251:
453:
for work at any place and at any time." She differentiated between "authentic" forced-labor camps, concentration camps, and "annihilation camps". In authentic labor camps, inmates worked in "relative freedom and are sentenced for limited periods." Concentration camps had extremely high mortality rates but were still "essentially organized for labor purposes." Annihilation camps were those where the inmates were "systematically wiped out through starvation and neglect." She criticizes other commentators' conclusion that the purpose of the camps was a supply of cheap labor. According to her, the
Soviets were able to liquidate the camp system without serious economic consequences, showing that the camps were not an important source of labor and were overall economically irrelevant.
29:
49:
324:
234:
Under proper leadership, the Jews shall now in the course of the Final
Solution be suitably brought to their work assignments in the East. Able-bodied Jews are to be led to these areas to build roads in large work columns separated by sex, during which a large part will undoubtedly drop out through a
181:
by the majority population in
Germany included welfare-dependent families with many children, alleged vagrants and transients, as well as members of perceived problem groups, such as alcoholics and prostitutes. While these people were considered "German-blooded", they were also categorized as "social
452:
argued that although the Soviet government deemed them all "forced labor" camps, this in fact highlighted that the work in some of the camps was deliberately pointless, since "forced labor is the normal condition of all
Russian workers, who have no freedom of movement and can be arbitrarily drafted
375:
The camp commander alone is responsible for the use of man power. This work must be exhausting in the true sense of the word in order to achieve maximum performance. There are no limits to working hours. Time consuming walks and mid-day breaks only for the purpose of eating are prohibited. He
388:
died. The average life expectancy of a slave laborer on a work assignment amounted to less than four months. The emaciated forced-labourers died from exhaustion or disease or they were deemed to be incapable of work and murdered. About 30 percent of the forced labourers who were assigned to dig
162:
has also argued that not all Nazi prisoners were targeted with annihilation. Wagner states, "As a metaphor for moral indignation, the use of the term 'annihilation through labour' by historians may be completely understandable, but it is not particularly helpful in an analytical sense, since it
235:
process of natural reduction. As it will undoubtedly represent the most robust portion, the possible final remainder will have to be handled appropriately, as it would constitute a group of naturally-selected individuals, and would form the seed of a new Jewish resistance.
75:
whose inmates were held in inhumane conditions and suffered a high mortality rate; in some camps most prisoners died within a few months of incarceration. In the 21st century, research has questioned whether there was a general policy of extermination through labor in the
389:
tunnels, which were constructed for weapon factories in the last months of the war, died. In satellite camps, which were established near mines and industrial firms, death rates were even higher as accommodations and supplies were often worse than in the main camps.
230:. The transcript of this gathering gives historians insight into the thinking of the Nazi leadership as they devised the details of the Jews' future destruction, including using extermination through labour as one component of their so-called "Final Solution".
411:, particularly in post-Communist Eastern European politics. This controversial position has been criticized, considering that with the exception of the war years, a very large majority of people who entered the Gulag left alive.
307:("post attachment") involved tying the inmate's hands behind their back and then hanging them by their hands from a tall stake. This would dislocate and disjoint the arms, and the pressure would be fatal within hours
213:
While others could possibly redeem themselves in the eyes of the Nazis, Germany encouraged and supported emigration of Jews to
Palestine and elsewhere from 1933 until 1941 with arrangements such as the
376:
must connect clear technical knowledge in military and economic matters with sound and wise leadership of groups of people, which he should bring together to achieve a high performance potential.
269:
Working conditions included no remuneration of any kind, constant surveillance, physically demanding labour (for example, road construction, farm work, and factory work, particularly in the
354:
officials. The prisoners were stepped on and beaten during roll call. Forced labour partly consisted of pointless tasks and heavy labour, which aimed to wear down the prisoners.
2122:
190:). They were recorded in lists (as were homosexuals) by civil and police authorities and subjected to myriad state restrictions and repressive actions, which included
303:("door standing") forced victims to stand outside naked with arms raised. When they collapsed or passed out, they would be beaten until they re-assumed the position.
518:
2050:
371:("SS Economy and Administration Main Bureau", or SS-WVHA), who oversaw the employment of forced labour at the concentration camps, ordered on April 30, 1942:
44:. Inmates were forced to carry heavy rocks up the stairs. In their severely weakened state, few prisoners could cope with this back-breaking labour for long.
172:
151:
725:
Anti-Semitic abuse in early SA and SS camps took many forms. Like other torturers, Nazi guards oversaw acts of ritual humiliation and desecration.
1191:
2206:
147:
163:
implies an ideological programme and, in doing so, disregards the impetus of contingent factors which emerged in the course of the war."
177:
The Nazis persecuted many individuals because of their race, political affiliation, disability, religion, or sexual orientation. Groups
84:
argues that the camp system involved the exploitation of forced labor of some prisoners and the systematic murder of others, especially
1636:
1371:
2254:
425:. According to him, the system eradicated opponents by forcing them to work as prisoners on big state-run projects (for example the
72:
552:
Buggeln, Marc (2009). "Building to Death: Prisoner Forced Labour in the German War
Economy — the Neuengamme Subcamps, 1942—1945".
1341:
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1311:
1292:
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In: Polkowska, Dominika (ed.). The Value of Work in
Contemporary Society. Oxford, pp. 169–174. ISBN 978-1-84888-357-4.
839:
941:
802:
Michael
Zimmermann: "Kommentierende Bemerkungen – Arbeit und Vernichtung im KZ-Kosmos". In: Ulrich Herbert et al. (Ed.):
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811:
790:
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603:
2032:
2192:
358:
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In Nazi camps, "extermination through labour" was principally carried out through what was characterized at the
2143:
2007:
1794:
1364:
1021:
986:
438:
77:
139:, relating to the transfer of prisoners to concentration camps. The phrase was used again during the post-war
2178:
2150:
2020:
1950:
677:
437:
and in the camps in the north was deliberately designed for the extermination of people." Soviet historian
385:
191:
2094:
1945:
429:, quarries, remote railroads and urban development projects) under inhumane conditions. Political writer
2259:
2233:
2013:
1935:
426:
194:
and ultimately imprisonment in concentration camps. Anyone who openly opposed the Nazi regime (such as
2039:
1908:
1747:
1631:
1357:
1240:
328:
634:
99:
system was also a form of extermination through labour. Similar statements have been made about the
2066:
2026:
1977:
1616:
1213:
1075:
Die deutsche
Kriegsgesellschaft: 1939 bis 1945: Halbband 1. Politisierung, Vernichtung, Ăśberleben
1330:
1159:
Vernichtung durch Arbeit. Der Fall
Neuengamme (Extermination through labour: Case of Neuengamme)
266:
as "slave work" and "slave workers", in contrast with the forced labour of foreign work forces.
2269:
2129:
1994:
1814:
1504:
970:
412:
222:. In 1942, during the war, the Nazi leadership gathered to discuss what had come to be called "
207:
92:
907:
2164:
2087:
1851:
1414:
996:
990:
593:
421:
159:
81:
2199:
1856:
1841:
1834:
1804:
1789:
493:
1304:
The Theory and Practice of Hell: The German Concentration Camps and the System Behind Them
8:
1799:
1742:
1678:
1646:
1626:
1565:
1469:
1464:
753:
155:
128:
1070:
684:. The official U.S. government translation prepared for evidence in trials at Nuremberg.
158:
believed "extermination through labour" was a consistent goal of the SS. More recently,
2101:
1846:
1560:
1404:
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1265:
1257:
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1000:
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786:
707:
640:
599:
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361:. In these cases the SS saw excessive working hours as a means of maximizing output.
215:
48:
1419:
573:
517:
WAGNER, JENS-CHRISTIAN (2009). "Work and extermination in the concentration camps".
2274:
2185:
2136:
1913:
1767:
1672:
1666:
1459:
1380:
1280:
The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined
1249:
561:
524:
462:
263:
241:
199:
146:
In the 1980s and 1990s, historians began debating the appropriate use of the term.
140:
136:
1429:
335:
All aspects of camp life—the admission and registration of the new prisoners, the
2171:
2157:
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1940:
1898:
1871:
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1439:
823:
699:
681:
219:
124:
64:
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1918:
1881:
1876:
1861:
1661:
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1570:
1540:
1535:
1514:
1509:
1399:
1233:"Annihilation through labor: The Killing of State Prisoners in the Third Reich"
1077:. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 2004. 993 pages, graphic representation.
296:
223:
132:
357:
Many of the concentration camps channeled forced labour to benefit the German
289:, and insufficient clothing (for example, summer clothes even in the winter).
2248:
2080:
1893:
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1409:
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Genocide on Trial: War Crimes Trials and the Formation of History and Memory
2001:
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1957:
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was the "architect of the gulag system for totally destroying human life".
430:
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210:) was detained in prison camps. Many of them did not survive the ordeal.
19:"Work to death" redirects here. For unintentional death by overwork, see
2223:
1967:
1962:
1732:
1641:
1424:
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408:
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believed the phrase should not be applied to all Nazi prisoners, while
104:
1929:
1824:
1752:
1723:
1698:
1499:
1489:
1141:
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Das Schwarzbuch des Kommunismus, UnterdrĂĽckung, Verbrechen und Terror
883:
Die Wahrheit ist unsere Stärke. Geschichte und Folgen des Stalinismus
381:
310:
274:
203:
195:
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because of widely varying conditions between camps. German historian
1809:
1703:
1349:
1253:
1123:
Das Jahrhundert der Lager.Gefangenschaft, Zwangsarbeit, Vernichtung
1089:
The History of the Gulag: From Collectivization to the Great Terror
909:
A European Memory?: Contested Histories and Politics of Remembrance
273:), excessive working hours (often 10 to 12 hours per day), minimal
323:
1783:
1772:
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292:
286:
278:
255:
20:
674:
632:
434:
100:
523:. Annihilation through labour?: Routledge. pp. 139–160.
404:
398:
96:
1200:
Work during the Time of Nazi Germany: Work for Nazi Germany.
1161:(in German). Bonn: Dietz Verlag J.H.W. Nachf. p. 503.
1146:. Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, Berlin 2004. 207 pages
475:, a German plan to starve the Slavic and Jewish populations
380:
Up to 25,000 of the 35,000 prisoners appointed to work for
350:
of the detainees were accompanied by scornful remarks from
628:
626:
624:
622:
1302:
Eugen Kogon; Heinz Norden; Nikolaus Wachsmann (2006).
88:, with only limited overlap between these two groups.
619:
1108:(Rossija. XX vek. Dokumenty), Moskva: Materik 2000,
877:
875:
706:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 44.
173:
Forced labour under German rule during World War II
1230:
852:
1156:
872:
343:—were accompanied by humiliation and harassment.
2246:
254:Jewish forced labourers, marching with shovels,
1333:Die nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager
1277:Michael Berenbaum, Abraham J Peck, ed. (2002).
906:Pakier, Małgorzata; Stråth, Bo (15 July 2013).
804:Die nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager
1205:
2207:The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy
1365:
1106:GULAG (Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerej): 1918–1960
1013:
704:KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps
587:
585:
583:
1175:
905:
639:. Princeton University Press. p. 216.
633:Robert Gellately; Nathan Stoltzfus (2001).
123:. However, it was specifically employed by
16:Killing prisoners by means of forced labour
1637:All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy
1372:
1358:
1306:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 368.
1190:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
743:. Volume XXXVIII, p. 366 / document 129-R.
580:
186:) as well as superfluous "ballast-lives" (
131:in late 1942 negotiations involving them,
847:Gefangenschaft, Zwangsarbeit, Vernichtung
694:
670:
668:
598:. Oxford University Press. pp. 63–.
224:the final solution to the Jewish question
115:The term "extermination through labour" (
71:) is a term that was adopted to describe
52:Commemorative plaque in Hamburg-Neugraben
985:
653:
512:
510:
508:
322:
249:
73:forced labor in Nazi concentration camps
47:
27:
1178:Arbeit fĂĽr den Krieg (Work for the War)
1091:New Haven: Yale University Press 2004,
758:Memorial and Museum: Auschwitz-Birkenau
595:Slave Labor in Nazi Concentration Camps
591:
551:
2247:
2116:In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays
992:A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia
939:
783:Die Vernichtung der europäischen Juden
665:
516:
407:is sometimes presented as a system of
392:
318:
2060:Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral
1353:
1038:, Harcourt 1985 edition, at 444 – 45"
1025:, Harcourt 1985 edition, at 444 – 45"
942:"Hitler vs. Stalin: Who Killed More?"
785:. Extended edition; Frankfurt, 1990.
505:
1379:
735:
733:
1198:Anne-Kathleen Tillack-Graf (2014).
860:Archipel Gulag. Stalins Zwangslager
520:Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany
13:
1104:A. I. Kokurin/N. V. Petrov (Ed.):
1044:
675:Wannsee Protocol, January 20, 1942
484:Labour Battalions (Ottoman Empire)
368:SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt
166:
14:
2286:
2109:Future Primitive and Other Essays
1321:
940:Snyder, Timothy (10 March 2011).
730:
2255:Unfree labor during World War II
2033:The Working Class Goes to Heaven
1345:, Deutschlandradio, May 11, 2003
636:Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany
441:expands upon this, stating that
433:wrote: "The penal system in the
417:camps of extermination by labour
119:) was not generally used by the
2193:The Revolution of Everyday Life
1028:
987:Yakovlev, Alexander Nikolaevich
979:
964:
933:
899:
889:), Fischer, Frankfurt/M. 1973,
817:
796:
771:
95:, have written that the Soviet
2144:On the Poverty of Student Life
2008:Swedish Public Freedom Service
1987:Theater, movies, music and art
1795:Occupational safety and health
1610:Terminology and related topics
1140:Vernichtung durch Hunger: der
1036:The Origins of Totalitarianism
1022:The Origins of Totalitarianism
746:
687:
545:
439:Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev
228:conference in Wannsee, Germany
110:
78:Nazi concentration camp system
1:
2179:The Human Use of Human Beings
845:Joel Kotek / Pierre Rigoulot
499:
346:Admission, registration, and
40:concentration camp quarry in
2151:The Society of the Spectacle
2021:The Future of Work and Death
1689:Extermination through labour
1144:in der Ukraine und der UdSSR
1121:Joel Kotek/Pierre Rigoulot:
976:, Vol. 2. "Novyy Mir", 1990.
946:The New York Review of Books
339:, the prisoner housing, the
61:"extermination through work"
57:Extermination through labour
7:
2095:Critique of Economic Reason
1231:Nikolaus Wachsmann (1999).
885:(Ed. by David Joravsky and
662:by Richard Weikar, page 73.
456:
308:
36:("Stairs of Death") at the
10:
2291:
2234:Situationist International
2014:Take This Job and Shove It
1936:Technological unemployment
1180:(in German). Braunschweig.
1157:Hermann Kaienburg (1990).
1057:. Piper, 1998. 987 pages.
554:European History Quarterly
415:introduced the expression
396:
277:, food rationing, lack of
170:
18:
2216:
2049:
1986:
1909:Right to rest and leisure
1748:Honeymoon-hangover effect
1632:Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich
1609:
1528:
1387:
1287:Press. pp. 370–407.
1241:Journal of Modern History
929:– via Google Books.
680:19 September 2018 at the
329:Dachau concentration camp
2265:Nazi concentration camps
566:10.1177/0265691409342658
529:10.4324/9780203865200-12
419:in his non-fiction work
117:Vernichtung durch Arbeit
69:Vernichtung durch Arbeit
2067:Bartleby, the Scrivener
2027:The Main Thing Is Work!
1617:996 working hour system
1214:Oxford University Press
1206:Donald Bloxham (2001).
829:, Rowohlt rororo 1998,
827:Lexikon der Völkermorde
754:"The number of victims"
208:conscientious objectors
2130:Manifesto Against Work
1815:Performance punishment
1505:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
1138:Rudolf A. Mark (Ed.):
971:Alexander Solzhenitsyn
793:. Volume 2. Page 994f.
741:Der NĂĽrnberger Prozess
592:Buggeln, Marc (2014).
427:White Sea–Baltic Canal
413:Alexander Solzhenitsyn
378:
332:
259:
248:
93:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
91:Some writers, notably
68:
53:
45:
2165:The Abolition of Work
2088:The Conquest of Bread
2040:Yama—Attack to Attack
1852:Protestant work ethic
1176:Gerd Wysocki (1992).
997:Yale University Press
777:Auschwitz Museum and
422:The Gulag Archipelago
373:
326:
253:
232:
171:Further information:
160:Jens-Christian Wagner
82:Jens-Christian Wagner
51:
31:
2200:The Right to Be Lazy
2123:Inventing the Future
1857:Psychological safety
1842:Productivity theater
1835:Digital presenteeism
1805:Orange S.A. suicides
1790:Occupational burnout
1529:Contemporary persons
494:Utilitarian genocide
365:, the leader of the
192:forced sterilization
1978:Work–life interface
1800:Occupational stress
1743:Happiness economics
1679:Effects of overtime
1647:Bare minimum Monday
1627:Abusive supervision
1566:Claus Peter Ortlieb
1470:Henry David Thoreau
1465:Friedrich Nietzsche
1087:Oleg V. Khlevniuk:
1053:Stéphane Courtois:
806:. Frankfurt, 2002,
696:Wachsmann, Nikolaus
448:Political theorist
393:In the Soviet Union
319:Concentration camps
129:Otto Georg Thierack
1847:Professional abuse
1561:Maurizio Lazzarato
1405:Alfredo M. Bonanno
1388:Historical persons
1285:Indiana University
1125:, Propyläen 2001,
912:. Berghahn Books.
862:, Schöningh 1996,
333:
260:
54:
46:
2260:Execution methods
2242:
2241:
1995:À Nous la Liberté
1820:Post-work society
1714:Four-day workweek
1694:Career cushioning
1684:Employee ghosting
1581:Penelope Rosemont
1546:Madeleine Bunting
1313:978-0-374-52992-5
1294:978-0-253-21529-1
1223:978-0-19-820872-3
1168:978-3-8012-5009-6
646:978-0-691-08684-2
538:978-0-203-86520-0
245:
216:Haavara Agreement
188:Ballastexistenzen
152:Hermann Kaienburg
2282:
2137:New Escapologist
1914:Sampo generation
1768:Jobless employed
1673:Dolce far niente
1667:Cycle of poverty
1460:Bertrand Russell
1381:Critique of work
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1367:
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1071:Jörg Echternkamp
1069:
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974:Arkhipelag Gulag
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849:, Propyläen 2001
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700:"1. Early camps"
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463:Critique of work
314:
299:were also used.
264:Nuremberg Trials
242:Wannsee Protocol
239:
200:social democrats
141:Nuremberg trials
137:Heinrich Himmler
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2289:
2285:
2284:
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2212:
2172:The End of Work
2158:Steal This Book
2074:Bonjour paresse
2045:
1982:
1941:Toxic workplace
1899:Refusal of work
1872:Quiet promotion
1605:
1524:
1475:Herbert Marcuse
1450:Walter Benjamin
1440:Mikhail Bakunin
1383:
1378:
1343:Frauen im Gulag
1338:
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1314:
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1224:
1216:. p. 296.
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1045:Further reading
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1034:"Hannah Arendt
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824:Gunnar Heinsohn
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682:Wayback Machine
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220:Madagascar Plan
175:
169:
167:In Nazi Germany
125:Joseph Goebbels
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2002:Office Space
2000:
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1973:Working poor
1958:Wage slavery
1928:
1924:Six-hour day
1867:Quiet hiring
1830:Presenteeism
1782:
1758:Job crafting
1688:
1671:
1652:Bullshit job
1596:Claire Wolfe
1591:Nick Srnicek
1485:Josef Pieper
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779:Raul Hilberg
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703:
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489:Penal labour
447:
431:Roy Medvedev
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327:Gate in the
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179:marginalized
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25:
2229:CrimethInc.
2217:Communities
1951:Psychopathy
1904:Resenteeism
1763:Job cuffing
1738:Glass cliff
1729:Uberisation
1622:Absenteeism
1601:John Zerzan
1586:Mark Slouka
1495:Max Stirner
1480:Jerry Rubin
1435:Ivan Illich
1339:(In German)
1328:(In German)
1136:(In German)
1119:(In German)
1068:(In German)
1051:(In German)
756:. History.
473:Hunger Plan
468:Death march
409:death camps
403:The Soviet
363:Oswald Pohl
359:war machine
305:Pfahlhängen
148:Falk Pingel
111:Terminology
34:Todesstiege
2249:Categories
2224:R/antiwork
2102:Fight Club
2051:Literature
1968:Workaholic
1963:Work ethic
1946:Narcissism
1733:Gig worker
1642:Autonomism
1425:Guy Debord
1410:André Gorz
1212:. Oxford:
719:30 January
500:References
341:roll calls
196:communists
182:misfits" (
107:'s China.
105:Mao Zedong
38:Mauthausen
2186:The Idler
1930:Tang ping
1825:Precariat
1753:Hush trip
1724:Ghost job
1699:Careerism
1500:Max Weber
1490:Karl Marx
1415:Bob Black
1270:154490460
1186:cite book
1142:Holodomor
956:2 January
925:2 January
693:Compare:
611:19 August
479:Jägerstab
386:Auschwitz
382:IG Farben
311:Strappado
301:Torstehen
275:nutrition
218:, or the
204:democrats
1810:Overwork
1731: /
1704:Flextime
1520:Zo d'Axa
989:(2002).
698:(2015).
678:Archived
574:10534453
457:See also
331:memorial
184:Asoziale
2275:Slavery
1784:Neijuan
1773:Karoshi
1262:2990503
293:Torture
287:disease
281:, poor
279:hygiene
256:Mogilev
244:, 1942.
226:" at a
121:Nazi SS
21:Karoshi
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763:24 May
710:
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535:
443:Stalin
435:Kolyma
258:, 1941
206:, and
135:, and
101:Laogai
65:German
1331:Lemo
1266:S2CID
1258:JSTOR
1236:(PDF)
739:IMT:
570:S2CID
405:Gulag
399:Gulag
309:(see
97:Gulag
1308:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1192:link
1163:ISBN
1148:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1093:ISBN
1079:ISBN
1059:ISBN
1001:ISBN
958:2017
927:2017
914:ISBN
891:ISBN
864:ISBN
831:ISBN
808:ISBN
787:ISBN
765:2016
721:2019
708:ISBN
641:ISBN
613:2015
600:ISBN
533:ISBN
295:and
154:and
127:and
86:Jews
59:(or
32:The
1250:doi
952:(4)
562:doi
525:doi
384:in
2251::
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1184:{{
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507:^
352:SS
315:.
240:—
202:,
198:,
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2012:"
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767:.
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23:.
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