474:, professor of Sociology at the University of Roma Tre, in her book "European Islam. Sociology of an encounter", considers that in a process of "Europeanisation" of Muslims and "Islamization" of Europe directions of change are diverse. While family law, the status of women, religious freedom, social justice and criminal laws are still areas of high controversy within Islam, in Europe and elsewhere, and in comparison with European societies, attempts to Islamize modernity performed in European territory and in dialogue with Europe express creativity and innovation capacity. According to Maniscalco, when different segments of the Muslim world in Europe will propose themselves and will act as "active minorities", being able to take leadership and provide new impetus towards a dynamic and positive meeting, this will be significant for the future of Europe.
552:, says that "Europeanizing" Islam "requires changes in relations between the sexes, in relations between parents and children, significant changes in attitudes to people of other religions, and in attitudes toward the State." Nielsen believes that this is happening. While only a minority of Muslims is assimilating completely with secular European culture, "the majority are sticking to their religion but divorcing it from the cultural tradition and redressing it in a new culture." Nielsen also argues that the emergence of a European Islam is not only linked to the Muslim communities in Europe, but also to structures inherited from European society and the State.
102:
45:
407:, who reject Euro-Islam; he estimates that they amount to 3–5% of the Muslims currently living in Europe. He says they are nevertheless a dangerous minority since they want to "hijack" the Muslim community and other values of civil society. More precisely, Tibi seeks to dissociate his reasoning on Euro-Islam from that of
513:, as well as President of European Academy of Religion, says that while Islam is perceived as colliding with European secular values "Islam is simply a religion." According to Cesari, Muslims need to reveal the "genuine tolerant face of Islam, to show its diversity and reveal to the world that an intellectual such as
1546:
Der
Islamologe und gebürtige Syrer Bassam Tibi sieht keine Chancen mehr für einen europäischen Islam. Im Magazin Cicero (Juni-Ausgabe) schreibt er, dass der „Kopftuch-Islam" über den „Euro-Islam" gesiegt habe: „Den Euro-Islam wird es nicht geben. Ich kapituliere." Sein Essay ist der erste Teil einer
1505:
On the ethnicization of Islam in Europe see Tibi's chapter in Roland Hsu (Ed.), Ethnic Europe: Mobility, Identity, and
Conflict in a Globalized World, Stanford University Press, 2010, pp. 127–156; also Bassam Tibi, "Ethnicity of Fear? Islamic Migration and the Ethnicization of Islam in Europe," in:
498:
embody not only the predominantly Muslim countries but also the Muslim populations newly settled in
Western Europe. Xavier Bougarel proposes to replace these culturalist visions by an accurate comparison taking into account the nuances of the realities of Islam in Western Europe and in the Balkans.
497:
towards the
Balkans, about eight million Muslims would become EU citizens, doubling the number of Muslims in the EU-27 bloc. Bougarel explores Balkan Islam which is often called "European Islam" because it resulted from indigenous and largely secularized in opposition to "a non-European Islam" that
524:
of individual
Islamic practices and of Islamic institutions, as well as the efforts Muslims are making to maintain the relevancy of Islamic legal systems and what she calls the "gender jihad". She thinks that Islam should be merged into European culture and that Islamic culture should be added to
600:
also sent out an 18-question survey asking EU member states how they address violent radicalisation, mainly related to an abusive interpretation of Islam. In addition, Mr
Frattini wants to pursue and further the idea of establishing a so-called "European Islam" or "Islam de l'Europe" – something
463:. He also thinks that European Muslims "need to separate Islamic principles from their cultures of origin and anchor them in the cultural reality of Western Europe." However, Ramadan says that "Europeans also must start considering Islam as a European religion."
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of Muslim migration in Europe and a democratic alternative to the so-called "ethnicity of fear". Despite his efforts for the establishment of
European Islam, after 25 years of leadership towards promoting it as a
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started pooling ideas on how to tackle radical Islam and create a "European Islam", i.e. an Islam which is a more tolerant "European" branch of the faith. EU home affairs commissioner
455:(1999). He demands participation of Muslims in social and cultural life in conformation with European culture and Muslim ethics and says Muslims should disassociate themselves from
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471:
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Isani, Mujtaba; Schlipphak, Bernd (August 2017). Schneider, Gerald (ed.). "In the
European Union we trust: European Muslim attitudes toward the European Union".
418:, the acceptance of separation between religion and state, as well as that Muslims living in Europe should embrace European values. As contrast he sees the
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is erroneously considered to be one of the coiners of the term "European Islam". Ramadan calls for creating a new
European-Muslim identity in his book
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2501:
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Bustanov, A. K.; Kemper, M. (2012). "From
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624:
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Clayer, Nathalie (2004). "Les musulmans des Balkans Ou l'islam de "l'autre Europe"/The Balkans Muslims Or the Islam of the "Other Europe"".
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486:
727:
286:
The terms "European Islam" and "Euro-Islam" were originally introduced at a conference presided by Carl E. Olivestam, senior lecturer at
334:, who adopted the term in the second half of the 1990s but use it with different meanings. The foremost Western, Non-Muslim scholars of
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187:) which constitute of large populations of European Muslims. Historically significant Muslim populations in Europe include the
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methods failed and that an integration policy still needs to be developed, something which will not happen overnight.
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Muslims are playing an important role in the evolution of Islam in Europe towards a European Islam. With the possible
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Tibi speaks of the need of Muslims to become "European citizens of the heart". Tibi insists that Euro-Islam means
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is considered the original coiner of the term "Euro-Islam", which he used for the first time in his 1992 paper
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of the Muslims with potential for conflict. Therefore, Euro-Islam is for Tibi a way out from the issue of the
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Muslim Lives in Eastern Europe: Gender, Ethnicity, and the Transformation of Islam in Postsocialist Bulgaria
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Archick, Kristin; Belkin, Paul; Blanchard, Christopher M.; Ek, Carl; Mix, Derek E. (7 September 2011).
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Allen, Chris; Amiraux, Valerie; Choudhury, Tufyal; Godard, Bernard; Karich, Imane; Rigoni, Isabelle;
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17:
399:. The term reflects a concept for the integration of Muslims as European citizens, often assuming a
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3643:
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2688:(2010). "Euro-Islam: An Alternative to Islamization and Ethnicity of Fear". In Baran, Zeyno (ed.).
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375:, published in 1995, to describe a type of Islam that embraces Western political values, such as
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395:. He argues that Muslims in Europe must create a specific form of Islam that can coexist with
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509:, Professor of Religion and Politics and Director of Research at Edward Cadbury Centre at
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Sufism East and West: Mystical Islam and Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Modern World
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1966:
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440:, stating that the "headscarf Islam" has triumphed over the "Euro-Islam".
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2077:Bougarel, Xavier; Clayer, Nathalie (2013).
1774:Europe's rising class of believers: Muslims
1517:"Islamologe Bassam Tibi: "Ich kapituliere""
1167:
1083:Bougarel, Xavier; Clayer, Nathalie (2013).
758:
728:International Islamic University, Islamabad
704:
601:floated by France's then interior minister
517:is the best example for a modern thinker."
342:involved in the debate on "Euro-Islam" are
3769:
3755:
3232:
3218:
2525:. Migration, Minorities, and Citizenship.
2491:
1831:
1801:. Migration, Minorities, and Citizenship.
1021:
969:"Part III: The Old European Land of Islam"
955:
3316:Reception of Islam in early modern Europe
3088:"Die Flexibilität der slawischen Muslime"
2734:Akyol, Riada Asimovic (13 January 2019).
1673:Antonelli, Francesco (19 February 2015).
1672:
1431:
1365:
1332:
1217:
900:
466:
89:Learn how and when to remove this message
2918:. Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics.
2028:
1995:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1391:(3rd ed.). London and Los Angeles:
830:
661:
100:
3458:Hijab and burka controversies in Europe
3448:Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe
3085:
3054:
3023:
2911:
2690:The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular
2555:
2515:
2169:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607976.001.0001
1791:
1594:
1450:The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular
1248:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195137989.003.0043
1228:The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions
989:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607976.001.0001
769:
14:
4392:
3351:Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2598:
2363:
2312:
2201:
2148:
1747:
1176:
1032:
966:
548:, professor of Islamic studies at the
401:liberal and progressive interpretation
3776:
3750:
3213:
2733:
2641:
2402:
2152:The Oxford Handbook of European Islam
1983:from the original on 25 November 2011
1618:
1286:
973:The Oxford Handbook of European Islam
393:separation between religion and state
3285:Medieval Christian views on Muhammad
2748:from the original on 13 January 2019
2684:
1444:
1382:
1341:
1117:
540:
38:
3239:
3200:Islam à la française? MSNBC Article
3104:from the original on 5 October 2017
2646:. Muslim Minorities. Vol. 30.
2603:. Muslim Minorities. Vol. 35.
2453:. Muslim Minorities. Vol. 32.
2317:. Muslim Minorities. Vol. 27.
1494:The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs
560:
24:
3366:Orientalism in early modern France
3086:Stieger, Cyrill (5 October 2017).
2871:"L'Islam dans le Sud-Est Européen"
2727:
2409:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
1952:from the original on 18 April 2018
1925:Centre for European Policy Studies
1881:University of California, Berkeley
1600:"Who speaks for Europe's Muslims?"
1562:coined the term in his 1992 paper
1389:Key Concepts in Race and Ethnicity
1293:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
839:. Studies on Sufism. Vol. 2.
680:University of California, Berkeley
501:
477:
120:are located in the same square in
25:
4426:
3184:
2492:Merdjanova, Ina (30 April 2008).
2083:. Terres et gens d'islam. Paris:
1564:Les conditions d'une "Euro-Islam"
586:failed car bomb attacks in London
527:Center for Middle Eastern Studies
373:Les conditions d'une "Euro-Islam"
3034:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
1689:"European Policy Centre Website"
1496:Vol.31 (Winter 2007) 1: 191–210.
443:
167:with sizable Muslim minorities (
43:
27:Hypothesized new branch of Islam
3407:Nazi Germany and the Arab world
3402:Partition of the Ottoman Empire
3027:"European Islam (as a concept)"
1858:
1785:
1766:
1748:Cesari, J. (21 February 2006).
1741:
1716:
1707:
1681:
1666:
1657:
1606:
1588:
1552:
1509:
1499:
1486:
1417:
1280:
726:). Islamic Research Institute (
556:Other approaches to integration
296:Kyrkor och alternativa rörelser
3453:Religion in the European Union
3042:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
2149:Cesari, Jocelyne, ed. (2014).
1111:
967:Cesari, Jocelyne, ed. (2014).
925:Netherlands Helsinki Committee
635:Religion in the European Union
362:
13:
1:
3280:Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture
2599:Račius, Egdūnas, ed. (2020).
1779:The Christian Science Monitor
1181:. In Cesari, Jocelyne (ed.).
780:Yearbook of Muslims in Europe
640:
590:failed Glasgow airport attack
357:
4367:Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians
3270:Transmission of the Classics
2642:Šuško, Dževada, ed. (2019).
2574:10.1017/CBO9780511809309.004
2052:10.1017/CBO9780511809309.007
2000:. In Dulic, Tomislav (ed.).
831:Raudvere, Catharina (2019).
645:
580:European Commission proposal
279:, although the majority are
189:Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians
163:) and parts of countries in
7:
3055:Popović, Alexandre (1986).
3024:Nielsen, Jørgen S. (2021).
2818:Aščerić-Todd, Ines (2015).
2426:10.1080/1360200022000027375
2022:Halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr
1310:10.1080/1360200022000027375
1093:– Karthala. pp. 1–20.
921:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
608:
69:the claims made and adding
10:
4431:
3120:Journal of Islamic Studies
2924:Princeton University Press
2566:Cambridge University Press
2044:Cambridge University Press
1218:Buturović, Amila (2009) .
1137:Cambridge University Press
29:
4265:
4201:
4183:
4165:
3995:
3866:
3789:
3782:
3476:
3425:
3374:
3308:
3247:
2912:Ghodsee, Kristen (2010).
2364:Hashas, Mohammed (2018).
2331:10.1163/9789004362529_004
2266:. Islam and Nationalism.
2012:Press. pp. 147–165.
1996:Bougarel, Xavier (2005).
1752:. Palgrave Macmillan US.
1177:Cesari, Jocelyne (2010).
1145:10.1080/00905990500504871
933:10.1163/18750230-99900038
904:Security and Human Rights
857:10.1163/9789004393929_011
800:10.1163/9789004255869_025
485:, research fellow at the
124:, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
2977:10.1177/1465116517725831
2702:10.1057/9780230106031_10
2522:Towards a European Islam
1877:Rowman & Littlefield
1798:Towards a European Islam
1462:10.1057/9780230106031_10
676:Rowman & Littlefield
662:AlSayyad, Nezar (2002).
550:University of Copenhagen
511:University of Birmingham
135:, is a hypothesized new
30:Not to be confused with
3361:Islamization of Albania
3326:Anglo-Moroccan alliance
3321:Protestantism and Islam
3265:Islam in southern Italy
3137:Oxford University Press
2960:European Union Politics
2161:Oxford University Press
2116:University of Amsterdam
1974:CRS Report for Congress
1240:Oxford University Press
981:Oxford University Press
453:To Be a European Muslim
3519:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3382:Islam in the Far North
3331:Ottoman wars in Europe
3040:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1641:. 2005. Archived from
770:Ismaili, Besa (2013).
472:Maria Luisa Maniscalco
467:Maria Luisa Maniscalco
153:Bosnia and Herzegovina
125:
3336:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
3275:Cultural transmission
2920:Princeton, New Jersey
2836:10.1163/9789004288447
2771:. Muslim Minorities.
2539:10.1057/9780230379626
2378:10.4324/9781315106397
2280:10.1057/9781137517845
1815:10.1057/9780230379626
722:(2/3, Special Issue:
615:American Islam (term)
104:
3412:Islam and secularism
3255:Conquest of Hispania
3129:Islam in The Balkans
3093:Neue ZĂĽrcher Zeitung
2877:(in French). Paris:
2875:www.franceculture.fr
2696:. pp. 157–174.
2500:. Washington, D.C.:
2498:www.wilsoncenter.org
2418:Taylor & Francis
2216:10.3917/cpe.045.0016
1972:. Washington, D.C.:
1728:www.birmingham.ac.uk
1695:on 29 September 2007
1456:. pp. 157–174.
1383:Meer, Nasar (2014).
1302:Taylor & Francis
1242:. pp. 437–446.
1128:Nationalities Papers
1047:10.3917/cpe.045.0016
983:. pp. 427–616.
851:. pp. 233–258.
794:. pp. 369–381.
724:Islam In The Balkans
520:Cesari talks of the
229:Muslim Romani people
3426:Contemporary issues
3392:Islam and modernity
3346:Barbary slave trade
3145:10.1093/jis/5.2.187
2744:. Washington, D.C.
2243:: Carocci Editore.
2046:. pp. 96–124.
1840:Renata Goldirova, "
1677:. ilmanifesto.info.
1224:Juergensmeyer, Mark
682:). pp. 18–21.
594:European Commission
568:says that both the
381:religious pluralism
4246:in the Netherlands
3836:in the Netherlands
3356:Russo-Turkish wars
3030:. In Fleet, Kate;
2763:Nielsen, Jørgen S.
2694:Palgrave Macmillan
2568:. pp. 34–48.
2531:Palgrave Macmillan
2517:Nielsen, Jørgen S.
2325:. pp. 35–49.
2272:Palgrave Macmillan
2258:Elbasani, Arolda;
2118:. pp. 29–53.
2010:Uppsala University
1807:Palgrave Macmillan
1793:Nielsen, Jørgen S.
1782:, 24 February 2005
1454:Palgrave Macmillan
1395:. pp. 43–46.
776:Nielsen, Jørgen S.
592:in June 2007, the
535:Islamopedia Online
531:Harvard University
433:political magazine
318:. There are three
300:social integration
126:
54:possibly contains
4387:
4386:
4347:Megleno-Romanians
4261:
4260:
3777:Muslims in Europe
3744:
3743:
3443:Islamic terrorism
3417:Islamic democracy
3397:Islam in the USSR
3195:Radio Free Europe
2969:SAGE Publications
2933:978-0-691-13955-5
2845:978-90-04-27821-9
2786:978-90-04-13201-6
2711:978-0-230-62188-6
2692:. New York City:
2661:978-90-04-39402-5
2618:978-90-04-42534-7
2548:978-0-333-72374-6
2468:978-90-04-40455-7
2340:978-90-04-36249-9
2297:978-1-137-51783-8
2178:978-0-19-960797-6
2094:978-2-8111-0905-9
1934:978-92-9079-710-4
1890:978-0-7391-0338-8
1824:978-0-333-72374-6
1602:. mondediplo.com.
1471:978-0-230-62188-6
1452:. New York City:
1402:978-0-85702-868-6
1393:SAGE Publications
1257:978-0-19-513798-9
1197:. pp. 9–27.
1100:978-2-8111-0905-9
998:978-0-19-960797-6
923:on behalf of the
866:978-90-04-39392-9
809:978-90-04-25586-9
689:978-0-7391-0338-8
546:Jørgen S. Nielsen
541:Jørgen S. Nielsen
461:Islamic terrorism
377:liberal democracy
348:Jørgen S. Nielsen
336:political science
269:Megleno-Romanians
99:
98:
91:
56:original research
16:(Redirected from
4422:
4405:Islamic branches
3963:Western Thracian
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2828:Brill Publishers
2814:
2777:Brill Publishers
2757:
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2652:Brill Publishers
2638:
2609:Brill Publishers
2595:
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2459:Brill Publishers
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702:
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672:Lanham, Maryland
659:
570:multiculturalism
566:Robert S. Leiken
561:Robert S. Leiken
533:and director of
320:Islamic scholars
275:today living in
237:Turkish Cypriots
213:Muslim Albanians
141:European peoples
111:Eastern Orthodox
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71:inline citations
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620:Islam in Europe
611:
603:Nicolas Sarkozy
598:Franco Frattini
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507:Jocelyne Cesari
504:
502:Jocelyne Cesari
483:Xavier Bougarel
480:
478:Xavier Bougarel
469:
446:
397:European values
365:
360:
344:Jocelyne Cesari
340:Islamic studies
288:UmeĂĄ University
177:North Macedonia
137:branch of Islam
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3185:External links
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1656:
1645:on 9 July 2007
1635:"Enemy within"
1617:
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1596:Ramadan, Tariq
1587:
1581:978-2876782013
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1416:
1401:
1364:
1358:978-2876782013
1357:
1331:
1279:
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688:
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610:
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584:Following the
581:
578:
562:
559:
557:
554:
542:
539:
522:secularization
515:Muhammad Abduh
503:
500:
495:EU enlargement
479:
476:
468:
465:
445:
442:
367:German-Syrian
364:
361:
359:
356:
312:United Kingdom
253:Crimean Tatars
165:Eastern Europe
129:European Islam
122:Bosanska Krupa
107:Roman Catholic
97:
96:
51:
49:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4427:
4416:
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4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3980:Mishar Tatars
3978:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
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3797:
3796:
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3792:
3791:Indo-European
3788:
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3772:
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3765:
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3609:Liechtenstein
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3099:
3096:(in German).
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3070:9783447025980
3066:
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2416:(2). London:
2415:
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2387:9780367509743
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2133:9789061433705
2129:
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2061:9780511809309
2057:
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2027:
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2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
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1851:, 6 July 2007
1850:
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1772:Peter Ford, "
1769:
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1598:(June 2000).
1597:
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1583:
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1525:(in German).
1524:
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1354:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:(2). London:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1249:
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1221:
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1206:
1204:9780415776547
1200:
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1129:
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1120:
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1106:
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1056:
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1029:
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1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
961:
959:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
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918:
914:
910:
906:
905:
897:
895:
893:
884:
880:
876:
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868:
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854:
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842:
838:
834:
827:
819:
815:
811:
805:
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797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
766:
764:
762:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
710:
708:
699:
695:
691:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
658:
656:
651:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
606:
604:
599:
595:
591:
587:
577:
575:
571:
567:
553:
551:
547:
538:
536:
532:
528:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
499:
496:
492:
488:
484:
475:
473:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:Tariq Ramadan
444:Tariq Ramadan
441:
439:
438:
434:
430:
425:
424:ethnicization
421:
420:ghettoization
417:
412:
410:
409:Tariq Ramadan
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
332:Tariq Ramadan
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:Greek Muslims
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
103:
93:
90:
82:
79:November 2009
72:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4372:Crimean Roma
3975:Volga Tatars
3928:Lipka Tatars
3896:Crimean Roma
3876:Azerbaijanis
3463:Islamophobia
3437:
3309:Early Modern
3128:
3124:
3118:
3106:. Retrieved
3091:
3056:
3039:
2964:
2958:
2914:
2894:
2882:. Retrieved
2874:
2819:
2767:
2750:. Retrieved
2741:The Atlantic
2739:
2689:
2686:Tibi, Bassam
2643:
2600:
2557:
2521:
2505:. Retrieved
2497:
2450:
2413:
2407:
2365:
2314:
2263:
2260:Roy, Olivier
2236:
2226:– via
2207:
2203:
2151:
2107:
2097:– via
2087:– Karthala.
2079:
2031:
2020:– via
2001:
1985:. Retrieved
1954:. Retrieved
1912:
1908:Roy, Olivier
1867:
1859:Bibliography
1845:
1797:
1787:
1777:
1768:
1749:
1743:
1731:. Retrieved
1727:
1718:
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1693:the original
1683:
1668:
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:the original
1613:
1608:
1590:
1570:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1538:. Retrieved
1520:
1511:
1501:
1488:
1449:
1446:Tibi, Bassam
1419:
1388:
1385:"Euro-Islam"
1347:
1343:Tibi, Bassam
1297:
1291:
1282:
1227:
1213:
1182:
1132:
1126:
1113:
1103:– via
1085:
1057:– via
1038:
1034:
972:
908:
902:
836:
826:
779:
730:): 177–190.
723:
719:
715:
667:
630:Muslim world
583:
574:assimilation
564:
544:
519:
505:
481:
470:
457:Saudi Arabia
452:
447:
435:
413:
372:
366:
295:
285:
257:Lipka Tatars
249:Volga Tatars
241:Cretan Turks
233:Balkan Turks
132:
128:
127:
113:church, and
85:
76:
53:
36:
4077:Circassians
3699:Switzerland
3639:Netherlands
3387:Orientalism
3295:Reconquista
3248:Middle Ages
3139:: 187–208.
2971:: 658–677.
2527:Basingstoke
2420:: 435–442.
2404:Karić, Enes
2268:Basingstoke
1803:Basingstoke
1560:Bassam Tibi
1304:: 435–442.
1288:Karić, Enes
1119:Kahl, Thede
927:: 347–355.
369:Bassam Tibi
363:Bassam Tibi
352:Olivier Roy
328:Bassam Tibi
316:Netherlands
179:, and some
4410:Neologisms
4394:Categories
4342:Pakistanis
4332:Macedonian
4315:Vallahades
4241:in Belgium
4167:Kartvelian
4142:Tabasarans
4010:Abkhazians
3958:Meskhetian
3948:Dodecanese
3826:in Germany
3634:Montenegro
3619:Luxembourg
3504:Azerbaijan
3477:By country
3300:Tatar yoke
3260:Al-Andalus
2942:j.ctt7sk20
2803:2003049569
2678:2018061684
2635:2020907634
2507:21 January
2485:2019023090
2368:. London:
2357:2017058914
2288:1814/36698
2228:Cairn.info
2187:2014936672
2099:Cairn.info
1987:21 January
1956:21 January
1899:2001050240
1848:EUobserver
1759:1403971463
1540:21 January
1411:2013955942
1266:2006004402
1105:Cairn.info
1059:Cairn.info
1007:2014936672
875:2019004608
698:2001050240
641:References
416:secularity
391:, and the
385:secularism
358:Proponents
324:Enes Karić
314:, and the
292:Birmingham
225:Vallahades
173:Montenegro
133:Euro-Islam
63:improve it
4352:Ossetians
4337:Maghrebis
4327:Hemshenis
4298:Adjarians
4293:Georgians
4283:Bulgarian
4236:in France
4214:in Europe
4193:Besermyan
4117:Khwarshis
4112:Khinalugs
4060:Chamalals
4040:Bagvalals
3913:Karachays
3831:in France
3799:Albanians
3614:Lithuania
3177:144333779
3161:0955-2340
3153:1471-6917
3048:1873-9830
3017:158771481
2993:1465-1165
2985:1741-2757
2950:677987523
2862:127053309
2854:1380-6076
2811:142974009
2795:1570-7571
2720:148008368
2670:1570-7571
2627:1570-7571
2592:143052880
2562:Cambridge
2477:1570-7571
2442:144393965
2434:1360-2004
2396:158337114
2370:Routledge
2349:1570-7571
2306:164180984
2224:0590-0239
2195:153038977
2142:132614050
2112:Amsterdam
2040:Cambridge
2018:158986618
1943:152484262
1699:13 August
1535:1613-4826
1480:148008368
1326:144393965
1318:1360-2004
1274:161373775
1195:Routledge
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736:2710-5326
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389:tolerance
181:republics
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4303:Ingiloys
4278:Bengalis
4266:Minority
4224:in Spain
4147:Tsakhurs
4065:Chechens
4025:Akhvakhs
3886:Bashkirs
3811:Bosniaks
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3729:Scotland
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3679:Slovakia
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3290:Crusades
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3709:Ukraine
3664:Romania
3629:Moldova
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3569:Germany
3564:Georgia
3554:Finland
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3509:Belarus
3499:Austria
3494:Armenia
3489:Andorra
3484:Albania
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1733:3 March
1649:11 July
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308:Germany
281:secular
261:Kazakhs
217:Ingushs
149:Albania
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4288:Croats
4253:Dönmeh
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