1115:
and social traditions, often unrelated to each other, using the notion of ethnie. They argue that nations are defined by nationalists who also retrospectively construct these ethnies - "collections/collations of cultural practices established over time or invented, and forged together often arbitrarily, according to the judgement or needs of nation-builders—politicians or romantic folklorists, musicologists, educationalists and so on—most often the product of retrospective legitimation of the very processes that have underpinned nationalist projects".
881:". In other words, the character of a group is never fixed, and in accordance with group member's individual perceptions the boundaries of identities vary. Armstrong contrasts this to modern nationalist thought, which "has sought permanent "essences" of national character instead of recognizing the fundamental but shifting significance of boundaries for human identity". Despite these pursuits, Armstrong maintains that, historically, "persistent group identity did not ordinarily constitute the overriding legitimization of polity formation".
732:
897:. The fourth factor is the role of imperial polities in maintaining myth-symbol complexes across dispersed geographical spaces. The final factor is language. Uniquely, Armstrong concludes that "the significance of language for ethnic identity is highly contingent" in the pre-modern era. Its significance relied on political and religious force and allegiances for centuries.
1114:
and Spyros Sofos criticize the unproblematic relationship between nations and ethnies posited by Smith, suggesting that ethnosymbolist thinking is marked by "retrospective ethnicization". That is, scholars "ethnicize" a complex, contradictory and ambiguous past, packaging together disparate cultural
1121:
argues that tracing continuity in ethnic traditions does not explain which traditions last or which will become the basis for nations. He emphasizes how traditions are not simply inherited, but reproduced, adapted to new circumstances to keep them meaningful, which may change meanings considerably.
1069:
In contrast, cultural nationalists believe humanity is "infused with a creative force which endows all things with an individuality" similar to nature. They regard the state as accidental, since for them a nation is essentially a distinctive civilisation, "the product of its unique history, culture
1028:
Through established continuities. Continuity can be found in "collective proper names, language codes and ethnic landscapes, all of which may linger on, even after the community to which they were attached has all but vanished". These components may also provide the framework for the revival of the
888:
The first such factor, also the most general one, is ways of life and the experiences associated with them. There are two fundamentally different ways of life: the nomadic and the sedentary. The second factor is religion, exemplified by
Christianity and Islam, both of which gave birth to different
1107:
Breuilly is also skeptical of anachronistic readings of cultural materials from the past, explaining how nationalist intellectuals and politicians seize upon myths and symbols in order to promote a particular national identity. Indeed, in many cases, he argues nationalists simply invent myths or
1065:
whose conception of nation "looks forward ultimately to a common humanity transcending cultural differences". Although the fact that the world has been divided into multiple political communities has forced them to work within existing borders, political nationalists' objectives are to "secure a
929:
debate" on nationalism (named by
Gellner). Smith argues the "modern state cannot be understood without taking pre-existing ethnic components into account, the lack of which is likely to create a serious impediment to 'nation-building". Smith believed the definitions of "nation" and "nationalism"
884:
Nonetheless, for
Armstrong, "myth, symbol, communication and cluster of associated attitudinal factors are usually more persistent than purely material factors", indicating his emphasis on the persistence of symbolic boundary mechanisms. He specified and analysed several factors that ensure such
1103:
criticize ethnosymbolists for conflating ethnic groups and nations. Breuilly argues it is impossible to know from the evidence what meaning ethnic sentiments had for the majority of the people in the pre-modern era, going on to note how, unlike modern nations, many pre-modern identities lack an
820:. However, Conversi was slightly critical, arguing: "if we focus exclusively on the power of the past and its symbols, we miss two other key features of nationalism: first, its relationship with political power, and particularly with the state; second, its crucial border-generating function".
934:
and partial. Instead, Smith proposes an "ideal-typical" definition of the nation: "A named human population sharing an historic territory, common myths and historical memories, a mass, public culture, a common economy and common legal rights and duties for all members".
889:
civilizations and myths/symbols. The third factor is city formation, whose effect upon ethnic identification requires examination of a host of factors ranging from the impact of town planning to the unifying of centrifugal effects of various legal codes, especially the
1012:
In order to understand why and how does a nation emerges, Smith posits two types of ethnic community: the lateral (aristocratic) and the vertical (demotic). In later works, Smith added a third type: immigrant nations that consist of the fragments of other
1108:
ignore contrary evidence. Furthermore, in contrast to the ethnosymbolist emphasis on early symbols, myths, values and traditions, Breuilly states there are many nationalist movements that have succeeded without having a rich ethnohistory to feed upon.
1057:
Hutchinson separates nationalism into "political nationalism" and "cultural nationalism", which are different, even competing conceptions of the nation, and "have sharply diverging political strategies". Political nationalists are essentially
930:
offered by both modernism and primordialism were limited. For him, the problem of modernism is mainly that modernists define nation as "modern nation" with characters of
European nations of 18th and 19th centuries, making their definition
1177:
Since the late eighteenth century, nationalism has in many respects become the dominant political doctrine. The right of individuals to establish territorial political structures corresponding to their consciousness of group
908:
that national identity had been an invention, although he maintained an emphasis on "the antiquity of some inventions and the repertory of pre-existing group characteristics that inventors were able to draw upon".
1024:
Through the recurrence of the nation-form. The concept of the nation, Smith tells us, refers to a type of cultural resource and of human association that is potentially available in all periods of human
1032:
Through appropriation and reinterpretation - exemplified in the tendency of later generations to rediscover, authenticate, and appropriate aspects of what they consider to be ‘their’ ethnic past.
862:, and that nationalism is merely "the final stage of a larger cycle of ethnic consciousness reaching back to the earliest forms of collective organization". Therefore, similar to the
667:
877:, Armstrong argues that "groups tend to define themselves not by reference to their own characteristics but by exclusion, that is, by comparison to 'strangers
762:
1066:
representative state for their community so that it might participate as an equal in the developing cosmopolitan rationalist civilization".
1029:
community in a new form. Smith refers to the Greeks as a good example of this revival through continuity of names, language and landscapes.
2059:
1077:
Not only has he challenged modernism in his earlier works, he has also engaged postmodernism in his more recent works, especially in
1044:
was a PhD student of Smith's at the London School of
Economics. Hutchinson's primary contribution to ethnosymbolism is the theory of
1991:
1131:
Maxwell, A. (2020). Primordialism for
Scholars Who Ought to Know Better: Anthony D. Smith's Critique of Modernization Theory.
1232:
Smith, Anthony (2004). Guibernau, M.; Hutchinson, John (eds.). "History and
National Destiny: Responses and Clarifications".
858:, according to Anthony D. Smith. Armstrong believes that ethnic consciousness can far back in ancient civilisations such as
2517:
1205:
Conversi, Daniele (1995). "Reassessing current theories of nationalism: Nationalism as boundary maintenance and creation".
1074:
and living personalities. Hutchinson contests that cultural nationalism hardly draws attention from theories of modernism.
1996:
1583:
942:, meaning "ethnic group", which is used to describe pre-modern ethnic communities. Ethnies contain six main attributes:
1976:
1971:
1952:
1947:
1934:
794:
1536:
1420:
786:
that stresses the importance of symbols, myths, values and traditions in the formation and persistence of the modern
755:
511:
2045:
2001:
1981:
2040:
1960:
1342:
Smith, Anthony D. (2005). Ichijo, A.; Uzelac, G. (eds.). "The
Genealogy of Nations: An Ethno-Symbolic Approach".
1299:
Armstrong, John A. (1995). "Towards a Theory of
Nationalism: Consensus and Disconsensus". In Periwal, S. (ed.).
672:
2170:
2006:
1394:
52:
2083:
2030:
2020:
1986:
1458:
Hutchinson, John (1994). Hutchinson, J.; Smith, A. D. (eds.). "Cultural
Nationalism and Moral Regeneration".
2569:
805:
symbols, myths, values and traditions inherited from earlier ages. Like the modernists, and in contrast to
748:
1092:
says it is misleading to claim there is an unbroken continuity from pre-modern cultures to national ones.
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2135:
2035:
1830:
1710:
617:
537:
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2053:
2025:
1444:
1041:
997:
myths of ethnic election, the lack of which might be related to the diminishment of ethnic survival of
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831:
817:
704:
602:
2101:
1815:
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363:
244:
356:
2190:
823:
286:
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1909:
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485:
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1653:
1089:
592:
582:
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According to Smith there are three ways in which the past may influence the national present:
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2014:
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642:
385:
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1810:
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1643:
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1415:. Ichijo, Atsuko, 1967-, Uzelac, Gordana, 1966-. London: Routledge. 2005. pp. 99–100.
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567:
475:
436:
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390:
351:
301:
264:
222:
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178:
77:
27:
1373:
Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism
8:
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441:
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316:
185:
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2255:
2195:
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1825:
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1673:
1648:
1616:
1569:
1438:
870:, formation of ethnic identity should be examined across a timespan of many centuries.
607:
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419:
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336:
321:
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269:
239:
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17:
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developed a distinct perspective from his teacher, best exemplified in the so-called "
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2125:
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127:
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popular participation, exemplified with the socio-religious popular movement of the
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67:
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1668:
1663:
1658:
976:
918:
867:
809:, ethnosymbolist scholars agree nationalism is a distinctly modern phenomena.
552:
274:
112:
1412:
When is the nation? : towards an understanding of theories of nationalism
1218:
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2487:
2452:
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1879:
1773:
1700:
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1096:
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894:
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859:
847:
Armstrong's contribution to ethnosymbolism is his “myth-symbol complexes” in
806:
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1852:
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1611:
1062:
965:
According to Smith, there are four main mechanisms of ethnic self-renewal:
931:
787:
699:
527:
150:
117:
92:
900:
In his later works, Armstrong more explicitly agreed with modernists like
2457:
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35:
731:
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2527:
2502:
2437:
2370:
2260:
1705:
812:
The term was first used as "ethno-symbolist approach" in an article by
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165:
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145:
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1862:
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597:
2180:
2145:
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institutional basis through which national identity achieves form.
711:
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627:
407:
2200:
2130:
998:
446:
373:
961:
a sense of solidarity for significant sectors of the population.
1685:
798:
679:
461:
456:
44:
2220:
1725:
1234:
History and National Identity: Ethnosymoblism and its Critics
1561:
1606:
970:
834:
are commonly regarded as key theorists of ethnosymbolism.
1160:(2nd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 143.
975:
cultural borrowing, exemplified with encounter between
1529:
Tormented by History: Nationalism in Greece and Turkey
955:
one or more differentiating elements of common culture
851:(1982), which firstly underlined the significance of
969:religious reform, as exemplified in the history of
1477:(3rd ed.). London: Pluto Press. p. 129.
1175:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 4.
994:undermining the foundations of the Sassanid state
2561:
1553:Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction
1531:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 9.
1515:Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction
1502:Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction
1489:Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction
1330:Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction
1287:Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction
1248:Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction
1158:Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction
797:, ethnosymbolism emphasizes historical roots of
1526:
1194:. London and New York: Routledge. p. 170.
1577:
756:
917:A former student of the prominent modernist
1017:, such as the United States and Australia.
1584:
1570:
1457:
763:
749:
1298:
1170:
1155:
958:an association with a specific "homeland"
938:Smith also introduces the important term
1204:
1527:Özkirimli, Umut; Sofos, Spyros (2008).
1472:
1313:
1070:and geographical profile". Nations are
2562:
1387:Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History
837:
1565:
1384:
1356:
1341:
1231:
1189:
1138:(5), 826–842. doi:10.1017/nps.2019.93
1389:. Cambridge: Polity. pp. 83–5.
1052:the Dynamics of Cultural Nationalism
842:
912:
13:
1125:
1036:
14:
2591:
1473:Eriksen, Thjomas Hylland (2010).
795:modernist theories of nationalism
512:List of nationalist organizations
816:, Smith's former student at the
730:
1545:
1520:
1507:
1494:
1481:
1466:
1451:
1403:
1378:
1365:
1350:
1335:
1322:
1318:. Oxford:Blackwell. p. 61.
1307:
1292:
1207:Nationalism and Ethnic Politics
1279:
1266:
1253:
1240:
1225:
1198:
1183:
1164:
1149:
603:Historiography and nationalism
53:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
1:
1591:
1142:
695:Seasonal or cultural festival
1084:
1079:Nations as Zones of Conflict
7:
1316:Encounters with Nationalism
1171:Armstrong, John A. (1982).
793:Developed as a critique of
538:Anti-globalization movement
10:
2596:
1953:Countries by ethnic groups
1948:Contemporary ethnic groups
1357:Smith, Anthony D. (1991).
1274:Nations before Nationalism
1261:Nations before Nationalism
1190:Smith, Anthony D. (1998).
1173:Nations before Nationalism
952:shared historical memories
849:Nations before Nationalism
818:London School of Economics
668:Principle of nationalities
15:
2541:
2424:
2296:
2099:
1933:
1734:
1599:
1475:Ethnicity and Nationalism
1219:10.1080/13537119508428421
1192:Nationalism and Modernism
949:a myth of common ancestry
245:Constitutional patriotism
1314:Gellner, Ernest (1995).
1156:Özkirimli, Umut (2010).
946:a collective proper name
16:Not to be confused with
2065:Torres Strait Islanders
1910:Ethnopsychopharmacology
1654:In-group and out-groups
1385:Smith, Anthony (2001).
873:Drawing on the work of
2311:Cultural appropriation
2211:Lineage-bonded society
1443:: CS1 maint: others (
1301:Notions of Nationalism
1090:Thomas Hylland Eriksen
593:Gender and nationalism
2336:Ethnic interest group
2171:Ethnicity in censuses
2121:Cultural assimilation
1622:Ethnolinguistic group
1133:Nationalities Papers,
643:National indifference
2549:Minzu (anthropology)
2518:Separatist movements
2381:Ethnographic village
2206:Legendary progenitor
1841:Transidioethnography
1644:Hyphenated ethnicity
1639:Ethnographic realism
1632:Ethnoreligious group
1047:cultural nationalism
568:Cultural nationalism
437:National syndicalist
2570:Nationalist symbols
2416:Multinational state
2411:Model minority myth
2298:Multiethnic society
2216:Linguistic homeland
1627:Ethnonational group
1344:When is the Nation?
838:Important theorists
737:Politics portal
690:Right-wing populism
648:Nationalism studies
2580:Ethnic nationalism
2396:Middleman minority
2356:Ethnic pornography
2351:Ethnic nationalism
2256:Pantribal sodality
2196:Imagined community
1721:Symbolic ethnicity
1649:Indigenous peoples
1617:Ethnographic group
1361:. London: Penguin.
608:Imagined community
442:National Bolshevik
161:Self-determination
18:Symbolic ethnicity
2575:Political science
2557:
2556:
2478:Ethnic stereotype
2391:Indigenous rights
2376:Ethnographic film
2361:Ethnic theme park
2321:Dominant minority
2316:Diaspora politics
2306:Consociationalism
2241:National language
2126:Cultural identity
2116:Cross-race effect
2060:Aboriginal groups
1359:National Identity
902:Benedict Anderson
843:John A. Armstrong
824:John A. Armstrong
780:school of thought
773:
772:
588:Gastronationalism
573:Diaspora politics
548:Banal nationalism
2587:
2448:Ethnic cleansing
2443:Ethnic bioweapon
2326:Ethnic democracy
1935:Groups by region
1885:Ethnomethodology
1868:Ethnomathematics
1858:Ethnolinguistics
1754:Ethnoarchaeology
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1072:organic entities
923:Anthony D. Smith
913:Anthony D. Smith
880:
828:Anthony D. Smith
814:Daniele Conversi
782:in the study of
765:
758:
751:
735:
734:
676:
658:Plurinationalism
618:Internationalism
558:Communitarianism
543:Anti-imperialism
533:Anti-nationalism
522:Related concepts
23:
22:
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2429:ethnic conflict
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2401:Minority rights
2341:Ethnic majority
2292:
2276:Detribalization
2231:Nation-building
2166:Ethnic religion
2109:
2105:
2095:
2002:Central America
1929:
1900:Ethnophilosophy
1895:Ethnomusicology
1873:Ethnostatistics
1831:Person-centered
1801:Autoethnography
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1126:Further reading
1087:
1050:, developed in
1042:John Hutchinson
1039:
1037:John Hutchinson
992:Sassanid Persia
990:in 5th-century
915:
878:
845:
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832:John Hutchinson
769:
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563:Cosmopolitanism
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2331:Ethnic enclave
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2041:Southeast Asia
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2011:
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1994:
1989:
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1974:
1964:
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1956:
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1920:Ethnosemiotics
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1890:Ethnomuseology
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1756:
1751:
1749:Ethnic studies
1746:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:Supraethnicity
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1669:Minority group
1666:
1664:Metroethnicity
1661:
1659:Meta-ethnicity
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1544:
1537:
1519:
1506:
1493:
1480:
1465:
1450:
1421:
1402:
1395:
1377:
1364:
1349:
1334:
1321:
1306:
1291:
1278:
1265:
1252:
1239:
1224:
1197:
1182:
1163:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1127:
1124:
1112:Umut Özkirimli
1086:
1083:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1010:
1009:
995:
984:
973:
963:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
919:Ernest Gellner
914:
911:
868:Annales School
844:
841:
839:
836:
807:primordialists
801:in drawing on
776:Ethnosymbolism
771:
770:
768:
767:
760:
753:
745:
742:
741:
740:
739:
724:
723:
720:
719:
714:
709:
708:
707:
705:in Catholicism
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
553:Civil religion
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
524:
521:
520:
517:
516:
510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
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471:
466:
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459:
454:
444:
439:
429:
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423:
422:
417:
412:
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410:
400:
399:
398:
393:
378:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
360:
359:
349:
344:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
278:
277:
275:Ethnopluralism
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
236:
235:
230:
225:
215:
214:
213:
203:
198:
193:
188:
182:
177:
176:
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158:
153:
148:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
49:
43:
42:
39:
38:
32:
31:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2592:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2488:Ethnocentrism
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2453:Ethnic hatred
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2246:National myth
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:Folk religion
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:Ethnic origin
2159:
2157:
2156:Ethnic option
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:Northern Asia
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2007:South America
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1992:United States
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1925:Ethnotaxonomy
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:Ethnomedicine
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:Institutional
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1774:Ethnomycology
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:Polyethnicity
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1681:Monoethnicity
1679:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1554:
1548:
1540:
1538:9780199326648
1534:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1454:
1446:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1422:0-415-35493-5
1418:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1325:
1317:
1310:
1303:. p. 36.
1302:
1295:
1288:
1282:
1275:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1243:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1152:
1148:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1119:Craig Calhoun
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1101:John Breuilly
1098:
1097:Walker Connor
1093:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
985:
982:
978:
974:
972:
968:
967:
966:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
944:
943:
941:
936:
933:
928:
924:
920:
910:
907:
906:Eric Hobsbawm
903:
898:
896:
895:Magdeburg law
892:
886:
885:persistence.
882:
876:
875:Fredrik Barth
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
856:
850:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
766:
761:
759:
754:
752:
747:
746:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
727:
726:
725:
718:
715:
713:
710:
706:
703:
702:
701:
698:
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688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
674:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
578:Ethnocentrism
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
525:
519:
518:
513:
508:Organizations
505:
504:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
481:Technological
479:
477:
474:
470:
469:Ethnocacerism
467:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
433:
432:Revolutionary
430:
428:
425:
421:
418:
416:
413:
409:
406:
405:
404:
401:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
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379:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
358:
355:
354:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
312:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
276:
273:
272:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
219:
216:
212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
180:
175:
174:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
137:
136:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
34:
33:
29:
25:
24:
19:
2523:Xenocentrism
2497:
2473:Ethnic slurs
2463:Ethnic party
2426:Ideology and
2346:Ethnic media
2288:White ethnic
2281:Neotribalism
2236:Nation state
2176:Ethnofiction
2107:ethnogenesis
2078:
2071:
2052:
2021:Central Asia
2013:
1966:
1959:
1942:
1915:Ethnoscience
1905:Ethnopoetics
1853:Ethnohistory
1791:Ethnogeology
1779:Ethnozoology
1769:Ethnoecology
1759:Ethnobiology
1744:Anthropology
1696:Panethnicity
1612:Ethnic group
1552:
1547:
1528:
1522:
1514:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1474:
1468:
1459:
1453:
1411:
1405:
1386:
1380:
1372:
1367:
1358:
1352:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1324:
1315:
1309:
1300:
1294:
1286:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1247:
1242:
1233:
1227:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1191:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1157:
1151:
1135:
1132:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1094:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1063:rationalists
1060:cosmopolitan
1056:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1019:
1014:
1011:
964:
939:
937:
916:
899:
887:
883:
872:
864:longue durée
863:
855:longue durée
852:
848:
846:
822:
811:
792:
788:nation state
775:
774:
700:Subsidiarity
528:Anationalism
287:Expansionist
151:Independence
2458:Ethnic joke
2266:Tribal name
2251:Origin myth
2226:Mythomoteur
2151:Ethnic flag
2136:Development
1821:Netnography
1796:Ethnography
1786:Ethnocinema
1764:Ethnobotany
1691:Nationality
1551:Özkirimli,
1513:Özkirimli,
1500:Özkirimli,
1487:Özkirimli,
1460:Nationalism
1328:Özkirimli,
1285:Özkirimli,
1272:Armstrong,
1259:Armstrong,
1246:Özkirimli,
1095:Similarly,
1007:Philistines
932:Eurocentric
784:nationalism
671: [
623:Irredentism
613:Imperialism
486:Territorial
452:Legionarism
140:Core values
36:Nationalism
2564:Categories
2533:Xenophobia
2528:Xenophilia
2503:Indigenism
2438:Allophilia
2371:Ethnocracy
2261:Statistext
2191:Historical
2084:Indigenous
2036:South Asia
1972:Indigenous
1706:Population
1396:0745651283
1143:References
988:Mazdakites
717:Xenophobia
685:Revanchism
638:Militarism
297:Indigenism
292:Homosexual
260:Ecological
166:Solidarity
156:Patriotism
146:Allegiance
2493:Ethnocide
2366:Ethnoburb
2271:Tribalism
2054:Australia
2046:West Asia
2026:East Asia
1997:Caribbean
1982:Greenland
1863:Ethnology
1736:Ethnology
1674:Influence
1593:Ethnicity
1462:: 122–31.
1439:cite book
1213:: 73–85.
1085:Criticism
1003:Phoenicia
598:Globalism
583:Francoism
386:Christian
381:Religious
307:Left-wing
250:Corporate
240:Communist
201:Bourgeois
191:Anarchist
2513:Nativism
2181:Ethnonym
2146:Ethnarch
2102:Identity
2089:European
1967:Americas
1811:Critical
1806:Clinical
1600:Concepts
1431:57506554
1276:, pp.4-5
1178:identity
1081:(2005).
1054:(1987).
1025:history.
1005:and the
983:cultures
712:Trumpism
653:Nativism
633:Localism
628:Jingoism
476:Romantic
427:Resource
408:Hindutva
396:Clerical
391:Catholic
352:Japanese
311:populism
302:Integral
282:European
265:Economic
223:American
206:Business
128:Treasure
103:Language
98:Identity
28:a series
26:Part of
2542:Related
2201:Kinship
2141:Endonym
2131:Demonym
2079:Oceania
1836:Salvage
1555:, p.161
1517:, p.161
1504:, p.161
1491:, p.159
1375:, p.194
1371:Smith,
1332:, p.148
1289:, p.147
1250:, p.145
1015:ethnies
999:Assyria
799:nations
447:Fascism
374:Zionism
317:Musical
211:Welfare
186:African
68:Colours
47:forming
2073:Europe
1987:Mexico
1977:Canada
1961:Africa
1826:Online
1686:Nation
1535:
1429:
1419:
1393:
1236:: 199.
977:Jewish
940:ethnie
891:Lübeck
803:ethnic
680:Racism
496:Ultra-
491:Trans-
462:Rexism
457:Nazism
415:Muslim
364:Korean
337:Racial
322:Mystic
270:Ethnic
255:Cyber-
228:French
123:Symbol
78:Father
73:Emblem
63:Church
58:Anthem
45:Nation
2221:Mores
1943:World
1846:Video
1726:Tribe
1346:: 95.
1263:, p.5
981:Greek
860:Egypt
778:is a
675:]
663:Post-
403:Hindu
369:White
357:Shōwa
347:Black
233:Irish
218:Civic
196:Blind
179:Types
118:State
113:Sport
2015:Asia
1711:Race
1607:Clan
1533:ISBN
1445:link
1427:OCLC
1417:ISBN
1391:ISBN
1099:and
979:and
971:Jews
904:and
893:and
830:and
420:Sikh
342:Arab
332:Pan-
327:Neo-
108:Myth
88:Epic
83:Flag
2104:and
1215:doi
927:LSE
866:of
853:la
93:God
2566::
1441:}}
1437:{{
1425:.
1209:.
1136:48
1001:,
921:,
826:,
790:.
673:fr
30:on
1585:e
1578:t
1571:v
1541:.
1447:)
1433:.
1399:.
1221:.
1217::
1211:1
879:'
764:e
757:t
750:v
313:)
309:(
20:.
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