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Exclusivists focus more on the religious believersâ âways of knowing and understanding of religious beliefs as expressive truth,â resulting in a broader possibility for interfaith engagement. For example, Netland sets aside comparing religionsâ salvation when he says dialogue should focus on the most important question all religions deal with â the question of truth. Brecht reaches the conclusion that exclusivism is tenable for
Christians â and by extension other religious believers â if believers come into contact with believers of other religions who can possibly âdefeatâ their own, so they can have something to base their truth claims on. Brecht says, âPractically, this means that, for example, reflective Christians will consider their beliefs to be as
196:. Christian exclusivists point to the gospel of John (14:6), which quotes Jesus as saying, "I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me". After Jesus' death, his disciple Peter said publicly, "Salvation is found in no one else, for there is no other name under heaven given to mankind by which we must be saved" (Acts 4:12). Likewise, the Quran (3:85) states, "If anyone desires a religion other than Islam (submission to Allah), never will it be accepted of him; and in the Hereafter He will be in the ranks of those who have lost (all spiritual good)". While Judaism does not stress salvation, the First Commandment (Exodus 20:3) is "
457:
freedom. However, respondents who identified in the exclusivist category or believed that the United States was a
Christian nation displayed much more negative views and a decreased willingness to include other religious people in the lives of their community. Stephen Merino concludes, âIt may be that when many Americans think of âreligious diversity,â they have only Christian diversity in mind.â Nevertheless, they also provided research to back up their statement,
200:". Race says, "The tension between Christian experience and the recognition of potential authentic practice outside of the Christian revelation, in fact has always existed in Christian history from the beginning, from the words of Jesus himself in the gospel of Luke: in Luke 9:50 he says, 'He who is not against us is for us'". Daniel Strange points out what Race neglects to mention that in the same gospel (11:23) Jesus says, "He who is not with me is against me".
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disagreeing with someone about religious truth is tantamount to treating them badly. n exclusivist claim about religious truth is not defeated strictly because such claims are believed to militate against human harmony and peace.' In addition, Hick, Smith and other pluralists balk at the idea that an all-loving God would condemn some people to hell, or that anyone actually deserves to be damned. Stetson quotes CS Lewis: âThe doors of hell are locked on the
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for possible conversion. The relationship is not entered into on equal ground, therefore, nor with the openness to a significant reciprocal change of self-identity. If dialogue is entered into, it is only for mutual edification and an increase in good will. Closed exclusivism offers no chance for a relationship, other than acknowledging the otherâs right to exist. An extreme, hard-line exclusivism often leads to a fundamentalist perspective. Pratt writes:
426:, a Greek people who claimed to have originated in Crete and settled in Asia Minor, worshiped the Olympian Gods exclusively. "They determined that they would no longer make use of the foreign temples which had been established among them, but would worship their own old ancestral Gods alone. Then their whole youth took arms, and striking the air with their spears, marched to the Calyndic frontier, declaring that they were driving out the foreign Gods."
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148:, with its baleful historical influence, in validating centuries of anti-semitism, the colonial exploitation by Christian Europe of what today we call the third world, and the subordination of women within a strongly patriarchal religious system, not only causes misgivings among many Christians but also alarms many of our non-Christian neighbors, creating invisible but powerful barriers within the human community.
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338:, which states if a person does not believe the Christian concept of the Trinity, that person is condemned. Moser further believes that a God who would exclude people from salvation for neither hearing nor understanding the concept of the Trinity does not have a moral character, and is therefore undeserving of worship.
321:âThe negation of otherness is perhaps critical, for it involves a devaluing and dismissal of the "other," whether in terms of rival community or competing alterities, ideological or otherwise. In the process of negating the other, the self is asserted as inherently superior. My god is greater than your god.â
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Douglas Pratt further defines exclusivism, dividing it into three subdivisions â open, closed and extreme. Citing tâHooft and
Kraemer, Pratt says open exclusivism, while never ceding the superior position, âmay at least be amenably disposed toward the other,â if only in order to know Them well enough
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states it succinctly: "Insofar as they in good conscience practice what is good in their religion, people in other religions receive God's grace and are 'anonymous
Christians', people who are being saved through Christ, though they do not realize it." Inclusivists point to the biblical parable of the
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Race defined pluralism as all religions being equally beneficial, with no single religion dominating. Inclusivism attempts to straddle the poles of pluralism and exclusivism by agreeing with the latter that one religion (Christianity) has the most value, and agreeing with the former by stating that
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While the Bible speaks about many topics of inclusion, diversity and tolerance in both the Old and New
Testament â attitudes toward the alien and stranger; the hope of Christians being drawn from all nations and languages; God's universal care and sustaining of creation; the universal scope of the
48:
Religious exclusivism, one of the three classic typologies which describe religions relative to one another, states that one religion, to the exclusion of all others, has the correct understanding of God, truth and salvation, and eternal paradise is contingent on one's belief in the core tenets of
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While most attention of exclusivism points toward
Christianity, many religions have a branch that falls into the exclusivist category. Dâcosta points out whether one considers oneself Buddhist or Hindu or Muslim â or indeed a pluralist â each version states that âonly one single revelation or one
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Mara Brecht states that the problem with classic exclusivism is that it deals mainly with
Christianity and salvation (or âtop downâ). She highlights the work of the âNew Wave of exclusivism,â led by Griffiths, Dâcosta and Netland, who employ a âbottom upâ approach to religious diversity. New Wave
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In a sociological survey of
Americans and their relationship with religions other than Christianity, nearly 90 percent of respondents either strongly or somewhat agreed that âreligious diversity has been good for America,â which reinforces the idea that Americans value diversity and religious
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In answering the pluralist charge, and hearkening back to
Netland, Brad Stetson baldly states, âIt is possible exclusivism is true.â It is this statement, he says, that upsets pluralists who charge exclusivists with arrogance and bad form. âIt is simply not true, as pluralists imply, that
242:"The Council firmly believes, professes and proclaims that those not living within the Catholic Church, not only pagans, but Jews, heretics and schismatics, cannot participate in eternal life, but will depart into everlasting fire which has been prepared for the devil and his angels."
80:
other religions still have significant value. While Raceâs three categories have been criticized, amended and refuted, most religious studies and interfaith scholars and students find the typologies useful as a starting point for conversations about the diversity of religions.
140:"Except at the cost of insensitivity or delinquency, it is morally not possible actually to go out into the world and say to devout, intelligent, fellow human beings: 'âŠwe believe that we know God and we are right; you believe that you know God, and you are totally wrong.'"
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While acknowledging that historically, Christianity showed the most extreme forms of exclusivism, Pratt contends that many fundamentalist religions compete for that title, with Islam leading other worthy contenders in ways that are not always obvious. The purging of the
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DâCosta has argued persuasively that logically, pluralism can no longer be considered a category, because when it makes the declarative truth claim that no single faith has a monopoly on revelation or salvation, it becomes another form of exclusivism.
316:âFundamentalism, as a mindset, is a mentality that expresses the modern quest for universality and coherence writ large: only one truth; one authority; one authentic narrative that accounts for all; one right way to be.â
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was borne out of a criticism of exclusivism, saying that no single tradition has a monopoly on revelation or salvation, and that we have no way to judge between the salvific claims by adherents of any faith tradition.
74:
432:, in his Laws, advocates that the state should punish those who deny the existence of the Olympian Gods or believe that the gods exist but think they are indifferent to mankind or can easily be bought by bribes.
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posits two forms of exclusivism: logical religious exclusivism, which asserts that since the contradictory, foundational truth claims for each religion excludes some or many of them from being true; and the
30:
characterized by the disregard for opinions and ideas which are different from one's own, or the practice of organizing entities into groups by excluding those entities which possess certain traits.
367:
The Decree of
Diopithes (430 BCE) forbade the worship of and belief in gods other than those of the Olympian pantheon recognised by the Athenian polis. The introduction of other gods was treated as
60:âExclusivism is more than simply a conviction about the transformative power of the particular vision one has; it is a conviction about its finality and its absolute priority over competing viewsâ.
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wrote that Jesus is the one who has the complete authority to judge other religions' efficacy. Highlighting a unique contemporary take on the salvation problem, Strange introduces
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Merino, Stephen. "Religious Diversity in a "Christian Nation": The Effects of Theological Exclusivity and Interreligious Contact on the Acceptance of Religious Diversity."
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Prior contact with non-Christians will be associated with more positive views of religious diversity and increased willingness to include non-Christians into social life.â
128:
suggests that each religion knows "transcendent reality ("God") yet in partial perspective", much like the oft-quoted parable of the seven blind men and the elephant.
136:
says that pluralists' problem with exclusivism stems from its seeming immorality and arrogance. He quotes William Cantwell Smith (a leading proponent of pluralism):
132:
says pluralists have two main critiques of exclusivists: that they do not know their own scriptures well enough, and people of other religions are good and loving.
440:, the common tendency of ancient Greek writers to identify foreign divinities with members of their own pantheon, can be seen as a kind of exclusivism. The
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ruler of Israel, decided to Hellenize the Jews by ordering the worship of Zeus; when they refused, Antiochus sent an army to enforce his decree.
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A specific form of Christian inclusivism holds that, while Christianity is true, other truths can be found in fragments within other religions.
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were accused of impiety under this decree. Socrates was found guilty of the charge of introducing new gods and condemned to death by drinking
64:
While it was originally used to define Christianity, exclusivism can apply to any religious belief system, as can Raceâs other two categories
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single religion is true and all other ârevelationsâ or religions are falseâ without providing any scriptural support for his claim.
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period whereby aspects of the cults of foreign Gods such as iconography and epithets, can also be seen as a kind of exclusivism.
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282:'s contention that those who do not know the Bible cannot be condemned for their lack of knowledge.
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to create, call and gather the Christian Church, and outside it no one can come to the Lord Christ."
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Buddhist alternatives. In other words, believers will weigh their beliefs against other beliefs.â
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sheep and the goats in which the saved sheep show surprise at being rewarded for their service to
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in the third century. However, the doctrine is often interpreted as not referring merely to the
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the overwhelming feeling in the Church throughout most of its history mimics that of the
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Lee, Morgan. âLove Thy Neighbor: South Asia Christians Advocate for Rohingya Muslims.â
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Pratt, Douglas. "Exclusivism and Exclusivity: A Contemporary Theological Challenge."
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Pratt, Douglas. "Exclusivism and Exclusivity: A Contemporary Theological Challenge."
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Race, Alan. "Theologies of Religions in Change: Factors in the Shape of a Debate".
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Hedges, Paul. "A Reflection on Typologies: Negotiating a Fast-Moving Discussion".
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Along with Smith, another major proponent of pluralism is John Hick, who writes:
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Strange, Daniel. "Exclusivisms: 'Indeed Their Rock is Not like Our Rock'".
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359:, for example, is portrayed as an exclusivism of the Buddhist traditions.
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585:"The Impossibility of a Pluralist View of Religions 32.2 (1996): 223-32"
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based on the exclusivist teachings of the 13th-century Buddhist priest
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1517:
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380:
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326:
251:
212:, the idea of "no salvation outside of the (Christian) church" (Latin:
188:â exclusivism â as well as inclusivism â goes back to the words of the
88:
621:
D'Costa, Gavin. "The Impossibility of a Pluralist View of Religions."
558:, Thomas D. Senor (ed). (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995): 176.
541:
D'Costa, Gavin. "The Impossibility of a Pluralist View of Religions."
515:
D'Costa, Gavin. "The Impossibility of a Pluralist View of Religions."
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27:
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104:
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Plantinga, Alan. "Pluralism: A Defense of Religious Exclusivism".
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674:. Paul Hedges and Alan Race, eds. (London: SCM, 2008): 14.
532:. Paul Hedges and Alan Race, eds. (London: SCM, 2008): 18.
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1106:
687:. Paul Hedges and Alan Race, eds. (London: SCM, 2008) 37.
16:
Disregard for opinions and ideas different from one's own
638:
Tuggy, Dale (2015). "Religious Diversity, Theories Of".
556:
The Rationality of Belief and the Plurality of Faith
375:, and was punishable by death. Several philosophers
203:
232:
universal mandate to take the gospel to the nations
299:the relevant alternatives from within Judaism and
502:Tuggy, Dale. "Religious Diversity, Theories Of."
341:
295:as alternatives from within their own tradition,
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218:) has roots as early as the Christian patriarch
931:
929:
741:Brecht, Mara. "What's the use of Exclusivism?"
572:. Westport CT and London: Praeger. p. 117.
570:Pluralism and Particularity in Religious Belief
262:"For where Christ is not preached, there is no
180:Exclusivism in Christianity and other religions
452:Exclusivism and religious diversity in America
2429:
957:
653:Moser, Paul (2010). "Religious Exclusivism".
926:
867:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
258:continued the exclusivist theological bent:
582:
306:
52:According to American religious professor,
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2422:
971:
964:
950:
814:The Oxford Handbook of Religious Diversity
655:The Oxford Handbook of Religious Diversity
285:
2363:Relationship between religion and science
812:Moser, Paul K. "Religious Exclusivism."
464:
33:
567:
110:
4512:
1289:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
198:You shall have no other gods before me
184:According to Race, the history of the
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2455:
2417:
945:
666:
664:
652:
637:
633:
631:
685:Christian Approaches to Other Faiths
672:Christian Approaches to Other Faiths
530:Christian Approaches to Other Faiths
362:
334:redemptive exclusivism based on the
640:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
504:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
87:religion based on the foothills of
13:
661:
628:
325:The American religious professor,
99:Buddhist sect claiming only it is
75:Christians and Religious Pluralism
14:
4541:
204:âNo salvation outside the Churchâ
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301:considerably more probable than
274:, through the Dutch missionary
2443:
615:
576:
561:
548:
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522:
509:
496:
483:
342:Exclusivism in other religions
156:
1:
4176:
476:
3965:Ordinary language philosophy
2456:
2328:Desacralization of knowledge
115:
7:
4015:Contemporary utilitarianism
3930:Internalism and externalism
1740:Best of all possible worlds
1697:Eschatological verification
1254:Fine-tuning of the universe
297:somewhat more probable than
215:Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus
10:
4546:
3279:Svatantrika and Prasangika
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160:
95:is an example of an ultra-
37:
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2690:
2643:
2615:
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2539:
2501:Philosophy of mathematics
2491:Philosophy of information
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601:10.1017/S0034412500024240
270:In the 20th century, the
22:is the practice of being
1969:Friedrich Schleiermacher
1555:Theories about religions
1357:Inconsistent revelations
307:Divisions of exclusivism
3970:Postanalytic philosophy
3911:Experimental philosophy
583:D'Costa, Gavin (1996).
286:New wave of exclusivism
4520:Philosophical theories
4103:Social constructionism
3115:Hellenistic philosophy
2531:Theoretical philosophy
2506:Philosophy of religion
2496:Philosophy of language
1833:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
973:Philosophy of religion
568:Stetson, Brad (1994).
409:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
323:
318:
268:
244:
150:
142:
62:
4486:Philosophy portal
4005:Scientific skepticism
3985:Reformed epistemology
2511:Philosophy of science
2368:Faith and rationality
2323:Criticism of religion
2261:Robert Merrihew Adams
2251:Nicholas Wolterstorff
1454:Divine command theory
465:Exclusivism and truth
319:
314:
260:
240:
210:Roman Catholic Church
161:Further information:
146:
138:
58:
34:Religious exclusivism
3906:Critical rationalism
3613:Edo neo-Confucianism
3457:Acintya bheda abheda
3436:Renaissance humanism
3147:School of the Sextii
2521:Practical philosophy
2516:Political philosophy
2358:Religious philosophy
1838:Pico della Mirandola
1803:Anselm of Canterbury
1735:Augustinian theodicy
1647:Religious skepticism
980:Concepts in religion
437:Interpretatio graeca
220:Origen of Alexandria
176:(Matthew 25:31-40).
111:Threeâpoint typology
3477:Nimbarka Sampradaya
3388:Korean Confucianism
3135:Academic Skepticism
2343:History of religion
2044:Friedrich Nietzsche
1921:Gottfried W Leibniz
1916:Nicolas Malebranche
1848:King James VI and I
1128:Abrahamic religions
743:Theological Studies
519:32.2 (1996): 223-24
393:Theodorus of Cyrene
272:missionary movement
250:and later renowned
236:Council of Florence
4098:Post-structuralism
4000:Scientific realism
3955:Quinean naturalism
3935:Logical positivism
3891:Analytical Marxism
3110:Peripatetic school
3022:Chinese naturalism
2549:Aesthetic response
2476:Applied philosophy
2353:Religious language
2333:Ethics in religion
2291:William Lane Craig
2166:Charles Hartshorne
1906:Desiderius Erasmus
1808:Augustine of Hippo
1750:Inconsistent triad
1712:Apophatic theology
1707:Logical positivism
1689:Religious language
1309:Watchmaker analogy
1274:Necessary existent
1050:Conceptions of God
1010:Intelligent design
854:Christianity Today
246:The former German
83:Accordingly, the
4507:
4506:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4158:
3886:Analytic feminism
3858:
3857:
3820:Kierkegaardianism
3782:Transcendentalism
3742:Neo-scholasticism
3588:Classical Realism
3565:
3564:
3337:
3336:
3152:Neopythagoreanism
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2526:Social philosophy
2411:
2410:
2311:
2310:
2271:Peter van Inwagen
2256:Richard Swinburne
2201:George I Mavrodes
2061:Vladimir Solovyov
2001:SĂžren Kierkegaard
1926:William Wollaston
1873:William of Ockham
1853:Marcion of Sinope
1755:Irenaean theodicy
1745:Euthyphro dilemma
1672:Transcendentalism
1501:Womanist theology
1491:Feminist theology
1395:
1394:
1186:
1185:
1072:Divine simplicity
992:Euthyphro dilemma
869:49.2 (2010): 237.
785:20.3 (2007): 297.
625:32.2 (1996): 225.
623:Religious Studies
589:Religious Studies
545:32.2 (1996): 227.
543:Religious Studies
517:Religious Studies
493:20.3 (2007): 296.
363:In Ancient Greece
101:The True Buddhism
4537:
4525:Religious ethics
4496:
4495:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4199:
4198:
4190:
4189:
4173:
4172:
4063:Frankfurt School
4010:Transactionalism
3960:Normative ethics
3940:Legal positivism
3916:Falsificationism
3901:Consequentialism
3896:Communitarianism
3869:
3868:
3737:New Confucianism
3576:
3575:
3383:Neo-Confucianism
3348:
3347:
3157:Second Sophistic
3142:Middle Platonism
2985:
2984:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2914:
2758:Epiphenomenalism
2625:Consequentialism
2559:Institutionalism
2464:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2415:
2414:
2401:
2400:
2391:
2296:Ali Akbar Rashad
2159:Reinhold Niebuhr
2119:Bertrand Russell
2114:George Santayana
2011:Albrecht Ritschl
1996:Ludwig Feuerbach
1786:
1785:
1782:(by date active)
1642:Process theology
1387:Russell's teapot
1197:
1196:
1192:Existence of God
1102:Process theology
1055:
1054:
1040:Theological veto
1003:religious belief
966:
959:
952:
943:
942:
936:
933:
924:
921:
915:
912:
906:
903:
897:
894:
888:
885:
879:
876:
870:
863:
857:
856:, Oct. 27, 2017.
850:
844:
841:
835:
832:
826:
823:
817:
810:
804:
801:
795:
792:
786:
779:
773:
770:
764:
761:
755:
752:
746:
745:73.1 (2012): 34.
739:
733:
730:
724:
721:
715:
712:
706:
703:
697:
694:
688:
681:
675:
668:
659:
658:
650:
644:
643:
635:
626:
619:
613:
612:
580:
574:
573:
565:
559:
552:
546:
539:
533:
526:
520:
513:
507:
500:
494:
487:
405:Conium maculatum
336:Athanasian Creed
186:Abrahamic faiths
49:that religion.
4545:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4480:
4478:
4457:
4421:
4321:
4283:
4230:
4184:
4183:
4155:
4144:Russian cosmism
4117:
4113:Western Marxism
4078:New Historicism
4043:Critical theory
4029:
4025:Wittgensteinian
3921:Foundationalism
3854:
3791:
3772:Social contract
3628:Foundationalism
3561:
3543:
3527:Illuminationism
3512:Aristotelianism
3498:
3487:Vishishtadvaita
3440:
3392:
3333:
3300:
3171:
3100:Megarian school
3095:Eretrian school
3036:
2997:Agriculturalism
2974:
2920:
2901:
2848:
2820:
2777:
2729:
2686:
2670:Incompatibilism
2639:
2611:
2563:
2535:
2458:
2447:
2442:
2412:
2407:
2379:
2307:
2303:Alexander Pruss
2286:Jean-Luc Marion
2241:Alvin Plantinga
2236:Dewi Z Phillips
2223:
2221:
2215:
2186:Walter Kaufmann
2176:Frithjof Schuon
2149:Rudolf Bultmann
2106:
2100:
2096:Joseph Maréchal
2086:Pavel Florensky
2081:Sergei Bulgakov
2066:Ernst Troeltsch
2049:Harald HĂžffding
2026:
2020:
1991:William Whewell
1979:Georg W F Hegel
1974:Karl C F Krause
1961:
1955:
1951:Johann G Herder
1941:Baron d'Holbach
1891:Augustin Calmet
1877:
1793:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1769:
1727:Problem of evil
1721:
1717:Verificationism
1683:
1391:
1337:Atheist's Wager
1320:
1182:
1116:
1044:
1020:Problem of evil
975:
970:
940:
939:
934:
927:
922:
918:
913:
909:
904:
900:
895:
891:
886:
882:
877:
873:
864:
860:
851:
847:
842:
838:
833:
829:
824:
820:
811:
807:
802:
798:
793:
789:
780:
776:
771:
767:
762:
758:
753:
749:
740:
736:
731:
727:
722:
718:
713:
709:
704:
700:
695:
691:
682:
678:
669:
662:
651:
647:
636:
629:
620:
616:
581:
577:
566:
562:
553:
549:
540:
536:
527:
523:
514:
510:
501:
497:
488:
484:
479:
467:
454:
365:
344:
309:
288:
280:George Lindbeck
276:Hendrik Kraemer
248:Catholic priest
230:gospel and the
206:
182:
165:
159:
134:Alvin Plantinga
118:
113:
85:Nichiren Shoshu
46:
38:Main articles:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4543:
4533:
4532:
4530:Fundamentalism
4527:
4522:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4489:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4342:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4289:Middle Eastern
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4196:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4053:Existentialism
4050:
4048:Deconstruction
4045:
4039:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3881:Applied ethics
3877:
3875:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3845:Nietzscheanism
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3787:Utilitarianism
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3685:Transcendental
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3623:Existentialism
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3411:Augustinianism
3408:
3402:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3324:Zoroastrianism
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3167:Church Fathers
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3049:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2682:Libertarianism
2679:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2486:Metaphilosophy
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2395:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2316:Related topics
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2276:Daniel Dennett
2273:
2268:
2266:Ravi Zacharias
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2231:William L Rowe
2227:
2225:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2206:William Alston
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2154:Gabriel Marcel
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2091:Ernst Cassirer
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1986:Thomas Carlyle
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1911:Baruch Spinoza
1908:
1903:
1898:
1896:René Descartes
1893:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1868:Thomas Aquinas
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1783:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1637:Possibilianism
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1513:Fundamentalism
1510:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1474:Existentialism
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1367:Noncognitivism
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1316:Transcendental
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1284:Pascal's wager
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1219:
1214:
1212:Christological
1209:
1203:
1201:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
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1135:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
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1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1005:
994:
989:
983:
981:
977:
976:
969:
968:
961:
954:
946:
938:
937:
925:
916:
907:
898:
889:
880:
871:
858:
845:
836:
827:
818:
805:
803:Pratt, 298-99.
796:
787:
774:
765:
756:
747:
734:
725:
716:
707:
698:
689:
676:
660:
645:
627:
614:
575:
560:
547:
534:
521:
508:
495:
481:
480:
478:
475:
466:
463:
453:
450:
364:
361:
343:
340:
308:
305:
287:
284:
224:visible church
205:
202:
181:
178:
158:
155:
117:
114:
112:
109:
97:traditionalist
72:. In his 1982
44:One true faith
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4542:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
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4500:
4499:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:Miscellaneous
4424:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:Miscellaneous
4120:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4108:Structuralism
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4093:Postmodernism
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4083:Phenomenology
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4020:Vienna Circle
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3950:Moral realism
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3752:Phenomenology
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3692:Individualism
3690:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3557:Judeo-Islamic
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3533:ÊżIlm al-KalÄm
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:Shuddhadvaita
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:Scholasticism
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2912:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2867:Conceptualism
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2796:Particularism
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Functionalism
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:Eliminativism
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:Compatibilism
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2592:Particularism
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2404:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2246:Anthony Kenny
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:Mircea Eliade
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:William James
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Ernst Haeckel
2032:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1946:Immanuel Kant
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:Blaise Pascal
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1702:Language game
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1372:Occam's razor
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:Consciousness
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1112:Unmoved mover
1110:
1108:
1107:Supreme Being
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
982:
978:
974:
967:
962:
960:
955:
953:
948:
947:
944:
935:Stetson, 123.
932:
930:
923:Stetson, 119.
920:
914:Stetson, 118.
911:
905:Stetson, 115.
902:
893:
884:
875:
868:
862:
855:
849:
840:
831:
822:
815:
809:
800:
791:
784:
778:
769:
760:
751:
744:
738:
729:
720:
711:
702:
693:
686:
680:
673:
667:
665:
656:
649:
641:
634:
632:
624:
618:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
579:
571:
564:
557:
551:
544:
538:
531:
525:
518:
512:
505:
499:
492:
486:
482:
474:
473:
462:
460:
449:
447:
443:
439:
438:
433:
431:
427:
425:
421:
418:According to
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
360:
358:
354:
348:
339:
337:
333:
328:
322:
317:
313:
304:
302:
298:
294:
283:
281:
277:
273:
267:
265:
259:
257:
256:Martin Luther
253:
249:
243:
239:
237:
233:
227:
225:
221:
217:
216:
211:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
177:
175:
170:
164:
154:
149:
145:
141:
137:
135:
131:
130:Gavin D'Costa
127:
122:
108:
107:(1222â1282).
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
78:
76:
71:
67:
61:
57:
55:
50:
45:
41:
40:Chosen people
31:
29:
25:
21:
4491:
4477:
4148:
4139:Postcritique
4129:Kyoto School
4088:Posthumanism
4068:Hermeneutics
3923: /
3864:Contemporary
3840:Newtonianism
3803:Cartesianism
3762:Reductionism
3598:Conservatism
3593:Collectivism
3531:
3259:SarvÄstivadÄ
3237:Anekantavada
3162:Neoplatonism
3130:Epicureanism
3063:Pythagoreans
3002:Confucianism
2968:Contemporary
2958:Early modern
2862:Anti-realism
2816:Universalism
2773:Subjectivism
2569:Epistemology
2372:
2191:Martin Lings
2144:Emil Brunner
2134:Paul Tillich
2124:Martin Buber
2039:W K Clifford
2016:Afrikan Spir
1931:Thomas Chubb
1883:Early modern
1863:Adi Shankara
1776:Philosophers
1760:Natural evil
1676:
1652:Spiritualism
1627:Perennialism
1580:Metaphysical
1468:
1424:Antireligion
1299:Teleological
1222:Cosmological
1173:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
1138:Christianity
1097:Personal god
919:
910:
901:
896:Merino, 235.
892:
887:Merino, 244.
883:
878:Merino, 243.
874:
866:
861:
853:
848:
839:
834:D'cost, 224.
830:
821:
813:
808:
799:
790:
782:
777:
768:
759:
750:
742:
737:
732:Strange, 44.
728:
723:Strange, 43.
719:
710:
705:Strange, 40.
701:
696:Strange, 38.
692:
684:
679:
671:
654:
648:
639:
622:
617:
592:
588:
578:
569:
563:
555:
550:
542:
537:
529:
524:
516:
511:
503:
498:
490:
485:
471:
468:
458:
455:
435:
434:
428:
417:
401:Theophrastus
368:
366:
349:
345:
324:
320:
315:
310:
300:
296:
292:
289:
269:
261:
245:
241:
228:
213:
207:
183:
166:
151:
147:
143:
139:
119:
100:
82:
73:
63:
59:
51:
47:
19:
18:
4134:Objectivism
4073:Neo-Marxism
4035:Continental
3945:Meta-ethics
3925:Coherentism
3830:Hegelianism
3767:Rationalism
3727:Natural law
3707:Materialism
3633:Historicism
3603:Determinism
3494:Navya-NyÄya
3269:SautrÄntika
3264:Pudgalavada
3200:Vaisheshika
3053:Presocratic
2953:Renaissance
2892:Physicalism
2877:Materialism
2783:Normativity
2768:Objectivism
2753:Emergentism
2743:Behaviorism
2692:Metaphysics
2658:Determinism
2597:Rationalism
2211:Antony Flew
2196:Peter Geach
2129:René Guénon
2076:Lev Shestov
2071:Rudolf Otto
1778:of religion
1617:Panentheism
1550:Inclusivism
1469:Exclusivism
1464:Esotericism
1434:Creationism
1414:Agnosticism
1382:Poor design
1377:Omnipotence
1304:Natural law
1279:Ontological
1232:Contingency
1082:Holy Spirit
843:Pratt, 298.
816:(2010): 78.
794:Pratt, 293.
772:Brecht, 54.
763:Brecht, 43.
754:Brecht, 34.
714:Strange, 41
446:Hellenistic
264:Holy Spirit
169:Karl Rahner
163:Inclusivism
157:Inclusivism
126:Paul Hedges
66:inclusivism
20:Exclusivism
4514:Categories
4433:Amerindian
4340:Australian
4279:Vietnamese
4259:Indonesian
3808:Kantianism
3757:Positivism
3747:Pragmatism
3722:Naturalism
3702:Liberalism
3680:Subjective
3618:Empiricism
3522:Avicennism
3467:Bhedabheda
3351:East Asian
3274:Madhyamaka
3254:Abhidharma
3120:Pyrrhonism
2887:Nominalism
2882:Naturalism
2811:Skepticism
2801:Relativism
2791:Absolutism
2720:Naturalism
2630:Deontology
2602:Skepticism
2587:Naturalism
2577:Empiricism
2541:Aesthetics
2445:Philosophy
2181:J L Mackie
2139:Karl Barth
1936:David Hume
1858:Maimonides
1843:Heraclitus
1632:Polytheism
1602:Nondualism
1590:Humanistic
1575:Naturalism
1565:Monotheism
1523:Henotheism
1518:Gnosticism
1449:Demonology
1332:747 gambit
1249:Experience
1087:Misotheism
825:Moser, 83.
595:(2): 225.
477:References
442:syncretism
381:Protagoras
377:Anaxagoras
327:Paul Moser
252:Protestant
89:Mount Fuji
4312:Pakistani
4274:Taiwanese
4221:Ethiopian
4194:By region
4180:By region
3995:Scientism
3990:Systemics
3850:Spinozism
3777:Socialism
3712:Modernism
3675:Objective
3583:Anarchism
3517:Averroism
3406:Christian
3358:Neotaoism
3329:Zurvanism
3319:Mithraism
3314:Mazdakism
3085:Cyrenaics
3012:Logicians
2645:Free will
2607:Solipsism
2554:Formalism
2281:Loyal Rue
2006:Karl Marx
1828:Gaudapada
1657:Shamanism
1622:Pantheism
1607:Nontheism
1585:Religious
1570:Mysticism
1543:Christian
1533:Religious
1484:Atheistic
1479:Christian
1362:Nonbelief
1347:Free will
1163:Mormonism
987:Afterlife
609:170763569
420:Herodotus
397:Aristotle
238:in 1422:
121:Pluralism
116:Pluralism
70:pluralism
54:Diana Eck
28:mentality
24:exclusive
4498:Category
4453:Yugoslav
4443:Romanian
4350:Scottish
4335:American
4264:Japanese
4244:Buddhist
4226:Africana
4216:Egyptian
4058:Feminist
3980:Rawlsian
3975:Quietism
3873:Analytic
3825:Krausism
3732:Nihilism
3697:Kokugaku
3660:Absolute
3655:Idealism
3643:Humanism
3431:Occamism
3398:European
3343:Medieval
3289:Yogacara
3249:Buddhist
3242:SyÄdvÄda
3125:Stoicism
3090:Cynicism
3078:Sophists
3073:Atomists
3068:Eleatics
3007:Legalism
2948:Medieval
2872:Idealism
2826:Ontology
2806:Nihilism
2710:Idealism
2468:Branches
2457:Branches
2403:Category
2348:Religion
2338:Exegesis
1823:Boethius
1818:Averroes
1813:Avicenna
1795:medieval
1765:Theodicy
1612:Pandeism
1528:Humanism
1496:Thealogy
1439:Dharmism
1409:Acosmism
1401:Theology
1269:Morality
1264:Miracles
1143:Hinduism
1133:Buddhism
1092:Pandeism
1067:Demiurge
1035:Theodicy
783:Pacifica
491:Pacifica
472:inside.â
424:Caunians
413:Seleucid
385:Socrates
353:Rohingya
332:doxastic
293:probable
192:and the
105:Nichiren
4448:Russian
4417:Spanish
4412:Slovene
4402:Maltese
4397:Italian
4377:Finland
4345:British
4327:Western
4317:Turkish
4302:Islamic
4297:Iranian
4249:Chinese
4236:Eastern
4203:African
4150:more...
3835:Marxism
3665:British
3608:Dualism
3504:Islamic
3462:Advaita
3452:Vedanta
3426:Scotism
3421:Thomism
3363:Tiantai
3306:Persian
3294:Tibetan
3284:ĆĆ«nyatÄ
3225:CÄrvÄka
3215:ÄjÄ«vika
3210:MÄ«mÄáčsÄ
3190:Samkhya
3105:Academy
3058:Ionians
3032:Yangism
2989:Chinese
2980:Ancient
2943:Western
2938:Ancient
2897:Realism
2854:Reality
2844:Process
2725:Realism
2705:Dualism
2700:Atomism
2582:Fideism
2374:more...
2107:postwar
1790:Ancient
1678:more...
1597:New Age
1538:Secular
1508:Fideism
1459:Dualism
1429:Atheism
1419:Animism
1325:Against
1168:Sikhism
1158:Judaism
1153:Jainism
1062:Brahman
1015:Miracle
506:, 2015.
444:of the
373:impiety
369:asebeia
357:Myanmar
208:In the
4407:Polish
4387:German
4382:French
4367:Danish
4357:Canada
4307:Jewish
4269:Korean
4254:Indian
3796:People
3717:Monism
3670:German
3638:Holism
3571:Modern
3549:Jewish
3472:Dvaita
3445:Indian
3368:Huayan
3220:Ajñana
3177:Indian
3042:Greco-
3027:Taoism
3017:Mohism
2963:Modern
2930:By era
2919:By era
2834:Action
2715:Monism
2635:Virtue
2617:Ethics
2393:Portal
1667:Theism
1560:Monism
1294:Reason
1244:Desire
1239:Degree
1207:Beauty
1121:God in
1077:Egoism
1030:Spirit
607:
422:, the
399:, and
389:Stilpo
4438:Aztec
4392:Greek
4372:Dutch
4362:Czech
4211:Bantu
3648:Anti-
3195:Nyaya
3185:Hindu
3045:Roman
2839:Event
2481:Logic
1662:Taoic
1444:Deism
1227:Kalam
1178:Wicca
1148:Islam
997:Faith
657:: 86.
605:S2CID
430:Plato
371:, or
194:Quran
190:Bible
174:Jesus
93:Japan
3539:Sufi
3373:Chan
3232:Jain
3205:Yoga
2735:Mind
2675:Hard
2663:Hard
2224:2010
2222:1990
2220:1970
2105:1920
2027:1900
2025:1880
1962:1850
1960:1800
1352:Hell
1342:Evil
1259:Love
1025:Soul
68:and
42:and
26:, a
3813:Neo
3378:Zen
1792:and
1200:For
1001:or
597:doi
355:in
254:,
4516::
928:^
663:^
630:^
603:.
593:32
591:.
587:.
411:,
407:.
395:,
391:,
387:,
383:,
379:,
91:,
56::
2437:e
2430:t
2423:v
965:e
958:t
951:v
642:.
611:.
599::
459:â
77:,
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