2823:, in their interpretation of Surah
2039:, but a prominent Shi'a theologian
1758:. On persuasion of Husayn's cousin
1662:Refusal to give allegiance to Yazid
1232:
30:For people with similar names, see
24:
10245:ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn
10118:hussain ibn 'Ali in popular Shiism
9665:from the original on 29 April 2011
8764:Behemoth–A Journal on Civilisation
8296:University of South Carolina Press
7001:from the original on 21 March 2020
5130:
4770:
4585:
4449:al-Qarashi, Baqir Shareef (2007).
4391:Nakash, Yitzhak (1 January 1993).
3620:, where annihilation of the self (
3352:'s 19th century novel on Karbala,
3241:his brother Hasan had renounced."
3207:is a long dialogue between angels
1409:, died. He was the younger son of
1314:, his hometown, to take refuge in
1306:as his successor, contrary to the
1263:, as well as a younger brother of
25:
11563:
10877:Ali Shah (al-Mustansir Billah II)
10095:
10024:Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
9779:"(Al)-Ḥasan b. ʿAlï b. Abï Ṭālib"
9505:Tabatabai, Seyed Mohammad Hussein
8496:The University of Wisconsin Press
8273:from the original on 6 March 2023
8059:Muhammad and the Origins of Islam
7441:from the original on 12 June 2018
6592:Tabatabai, Sayyid Muhammad Husayn
5306:. Vol. 1. pp. 465–467.
4565:from the original on 2 March 2020
2677:Husayn's first marriage was with
1738:, and the constant insistence of
1458:for the descendants of Muhammad.
1379:by both Sunni and Shi'a Muslims.
148:(Leader of the Youth of Paradise)
10902:Khalil Allah I (Dhu'l-Faqar Ali)
9556:"al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib"
9309:from the original on 16 May 2019
8315:"Marthiya in Persian literature"
7406:
7077:
7013:
6943:A History of Palestine, 634–1099
6930:
6921:
6886:
6850:
6838:
6815:
6784:
6703:
6691:
6679:
6560:
6548:
6536:
6508:
6499:
6490:
6149:
4358:
4348:
4319:
4294:
3486:), according to Persian scholar
2624:Master of the Youths of Paradise
2356:
2321:, about 90 km southwest of
2102:Tilework inside Mu'awin ul-Mulk
1827:
1811:
1795:
1779:
1772:
1618:During the caliphate of Mu'awiya
1494:The calligraphy of the names of
1181:
650:
51:
10838:Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi's Salam
9976:Encyclopedia Iranica Foundation
9935:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
9629:Encyclopedia Iranica Foundation
9273:Al-Bukhari, Muhammad Ibn Ismail
9073:Dixon, Abd al-Ameer A. (1971).
8776:10.6094/behemoth.2019.12.1.1005
8145:Howard-Johnston, James (2010).
8071:from the original on 3 May 2018
6989:Rapoport, Meron (5 July 2007).
6791:Cole, Juan (27 February 2008).
5429:
5388:
5293:
5082:
5070:
5049:
5025:
5013:
4977:
4966:
4954:
4842:
4797:
4703:
4285:
4276:
4266:
4257:
4248:
4235:
4226:
4217:
3131:Niche for Husayn's head at the
2504:. The processions start from a
2253:is also based on Abu Mikhnaf's
1828:
32:Husayn ibn Ali (disambiguation)
10297:
9932:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
9821:Howard, I. K. A., ed. (1990).
9564:. Vol. 3rd. E. J. Brill.
9372:. Edinburgh University Press.
9255:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam
8828:University of Washington Press
7973:The History of Islam, Volume I
5143:al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib
4545:
4506:
4480:
4457:
3611:
3237:nature of the Umayyad regime.
2830:Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i in
2573:
2534:(passion play), also known as
1780:
1502:In the year 10 AH (631–632) a
1413:, the cousin of Muhammad, and
13:
1:
10330:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin
9990:(2013). "Husaian (as) Imam".
9906:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
9879:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
9849:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
9655:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
9529:Ibn Kathir, Ismail Ibn Umar.
9445:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall
8964:Chittick, William C. (2012).
8895:"ʿAbbās b. ʿAlī b. Abū Ṭāleb"
8528:Journal of Persianate Studies
8364:. Bethesda: IBEX Publishers.
8206:"Marthiya in Urdu literature"
6893:karimi hakkak, ahmad (2016).
4804:Poonawala & Kohlberg 1985
4205:
3720:Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib
3572:recitation in Muharram. Urdu
3537:is the earliest, and longest
3336:
3194:
2580:Family tree of Husayn ibn Ali
2228:History of Prophets and Kings
1796:
1672:Walid ibn Utba ibn Abu Sufyan
1382:
11517:Children of Rashidun caliphs
9966:"ḤASAN B. ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB"
9777:Vaglieri, L. Veccia (1971).
9678:Veccia Vaglieri, L. (1971).
9322:Dakake, Maria Massi (2007).
8410:Journal of Arabic Literature
8122:Mystical Dimensions of Islam
7925:Walbridge, Linda S. (2001).
7425:10.1017/CBO9781139173834.011
4377:
3936:Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib
3311:reforms of the Iranian Shah
3302:Nematollah Salehi Najafabadi
2333:princes and patriarchal and
2299:and the Byzantine historian
2093:
1812:
1531:In Shia perspective, in the
1401:4 AH (11 January 626 CE) in
1013:Bektashism and folk religion
158:(the Follower of God's Will)
146:Sayyidu Shababi Ahlil Jannah
7:
11440:Hosseini infancy conference
10016:Seyed Mohammad, Emadi Haeri
9943:Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an
9538:Siouti, Jalaluddin (1901).
9461:Wellhausen, Julius (1901).
8983:Hawting, Gerald R. (2002).
8313:Hanaway, W. L. Jr. (1991).
8093:Ibn Sa'd & Bewley (1995
7969:Mubārakfūrī, Ṣafī al-Raḥmān
7907:The Men of Madina, Volume 2
6602:. SUNY press. p. 176.
4674:. Oxford University Press.
4366:
4162:
3669:Ancestors of Husayn ibn Ali
3660:
3249:
3117:Husayn's head in Isma'ilism
3068:
3060:
3038:
3006:
2764:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.
2704:
2584:Daughters of Husayn ibn Ali
2203:Primary and classic sources
2079:
1703:Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari
1650:
1608:
1460:
1279:, and a participant in the
1243:
10:
11568:
11537:People of the Second Fitna
10255:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
9396:Cambridge University Press
8820:Aghaie, Kamran S. (2004).
8733:Princeton University Press
8682:Hyder, Syed Akbar (2006).
8548:Arjomand, Saïd A. (2016).
8456:Cambridge University Press
8102:
6897:. Ketab.com. p. 535.
6518:of the youth of Paradise".
5398:Political History of Islam
5303:History of Qiam and Maqtal
5067:Tabatabaei, (1979), p.196.
4337:(Sprenger, Nos. 159–160),
4029:
3913:
3787:
3694:Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim
3681:
3120:
3072:) to the Muslim community.
2916:There are narrations that
2821:Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i
2811:In the verses of the Quran
2768:Personality and appearance
2577:
2389:in cities and villages of
2370:
2360:
2310:
2206:
1654:
1479:
1386:
29:
11448:
11377:
11356:
11335:
11287:
11275:
11209:
10970:
10707:
10555:
10378:
10305:
10251:
10241:
10199:
10186:
10179:
10126:
9988:Faramarz, Haj Manouchehri
9651:; Kohlberg, Etan (1985).
9587:. Yale University Press.
9554:Haider, Najam I. (2016).
9257:. Yale University Press.
8541:10.1163/18747167-12341289
8255:. London & New York:
7967:Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah;
7084:Hamzee, M. Rezaa (1990),
4189:The Hussaini Encyclopedia
4099:
4091:
4063:
4041:
4037:
4001:
3979:
3971:
3943:
3921:
3917:
3879:
3857:
3849:
3821:
3799:
3795:
3759:
3737:
3729:
3701:
3685:
3646:devoted a section in his
3590:Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer
3412:As well as Abu Mikhnaf's
3244:
2986:
2791:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai
2756:, who later married with
2652:
2629:
2597:
2590:
2566:. Iranian supreme leader
2495:in a Muaharram procession
2043:states in his account in
1877:– or his brother-in-law,
1581:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya
622:
612:
587:
556:
552:
519:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya
446:
419:
396:
354:
318:
308:
259:
248:
224:
188:
183:
119:
115:
103:
91:
80:
69:
65:
50:
41:
11542:Sahabah killed in battle
10020:"Hussein bin Ali, Imam."
9341:Gordon, Matthew (2005).
9044:Harvard University Press
8968:. New York: SUNY Press.
8826:. Seattle & London:
8723:. In Bowering, Gerhard;
8719:Brunner, Rainer (2013).
8034:; Bewley, Aisha (1995).
7905:; Bewley, Aisha (2000).
7172:, pp. 162, 165–166.
7070:14 December 2017 at the
4312:, Nasr ibn Muzahim, and
4210:
3644:Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai
3015:
2969:
2924:
2696:Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani
2301:Theophanes the Confessor
2281:Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani
2052:
1893:Hurr ibn Yazid al-Tamimi
1875:Qais ibn Mushar Sa'idawi
1762:, the governor of Mecca
1722:go ahead with his plan.
1259:and Muhammad's daughter
1160:Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim
521:(paternal half-brother)
515:(paternal half-brother)
509:(paternal half-brother)
503:(paternal half-brother)
497:(paternal half-brother)
491:(paternal half-brother)
45:الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ
11522:Deaths by blade weapons
11116:Ala al-Din Muhammad III
11091:Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi
10873:Muhammad ibn Islam Shah
10853:Ala al-Din Muhammad III
10828:Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi
10106:Encyclopædia Britannica
10050:TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi
9709:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
9219:. London and New York:
9194:Le Califat de Yazid Ier
9191:Lammens, Henri (1921).
9018:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
8985:"Yazid (I) b. Mu'awiya"
8858:Sachedina, Abdulaziz A.
8783:Pinault, David (2001).
8690:Oxford University Press
8554:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
8422:10.1163/157006494X00103
8393:Quaderni di Studi Arabi
8204:Haywood, J. A. (1991).
8153:Oxford University Press
6967:Canaan, Taufik (1927).
6883:, pp. 62, 165–166.
6831:2 December 2016 at the
6235:10.1515/islam-2016-0008
4558:Encyclopædia Britannica
4501:Fığlâlı & Üzün 1998
4451:The life of Imam Husain
4409:10.1163/157006093X00063
3566:Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah
3541:so far, written in the
3517:, the Azerbaijani poet
3496:Maqtal nur 'al-'a'emmah
3181:Barzilai Medical Center
3157:Shrine of Husayn's Head
3123:Shrine of Husayn's Head
2892:and 27th to 30th Surah
2806:In the Quran and Hadith
2306:
1719:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
1645:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
1461:Sayyid shabab al-djanna
461:(maternal grandfather)
173:(Master of the Martyrs)
156:at-Tabi li Mardhatillah
11131:Ala al-Din Mu'min Shah
11111:Jalal al-Din Hasan III
11106:Nur al-Din Muhammad II
10848:Jalal al-Din Hasan III
10843:Nur al-Din Muhammad II
9993:Encyclopaedia Islamica
9929:"Al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī".
9902:Calmard, Jean (2004).
9581:Munson, Henry (1988).
9561:Encyclopaedia of Islam
9422:Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn
8947:Tarikh-e Siasi-e Eslam
8893:Calmard, Jean (1982).
8605:Anthony, Sean (2011).
8486:Fischer, Michael M. J.
8454:. Cambridge, England:
8286:Norris, H. T. (1993).
8063:. SUNY Press. p.
7026:20 August 2019 at the
6927:Safarname Ibne Batuta.
4928:. Brill. p. 141.
4082:Khadija bint Khuwaylid
3346:
3136:
3074:
3000:, the Shia historian,
2568:Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
2496:
2454:
2393:
2219:Kitab Maqtal Al-Husayn
2165:Battle of Ayn al-Warda
2119:
2065:
2011:
1967:
1965:Tropenmuseum Amsterdam
1936:
1906:
1899:. Husayn said to them:
1732:Muhammad ibn Hanafiyya
1730:Despite the advice of
1529:
1499:
1095:Khadija bint Khuwaylid
682:Succession to Muhammad
11307:Ali Asghar ibn Husayn
11166:Sadr al-Din Miuhammad
11126:Shams al-Din Muhammad
10942:Shah Khalil Allah III
10863:Shams al-Din Muhammad
10699:Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib
10522:Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz
10370:Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi
8899:Encyclopaedia Iranica
8356:Thackston, Wheeler M.
5140:Najm, Heydar (2004).
5079:, pp. 14, 26, 27
4194:Al-Tall Al-Zaynabiyya
3362:philosopher and poet
3350:Mir Mosharraf Hossain
3344:
3332:In art and literature
3313:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
3187:on 31 August 1153 (8
3130:
3055:
2912:News of Husayn's fate
2851:verse of purification
2611:Master of the Martyrs
2607:The Martyr of Martyrs
2490:
2443:
2384:
2285:Maqatil al-Talibiyyin
2193:Laura Veccia Vaglieri
2173:Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar
2101:
2060:
2009:
1962:
1934:
1901:
1895:, south of Kufa near
1707:Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad
1683:Invitations from Kufa
1524:
1493:
1447:verse of purification
1389:Verse of purification
1387:Further information:
1336:and the other one by
1325:Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad
1308:Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty
1296:Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty
1281:event of the mubahala
1188:Shia Islam portal
814:Verse of purification
661:Beliefs and practices
293:32.61639°N 44.03250°E
11302:Ali Akbar ibn Husayn
11269:Mourning of Muharram
11121:Rukn al-Din Khurshah
11012:Muhammad ibn Isma'il
10858:Rukn al-Din Khurshah
10749:Muhammad ibn Isma'il
10620:Muhammad ibn Isma'il
10547:Sulayman Badr al-Din
10443:Muhammad ibn Isma'il
10000:. pp. 664–715.
9982:on 17 November 2013.
9971:Encyclopædia Iranica
9909:Encyclopædia Iranica
9882:Encyclopædia Iranica
9852:Encyclopædia Iranica
9658:Encyclopædia Iranica
9624:Encyclopædia Iranica
8183:Chittick, William C.
7211:, pp. 257, 260.
7046:3 April 2019 at the
6779:Veccia Vaglieri 1971
6581:, p. 2:252–253.
6451:, pp. 165, 181.
6144:Howard-Johnston 2010
6132:Howard-Johnston 2010
6001:, pp. vii–viii.
5776:Veccia Vaglieri 1971
5630:Veccia Vaglieri 1971
5530:Veccia Vaglieri 1971
5371:Veccia Vaglieri 1971
5329:Veccia Vaglieri 1971
5235:Veccia Vaglieri 1971
4837:Veccia Vaglieri 1971
4792:Veccia Vaglieri 1971
4605:Veccia Vaglieri 1971
4020:Fatima bint Muhammad
3535:Kopshti i te Mirevet
3199:In the holy text of
2849:In interpreting the
2702:) for him. Husayn's
2564:innovative practices
2538:. In India however,
2363:Mourning of Muharram
2293:Theophilus of Edessa
2275:, Shaykh al-Mufid's
1980:Shemr ibn Ziljawshan
1845:class=notpageimage|
1760:Abd Allah ibn Ja'far
1752:Amr ibn Sa'id ibn As
1726:Journey towards Kufa
1604:treaty with Mu'awiya
1600:assassination of Ali
1557:Abu Dharr al-Ghifari
1340:and his supporters.
1292:assassination of Ali
1110:Umm Kulthum bint Ali
789:Mourning of Muharram
719:Mourning of Muharram
410:Fatima bint Muhammad
153:(the Rightly Guided)
11502:7th-century Muslims
11322:Sukayna bint Husayn
10912:Khalil Allah II Ali
9727:"ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib"
9723:Vaglieri, L. Veccia
9653:"ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭāleb"
9349:. Greenwood Press.
8116:Schimmel, Annemarie
8036:The Women of Madina
7820:, pp. 167–168.
7808:, pp. 610–611.
7781:, pp. 180–181.
7740:, pp. 608–609.
7713:, pp. 612–613.
7554:, pp. 156–157.
7530:, pp. 135–136.
7518:, pp. 155–156.
7494:, pp. 403–404.
7295:, pp. 128–129.
7199:, pp. 104–105.
7148:, pp. 201–202.
7112:, pp. 614–615.
6871:, pp. 157–158.
6756:, pp. 134–135.
6600:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
6344:, pp. 154–155.
6269:, pp. 143–144.
6187:, pp. 498–502.
6146:, pp. 195–198.
6090:, pp. 139–142.
5972:, pp. 124–125.
5960:, pp. 131–133.
5754:, pp. 171–172.
5578:, pp. 138–139.
5509:, pp. 112–114.
5331:, pp. 607–615.
5278:, pp. 493–498.
5115:, pp. 145–146.
5046:, pp. 150–152.
5009:Seyed Mohammad 2009
4513:Reyshahri, Mohammad
4397:Die Welt des Islams
4310:Hisham ibn al-Kalbi
4241:"see, for example,
4170:Arba'een Pilgrimage
4114:Fatima bint Za'idah
3592:have also composed
3149:al-Mustansir Billah
3139:The Fatimid vizier
3082:Abdulaziz Sachedina
2952:William C. Chittick
2405:and his followers.
2183:Historical analysis
2029:Jafar ibn Abi Talib
1879:Abdullah ibn Yaqtar
1740:Abd Allah ibn Abbas
1715:Abd Allah ibn Abbas
1709:, then governor of
1676:Abdullah ibn Zubayr
1585:Abdullah ibn Ja'far
1125:Ruqayya bint Husayn
1032:Extinct Shi'a sects
752:Days of remembrance
739:Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage
734:The Four Companions
289: /
268:Karbala Governorate
234:(10 Muharram AH 61)
176:al-Wafī (the Loyal)
133:(Master of Martyrs)
11497:Family of Muhammad
11343:Imam Husayn Shrine
11096:Hasan (I) al-Qahir
11076:Ma'ad al-Mustansir
11007:Isma'il ibn Ja'far
10833:Hasan (I) al-Qahir
10813:Ma'ad al-Mustansir
10744:Isma'il ibn Ja'far
10684:Ma'ad al-Mustansir
10615:Isma'il ibn Ja'far
10507:Ma'ad al-Mustansir
10438:Isma'il ibn Ja'far
10102:Al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī
9739:Lévi-Provençal, E.
9540:Tafsir al-Jalalayn
9440:Wellhausen, Julius
8919:Hawting, Gerald R.
8053:Peters, Francis E.
8032:Ibn Sa'd, Muḥammad
7903:Ibn Sa'd, Muḥammad
6712:, pp. 709–710
6700:, pp. 708–709
6545:, pp. 677–678
4700:, pp. 324–327
4561:. 6 October 2023.
4302:Awana ibn al-Hakam
4056:Khuwaylid ibn Asad
3632:Farid ud-Din Attar
3562:Golkonda Sultanate
3459:Marthiya and rawda
3347:
3289:Iranian Revolution
3283:Iranian Revolution
3137:
2868:Verse 15 of Surah
2748:, the daughter of
2662:Imam Husayn Shrine
2497:
2455:
2394:
2313:Imam Husayn Shrine
2297:Michael the Syrian
2169:Mukhtar al-Thaqafi
2161:Sulayman ibn Surad
2120:
2110:, Iran, depicting
2066:
2062:Imam Husayn Shrine
2025:Aqil ibn Abi Talib
2012:
1968:
1937:
1583:, and his cousin,
1500:
1338:Mukhtar al-Thaqafi
1244:al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī
945:Atba-i-Malak Bohra
872:Branches and sects
819:Two weighty things
362:Ali Zayn al-Abidin
298:32.61639; 44.03250
264:Imam Husayn Shrine
131:Sayyid al-Shuhada
11492:7th-century imams
11464:
11463:
11281:Battle of Karbala
11235:
11234:
11051:Isma'il al-Mansur
11041:Abdallah al-Mahdi
10997:Muhammad al-Baqir
10882:Abd al-Salam Shah
10788:Isma'il al-Mansur
10778:Abdallah al-Mahdi
10734:Muhammad al-Baqir
10689:Ahmad al-Musta'li
10659:Isma'il al-Mansur
10654:Muhammad al-Qa'im
10649:Abdallah al-Mahdi
10605:Muhammad al-Baqir
10512:Ahmad al-Musta'li
10482:Isma'il al-Mansur
10477:Muhammad al-Qa'im
10472:Abdallah al-Mahdi
10428:Muhammad al-Baqir
10355:Muhammad al-Jawad
10335:Muhammad al-Baqir
10266:
10265:
10252:Succeeded by
10242:Succeeded by
10181:Shia Islam titles
10174:10 October AD 680
10081:cite encyclopedia
10060:978-97-53-8944-56
9962:Madelung, Wilferd
9873:Madelung, Wilferd
9843:Madelung, Wilferd
9834:978-0-7914-0040-1
9649:Poonawala, Ismail
9531:Tafsir ibn Kathir
9496:978-0-521-37019-6
9405:978-0-521-64696-3
9388:Madelung, Wilferd
9345:The Rise of Islam
9333:978-0-7914-7033-6
9264:978-0-300-03531-5
9117:Mouton Publishers
9079:. London: Luzac.
9053:978-0-674-05097-6
9042:. Cambridge, MA:
9025:978-90-04-12756-2
8873:978-0-87395-442-6
8837:978-0-295-98455-1
8800:978-1-349-61982-5
8699:978-0-19-537302-8
8662:978-965-223-501-5
8622:978-90-04-21606-8
8597:978-0-582-40525-7
8465:978-0-521-51625-9
8395:. 20–21: 79–104.
8347:978-90-04-08112-3
8238:978-90-04-08112-3
8162:978-0-19-920859-3
8137:978-0-8078-1271-6
7880:, pp. 33–34.
7844:, pp. 30–31.
7757:, pp. 12–13.
7689:, pp. 95–98.
7665:, pp. 82–83.
7184:, pp. 49–50.
6463:, pp. 39–40.
6410:, pp. 61–62.
5936:, pp. 67–68.
5897:, pp. 73–75.
5849:, pp. 71–74.
5605:, pp. 77–79.
5482:, pp. 65–66.
5395:Jafarian, Rasul.
5300:Pishvaee, Mahdi.
4712:, pp. 81–82.
4528:The Sunshine Book
4159:
4158:
4155:
4154:
3840:Fatimah bint Asad
3778:Ali ibn Abi Talib
3636:Jalal ud-Din Rumi
3543:Albanian language
3527:Hadiqat al-Su'ada
3515:Rawdat al-Shuhada
3500:Rawdat al-Shuhada
3488:Wheeler Thackston
3317:Ruhollah Khomeini
3086:Muhammad al-Mahdi
3078:Sayyed al-Shuhada
2675:
2674:
2630:Venerated in
2223:Julius Wellhausen
2157:Tawwabin uprising
2151:Related uprisings
2000:Habib ibn Muzahir
1990:Battle of Karbala
1736:Abdullah ibn Umar
1657:Battle of Karbala
1510:(now in northern
1482:Event of Mubahala
1345:Battle of Karbala
1257:Ali ibn Abi Talib
1241:
1222:
1221:
1155:Fatimah bint Asad
1120:Fatima bint Hasan
849:Battle of Karbala
626:
625:
433:Battle of Karbala
404:Ali ibn Abi Talib
389:Fatima as-Shughra
254:Battle of Karbala
242:Umayyad Caliphate
171:Sayyidush Shuhada
16:(Redirected from
11559:
11327:Muslim ibn Aqeel
11312:al-Abbas ibn Ali
11262:
11255:
11248:
11239:
11238:
11201:Amir Muhammad II
11035:(Radhi Abdallah)
10927:Sayyid Hasan Ali
10772:(Radhi Abdallah)
10643:(Radhi Abdallah)
10537:Abdallah al-Adid
10527:Isma'il al-Zafir
10466:(Radhi Abdallah)
10292:
10285:
10278:
10269:
10268:
10187:Preceded by
10175:
10161:
10124:
10123:
10112:hussain ibn 'Ali
10090:
10084:
10076:
10074:
10072:
10039:
10037:
10035:
10011:
9983:
9978:. Archived from
9957:
9936:
9925:
9923:
9921:
9898:
9896:
9894:
9868:
9866:
9864:
9838:
9817:
9773:
9718:
9674:
9672:
9670:
9644:
9642:
9640:
9610:
9608:
9606:
9577:
9575:
9573:
9543:
9534:
9525:
9514:
9500:
9476:
9457:
9435:
9420:. Translated by
9409:
9383:
9371:
9360:
9348:
9337:
9318:
9316:
9314:
9292:
9268:
9246:
9244:
9242:
9206:
9187:
9175:
9161:
9142:
9140:
9138:
9102:
9100:
9098:
9069:
9067:
9065:
9029:
9005:Heinrichs, W. P.
8979:
8960:
8938:
8914:
8912:
8910:
8889:
8887:
8885:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8816:
8814:
8812:
8779:
8758:
8756:
8754:
8715:
8713:
8711:
8678:
8676:
8674:
8638:
8636:
8634:
8601:
8577:
8575:
8573:
8544:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8481:
8479:
8477:
8444:
8425:
8404:
8387:
8385:
8383:
8351:
8309:
8294:. Columbia, SC:
8293:
8282:
8280:
8278:
8242:
8200:
8178:
8176:
8174:
8141:
8125:
8096:
8090:
8081:
8080:
8078:
8076:
8062:
8049:
8040:
8039:
8028:
8019:
8018:
8016:
8014:
7986:
7977:
7976:
7964:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7922:
7911:
7910:
7899:
7893:
7887:
7881:
7875:
7869:
7863:
7857:
7856:, pp. 9–10.
7851:
7845:
7839:
7833:
7827:
7821:
7815:
7809:
7803:
7794:
7788:
7782:
7776:
7770:
7764:
7758:
7752:
7741:
7735:
7729:
7723:
7714:
7708:
7702:
7696:
7690:
7684:
7678:
7672:
7666:
7660:
7654:
7648:
7642:
7636:
7627:
7621:
7615:
7609:
7603:
7597:
7591:
7585:
7579:
7573:
7567:
7561:
7555:
7549:
7543:
7537:
7531:
7525:
7519:
7513:
7507:
7501:
7495:
7489:
7483:
7477:
7471:
7470:
7464:
7460:
7458:
7450:
7448:
7446:
7410:
7404:
7398:
7392:
7386:
7380:
7374:
7368:
7362:
7356:
7350:
7344:
7338:
7332:
7326:
7320:
7314:
7308:
7302:
7296:
7290:
7284:
7278:
7272:
7266:
7260:
7254:
7248:
7242:
7236:
7230:
7224:
7218:
7212:
7206:
7200:
7194:
7185:
7179:
7173:
7167:
7161:
7155:
7149:
7143:
7137:
7131:
7125:
7119:
7113:
7107:
7101:
7100:
7081:
7075:
7057:
7051:
7039:
7030:
7017:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7006:
6991:"History Erased"
6986:
6977:
6976:
6964:
6958:
6957:
6934:
6928:
6925:
6919:
6915:
6909:
6908:
6890:
6884:
6878:
6872:
6866:
6860:
6854:
6848:
6842:
6836:
6826:, vol. 2, p. 218
6819:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6808:
6797:Informed Comment
6788:
6782:
6776:
6757:
6751:
6742:
6736:
6725:
6719:
6713:
6707:
6701:
6695:
6689:
6683:
6677:
6671:
6665:
6659:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6626:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6598:. Translated by
6588:
6582:
6576:
6570:
6564:
6558:
6552:
6546:
6540:
6534:
6528:
6519:
6512:
6506:
6503:
6497:
6494:
6488:
6482:
6476:
6470:
6464:
6458:
6452:
6446:
6440:
6434:
6423:
6417:
6411:
6405:
6399:
6393:
6387:
6381:
6372:
6366:
6357:
6351:
6345:
6339:
6333:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6294:
6288:
6282:
6276:
6270:
6264:
6255:
6254:, pp. 9–10.
6249:
6243:
6242:
6237:. Archived from
6229:: 11–13, 28–34.
6220:
6211:
6205:
6199:
6188:
6182:
6176:
6170:
6159:
6153:
6147:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6123:
6117:
6106:
6100:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6073:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6026:
6020:
6014:
6008:
6002:
5996:
5990:
5984:
5973:
5967:
5961:
5955:
5949:
5943:
5937:
5931:
5925:
5919:
5910:
5904:
5898:
5892:
5886:
5880:
5874:
5868:
5862:
5856:
5850:
5844:
5835:
5829:
5818:
5812:
5803:
5797:
5791:
5785:
5779:
5773:
5767:
5761:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5725:
5719:
5713:
5707:
5701:
5695:
5689:
5683:
5677:
5660:
5654:
5645:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5606:
5600:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5561:
5548:
5542:
5533:
5527:
5510:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5483:
5477:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5436:Bahramian, Ali.
5433:
5427:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5392:
5386:
5380:
5374:
5368:
5347:
5341:
5332:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5279:
5273:
5238:
5232:
5221:
5215:
5206:
5200:
5187:
5181:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5137:
5128:
5122:
5116:
5110:
5104:
5098:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5074:
5068:
5065:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5023:
5017:
5011:
5006:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4919:
4910:
4904:
4893:
4892:, pp. 15–16
4887:
4878:
4872:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4851:, pp. 14–15
4846:
4840:
4834:
4821:
4815:
4806:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4768:
4762:
4747:
4741:
4730:
4724:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4686:
4685:
4667:
4654:
4648:
4607:
4602:
4583:
4582:
4578:Rashidun caliphs
4572:
4570:
4553:"Husayn ibn Ali"
4549:
4543:
4542:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4446:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4388:
4371:
4369:
4367:ebn al-ḵīaratayn
4362:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4343:Saint Petersburg
4323:
4317:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4246:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4177:, Husayn's horse
3872:Fatima bint Qays
3675:
3674:
3666:
3665:
3582:Mirza Rafi Sauda
3384:Mansur al-Hallaj
3309:White Revolution
3294:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad
3167:it was a "large
3106:John the Baptist
3071:
3065:
3043:
3011:
2944:Mafatih al-Janan
2936:Muslim Ibn Aqeel
2880:and 28 of Surah
2709:
2658:
2588:
2587:
2448:being held in a
2428:John the Baptist
2209:Maqtal al-Husayn
2177:Battle of Khazir
2126:, the father of
2084:
2073:Husayn's sister
1864:Muslim ibn Aqeel
1831:
1830:
1815:
1814:
1799:
1798:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1613:
1569:Marwan ibn Hakam
1463:
1393:Verse of Mawadda
1361:Shi'a literature
1246:
1236:
1234:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1186:
1185:
1165:Ruqayya bint Ali
1140:Fatima bint Musa
654:
645:
639:
638:
628:
627:
599:
588:Other names
539:(maternal aunt)
533:(maternal aunt)
527:(maternal aunt)
304:
303:
301:
300:
299:
294:
290:
287:
286:
285:
282:
231:
106:
94:
85:
55:
39:
38:
21:
11567:
11566:
11562:
11561:
11560:
11558:
11557:
11556:
11512:Children of Ali
11467:
11466:
11465:
11460:
11449:Related portals
11444:
11373:
11352:
11331:
11317:Zaynab bint Ali
11283:
11271:
11266:
11236:
11231:
11205:
11186:Mu'in al-Din II
11066:Mansur al-Hakim
11056:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz
11027:(Taqi Muhammad)
11002:Ja'far al-Sadiq
10974:
10966:
10937:Abu'l-Hasan Ali
10907:Nur al-Dahr Ali
10803:Mansur al-Hakim
10793:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz
10764:(Taqi Muhammad)
10739:Ja'far al-Sadiq
10711:
10703:
10674:Mansur al-Hakim
10664:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz
10635:(Taqi Muhammad)
10610:Ja'far al-Sadiq
10551:
10497:Mansur al-Hakim
10487:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz
10458:(Taqi Muhammad)
10433:Ja'far al-Sadiq
10374:
10365:Hasan al-Askari
10340:Ja'far al-Sadiq
10301:
10296:
10262:
10257:
10247:
10238:
10211:
10197:
10192:
10162:
10152:
10151:
10143:
10136:
10131:
10098:
10093:
10078:
10077:
10070:
10068:
10061:
10033:
10031:
10008:
9954:
9939:
9928:
9919:
9917:
9892:
9890:
9862:
9860:
9835:
9668:
9666:
9638:
9636:
9604:
9602:
9595:
9571:
9569:
9510:Tafsir al-Mizan
9497:
9481:Daftary, Farhad
9432:
9406:
9380:
9357:
9334:
9312:
9310:
9289:
9265:
9240:
9238:
9231:
9184:
9158:
9136:
9134:
9127:
9096:
9094:
9087:
9063:
9061:
9054:
9034:Donner, Fred M.
9026:
8997:Bosworth, C. E.
8976:
8957:
8943:Jafarian, Rasul
8935:
8908:
8906:
8883:
8881:
8874:
8847:
8845:
8838:
8810:
8808:
8801:
8752:
8750:
8743:
8735:. p. 293.
8725:Crone, Patricia
8709:
8707:
8700:
8672:
8670:
8663:
8632:
8630:
8623:
8598:
8571:
8569:
8562:
8515:
8513:
8506:
8494:. Madison, WI:
8475:
8473:
8466:
8441:
8381:
8379:
8372:
8348:
8319:Bosworth, C. E.
8306:
8276:
8274:
8267:
8239:
8210:Bosworth, C. E.
8197:
8172:
8170:
8163:
8138:
8126:. Chapel Hill:
8105:
8100:
8099:
8091:
8084:
8074:
8072:
8050:
8043:
8029:
8022:
8012:
8010:
8003:
7987:
7980:
7965:
7958:
7948:
7946:
7939:
7923:
7914:
7900:
7896:
7888:
7884:
7876:
7872:
7864:
7860:
7852:
7848:
7840:
7836:
7828:
7824:
7816:
7812:
7804:
7797:
7789:
7785:
7777:
7773:
7765:
7761:
7753:
7744:
7736:
7732:
7724:
7717:
7709:
7705:
7697:
7693:
7685:
7681:
7673:
7669:
7661:
7657:
7649:
7645:
7637:
7630:
7622:
7618:
7610:
7606:
7598:
7594:
7586:
7582:
7574:
7570:
7562:
7558:
7550:
7546:
7538:
7534:
7526:
7522:
7514:
7510:
7502:
7498:
7490:
7486:
7478:
7474:
7462:
7461:
7452:
7451:
7444:
7442:
7435:
7411:
7407:
7399:
7395:
7387:
7383:
7375:
7371:
7363:
7359:
7351:
7347:
7339:
7335:
7327:
7323:
7315:
7311:
7303:
7299:
7291:
7287:
7279:
7275:
7267:
7263:
7255:
7251:
7243:
7239:
7231:
7227:
7219:
7215:
7207:
7203:
7195:
7188:
7180:
7176:
7168:
7164:
7158:Wellhausen 1901
7156:
7152:
7144:
7140:
7132:
7128:
7120:
7116:
7108:
7104:
7098:
7082:
7078:
7072:Wayback Machine
7058:
7054:
7048:Wayback Machine
7040:
7033:
7028:Wayback Machine
7018:
7014:
7004:
7002:
6987:
6980:
6965:
6961:
6954:
6935:
6931:
6926:
6922:
6916:
6912:
6905:
6891:
6887:
6879:
6875:
6867:
6863:
6855:
6851:
6843:
6839:
6833:Wayback Machine
6820:
6816:
6806:
6804:
6789:
6785:
6777:
6760:
6752:
6745:
6737:
6728:
6720:
6716:
6708:
6704:
6696:
6692:
6684:
6680:
6674:Fakhr Razi 1901
6672:
6668:
6660:
6656:
6648:
6644:
6636:
6629:
6623:Fakhr Razi 1901
6621:
6617:
6610:
6589:
6585:
6577:
6573:
6565:
6561:
6553:
6549:
6541:
6537:
6529:
6522:
6513:
6509:
6504:
6500:
6495:
6491:
6483:
6479:
6471:
6467:
6459:
6455:
6447:
6443:
6435:
6426:
6418:
6414:
6406:
6402:
6394:
6390:
6382:
6375:
6367:
6360:
6352:
6348:
6340:
6336:
6328:
6324:
6316:
6312:
6304:
6297:
6289:
6285:
6277:
6273:
6265:
6258:
6250:
6246:
6241:on 12 May 2020.
6218:
6212:
6208:
6200:
6191:
6183:
6179:
6171:
6162:
6154:
6150:
6142:
6138:
6130:
6126:
6118:
6109:
6101:
6094:
6086:
6082:
6074:
6070:
6062:
6058:
6050:
6046:
6038:
6029:
6023:Wellhausen 1927
6021:
6017:
6011:Wellhausen 1901
6009:
6005:
5999:Wellhausen 1927
5997:
5993:
5985:
5976:
5968:
5964:
5956:
5952:
5946:Wellhausen 1901
5944:
5940:
5934:Wellhausen 1901
5932:
5928:
5920:
5913:
5905:
5901:
5893:
5889:
5881:
5877:
5869:
5865:
5857:
5853:
5847:Wellhausen 1901
5845:
5838:
5830:
5821:
5813:
5806:
5798:
5794:
5786:
5782:
5774:
5770:
5762:
5758:
5750:
5746:
5738:
5734:
5726:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5702:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5680:Wellhausen 1901
5678:
5663:
5655:
5648:
5640:
5636:
5628:
5609:
5601:
5594:
5586:
5582:
5574:
5570:
5564:Wellhausen 1901
5562:
5551:
5543:
5536:
5528:
5513:
5505:
5501:
5493:
5486:
5480:Wellhausen 1901
5478:
5471:
5465:Wellhausen 1901
5463:
5459:
5449:
5447:
5434:
5430:
5422:
5418:
5408:
5406:
5401:. p. 461.
5393:
5389:
5381:
5377:
5369:
5350:
5342:
5335:
5327:
5323:
5313:
5311:
5298:
5294:
5286:
5282:
5274:
5241:
5233:
5224:
5216:
5209:
5203:Wellhausen 1901
5201:
5190:
5184:Wellhausen 1901
5182:
5175:
5171:, pp. 5–7.
5167:
5163:
5153:
5151:
5138:
5131:
5127:, pp. 2–3.
5123:
5119:
5113:Wellhausen 1927
5111:
5107:
5103:, pp. 5–6.
5099:
5095:
5087:
5083:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5062:
5054:
5050:
5042:
5038:
5030:
5026:
5018:
5014:
5007:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4971:
4967:
4959:
4955:
4945:
4943:
4936:
4920:
4913:
4905:
4896:
4888:
4881:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4855:
4847:
4843:
4835:
4824:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4798:
4790:
4771:
4763:
4750:
4742:
4733:
4725:
4716:
4708:
4704:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4668:
4657:
4649:
4610:
4603:
4586:
4568:
4566:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4539:
4523:
4519:
4511:
4507:
4499:
4495:
4488:Kitab al-Irshad
4486:
4485:
4481:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4447:
4428:
4418:
4416:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4349:
4341:(No. 792), and
4324:
4320:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4165:
4160:
3994:Amina bint Wahb
3814:Asad ibn Hashim
3752:Fatima bint Amr
3663:
3614:
3602:Josh Malihabadi
3523:Ottoman Turkish
3492:Rawdat al-Islam
3461:
3435:Jesus to heaven
3425:(10 Muharram).
3416:, other Arabic
3392:
3368:that of Ishmael
3339:
3334:
3285:
3261:Twelver Shi'ism
3252:
3247:
3221:
3197:
3189:Jumada al-Thani
3165:British Mandate
3125:
3119:
3018:
2989:
2972:
2958:and during the
2950:. According to
2927:
2914:
2902:
2832:Tafsir al-Mizan
2813:
2808:
2770:
2758:Hasan ibn Hasan
2653:
2618:: Ahl al-Bayt,
2613:
2593:
2592:Ḥusayn ibn 'Alī
2586:
2578:Main articles:
2576:
2559:Michael Fischer
2502:Mu'izz al-Dawla
2435:soil of Karbala
2379:
2369:
2361:Main articles:
2359:
2327:Abbasid caliphs
2315:
2309:
2277:Kitab al-Irshad
2264:Muruj al-Dhahab
2238:Ansab al-Ashraf
2211:
2205:
2185:
2153:
2096:
2055:
2046:Kitab al-Irshad
2041:Shaykh Al-Mufid
1996:Zuhayr ibn Qayn
1992:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1728:
1699:Muslim ibn Aqil
1685:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1620:
1577:
1564:Siege of Uthman
1549:
1488:
1478:
1395:
1385:
1369:self-flagellate
1218:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1105:Zaynab bint Ali
1085:
1077:
1076:
1047:
1037:
1036:
950:Sulaymani Bohra
874:
864:
863:
834:Fatimah's house
809:
799:
798:
754:
744:
743:
662:
641:
640:
632:
631:
608:
605:Qatil al_Abarat
595:
594:Abū ʿAbd Allāh
583:
548:
485:(full brother)
467:(full brother)
455:
454:
442:
415:
392:
366:Fatima al-Kubra
350:
331:Atika bint Zayd
297:
295:
291:
288:
283:
280:
278:
276:
275:
274:
244:
235:
233:
232:(aged 54)
229:
220:
202:
193:
192:11 January 626
179:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
128:
127:
104:
92:
86:
81:
61:
46:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11565:
11555:
11554:
11552:Muslim martyrs
11549:
11544:
11539:
11534:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11499:
11494:
11489:
11484:
11479:
11477:Husayn ibn Ali
11462:
11461:
11459:
11458:
11452:
11450:
11446:
11445:
11443:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11417:
11412:
11407:
11402:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11381:
11379:
11375:
11374:
11372:
11371:
11366:
11360:
11358:
11354:
11353:
11351:
11350:
11345:
11339:
11337:
11333:
11332:
11330:
11329:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11296:Husayn ibn Ali
11291:
11289:
11285:
11284:
11279:
11277:
11273:
11272:
11265:
11264:
11257:
11250:
11242:
11233:
11232:
11230:
11229:
11223:
11217:
11210:
11207:
11206:
11204:
11203:
11198:
11193:
11188:
11183:
11178:
11173:
11171:Mu'in al-Din I
11168:
11163:
11158:
11153:
11151:Radi al-Din II
11148:
11143:
11138:
11133:
11128:
11123:
11118:
11113:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11030:
11022:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10987:Husayn ibn Ali
10984:
10978:
10976:
10968:
10967:
10965:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10871:
10868:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10767:
10759:
10751:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10724:Husayn ibn Ali
10721:
10715:
10713:
10705:
10704:
10702:
10701:
10696:
10694:Mansur al-Amir
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10638:
10630:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10592:
10586:
10585:
10561:
10559:
10553:
10552:
10550:
10549:
10544:
10542:Dawud al-Hamid
10539:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10517:Mansur al-Amir
10514:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10461:
10453:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10420:
10415:
10409:
10408:
10384:
10382:
10376:
10375:
10373:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10325:Husayn ibn Ali
10322:
10317:
10311:
10309:
10303:
10302:
10295:
10294:
10287:
10280:
10272:
10264:
10263:
10253:
10249:
10248:
10243:
10240:
10198:
10188:
10184:
10183:
10177:
10176:
10144:
10137:
10129:Husayn ibn Ali
10127:
10122:
10121:
10115:
10109:
10104:an article of
10097:
10096:External links
10094:
10092:
10091:
10059:
10040:
10012:
10006:
9984:
9958:
9952:
9940:"Plus Index".
9937:
9926:
9899:
9869:
9839:
9833:
9818:
9774:
9735:Kramers, J. H.
9731:Gibb, H. A. R.
9719:
9675:
9645:
9611:
9593:
9578:
9550:
9549:
9545:
9544:
9535:
9526:
9521:Tafsir al-Razi
9515:
9501:
9495:
9477:
9458:
9436:
9430:
9424:. Suny Press.
9410:
9404:
9384:
9378:
9361:
9355:
9338:
9332:
9326:. SUNY Press.
9319:
9297:Canaan, Tawfiq
9293:
9287:
9269:
9263:
9247:
9229:
9207:
9188:
9182:
9162:
9156:
9143:
9125:
9107:Ayoub, Mahmoud
9103:
9086:978-0718901493
9085:
9070:
9052:
9030:
9024:
9001:van Donzel, E.
8989:Bearman, P. J.
8980:
8975:978-1438439372
8974:
8961:
8955:
8939:
8933:
8915:
8890:
8872:
8854:
8836:
8817:
8799:
8780:
8759:
8741:
8731:. New Jersey:
8716:
8698:
8679:
8661:
8639:
8621:
8602:
8596:
8578:
8560:
8545:
8535:(2): 127–154.
8522:
8504:
8482:
8464:
8445:
8439:
8426:
8416:(3): 192–212.
8405:
8388:
8370:
8352:
8346:
8323:van Donzel, E.
8310:
8304:
8283:
8265:
8243:
8237:
8214:van Donzel, E.
8201:
8195:
8179:
8161:
8142:
8136:
8111:
8110:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8082:
8041:
8038:. p. 156.
8020:
8001:
7978:
7975:. p. 427.
7956:
7937:
7912:
7909:. p. 197.
7894:
7882:
7870:
7868:, p. 391.
7858:
7846:
7834:
7822:
7810:
7795:
7783:
7771:
7769:, p. 179.
7759:
7742:
7730:
7726:Thackston 1994
7715:
7703:
7691:
7679:
7677:, p. 613.
7667:
7655:
7643:
7628:
7626:, p. 204.
7616:
7614:, p. 195.
7604:
7602:, p. 193.
7592:
7590:, p. 122.
7580:
7568:
7566:, p. 108.
7564:Chaudhuri 2012
7556:
7544:
7542:, p. 150.
7532:
7520:
7508:
7496:
7484:
7482:, p. 143.
7472:
7463:|website=
7433:
7405:
7403:, p. 404.
7393:
7391:, p. 140.
7381:
7379:, p. 213.
7369:
7367:, pp. 94.
7357:
7355:, p. 134.
7345:
7333:
7331:, p. 132.
7321:
7319:, p. 131.
7309:
7297:
7285:
7283:, p. 306.
7273:
7271:, p. 127.
7261:
7249:
7247:, p. 122.
7237:
7235:, p. 153.
7225:
7223:, p. 124.
7213:
7201:
7186:
7174:
7162:
7150:
7138:
7126:
7114:
7102:
7096:
7076:
7052:
7031:
7012:
6978:
6959:
6952:
6929:
6920:
6918:RCEA,7:260–63.
6910:
6903:
6885:
6881:Sachedina 1981
6873:
6869:Sachedina 1981
6861:
6849:
6837:
6814:
6783:
6781:, p. 614.
6758:
6743:
6726:
6714:
6702:
6690:
6678:
6666:
6654:
6642:
6638:Tabatabai 1996
6627:
6615:
6608:
6583:
6571:
6559:
6547:
6535:
6520:
6507:
6498:
6489:
6487:, p. 293.
6477:
6465:
6453:
6441:
6424:
6412:
6400:
6388:
6386:, p. 155.
6373:
6358:
6356:, p. 113.
6346:
6334:
6332:, p. 154.
6322:
6320:, p. 169.
6310:
6295:
6293:, p. 164.
6283:
6281:, p. 164.
6271:
6256:
6244:
6206:
6204:, p. 163.
6189:
6177:
6175:, p. 167.
6160:
6148:
6136:
6134:, p. 386.
6124:
6122:, p. 208.
6107:
6092:
6080:
6078:, p. 125.
6068:
6066:, p. 132.
6056:
6054:, p. 126.
6044:
6042:, p. 215.
6027:
6015:
6003:
5991:
5989:, p. 608.
5974:
5962:
5950:
5938:
5926:
5924:, p. 610.
5911:
5909:, p. 169.
5899:
5887:
5875:
5873:, p. 185.
5863:
5851:
5836:
5819:
5817:, p. 161.
5804:
5802:, p. 108.
5792:
5790:, p. 179.
5780:
5778:, p. 612.
5768:
5766:, p. 173.
5756:
5744:
5742:, p. 172.
5732:
5730:, p. 169.
5720:
5718:, p. 171.
5708:
5706:, p. 167.
5696:
5694:, p. 163.
5684:
5661:
5659:, p. 160.
5646:
5644:, p. 153.
5634:
5632:, p. 611.
5607:
5592:
5590:, p. 139.
5580:
5568:
5549:
5547:, p. 105.
5534:
5532:, p. 610.
5511:
5499:
5497:, p. 111.
5484:
5469:
5457:
5428:
5416:
5387:
5385:, p. 128.
5375:
5373:, p. 609.
5348:
5333:
5321:
5292:
5280:
5239:
5237:, p. 608.
5222:
5207:
5188:
5173:
5161:
5129:
5117:
5105:
5093:
5081:
5069:
5060:
5048:
5036:
5024:
5012:
4988:
4976:
4965:
4953:
4935:978-9004125520
4934:
4911:
4894:
4879:
4864:
4853:
4841:
4839:, p. 613.
4822:
4807:
4796:
4769:
4748:
4746:, p. 178.
4731:
4714:
4702:
4687:
4681:978-0195793871
4680:
4655:
4608:
4584:
4544:
4538:978-1312600942
4537:
4517:
4505:
4503:, p. 518.
4493:
4490:. p. 198.
4479:
4465:
4456:
4426:
4403:(2): 161–181.
4382:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4357:
4347:
4318:
4293:
4284:
4275:
4265:
4256:
4247:
4234:
4225:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4182:Who is Hussain
4178:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:Husayn ibn Ali
3894:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3671:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3649:Shah Jo Risalo
3613:
3610:
3531:Dalip Frashëri
3460:
3457:
3391:
3388:
3364:Muhammad Iqbal
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3284:
3281:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3220:
3217:
3196:
3193:
3141:Badr al-Jamali
3133:Umayyad mosque
3121:Main article:
3118:
3115:
3102:Maryam (surah)
3017:
3014:
2998:Rasul Jafarian
2988:
2985:
2981:Mahatma Gandhi
2971:
2968:
2926:
2923:
2913:
2910:
2901:
2898:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2769:
2766:
2673:
2672:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2575:
2572:
2555:Yitzhak Nakash
2520:, an ornately
2358:
2355:
2311:Main article:
2308:
2305:
2289:hagiographical
2273:Kitab al-Futuh
2204:
2201:
2184:
2181:
2152:
2149:
2138:The historian
2095:
2092:
2054:
2051:
1991:
1988:
1850:Arabian desert
1843:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1756:Arabian Desert
1727:
1724:
1684:
1681:
1663:
1660:
1652:
1649:
1619:
1616:
1576:
1573:
1548:
1545:
1477:
1471:
1384:
1381:
1225:Husayn ibn Ali
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:Sayyida Nafisa
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1145:Hakimah Khātūn
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1005:
1000:
990:
989:
988:
987:
986:
981:
971:
970:
969:
964:
963:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
940:Hebtiahs Bohra
937:
936:
935:
910:
909:
908:
898:
897:
896:
891:
886:
875:
870:
869:
866:
865:
862:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
810:
805:
804:
801:
800:
797:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
755:
750:
749:
746:
745:
742:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
705:
704:
699:
694:
684:
679:
674:
669:
663:
660:
659:
656:
655:
647:
646:
624:
623:
620:
619:
614:
610:
609:
607:
606:
603:
600:
591:
589:
585:
584:
582:
581:
576:
571:
566:
560:
558:
554:
553:
550:
549:
547:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
480:
479:(full sister)
474:
473:(full sister)
468:
462:
452:
451:
450:
448:
444:
443:
441:
440:
435:
430:
423:
421:
420:Known for
417:
416:
414:
413:
407:
400:
398:
394:
393:
391:
390:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
364:
358:
356:
352:
351:
349:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
322:
320:
316:
315:
310:
306:
305:
261:
257:
256:
252:Killed at the
250:
249:Cause of death
246:
245:
236:
228:10 October 680
226:
222:
221:
203:
190:
186:
185:
181:
180:
178:
177:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
143:(the Grandson)
139:
134:
125:
124:
123:
121:
117:
116:
113:
112:
107:
101:
100:
95:
89:
88:
78:
77:
67:
66:
63:
62:
56:
48:
47:
43:Husayn ibn Ali
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11564:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11475:
11474:
11472:
11457:
11454:
11453:
11451:
11447:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11382:
11380:
11376:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11364:Day of Ashura
11362:
11361:
11359:
11355:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11340:
11338:
11334:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11297:
11293:
11292:
11290:
11286:
11282:
11278:
11274:
11270:
11263:
11258:
11256:
11251:
11249:
11244:
11243:
11240:
11228:
11224:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11212:
11211:
11208:
11202:
11199:
11197:
11194:
11192:
11191:Amir Muhammad
11189:
11187:
11184:
11182:
11179:
11177:
11176:Atiyyat Allah
11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11141:Radi al-Din I
11139:
11137:
11136:Muhammad Shah
11134:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11061:Nizar al-Aziz
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11036:
11031:
11029:
11028:
11023:
11021:
11020:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10992:Ali al-Sajjad
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10979:
10977:
10973:
10969:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10917:Shah Nizar II
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10892:Abu Dharr Ali
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10872:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10798:Nizar al-Aziz
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10773:
10768:
10766:
10765:
10760:
10758:
10757:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10729:Ali al-Sajjad
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10716:
10714:
10712:(Qasim-Shahi)
10710:
10706:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10669:Nizar al-Aziz
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10644:
10639:
10637:
10636:
10631:
10629:
10628:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10600:Ali al-Sajjad
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10587:
10583:
10580:
10579:
10574:
10570:
10566:
10563:
10562:
10560:
10558:
10554:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10492:Nizar al-Aziz
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10467:
10462:
10460:
10459:
10454:
10452:
10451:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10423:Ali al-Sajjad
10421:
10419:
10416:
10414:
10411:
10410:
10406:
10403:
10402:
10397:
10393:
10389:
10386:
10385:
10383:
10381:
10377:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10345:Musa al-Kazim
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10320:Hasan ibn Ali
10318:
10316:
10313:
10312:
10310:
10308:
10304:
10300:
10293:
10288:
10286:
10281:
10279:
10274:
10273:
10270:
10260:
10256:
10250:
10246:
10237:
10236:
10233:
10229:
10225:
10221:
10217:
10214:
10210:
10207:
10203:
10196:
10191:
10190:Hasan ibn Ali
10185:
10182:
10178:
10173:
10170:
10166:
10159:
10155:
10150:
10149:
10142:
10141:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10119:
10116:
10113:
10110:
10107:
10103:
10100:
10099:
10088:
10082:
10066:
10062:
10056:
10052:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10029:
10025:
10021:
10017:
10013:
10009:
10007:9786006326191
10003:
9999:
9995:
9994:
9989:
9985:
9981:
9977:
9973:
9972:
9967:
9963:
9959:
9955:
9953:90-04-14743-8
9949:
9945:
9944:
9938:
9934:
9933:
9927:
9915:
9911:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9888:
9884:
9883:
9878:
9874:
9870:
9858:
9854:
9853:
9848:
9844:
9840:
9836:
9830:
9826:
9825:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9801:
9796:
9792:
9788:
9787:Ménage, V. L.
9784:
9780:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9763:
9759:
9757:
9752:
9748:
9744:
9740:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9708:
9704:
9702:
9697:
9693:
9689:
9688:Ménage, V. L.
9685:
9681:
9676:
9664:
9660:
9659:
9654:
9650:
9646:
9634:
9630:
9626:
9625:
9620:
9616:
9612:
9600:
9596:
9594:9780300046045
9590:
9586:
9585:
9579:
9567:
9563:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9551:
9547:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9532:
9527:
9523:
9522:
9516:
9513:(in Persian).
9512:
9511:
9506:
9502:
9498:
9492:
9488:
9487:
9482:
9478:
9474:
9470:
9466:
9465:
9459:
9455:
9451:
9447:
9446:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9431:0-87395-272-3
9427:
9423:
9419:
9418:Shi'ite Islam
9415:
9411:
9407:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9379:0-7486-1888-0
9375:
9370:
9369:
9362:
9358:
9356:0-313-32522-7
9352:
9347:
9346:
9339:
9335:
9329:
9325:
9320:
9308:
9304:
9303:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9288:1-881963-59-4
9284:
9280:
9279:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9260:
9256:
9252:
9251:Momen, Moojan
9248:
9236:
9232:
9230:9780582780804
9226:
9222:
9218:
9217:
9212:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9195:
9189:
9185:
9183:1-55876-134-9
9179:
9174:
9173:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9157:9780710302076
9153:
9149:
9144:
9132:
9128:
9126:90-279-7943-X
9122:
9118:
9114:
9113:
9108:
9104:
9092:
9088:
9082:
9078:
9077:
9071:
9059:
9055:
9049:
9045:
9041:
9040:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9011:
9006:
9002:
8998:
8994:
8993:Bianquis, Th.
8990:
8986:
8981:
8977:
8971:
8967:
8962:
8958:
8956:964-400-107-9
8952:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8936:
8934:0-415-24072-7
8930:
8926:
8925:
8920:
8916:
8904:
8900:
8896:
8891:
8879:
8875:
8869:
8865:
8864:
8859:
8855:
8843:
8839:
8833:
8829:
8825:
8824:
8818:
8806:
8802:
8796:
8792:
8788:
8787:
8781:
8777:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8760:
8748:
8744:
8742:9780691134840
8738:
8734:
8730:
8726:
8722:
8717:
8705:
8701:
8695:
8691:
8687:
8686:
8680:
8668:
8664:
8658:
8654:
8651:. Jerusalem:
8650:
8649:
8644:
8643:Sharon, Moshe
8640:
8628:
8624:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8609:
8603:
8599:
8593:
8589:
8588:
8583:
8582:Kennedy, Hugh
8579:
8567:
8563:
8561:9789004326279
8557:
8553:
8552:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8534:
8530:
8529:
8523:
8511:
8507:
8505:9780299184735
8501:
8497:
8493:
8492:
8487:
8483:
8471:
8467:
8461:
8457:
8453:
8452:
8446:
8442:
8440:9780710302076
8436:
8432:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8389:
8377:
8373:
8371:9780936347509
8367:
8363:
8362:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8333:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8311:
8307:
8305:9780872499775
8301:
8297:
8292:
8291:
8284:
8272:
8268:
8266:9781845110314
8262:
8258:
8254:
8253:
8248:
8247:Elsie, Robert
8244:
8240:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8224:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8202:
8198:
8196:9780710302076
8192:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8168:
8164:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8149:
8143:
8139:
8133:
8129:
8124:
8123:
8117:
8113:
8112:
8108:
8107:
8094:
8089:
8087:
8070:
8066:
8061:
8060:
8054:
8048:
8046:
8037:
8033:
8027:
8025:
8008:
8004:
8002:9781608058884
7998:
7994:
7993:
7985:
7983:
7974:
7970:
7963:
7961:
7944:
7940:
7938:9780195343939
7934:
7930:
7929:
7921:
7919:
7917:
7908:
7904:
7898:
7892:, p. 32.
7891:
7890:Schimmel 1986
7886:
7879:
7878:Schimmel 1986
7874:
7867:
7866:Schimmel 1975
7862:
7855:
7854:Chittick 1986
7850:
7843:
7842:Schimmel 1986
7838:
7832:, p. 30.
7831:
7830:Schimmel 1986
7826:
7819:
7814:
7807:
7802:
7800:
7793:, p. 42.
7792:
7787:
7780:
7775:
7768:
7763:
7756:
7751:
7749:
7747:
7739:
7734:
7728:, p. 79.
7727:
7722:
7720:
7712:
7711:Vaglieri 1971
7707:
7701:, p. 89.
7700:
7695:
7688:
7683:
7676:
7675:Vaglieri 1971
7671:
7664:
7659:
7653:, p. 81.
7652:
7647:
7641:, p. 79.
7640:
7635:
7633:
7625:
7620:
7613:
7608:
7601:
7596:
7589:
7584:
7578:, p. 37.
7577:
7576:Schimmel 1986
7572:
7565:
7560:
7553:
7548:
7541:
7536:
7529:
7524:
7517:
7512:
7506:, p. 87.
7505:
7500:
7493:
7492:Arjomand 2016
7488:
7481:
7476:
7468:
7456:
7440:
7436:
7434:9780521409384
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7417:
7409:
7402:
7401:Arjomand 2016
7397:
7390:
7385:
7378:
7373:
7366:
7361:
7354:
7349:
7343:, p. 93.
7342:
7337:
7330:
7325:
7318:
7313:
7307:, p. 16.
7306:
7301:
7294:
7293:Yildirim 2015
7289:
7282:
7281:Arjomand 2016
7277:
7270:
7269:Yildirim 2015
7265:
7259:, p. 11.
7258:
7253:
7246:
7245:Arjomand 2016
7241:
7234:
7229:
7222:
7217:
7210:
7205:
7198:
7193:
7191:
7183:
7178:
7171:
7166:
7160:, p. 71.
7159:
7154:
7147:
7142:
7136:, p. 93.
7135:
7130:
7124:, p. 82.
7123:
7118:
7111:
7110:Vaglieri 1971
7106:
7099:
7097:9783922968832
7093:
7089:
7088:
7080:
7073:
7069:
7066:
7063:
7056:
7049:
7045:
7042:
7038:
7036:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7016:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6985:
6983:
6974:
6970:
6963:
6955:
6953:0-521-59984-9
6949:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6933:
6924:
6914:
6906:
6904:9781595845382
6900:
6896:
6889:
6882:
6877:
6870:
6865:
6859:, p. 493
6858:
6857:Jafarian 1999
6853:
6846:
6841:
6834:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6818:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6787:
6780:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6755:
6750:
6748:
6741:, p. 50.
6740:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6724:, p. 39.
6723:
6722:Chittick 2012
6718:
6711:
6710:Faramarz 2013
6706:
6699:
6698:Faramarz 2013
6694:
6688:, p. 677
6687:
6686:Faramarz 2013
6682:
6675:
6670:
6663:
6658:
6651:
6646:
6639:
6634:
6632:
6624:
6619:
6611:
6609:0-87395-390-8
6605:
6601:
6597:
6596:Shi'ite Islam
6593:
6587:
6580:
6579:Jafarian 1999
6575:
6569:, p. 665
6568:
6567:Faramarz 2013
6563:
6557:, p. 383
6556:
6555:Madelung 1997
6551:
6544:
6543:Faramarz 2013
6539:
6532:
6531:Madelung 2011
6527:
6525:
6517:
6511:
6502:
6493:
6486:
6481:
6475:, p. 41.
6474:
6469:
6462:
6457:
6450:
6445:
6439:, p. 21.
6438:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6422:, p. 14.
6421:
6416:
6409:
6404:
6398:, p. 18.
6397:
6392:
6385:
6380:
6378:
6371:, p. 63.
6370:
6365:
6363:
6355:
6350:
6343:
6338:
6331:
6326:
6319:
6314:
6308:, p. 10.
6307:
6302:
6300:
6292:
6287:
6280:
6275:
6268:
6263:
6261:
6253:
6248:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6217:
6210:
6203:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6186:
6181:
6174:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6158:, p. 703
6157:
6156:Faramarz 2013
6152:
6145:
6140:
6133:
6128:
6121:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6105:, p. 15.
6104:
6099:
6097:
6089:
6084:
6077:
6072:
6065:
6060:
6053:
6048:
6041:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6025:, p. ix.
6024:
6019:
6013:, p. 68.
6012:
6007:
6000:
5995:
5988:
5987:Vaglieri 1971
5983:
5981:
5979:
5971:
5966:
5959:
5954:
5948:, p. 70.
5947:
5942:
5935:
5930:
5923:
5922:Vaglieri 1971
5918:
5916:
5908:
5903:
5896:
5891:
5885:, p. 53.
5884:
5879:
5872:
5867:
5861:, p. 45.
5860:
5855:
5848:
5843:
5841:
5834:, p. 16.
5833:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5816:
5811:
5809:
5801:
5796:
5789:
5784:
5777:
5772:
5765:
5760:
5753:
5748:
5741:
5736:
5729:
5724:
5717:
5712:
5705:
5700:
5693:
5688:
5682:, p. 67.
5681:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5658:
5653:
5651:
5643:
5638:
5631:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5604:
5599:
5597:
5589:
5584:
5577:
5572:
5566:, p. 66.
5565:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5546:
5541:
5539:
5531:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5508:
5503:
5496:
5491:
5489:
5481:
5476:
5474:
5467:, p. 65.
5466:
5461:
5445:
5441:
5440:
5432:
5426:, p. 93.
5425:
5420:
5404:
5400:
5399:
5391:
5384:
5379:
5372:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5345:
5340:
5338:
5330:
5325:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5296:
5290:, p. 69.
5289:
5284:
5277:
5276:Madelung 2004
5272:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5236:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5220:, p. 47.
5219:
5214:
5212:
5205:, p. 64.
5204:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5186:, p. 61.
5185:
5180:
5178:
5170:
5165:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5136:
5134:
5126:
5121:
5114:
5109:
5102:
5097:
5091:, p. 287
5090:
5089:Madelung 1997
5085:
5078:
5073:
5064:
5058:, p. 679
5057:
5056:Faramarz 2013
5052:
5045:
5040:
5034:, p. 241
5033:
5032:Vaglieri 1971
5028:
5022:, p. 382
5021:
5020:Vaglieri 1960
5016:
5010:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4986:, p. 678
4985:
4984:Faramarz 2013
4980:
4974:
4969:
4962:
4961:Madelung 1997
4957:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4918:
4916:
4908:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4891:
4890:Madelung 1997
4886:
4884:
4876:
4871:
4869:
4862:
4861:Vaglieri 1971
4857:
4850:
4849:Madelung 1997
4845:
4838:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4819:
4818:Madelung 2003
4814:
4812:
4805:
4800:
4794:, p. 607
4793:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4767:, p. 89.
4766:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4745:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4729:, p. 23.
4728:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4711:
4706:
4699:
4698:Madelung 1997
4694:
4692:
4683:
4677:
4673:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4652:
4651:Madelung 2004
4647:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4606:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4581:
4579:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4540:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4521:
4514:
4509:
4502:
4497:
4489:
4483:
4475:
4469:
4460:
4452:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4383:
4368:
4361:
4351:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4288:
4279:
4269:
4260:
4251:
4244:
4238:
4229:
4220:
4216:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3689:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3658:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3600:with Husayn,
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3558:Ali Adil Shah
3555:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3355:Bishad Sindhu
3351:
3343:
3329:
3327:
3326:Iran–Iraq war
3323:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3230:Mahmoud Ayoub
3227:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3163:. During the
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3147:under Caliph
3146:
3142:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:Edward Gibbon
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2956:Day of Arafah
2953:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2922:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2836:event of the
2833:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2775:Amr ibn al-As
2765:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:Ali al-Asghar
2736:
2732:
2731:Yazdegerd III
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2715:Ali al-Sajjad
2711:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2700:Ali al-Asghar
2697:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2524:horse called
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2398:Husayn's tomb
2392:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2367:day of Ashura
2364:
2357:Commemoration
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2140:Henri Lammens
2135:
2133:
2132:Ali al-Sajjad
2129:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2112:Ali al-Sajjad
2109:
2105:
2100:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1941:Umar ibn Sa'd
1933:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1868:Hani ibn Arwa
1865:
1860:
1851:
1846:
1837:
1821:
1805:
1789:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1764:Amr ibn Sa'id
1761:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1373:Sunni Muslims
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:Ali al-Sajjad
1266:
1265:Hasan ibn Ali
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1233:الحسين بن علي
1230:
1226:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
994:
991:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
975:
972:
968:
965:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
934:
931:
930:
929:
928:Dawoodi Bohra
926:
925:
924:
921:
920:
919:
916:
915:
914:
911:
907:
904:
903:
902:
899:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
880:
877:
876:
873:
868:
867:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
808:
803:
802:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
784:Eid al-Ghadir
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
753:
748:
747:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
658:
657:
653:
649:
648:
644:
636:
630:
629:
621:
618:
615:
611:
604:
601:
598:
593:
592:
590:
586:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
559:
555:
551:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
456:
449:
445:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
425:
424:
422:
418:
411:
408:
405:
402:
401:
399:
395:
388:
386:
385:Ali al-Asghar
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
357:
353:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
321:
317:
314:
311:
307:
302:
273:
269:
265:
262:
260:Resting place
258:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
227:
223:
218:
215:(present-day
214:
210:
206:
200:
197:
191:
187:
182:
175:
170:
165:
163:(the Blessed)
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
129:
122:
118:
114:
111:
110:Ali al-Sajjad
108:
102:
99:
98:Hasan ibn Ali
96:
90:
84:
79:
76:
73:
68:
64:
60:
54:
49:
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Fatima Sughra
11547:Twelve Imams
11507:Arab Muslims
11435:Rawda Khwani
11385:Majlis-e-Aza
11295:
11294:
11071:Ali al-Zahir
11034:
11026:
11019:(Wafi Ahmad)
11018:
10986:
10957:Aga Khan III
10808:Ali al-Zahir
10771:
10763:
10756:(Wafi Ahmad)
10755:
10723:
10679:Ali al-Zahir
10642:
10634:
10627:(Wafi Ahmad)
10626:
10594:
10576:
10572:
10568:
10532:Isa al-Fa'iz
10502:Ali al-Zahir
10465:
10457:
10450:(Wafi Ahmad)
10449:
10417:
10399:
10395:
10391:
10324:
10200:
10193:Disputed by
10164:
10153:
10146:
10145:Clan of the
10138:
10128:
10069:. Retrieved
10048:
10032:. Retrieved
10023:
9991:
9980:the original
9969:
9941:
9930:
9918:. Retrieved
9907:
9891:. Retrieved
9880:
9861:. Retrieved
9850:
9823:
9805:
9798:
9761:
9754:
9706:
9699:
9667:. Retrieved
9656:
9637:. Retrieved
9622:
9603:. Retrieved
9583:
9570:. Retrieved
9559:
9548:Encyclopedia
9539:
9530:
9519:
9508:
9485:
9463:
9444:
9417:
9391:
9367:
9344:
9323:
9311:. Retrieved
9301:
9277:
9254:
9239:. Retrieved
9215:
9211:Jafri, S. M.
9193:
9171:
9147:
9135:. Retrieved
9111:
9095:. Retrieved
9075:
9062:. Retrieved
9038:
9015:
9008:
8965:
8946:
8923:
8907:. Retrieved
8898:
8882:. Retrieved
8862:
8846:. Retrieved
8822:
8809:. Retrieved
8789:. New York:
8785:
8770:(1): 35–51.
8767:
8763:
8751:. Retrieved
8728:
8708:. Retrieved
8684:
8671:. Retrieved
8647:
8631:. Retrieved
8607:
8586:
8570:. Retrieved
8550:
8532:
8526:
8514:. Retrieved
8490:
8474:. Retrieved
8450:
8430:
8413:
8409:
8392:
8380:. Retrieved
8360:
8337:
8330:
8289:
8275:. Retrieved
8251:
8228:
8221:
8186:
8171:. Retrieved
8147:
8121:
8095:, p. 9)
8073:. Retrieved
8058:
8035:
8011:. Retrieved
7991:
7972:
7947:. Retrieved
7927:
7906:
7897:
7885:
7873:
7861:
7849:
7837:
7825:
7813:
7806:Haywood 1991
7786:
7774:
7762:
7738:Hanaway 1991
7733:
7706:
7699:Sindawi 2002
7694:
7687:Sindawi 2002
7682:
7670:
7663:Sindawi 2002
7658:
7651:Sindawi 2002
7646:
7639:Sindawi 2002
7624:Günther 1994
7619:
7612:Günther 1994
7607:
7600:Günther 1994
7595:
7583:
7571:
7559:
7547:
7535:
7523:
7511:
7499:
7487:
7475:
7443:. Retrieved
7415:
7408:
7396:
7384:
7377:Fischer 2003
7372:
7360:
7348:
7336:
7324:
7312:
7300:
7288:
7276:
7264:
7252:
7240:
7228:
7221:Kennedy 2004
7216:
7209:Anthony 2011
7204:
7182:Hawting 2000
7177:
7170:Lammens 1921
7165:
7153:
7141:
7129:
7117:
7105:
7086:
7079:
7061:
7055:
7015:
7003:. Retrieved
6994:
6968:
6962:
6942:
6932:
6923:
6913:
6894:
6888:
6876:
6864:
6852:
6844:
6840:
6823:
6817:
6805:. Retrieved
6796:
6786:
6739:Hawting 2000
6717:
6705:
6693:
6681:
6669:
6657:
6645:
6618:
6595:
6586:
6574:
6562:
6550:
6538:
6510:
6501:
6492:
6485:Brunner 2013
6480:
6468:
6456:
6444:
6415:
6403:
6396:Pinault 2001
6391:
6354:Pinault 2001
6349:
6337:
6325:
6313:
6286:
6274:
6247:
6239:the original
6226:
6222:
6209:
6185:Calmard 2004
6180:
6151:
6139:
6127:
6120:Günther 1994
6083:
6071:
6059:
6047:
6018:
6006:
5994:
5965:
5953:
5941:
5929:
5907:Lammens 1921
5902:
5890:
5883:Hawting 2000
5878:
5866:
5854:
5795:
5783:
5771:
5764:Lammens 1921
5759:
5747:
5740:Lammens 1921
5735:
5723:
5716:Lammens 1921
5711:
5699:
5687:
5637:
5603:Calmard 1982
5583:
5571:
5502:
5460:
5448:. Retrieved
5439:Hussain,Imam
5438:
5431:
5419:
5407:. Retrieved
5397:
5390:
5378:
5346:, p. 9.
5324:
5312:. Retrieved
5302:
5295:
5283:
5218:Daftary 1990
5164:
5152:. Retrieved
5142:
5120:
5108:
5101:Lammens 1921
5096:
5084:
5072:
5063:
5051:
5039:
5027:
5015:
4979:
4968:
4963:, p. 16
4956:
4944:. Retrieved
4924:
4909:, p. 14
4856:
4844:
4799:
4765:Kennedy 2004
4705:
4671:
4574:
4567:. Retrieved
4556:
4547:
4531:. Lulu.com.
4527:
4520:
4508:
4496:
4487:
4482:
4473:
4468:
4459:
4450:
4417:. Retrieved
4400:
4396:
4386:
4360:
4350:
4333:(No. 1836),
4326:
4321:
4296:
4287:
4278:
4268:
4259:
4250:
4237:
4228:
4219:
4199:Mokhtarnameh
4180:
3897:
3647:
3621:
3615:
3605:
3596:. Comparing
3593:
3578:Mir Taqi Mir
3573:
3569:
3549:
3547:
3534:
3526:
3525:in his work
3514:
3513:Inspired by
3512:
3507:
3504:rawda khwani
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3462:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3378:. Urdu poet
3354:
3348:
3322:Pahlavi Shah
3306:
3298:Ali Shariati
3286:
3276:
3272:
3253:
3239:
3226:Maria Dakake
3222:
3204:
3198:
3152:
3138:
3111:
3098:
3093:
3077:
3075:
3056:
3051:
3019:
2990:
2973:
2941:
2932:
2928:
2915:
2903:
2875:
2867:
2860:
2848:
2837:
2829:
2814:
2795:
2783:
2779:
2771:
2762:
2744:
2719:Ali al-Akbar
2712:
2676:
2645:
2644:rather than
2641:
2623:
2610:
2606:
2603:Proof of God
2602:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2492:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2445:
2432:
2421:
2414:
2395:
2385:Mourning of
2339:
2316:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2254:
2236:
2226:
2218:
2212:
2197:
2186:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2121:
2071:
2067:
2044:
2017:
2013:
1993:
1984:
1972:
1969:
1938:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1902:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1872:
1856:
1748:
1745:
1729:
1686:
1665:
1621:
1597:
1578:
1561:
1550:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1501:
1474:
1428:
1421:clan of the
1396:
1352:
1342:
1330:Second Fitna
1289:
1224:
1223:
1115:Umm al-Banin
1071:
844:Second Fitna
724:Intercession
714:Judgment Day
426:Grandson of
370:Ali al-Akbar
138:(the Martyr)
105:Succeeded by
82:
59:Hagia Sophia
36:
11227:concealment
11215:occultation
11086:Ali al-Hadi
10962:Aga Khan IV
10952:Aga Khan II
10897:Murad Mirza
10823:Ali al-Hadi
10360:Ali al-Hadi
10350:Ali al-Rida
10140:Banu Hashim
10134:Ahl al-Bayt
9804:Volume III:
9795:Schacht, J.
9791:Pellat, Ch.
9751:Pellat, Ch.
9743:Schacht, J.
9705:Volume III:
9696:Schacht, J.
9692:Pellat, Ch.
9619:"Āl–e ʿAbā"
9166:Halm, Heinz
8613:E. J. Brill
8327:Pellat, Ch.
8257:I.B. Tauris
8218:Pellat, Ch.
7779:Norris 1993
7767:Norris 1993
7755:Aghaie 2004
7552:Aghaie 2004
7528:Aghaie 2004
7516:Aghaie 2004
7504:Aghaie 2004
7365:Aghaie 2004
7341:Aghaie 2004
7317:Aghaie 2004
7305:Aghaie 2004
7257:Aghaie 2004
7197:Sharon 1983
7122:Dakake 2007
6449:Nakash 1993
6420:Aghaie 2004
6318:Nakash 1993
6306:Aghaie 2004
6291:Nakash 1993
6279:Howard 1990
6252:Aghaie 2004
6202:Nakash 1993
6173:Nakash 1993
6088:Howard 1986
6076:Howard 1986
6064:Howard 1986
6052:Howard 1986
5970:Howard 1986
5958:Howard 1986
5871:Donner 2010
5815:Nakash 1993
5788:Donner 2010
5752:Howard 1990
5728:Howard 1990
5704:Howard 1990
5692:Howard 1990
5657:Howard 1990
5642:Howard 1990
5588:Howard 1990
5576:Howard 1990
5507:Howard 1990
5424:Howard 1990
5383:Howard 1986
5288:Howard 1990
5169:Howard 1990
5125:Howard 1990
4875:Haider 2016
4744:Donner 2010
4727:Munson 1988
4710:Dakake 2007
4329:located at
4314:al-Mada'ini
4243:ṢaḥīḥMoslem
3628:Hakim Sanai
3612:Sufi poetry
3360:South Asian
3265:Shah Ismail
3234:S. M. Jafri
3205:Zolāl Zolāl
3191:, AH 548).
3173:Moshe Dayan
3135:in Damascus
2993:Abu Mikhnaf
2964:Mulla Sadra
2948:Du'a Arafah
2888:, 33 Surah
2855:Ahl al-Kisa
2733:, the last
2574:Family life
2482:rawda khwan
2403:Jafar Sadiq
2215:Abu Mikhnaf
1506:envoy from
1496:ahl al-kisa
1486:Ahl al-Kisa
1443:ahl al-bayt
1439:Ahl al-Kisa
1419:Banu Hashim
1277:Ahl al-Kisa
1273:Ahl al-Bayt
1045:Ahl al-Kisa
960:Qutbi Bohra
955:Alavi Bohra
933:Progressive
859:Persecution
839:First Fitna
794:Omar Koshan
779:Eid al-Adha
774:Eid al-Fitr
677:Prophethood
537:Umm Kulthum
477:Umm Kulthum
296: /
230:(680-10-10)
93:Preceded by
11527:Hussainiya
11487:680 deaths
11482:626 births
11471:Categories
11456:Shia Islam
11430:Chup Tazia
11348:Hussainiya
11156:Shah Tahir
10947:Aga Khan I
10922:Sayyid Ali
10870:Islam Shah
10867:Qasim Shah
10299:Shia Imams
10259:Kaysanites
10220:Kaysanites
10071:10 October
10034:10 October
9920:10 October
9893:10 October
9863:10 October
9669:10 October
9639:10 October
9605:10 October
9572:10 October
9241:10 October
9137:10 October
9097:10 October
9064:10 October
9014:Volume XI:
8884:10 October
8848:10 October
8811:10 October
8753:10 October
8710:10 October
8688:. Oxford:
8673:10 October
8633:10 October
8611:. Leiden:
8572:10 October
8516:10 October
8476:10 October
8382:10 October
8336:Volume VI:
8277:10 October
8227:Volume VI:
8173:10 October
8151:. Oxford:
8013:10 October
7949:10 October
7818:Hyder 2006
7791:Elsie 2005
7588:Hyder 2006
7233:Ayoub 1978
7146:Jafri 1979
7134:Ayoub 1978
7062:Daily News
6938:Gil, Moshe
6754:Ayoub 1978
6662:Ibn Kathir
6650:Ibn Kathir
6437:Hyder 2006
6384:Ayoub 1978
6342:Ayoub 1978
6330:Ayoub 1978
6267:Ayoub 1978
6040:Jafri 1979
5895:Dixon 1971
5859:Dixon 1971
5800:Ayoub 1978
5545:Ayoub 1978
5495:Ayoub 1978
5450:10 October
5409:10 October
5314:10 October
5154:10 October
5077:Momen 1985
5044:Jafri 1979
4973:Algar 1984
4946:10 October
4907:Momen 1985
4569:10 October
4206:References
3655:Yunus Emre
3642:Sufi poet
3337:Literature
3307:After the
3195:Ahl-e Haqq
3143:conquered
2882:Az-Zukhruf
2858:examples.
2834:said, the
2817:Fakhr Razi
2518:South Asia
2510:husayniyya
2506:husayniyya
2473:husayniyya
2451:husayniyya
2424:pilgrimage
2371:See also:
2269:Ibn Ath'am
2259:al-Mas'udi
2207:See also:
2108:Kermanshah
2104:husayniyya
1655:See also:
1598:After the
1480:See also:
1467:Umm Salama
1383:Early life
1353:Shi'at Ali
1100:Umm Salama
1084:Holy women
672:Holy Books
667:Monotheism
643:Shia Islam
281:32°36′59″N
168:(the Pure)
161:al-Mubarak
136:ash-Shahid
11196:Haydar II
11181:Aziz Shah
11017:Abdallah
10975:(Mu'mini)
10932:Qasim Ali
10754:Abdallah
10625:Abdallah
10448:Abdallah
10261:successor
9814:495469525
9783:Lewis, B.
9770:495469456
9760:Volume I:
9747:Lewis, B.
9715:495469525
9684:Lewis, B.
9615:Algar, .H
9473:453206240
9454:752790641
9414:Tabatabae
9203:474534621
9115:. Hague:
8909:11 August
8721:"Karbala"
7540:Halm 1997
7480:Halm 1997
7465:ignored (
7455:cite book
7389:Halm 1997
7353:Halm 1997
7329:Halm 1997
6940:(1997) .
6676:, 27:167.
6625:, 30:245.
6473:Gölz 2019
6461:Gölz 2019
6408:Halm 1997
6369:Halm 1997
6223:Der Islam
6103:Halm 1997
5832:Halm 1997
5344:Halm 1997
4378:Citations
4306:al-Waqidi
4273:doubtful.
3598:Karl Marx
3586:Mir Anees
3468:Tahmasp I
3201:Yarsanism
3177:Isma'ilis
3145:Palestine
3046:holy five
2946:, is the
2863:ash-Shura
2799:Levantine
2746:Umm Ishaq
2727:Shahrbanu
2683:Banu Kalb
2622:, Martyr;
2377:Hussainia
2243:Baladhuri
2233:al-Tabari
2124:Abu Talib
2094:Aftermath
2037:Baladhuri
2033:al-Tabari
2021:Ali Akbar
1950:Euphrates
1897:Qadisiyya
1540:al-Tabari
1533:verse of
1504:Christian
1473:Event of
1238:romanized
1135:Shahrbanu
1020:Qizilbash
579:Palestine
557:Monuments
447:Relatives
346:Umm Ishaq
341:Umm Layla
336:Umm Rubab
326:Shahrbanu
284:44°1′57″E
166:at-Tayyib
151:ar-Rashid
83:In office
11369:Arba'een
11357:Holidays
11161:Haydar I
11101:Hasan II
11046:al-Qa'im
10783:al-Qa'im
10582:Muhammad
10405:Muhammad
10239:669–680
10232:Twelvers
10228:Seveners
10204:Imam of
10169:Muharram
10065:Archived
10028:Archived
10018:(2009).
9964:(2003).
9914:Archived
9887:Archived
9875:(2011).
9857:Archived
9845:(2004).
9797:(eds.).
9753:(eds.).
9725:(1960).
9698:(eds.).
9663:Archived
9633:Archived
9617:(1984).
9599:Archived
9566:Archived
9507:(1996).
9483:(1990).
9442:(1927).
9416:(1979).
9390:(1997).
9307:Archived
9299:(1927).
9275:(1996).
9253:(1985).
9235:Archived
9213:(1979).
9168:(1997).
9131:Archived
9109:(1978).
9091:Archived
9058:Archived
9036:(2010).
9007:(eds.).
8945:(1999).
8921:(2000).
8903:Archived
8878:Archived
8860:(1981).
8842:Archived
8805:Archived
8791:Palgrave
8747:Archived
8704:Archived
8667:Archived
8645:(1983).
8627:Archived
8584:(2004).
8566:Archived
8510:Archived
8488:(2003).
8470:Archived
8401:25802958
8376:Archived
8358:(1994).
8338:Mahk–Mid
8329:(eds.).
8271:Archived
8249:(2005).
8229:Mahk–Mid
8220:(eds.).
8167:Archived
8118:(1975).
8075:23 April
8069:Archived
8055:(1994).
8007:Archived
7943:Archived
7439:Archived
7068:Archived
7044:Archived
7024:Archived
7005:23 April
6999:Archived
6829:Archived
6807:23 April
6801:Archived
6664:, 7:183.
6652:, 6:365.
6594:(1975).
5444:Archived
5403:Archived
5308:Archived
5148:Archived
4940:Archived
4563:Archived
4413:Archived
4175:Zuljanah
4163:See also
3962:Muhammad
3661:Ancestry
3594:marthiya
3574:marthiya
3570:marthiya
3550:marthiya
3476:marthiya
3472:marthiya
3250:Politics
3209:Ruchiyar
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3026:Twelvers
3002:fatalism
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1651:Uprising
1629:Abu Bakr
1593:Mu'awiya
1535:Mubahala
1475:Mubahala
1433:and the
1431:Mubahala
1407:Muhammad
1334:Tawwabin
1300:Mu'awiya
1285:Paradise
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1052:Muhammad
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635:a series
633:Part of
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428:Muhammad
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10770:Husayn
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10573:"Wāsih"
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