793:
817:
137:
346:
777:
805:
119:
1179:Özkan, Mustafa; Gürün, Kanat; Yüncü, Eren; Vural, Kıvılcım Başak; Atağ, Gözde; Akbaba, Ali; Fidan, Fatma Rabia; Sağlıcan, Ekin; Altınışık, Ezgi N.; Koptekin, Dilek; Pawłowska, Kamilla; Hodder, Ian; Adcock, Sarah E.; Arbuckle, Benjamin S.; Steadman, Sharon R. (July 2024).
479:, with the split between hydruntines and Asiatic wild asses estimated at around 800-600 thousand years ago. Analysis of the nuclear genome suggested that there had been gene flow during the Holocene from the hydruntine lineage into Middle Eastern Asiatic wild asses.
1108:
Bennett, E. Andrew; Champlot, Sophie; Peters, Joris; Arbuckle, Benjamin S.; Guimaraes, Silvia; Pruvost, Mélanie; Bar-David, Shirli; Davis, Simon J. M.; Gautier, Mathieu; Kaczensky, Petra; et al. (2017-04-19). Janke, Axel (ed.).
698:
climates, although it was also found in cool or cold conditions. It may have retreated to warmer locales during the coldest periods although the relatively short muzzle indicates an adaptation for cold conditions. It preferred open
361:), the muzzle region of the skull is much shorter and somewhat proportionally wider, the palate is elongate, and the nasal notch is shorter. The teeth are relatively small compared to skull size, but are very
443:
The exact systematic position was formerly unclear but recent genetic and morphological analysis suggested that it is closely related to the
Asiatic wild ass. A 2017 genetic study based on a partial
463:
in
Anatolia (present day Turkey) dating to the early-mid 1st millennium BC, which represent the youngest known remains of the species (with the youngest specimen dated to around 2698–2356 cal years
792:
396:, with fossil reports from Italy, Turkey, Spain, France and Portugal. In the east the range apparently stretched at least to the Volga and to Iran. In the north it reached almost to the
739:. Dental wear analysis of specimens from the Iberian Peninsula suggests a primarily grazing diet, though they appear to have been flexible feeders, having seasonally consumed
436:
river valley, the southern
Italian Peninsula and southern France, probably surviving latest in Europe around the Danube until around 4000-3000 BC. It likely survived later in
404:. Some authors suggest that it may have reached North Africa. While it was historically suggested that the species survived in the southern Iberian Peninsula into the
1303:"Dietary traits of ungulates in northeastern Iberian Peninsula: Did these Neanderthal preys show adaptive behaviour to local habitats during the Middle Palaeolithic?"
759:
pottery from
Anatolia. Remains found with cut marks and/or in archaeological sites spanning from the Paleolithic to the youngest known remains of the species in the
1249:"The role of climate change in the extinction of the last wild equids of Europe: Palaeoecology of Equus ferus and Equus hydruntinus during the Last Glacial Period"
1342:Özkan, Mustafa; Gürün, Kanat; Yüncü, Eren; Vural, Kıvılcım Başak; Atağ, Gözde; Akbaba, Ali; Fidan, Fatma Rabia; Sağlıcan, Ekin; Altınışık, N. Ezgi (2023-06-07).
763:
across the species range, including Crimea, Italy, the
Iberian Peninsula and Anatolia indicated that it was hunted by people, including both modern humans and
1364:
Cassoli, P. F., Fiore, I. & Tagliacozzo, A. Butchering and exploitation of large mammals in the
Epigravettian levels of Grotta Romanelli (Apulia, Italy).
2099:
816:
804:
1987:
1955:
1947:
2107:
2157:
2091:
2059:
1979:
1971:
958:
Crees, Jennifer J.; Turvey, Samuel T. (May 2014). "Holocene extinction dynamics of Equus hydruntinus, a late-surviving
European megafaunal mammal".
1995:
2035:
1380:"Neanderthals of Crimea – Creative generalists of the late Middle Paleolithic. Contextualizing the leaf point industry Buran-Kaya III, Level C"
2271:
1301:
Sánchez-Hernández, Carlos; Gourichon, Lionel; Soler, Joaquim; Soler, Narcís; Blasco, Ruth; Rosell, Jordi; Rivals, Florent (August 2020).
2258:
2317:
904:
Bernáldez‐Sánchez, Eloísa; García‐Viñas, Esteban; Sanguino, Fernando; Villalón, David; Leonard, Jennifer A. (February 2024).
2347:
2322:
776:
836:
420:
in the
Iberian Peninsula that date later than the end of the Late Pleistocene (also corresponding to the end of the
2276:
1435:
1220:
Vereshchagin, N. K.; Baryshnikov, G. F. (1991). "The
Ecological Structure of the 'Mammoth Fauna' in Eurasia".
2327:
1048:
Orlando, Ludovic; Machkour, Maryam; Burke, Ariane (July 2006). "Geographic distribution of an extinct equid (
1833:
392:
it was widespread throughout much of western
Eurasia from the Middle East to Europe, especially along the
2332:
2249:
2352:
2194:
2337:
1111:"Taming the late Quaternary phylogeography of the Eurasiatic wild ass through ancient and modern DNA"
2342:
136:
1379:
627:
575:
2211:
2184:
2289:
1704:
593:
460:
244:
428:, surviving into the Holocene, its range contracted further, persisting in small regions of
1391:
1314:
1260:
1181:"The first complete genome of the extinct European wild ass ( Equus hemionus hydruntinus )"
1122:
1061:
1014:
967:
740:
444:
425:
1343:
1001:
Burke, Ariane; Eisenmann, Vera; Ambler, Graeme K. (May 2003). "The systematic position of
8:
1824:
1789:
1753:
1428:
1344:
The first complete genome of the extinct European wild ass ( Equus hemionus hydruntinus )
1859:
1847:
1395:
1318:
1264:
1180:
1126:
1065:
1018:
971:
412:
in Huelva, Spain, later research found it was more likely that the phalange came from a
2125:
2083:
2075:
2051:
1963:
1780:
1544:
1229:
1153:
1110:
1085:
1030:
905:
467:, or around 748–406 cal years BC) , suggest that all modern Asiatic wild ass lineages (
385:
295:
131:
28:
1026:
456:
2284:
2165:
1202:
1158:
1140:
1077:
1073:
983:
937:
886:
720:
1034:
979:
2141:
1798:
1762:
1572:
1474:
1399:
1347:
1322:
1278:
1268:
1192:
1148:
1130:
1089:
1069:
1052:: Mammalia, Equidae) revealed by morphological and genetical analyses of fossils".
1022:
975:
927:
917:
876:
728:
389:
384:
appeared first in the fossil record around 600,000 years before present during the
370:
366:
354:
313:
2312:
2067:
2019:
2003:
1563:
1554:
1516:
1488:
1403:
1327:
1302:
1273:
1248:
1135:
506:
429:
455:. However, study of the full mitochondral and nuclear genomes of specimens from
2149:
2114:
2043:
2011:
1936:
1812:
1771:
1646:
1628:
1581:
1507:
1421:
724:
464:
452:
334:
188:
1351:
906:"Equids (Equus sp.) in southern Spain from the Palaeolithic to the Bronze Age"
409:
2306:
2234:
1921:
1888:
1637:
1619:
1445:
1413:
1206:
1144:
987:
941:
903:
890:
401:
393:
291:
208:
69:
881:
864:
723:. It is considered an ecologically important part of the ecosystem known as
2133:
2027:
1929:
1731:
1162:
1081:
783:
764:
752:
512:
433:
405:
345:
118:
2243:
1283:
421:
44:
1233:
932:
2263:
2189:
1673:
719:). It is believed to have shared this habitat with species such as the
89:
54:
1197:
447:
suggested that it was a subspecies of Asiatic wild ass, closer to the
922:
756:
712:
704:
695:
440:, with reported dates in that region ranging until 1500–500 BC.
437:
397:
362:
329:
303:
148:
94:
38:
2205:
1300:
2228:
760:
700:
299:
168:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
32:
482:
Cladogram based on whole nuclear genomes after Özkan et al. 2024.
2179:
1898:
736:
323:
198:
99:
74:
1744:
1722:
1695:
1530:
1497:
1465:
716:
708:
691:
490:
308:
220:
178:
158:
1883:
1685:
1664:
1605:
1107:
732:
690:
The evidence shows that the European ass favoured semi-arid,
633:
472:
306:, and possibly North Africa. It is a member of the subgenus
1893:
727:
where it filled a niche equivalent to that provided by the
448:
413:
755:
cave paintings and engravings from France, as well as on
1672:
1219:
865:"Biostratigraphy and Palaeoecology of European Equus"
1341:
1178:
1047:
1000:
571:
536:
862:
1253:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
475:) are more closely related to each other than to
416:, and thus there are no unambigious specimens of
2304:
863:Boulbes, Nicolas; van Asperen, Eline N. (2019).
810:Engraving on a pendant from Putois cave, France
1443:
1247:Strani, Flavia; DeMiguel, Daniel (June 2023).
1246:
822:Hunting scene on Neolithic pottery from Turkey
798:Engraving in the cave Les Trois Frères, France
1429:
1005:, an extinct species of Pleistocene equid".
957:
746:
1436:
1422:
117:
1326:
1282:
1272:
1196:
1152:
1134:
931:
921:
880:
1377:
344:
694:conditions and showed a preference for
376:
2305:
858:
856:
854:
852:
2210:
2209:
1417:
1296:
1294:
1174:
1172:
1103:
1101:
1099:
953:
951:
516:African wild ass + domestic donkeys
312:, and closely related to the living
849:
13:
1335:
1291:
869:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
424:). Its range fragmented after the
365:(high crowned). The shafts of the
14:
2364:
1169:
1096:
948:
837:List of extinct animals of Europe
1074:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02922.x
815:
803:
791:
775:
135:
42:
1371:
1358:
980:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.03.003
544:(European wild ass/hydruntine)
1378:Bataille, Guido (April 2017).
1240:
1213:
1041:
994:
897:
751:The hydruntine is depicted in
340:
1:
2318:Pleistocene mammals of Europe
1027:10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00059-0
910:Journal of Quaternary Science
842:
408:based on a phalange found at
1404:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.071
1328:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.01.008
1274:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111564
1136:10.1371/journal.pone.0174216
373:bones are also more robust.
7:
1834:Hartmann's mountain zebra (
1519:Equus africanus somaliensis
1456:Extinct species are marked
830:
10:
2369:
2195:Domestication of the horse
1594:Equus hemionus hydruntinus
1510:Equus africanus atlanticus
960:Quaternary Science Reviews
685:
349:Complete skull from Crimea
283:Equus hemionus hydruntinus
2348:Mammals described in 1907
2323:Extinct mammals of Europe
2218:
2175:
1907:
1876:
1846:
1811:
1730:
1721:
1663:
1604:
1531:Onager / Asiatic wild ass
1529:
1491:Equus africanus africanus
1473:
1464:
1454:
1352:10.1101/2023.06.05.543765
1222:Annales Zoologici Fennici
624:
617:
590:
569:
562:
555:
534:
527:
503:
496:
250:
243:
132:Scientific classification
130:
125:
116:
23:
16:Extinct species of mammal
1384:Quaternary International
1307:Quaternary International
747:Relationship with humans
316:. The specific epithet,
1756:Equus quagga burchellii
1707:Equus ferus przewalskii
1557:Equus hemionus hemippus
1547:Equus hemionus hemionus
882:10.3389/fevo.2019.00301
631:(Mongolian wild ass) +
628:Equus hemionus hemionus
576:Equus hemionus hemippus
2185:Evolution of the horse
1836:Equus zebra hartmannae
1792:Equus quagga crawshayi
1606:Kiang/Tibetan wild ass
1500:Equus africanus asinus
1368:25–26, 309–318 (1997).
634:Equus (hemionus) kiang
350:
1825:Cape mountain zebra (
1783:Equus quagga chapmani
1774:Equus quagga borensis
1640:Equus kiang holdereri
1584:Equus hemionus onager
1444:Species of the genus
594:Equus hemionus onager
353:In comparison to the
348:
2328:Holocene extinctions
1801:Equus quagga selousi
1705:Przewalski's horse (
1688:Equus ferus caballus
1649:Equus kiang polyodon
1575:Equus hemionus kulan
1545:Mongolian wild ass (
1346:(Report). Genomics.
445:mitochondrial genome
426:Last Glacial Maximum
377:Evolutionary history
2100:Equus parastylidens
1765:Equus quagga boehmi
1747:Equus quagga quagga
1592:European wild ass (
1566:Equus hemionus khur
1396:2017QuInt.435..211B
1319:2020QuInt.557...47S
1265:2023PPP...62011564S
1127:2017PLoSO..1274216B
1066:2006MolEc..15.2083O
1019:2003QuRes..59..459B
1007:Quaternary Research
972:2014QSRv...91...16C
782:Cave painting from
400:in Germany and the
236:E. hydruntinus
2333:Middle Pleistocene
2126:Equus semiplicatus
2117:Equus simplicidens
2084:Equus occidentalis
2076:Equus niobrarensis
2052:Equus mauritanicus
1964:Equus conversidens
1937:Giant Cape zebra (
1790:Crawshay's zebra (
1754:Burchell's zebra (
1573:Turkmenian kulan (
579:(Syrian wild ass)
386:Middle Pleistocene
351:
296:Middle Pleistocene
29:Middle Pleistocene
2300:
2299:
2285:Open Tree of Life
2250:Equus hydruntinus
2220:Equus hydruntinus
2212:Taxon identifiers
2203:
2202:
2166:Equus yunnanensis
1988:Equus dalianensis
1956:Equus complicatus
1948:Equus cedralensis
1872:
1871:
1827:Equus zebra zebra
1781:Chapman's zebra (
1717:
1716:
1698:Equus ferus ferus
1659:
1658:
1622:Equus kiang kiang
1564:Indian wild ass (
1555:Syrian wild ass (
1517:Somali wild ass (
1489:Nubian wild ass (
1366:Anthropozoologica
1198:10.1111/mec.17440
1185:Molecular Ecology
1054:Molecular Ecology
1050:Equus hydruntinus
1003:Equus hydruntinus
721:woolly rhinoceros
682:
681:
673:
672:
664:
663:
655:
654:
646:
645:
606:
605:
597:(Persian onager)
541:Equus hydruntinus
382:Equus hydruntinus
277:Equus hydruntinus
272:European wild ass
268:
267:
257:Equus hydruntinus
126:Life restoration
24:European wild ass
2360:
2338:Late Pleistocene
2293:
2292:
2280:
2279:
2267:
2266:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2207:
2206:
2142:Equus sivalensis
2115:Hagerman horse (
2108:Equus pectinatus
1813:Mountain zebra (
1772:Maneless zebra (
1728:
1727:
1670:
1669:
1647:Southern kiang (
1629:Northern kiang (
1582:Persian onager (
1508:Atlas wild ass (
1475:African wild ass
1471:
1470:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1375:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1276:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1228:(3/4): 253–259.
1217:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1138:
1105:
1094:
1093:
1060:(8): 2083–2093.
1045:
1039:
1038:
998:
992:
991:
955:
946:
945:
935:
925:
923:10.1002/jqs.3580
901:
895:
894:
884:
860:
819:
807:
795:
779:
729:African wild ass
620:
619:
573:
565:
564:
558:
557:
538:
530:
529:
499:
498:
486:
485:
471:, including the
432:, including the
390:Late Pleistocene
355:Asiatic wild ass
314:Asiatic wild ass
259:
255:
140:
139:
121:
111:
41:
37:0.6–0.0025
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2343:Extinct mammals
2303:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2288:
2283:
2275:
2270:
2262:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2214:
2204:
2199:
2171:
2158:Equus uralensis
2092:Equus pacificus
2068:Equus namadicus
2060:Equus mexicanus
2020:Equus giganteus
2004:Equus fraternus
1980:Equus cumminsii
1972:Equus crinidens
1909:
1903:
1868:
1860:Grévy's zebra (
1848:Grévy's zebra (
1842:
1807:
1799:Selous' zebra (
1763:Grant's zebra (
1713:
1655:
1638:Eastern kiang (
1631:Equus kiang chu
1620:Western kiang (
1607:
1600:
1532:
1525:
1479:Equus africanus
1476:
1460:
1450:
1442:
1412:
1411:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1359:
1340:
1336:
1299:
1292:
1245:
1241:
1218:
1214:
1177:
1170:
1121:(4): e0174216.
1106:
1097:
1046:
1042:
999:
995:
956:
949:
902:
898:
861:
850:
845:
833:
828:
827:
826:
823:
820:
811:
808:
799:
796:
787:
780:
749:
735:in the African
688:
683:
674:
665:
656:
647:
607:
507:Equus africanus
430:southern Europe
379:
343:
264:
261:
253:
252:
239:
134:
112:
110:
109:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
36:
35:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2366:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2281:
2268:
2255:
2240:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2150:Equus stenonis
2145:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2044:Equus lenensis
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2012:Equus gallicus
2007:
1999:
1996:Equus excelsus
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1939:Equus capensis
1933:
1925:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1740:
1738:
1732:Plains zebra (
1725:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1702:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1535:Equus hemionus
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1514:
1504:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1370:
1357:
1334:
1290:
1239:
1212:
1168:
1095:
1040:
1013:(3): 459–469.
993:
947:
916:(2): 261–276.
896:
847:
846:
844:
841:
840:
839:
832:
829:
825:
824:
821:
814:
812:
809:
802:
800:
797:
790:
788:
781:
774:
771:
770:
769:
748:
745:
725:mammoth steppe
687:
684:
680:
679:
676:
675:
671:
670:
667:
666:
662:
661:
658:
657:
653:
652:
649:
648:
644:
643:
640:
639:
623:
618:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
604:
603:
600:
599:
589:
586:
585:
582:
581:
568:
563:
561:
556:
554:
551:
550:
547:
546:
533:
528:
526:
523:
522:
519:
518:
502:
497:
495:
494: (asses)
484:
477:E. hydruntinus
465:Before Present
453:Persian onager
418:E. hydruntinus
378:
375:
359:Equus hemionus
342:
339:
302:of Europe and
290:is an extinct
266:
265:
262:
248:
247:
241:
240:
232:
230:
226:
225:
218:
214:
213:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
189:Perissodactyla
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
128:
127:
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2365:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2036:Equus latipes
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1922:Equus alaskae
1918:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1295:
1285:
1284:11573/1678265
1280:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
954:
952:
943:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
900:
892:
888:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
859:
857:
855:
853:
848:
838:
835:
834:
818:
813:
806:
801:
794:
789:
785:
778:
773:
772:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
715:(favoured by
714:
710:
707:(favoured by
706:
702:
697:
693:
678:
677:
669:
668:
660:
659:
651:
650:
642:
641:
638:
636:
635:
630:
629:
622:
621:
615:
614:
611:
610:
602:
601:
598:
596:
595:
588:
587:
584:
583:
580:
578:
577:
567:
566:
560:
559:
553:
552:
549:
548:
545:
543:
542:
532:
531:
525:
524:
521:
520:
517:
515:
514:
509:
508:
501:
500:
493:
492:
488:
487:
483:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:British Isles
399:
395:
394:Mediterranean
391:
387:
383:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
347:
338:
336:
332:
331:
326:
325:
319:
315:
311:
310:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:
279:
278:
273:
263:Regalia, 1907
260:
258:
249:
246:
245:Binomial name
242:
238:
237:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
138:
133:
129:
124:
120:
115:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
34:
30:
22:
19:
2219:
2163:
2155:
2148:
2139:
2134:Equus scotti
2131:
2123:
2116:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2028:Equus lambei
2025:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1938:
1930:Equus andium
1927:
1919:
1910:
1861:
1849:
1835:
1826:
1814:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1734:Equus quagga
1733:
1706:
1697:
1687:
1675:
1674:Wild horse (
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1609:
1593:
1591:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1546:
1534:
1518:
1509:
1499:
1490:
1478:
1457:
1446:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1337:
1310:
1306:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1188:
1184:
1118:
1114:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1010:
1006:
1002:
996:
963:
959:
933:10261/362568
913:
909:
899:
872:
868:
784:Lascaux cave
765:Neanderthals
753:Palaeolithic
750:
689:
632:
626:
625:
592:
591:
574:
570:
540:
539:
535:
513:Equus asinus
511:
505:
504:
489:
481:
476:
468:
442:
417:
406:Chalcolithic
381:
380:
358:
352:
328:
321:
317:
307:
287:
282:
281:
276:
275:
271:
269:
256:
251:
235:
234:
221:
209:
18:
2244:Wikispecies
1908:Prehistoric
1862:Equus grevy
1850:Equus grevy
1815:Equus zebra
1676:Equus ferus
1610:Equus kiang
1390:: 211–236.
709:true horses
461:Çadır Höyük
422:Paleolithic
410:Cabezo Juré
341:Description
318:hydruntinus
2353:Çatalhöyük
2307:Categories
2190:Wild horse
1259:: 111564.
843:References
703:, between
469:sensu lato
457:Çatalhöyük
371:metatarsal
367:metacarpal
288:hydruntine
217:Subgenus:
1313:: 47–62.
1207:0962-1083
1145:1932-6203
988:0277-3791
966:: 16–29.
942:0267-8179
891:2296-701X
757:Neolithic
713:grassland
705:shrubland
696:temperate
451:than the
438:West Asia
398:North Sea
388:. In the
363:hypsodont
330:Hydruntum
304:West Asia
294:from the
229:Species:
155:Kingdom:
149:Eukaryota
2229:Wikidata
1745:Quagga (
1696:Tarpan (
1498:Donkey (
1234:23735450
1163:28422966
1115:PLOS ONE
1082:16780426
1035:84330920
831:See also
786:, France
761:Iron Age
701:biotopes
637:(kiang)
320:, means
300:Holocene
298:to Late
195:Family:
179:Mammalia
169:Chordata
165:Phylum:
159:Animalia
145:Domain:
33:Holocene
2290:1029142
2264:8340016
2235:Q631645
2180:Equidae
1913:species
1899:Zebroid
1877:Hybrids
1686:Horse (
1392:Bibcode
1315:Bibcode
1261:Bibcode
1154:5396879
1123:Bibcode
1090:9698728
1062:Bibcode
1015:Bibcode
968:Bibcode
875:: 301.
737:savanna
692:steppic
686:Ecology
324:Otranto
254:†
233:†
205:Genus:
199:Equidae
185:Order:
175:Class:
106:↓
2313:Onager
2277:379504
1723:Zebras
1665:Horses
1232:
1205:
1191:(14).
1161:
1151:
1143:
1088:
1080:
1033:
986:
940:
889:
741:browse
717:bovids
711:) and
491:Asinus
434:Danube
309:Asinus
292:equine
222:Asinus
1911:Equus
1889:Kunga
1884:Hinny
1466:Asses
1447:Equus
1230:JSTOR
1086:S2CID
1031:S2CID
733:Zebra
473:kiang
335:Latin
322:from
286:) or
210:Equus
2272:NCBI
2259:GBIF
1894:Mule
1203:ISSN
1159:PMID
1141:ISSN
1078:PMID
984:ISSN
938:ISSN
887:ISSN
459:and
449:Khur
414:mule
369:and
270:The
45:PreꞒ
1400:doi
1388:435
1348:doi
1323:doi
1311:557
1279:hdl
1269:doi
1257:620
1193:doi
1149:PMC
1131:doi
1070:doi
1023:doi
976:doi
928:hdl
918:doi
877:doi
731:or
337:).
333:in
280:or
2309::
2287::
2274::
2261::
2246::
2231::
1398:.
1386:.
1382:.
1321:.
1309:.
1305:.
1293:^
1277:.
1267:.
1255:.
1251:.
1226:28
1224:.
1201:.
1189:33
1187:.
1183:.
1171:^
1157:.
1147:.
1139:.
1129:.
1119:12
1117:.
1113:.
1098:^
1084:.
1076:.
1068:.
1058:15
1056:.
1029:.
1021:.
1011:59
1009:.
982:.
974:.
964:91
962:.
950:^
936:.
926:.
914:39
912:.
908:.
885:.
871:.
867:.
851:^
767:.
743:.
510:+
95:Pg
39:Ma
31:-
2164:†
2156:†
2147:†
2140:†
2132:†
2124:†
2119:)
2113:†
2106:†
2098:†
2090:†
2082:†
2074:†
2066:†
2058:†
2050:†
2042:†
2034:†
2026:†
2018:†
2010:†
2002:†
1994:†
1986:†
1978:†
1970:†
1962:†
1954:†
1946:†
1941:)
1935:†
1928:†
1920:†
1864:)
1852:)
1838:)
1829:)
1817:)
1803:)
1794:)
1785:)
1776:)
1767:)
1758:)
1749:)
1743:†
1736:)
1709:)
1700:)
1694:†
1690:)
1678:)
1651:)
1642:)
1633:)
1624:)
1612:)
1608:(
1596:)
1590:†
1586:)
1577:)
1568:)
1559:)
1553:†
1549:)
1537:)
1533:(
1521:)
1512:)
1506:†
1502:)
1493:)
1481:)
1477:(
1458:†
1437:e
1430:t
1423:v
1406:.
1402::
1394::
1354:.
1350::
1331:.
1325::
1317::
1287:.
1281::
1271::
1263::
1236:.
1209:.
1195::
1165:.
1133::
1125::
1092:.
1072::
1064::
1037:.
1025::
1017::
990:.
978::
970::
944:.
930::
920::
893:.
879::
873:7
572:†
537:†
357:(
327:(
274:(
100:N
90:K
85:J
80:T
75:P
70:C
65:D
60:S
55:O
50:Ꞓ
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