2323:
354:
49:
506:, which he refused due to his ties to Zeiss. Abbe was in the camp of the wide aperturists, arguing that microscopic resolution is ultimately limited by the aperture of the optics, but also argued that depending on application there are other parameters that should be weighted over the aperture in the design of objectives. In Abbe's 1874 paper, titled "A Contribution to the Theory of the Microscope and the nature of Microscopic Vision", Abbe states that the resolution of a microscope is inversely dependent on its aperture, but without proposing a formula for the resolution limit of a microscope.
362:
276:, to Georg Adam Abbe and Elisabeth Christina Barchfeldt. He came from a humble home – his father was a foreman in a spinnery. Supported by his father's employer, Abbe was able to attend secondary school and to obtain the general qualification for university entrance with fairly good grades, at the Eisenach Gymnasium, which he graduated from in 1857. By the time he left school, his scientific talent and his strong will had already become obvious. Thus, in spite of the family's strained financial situation, his father decided to support Abbe's studies at the Universities of
393:, which he described in a booklet published in 1874. He developed the laws of image of non-luminous objects by 1872. Zeiss Optical Works began selling his improved microscopes in 1872, by 1877 they were selling microscopes with homogenous immersion objective, and in 1886 his apochromatic objective microscopes were being sold. He created the
346:
1631:
The dates of his job appointments at the
University of Jena, including his appointment as director of the Jena Observatory has some uncertainty, as sources give different dates, as following. 1870: assistant lecturer on mechanics and experimental physics; 1873: associate professor; 1877: director of
515:
were published by others, it is fair to say that Abbe was the first to reach this conclusion experimentally. In 1878, he built the first homogenous immersion system for the microscope. The objectives that the Abbe Zeiss collaboration were producing were of ideal ray geometry, allowing Abbe to find
1763:
Joseph McCabe (1945). A Biographical
Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Freethinkers. Haldeman-Julius Publications. Retrieved 7 April 2013. He was not only a distinguished German physicist and one of the most famous inventors on the staff at the Zeiss optical works at Jena but a notable
620:
for research in science. The aim of the foundation was "to secure the economic, scientific, and technological future and in this way to improve the job security of their employees." He made it a point that the success of an employee was based solely on their ability and performance, not on their
1764:
social reformer, By a generous scheme of profit-sharing he virtually handed over the great Zeiss enterprise to the workers. Abbe was an intimate friend of
Haeckel and shared his atheism (or Monism). Leonard Abbot says in his life of Ferrer that Abbe had "just the same ideas and aims as Ferrer."
370:
261:
656:
Abbe was a pioneer in optics, lens design, and microscopy, and an authority of his time. He left us with numerous publications of his findings, inventions, and discoveries. Below is a list of publications he authored including many links to the scanned Google Books pages.
409:
and Abbe's criterion, which tests the hypothesis, that a systematic trend exists in a set of observations (in terms of resolving power this criterion stipulates that an angular separation cannot be less than the ratio of the wavelength to the aperture diameter, see
573:. In addition to spherical aberration, Abbe discovered that the rays in optical systems must have constant angular magnification over their angular distribution to produce a diffraction limited spot, a principle known as the
328:
in Jena. In 1871, he married Else Snell, daughter of the mathematician and physicist Karl Snell, one of Abbe's teachers, with whom he had two daughters. He attained full professor status by 1879. He became director of the
1246:
1109:
2436:
337:. He also was a member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences. He was relieved of his teaching duties at the University of Jena in 1891. Abbe died 14 January 1905 in Jena. He was an atheist.
476:
621:
origin, religion, or political views. In 1896, he reorganized the Zeiss optical works into a cooperative with profit-sharing. His social views were so respected as to be used by the
1384:
1987:
1296:
616:, in remembrance of the 14-hour workday of his own father. In addition, he created a pension fund and a discharge compensation fund. In 1889, Ernst Abbe set up and endowed the
548:. This company, which in time would in essence merge with Zeiss Optical Works, was responsible for research and production of 44 initial types of optical glass. Working with
762:
1926:
745:
854:
1271:
312:
in 1824 and still exists today). On 8 August 1863 he qualified as a university lecturer at the
University of Jena. In 1870, he accepted a contract as an associate
2147:
1805:
697:
528:. Abbe's contemporary Henry Edward Fripp, English translator of Abbe's and Helmholtz's papers, puts their contributions on equal footing. He also perfected the
1346:
284:(1859–1861). During his time as a student, Abbe gave private lessons to improve his income. His father's employer continued to fund him. Abbe was awarded his
2441:
2218:
1960:
1212:
1187:
1160:
1126:
1075:
1058:
1041:
982:
893:
999:
2396:
1024:
2386:
969:
956:
2148:
Joint
Committee of Civil Engineers; American Congress on Surveying and Mapping & American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (1994).
1092:
1522:
1229:
537:
829:
804:
2254:
2175:
Pfeiffer, Wolfgang (1991). "Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung". In Hast, Adele; Pascal, Diane B.; Berney, Kate; Barbour, Philippe A.; Griffin, Jessica (eds.).
1806:
Joint
Committee of Civil Engineers, American Congress on Surveying and Mapping & American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 1994
880:
509:
In 1876, Abbe was offered a partnership by Zeiss and began to share in the considerable profits. Although the first theoretical derivations of
516:
that the aperture sets the upper limit of microscopic resolution, not the curvature and placement of the lenses. Abbe's first publication of
2411:
2406:
1943:
787:
429:, as the sine of the half angle multiplied by the refractive index of the medium filling the space between the cover glass and front lens.
197:
2371:
334:
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931:
906:
2381:
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867:
2421:
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240:(23 January 1840 – 14 January 1905) was a German businessman, optical engineer, physicist, and social reformer. Together with
252:, a German manufacturer of scientific microscopes, astronomical telescopes, planetariums, and other advanced optical systems.
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2130:
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1875:
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occurred in 1882. In this publication, Abbe states that both his theoretical and experimental investigations confirmed
432:
Abbe is credited by many for discovering the resolution limit of the microscope, and the formula (published in 1873)
555:
In order to produce high quality objectives, Abbe made significant contributions to the diagnosis and correction of
1602:
422:
to improve the manufacturing process of optical instruments, which back then was largely based on trial and error.
2247:
2179:. Vol. III: Health & Personal Care Products – Materaials. Chicago, IL: St James Press. pp. 445–447.
1587:
529:
385:, a microscope lens which eliminates both the primary and secondary color distortion. By 1870, Abbe invented the
17:
2210:
440:
353:
2456:
2391:
2304:
1567:
932:"On New Methods for Improving Spherical Correction applied to the Construction of Wide-angled Object-glasses"
2342:
2036:
World Who's Who in
Science: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Scientists from Antiquity to the Present
664:
2451:
309:
2258:
1929:[New Equipment for Determining the Refraction and Dispersion Property of Solids and Liquids].
1433:——; Rudolph, P. (1897). "Anamorphotisches Linsensystem" [Anamorphic Lens System].
748:[New Equipment for Determining the Refraction and Dispersion Property of Solids and Liquids].
281:
117:
2416:
608:
works, not only was he at the forefront of the field of optics but also labor reform. He founded the
582:
1151:
2401:
2294:
1532:
210:
2067:. Vol. I: Pierre Abailard – L. S. Berg. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 6–9.
1927:"Neue Apparate zur Bestimmung des Brechungs und Zerstreuungsvermögens fester und flüssiger Körper"
746:"Neue Apparate zur Bestimmung des Brechungs und Zerstreuungsvermögens fester und flüssiger Körper"
2431:
1398:—— (1890). "Messapparate fĂĽr Physiker" [Measuring Equipment for Physicists].
830:"Extracts from Dr. H. E. Fripp's Translation of Professor Abbe's Paper on the Microscope (Cont.)"
2446:
2426:
2309:
590:
2284:
1557:
1138:
617:
502:, who had died 61 years prior. Helmholtz was so impressed as to offer a professorship at the
499:
398:
2028:
Debus, Allen G.; Calinger, Ronald S.; Collins, Edward J.; Kennedy, Stephen J., eds. (1968).
2366:
2361:
1572:
1562:
972:[The Determination of the Refractive Ratios of Solids by Means of Refractometers].
560:
503:
293:
285:
273:
192:
73:
970:"Über die Bestimmung der Brechungs-Verhältnisse fester Körper mittelst des Refractometers"
8:
2280:
1597:
1552:
805:"Extracts from Dr. H. E. Fripp's Translation of Professor Abbe's Paper on the Microscope"
594:
574:
361:
167:
2125:. Vol. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
48:
2117:
2107:
2030:
2003:
1977:
1592:
1582:
1547:
1454:] (in German). 5 volumes, released from 1904 until 1940. New York, NY: Hildesheim.
1362:
1337:
1312:
1287:
1262:
1203:
1188:"On the Conditions of Orthoscopic and Pseudoscopic Effects in the Binocular Microscope"
1177:
1015:
947:
922:
845:
820:
778:
725:
700:[Contributions to the Theory of the Microscope and of Microscopic Perception].
684:
556:
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411:
277:
177:
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122:
297:
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2190:
2180:
2163:
2153:
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2126:
2078:
2068:
2049:
2039:
2016:
1944:"A Contribution to the Theory of the Microscope and the Nature of Microscopic Vision"
1871:
1497:
1476:
1455:
959:[The Determination of Time and Latitude Observations Made in Höhenparallen].
788:"A Contribution to the Theory of the Microscope and the Nature of Microscopic Vision"
729:
717:
688:
305:
308:(an association of citizens interested in physics and chemistry that was founded by
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2103:
1999:
1972:
1358:
1333:
1308:
1283:
1258:
1199:
1172:
1011:
943:
918:
841:
816:
774:
709:
676:
402:
330:
289:
184:
631:
Schriften der
Heidelberger Aktionsgruppe zur Demokratie und Zum Freien Sozialismus
2338:
1865:
1321:
564:
1322:"Note on the Proper Definition of the Amplifying Power of a Lens or Lens-System"
357:
The resolution limit formula engraved in an Ernst Abbe memorial in Jena, Germany
2314:
1903:
1517:
613:
386:
2061:
GĂĽnther, Norbert (1970). "Abbe, Ernst". In
Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.).
2355:
2332:
957:"Über die Bestimmung von Zeit und Polhöhe aus Beobachtungen in Höhenparallen"
721:
641:
578:
390:
378:
249:
220:
95:
2300:
577:. So monumental and advanced were Abbe's calculations and achievements that
1954:. Translated by Fripp, H. E. London, UK: Williams & Northgate: 200–261.
1577:
907:"On Stephenson's System of Homogeneous Immersion for Microscope Objectives"
798:. Translated by Fripp, H. E. London, UK: Williams & Northgate: 200–261.
626:
1426:
Motives and
Explanations on the Draft Statute of the Carl Zeiss Foundation
1422:
Motive und Erläuterungen zum Entwurf eines Statuts der Carl Zeiss-Stiftung
1537:
1386:Ăśber Verbesserungen des Mikroscope mit Hilfe neuer Arten optischen Glases
698:"Beiträge zur Theorie des Mikroskops und der mikroskopischen Wahrnehmung"
586:
541:
394:
325:
301:
241:
143:
345:
1542:
1527:
713:
680:
635:
Writings of the Heidelberg Action Group on Democracy and Free Socialism
605:
601:
419:
406:
382:
248:, he developed numerous optical instruments. He was also a co-owner of
245:
567:, which is required for an objective to reach the resolution limit of
2273:
1391:
About Enhancements of the Microscope Using New Types of Optical Glass
883:[The Conditions Under Which Aplanatism of the Lens Systems].
549:
545:
495:
321:
313:
288:
in Göttingen on 23 March 1861. While at school, he was influenced by
2091:
857:[About Micrometric Measurement by Means of Optical Images].
389:, used for microscope illumination. In 1871, he designed the first
269:
69:
2140:
1988:"The Relation of Aperture and Power in the Microscope (continued)"
1297:"The Relation of Aperture and Power in the Microscope (continued)"
1272:"The Relation of Aperture and Power in the Microscope (continued)"
612:
Jenaische Zeitung (newspaper) in 1890 and in 1900, introduced the
622:
317:
236:
163:
39:
2194:
2167:
2082:
2053:
2020:
1501:
1480:
1459:
667:[About a New Illumination Apparatus to the Microscope].
1103:. Munich, Germany: Druck und Verlag Von R. Oldenbourg: 197–224.
887:(in German). Jena, Germany: Verlag Von Gustav Fischer: 129–142.
533:
369:
27:
German physicist, entrepreneur, and social reformer (1840–1905)
1632:
the Jena Observatory meteorological and astronomy departments.
1475:] (in German). Braunschweig, Germany: F. Vieweg und Sohn.
900:(in German). Jena, Germany: Verlag Von Gustav Fischer: 71–109.
874:(in German). Jena, Germany: Verlag Von Gustav Fischer: 98–105.
708:(1). Bonn, Germany: Verlag von Max Cohen & Sohn: 413–468.
300:. This was followed by two short assignments at the Göttingen
1097:
Repertorium fĂĽr Experimental-Physik fĂĽr Physikalische Technik
976:(in German). Jena, Germany: Verlag Von Gustav Fischer: 35–44.
963:(in German). Jena, Germany: Verlag Von Gustav Fischer: 57–66.
861:(in German). Jena, Germany: Verlag Von Gustav Fischer: 11–17.
260:
2437:
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
2027:
1694:
675:. Bonn, Germany: Verlag von Max Cohen & Sohn: 469–480.
645:
415:
91:
2092:"On the Limits of the Optical Capacity of the Microscope"
1059:"Illumination for Binocular Microscopes with High Powers"
881:"Ăśber die Bedingungen des Aplanatismus der Linsensysteme"
1347:"On the Mode of Vision with Objectives of Wide Aperture"
1127:"Conditions of Microstereoscopic Vision – "Penetration""
1095:[Description of a New Stereoscopic Eye-piece].
855:"Ăśber mikrometrische Messung mittelst optischer Bilder"
2274:
Basic Principles of Refractometers (and Polarimeters)
1247:"The Relation of Aperture and Power in the Microscope"
2152:. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers.
2090:
Helmholtz, Hermann; Fripp, Henry Edward (July 1876).
2015:(in German). Berlin, Germany: Duncker & Humblot.
443:
1467:——; Lummer, Otto; Reiche, Fritz (1910).
815:(4). London, UK: Williams & Northgate: 191–201.
1093:"Beschreibung eines neuen stereoskopischen Oculars"
905:—— (11 June 1879). Crisp, Frank (ed.).
665:"Ăśber einen neuen Beleuchtungsapparat am Mikroskop"
349:
Microscope by Carl Zeiss (1879) with optics by Abbe
2116:
2029:
1998:(1). London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 790–812.
1971:(3). London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 388–423.
1496:] (in German). Jena, Germany: Gustav Fischer.
1413:Double Prism for Totally-Reflecting Refractometers
1332:(1). London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 348–351.
1307:(1). London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 790–812.
1282:(1). London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 460–473.
1257:(3). London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 300–309.
1198:(2). London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 203–211.
1171:(3). London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 388–423.
1025:"Conditions of Aplanatism for Wide-angled Pencils"
942:(7). London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 812–824.
917:(3). London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 256–265.
470:
2278:
1961:"On the Estimation of Aperture in the Microscope"
1161:"On the Estimation of Aperture in the Microscope"
896:[Beyond the Limits of Geometric Optics].
840:. London, UK: Williams & Northgate: 245–254.
763:"A New Illuminating Apparatus for the Microscope"
2353:
1357:(1). London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 20–27.
331:Jena astronomical and meteorological observatory
1948:Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists' Society
1622:Some sources give his wife's name as Elisabeth.
1473:The Theory of Image Formation in the Microscope
983:"Conditions on Aplanatism of Systems of Lenses"
792:Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists' Society
2252:
2089:
1830:
1240:. London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 693–696.
1223:. London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 298–299.
1133:. London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 680–689.
1120:. London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 131–134.
1086:. London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 831–832.
1069:. London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 690–692.
993:. London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 509–515.
377:In 1866, he became a research director at the
2233:Volkmann, Harald. "Ernst Abbe and his work."
1469:Die Lehre von der Bildentstehung im Mikroskop
1370:—— (1886). "The new microscope".
1345:—— (1884). —— (ed.).
1320:—— (1884). —— (ed.).
1295:—— (1883). —— (ed.).
1270:—— (1882). —— (ed.).
1245:—— (1882). —— (ed.).
1228:—— (1882). —— (ed.).
1211:—— (1881). —— (ed.).
1186:—— (1881). —— (ed.).
1159:—— (1881). —— (ed.).
1125:—— (1881). —— (ed.).
1108:—— (1881). —— (ed.).
1074:—— (1881). —— (ed.).
1057:—— (1881). —— (ed.).
1040:—— (1881). —— (ed.).
1023:—— (1880). —— (ed.).
1010:. London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 20–31.
998:—— (1880). —— (ed.).
930:—— (1879). —— (ed.).
828:—— (1875). —— (ed.).
803:—— (1875). —— (ed.).
552:, he built an image reversal system in 1895.
2177:International Directory of Company Histories
786:—— (1876). Lawson, Henry (ed.).
593:used them to work on the development of the
333:in 1878. In 1889, he became a member of the
2442:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
2011:Blasius, Ewald (1953). "Abbe, Ernst Carl".
1931:Jenaische Zeitschrift fĂĽr Naturwissenschaft
981:—— (1880). Crisp, Frank (ed.).
974:Jenaische Zeitschrift fĂĽr Naturwissenschaft
961:Jenaische Zeitschrift fĂĽr Naturwissenschaft
898:Jenaische Zeitschrift fĂĽr Naturwissenschaft
885:Jenaische Zeitschrift fĂĽr Naturwissenschaft
872:Jenaische Zeitschrift fĂĽr Naturwissenschaft
859:Jenaische Zeitschrift fĂĽr Naturwissenschaft
750:Jenaische Zeitschrift fĂĽr Naturwissenschaft
585:work on them, for which he was awarded the
335:Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities
2397:Fellows of the Royal Microscopical Society
1992:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
1965:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
1351:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
1326:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
1301:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
1276:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
1251:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
1234:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
1217:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
1192:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
1165:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
1114:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
1080:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
1063:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
1052:. London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 526.
1046:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
1035:. London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 831.
1029:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
1004:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
987:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
936:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
911:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
894:"Ăśber die Grenzen der geometrischen Optik"
773:(2). London, UK: Robert Hardwicke: 77–82.
47:
2255:"The Evolution of the Abbe Refractometer"
1976:
1942:Abbe, Ernst (1876). Lawson, Henry (ed.).
1815:
1813:
1176:
498:states this formula was first derived by
471:{\displaystyle d={\frac {\lambda }{2NA}}}
2387:Academic staff of the University of Jena
2174:
1986:Abbe, Ernst (1883). Crisp, Frank (ed.).
1959:Abbe, Ernst (1881). Crisp, Frank (ed.).
1937:. Jena, Germany: Mauke's Verlag: 96–174.
1870:(in German). Böhlau Verlag. p. 25.
1793:
756:. Jena, Germany: Mauke's Verlag: 96–174.
368:
360:
352:
344:
259:
2290:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
2114:
2060:
2010:
1890:
1751:
1730:
1709:
1659:
14:
2354:
2221:from the original on 24 September 2015
2038:. Chicago, IL: A. N. Marquis Company.
1863:
1810:
1690:
1688:
1042:"The Essence of Homogeneous Immersion"
870:[About Counting Blood Cells].
425:Abbe was the first to define the term
2208:
1910:. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1726:
1724:
1722:
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1718:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
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1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
546:Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Genossen
296:, who also happened to be one of the
2339:Newspaper clippings about Ernst Abbe
1985:
1958:
1941:
1924:
1852:
1841:
1819:
1773:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1705:
1703:
536:, in 1884. Abbe, Zeiss, Zeiss' son,
434:
2412:German scientific instrument makers
2407:German manufacturing businesspeople
1908:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
968:—— (21 February 1879).
494:although in a publication in 1874,
24:
2372:19th-century German businesspeople
2202:
2108:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1876.tb05606.x
2064:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
2004:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1883.tb05956.x
1978:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1881.tb05909.x
1778:
1715:
1665:
1646:
1363:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1884.tb02005.x
1338:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1884.tb01110.x
1313:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1883.tb05956.x
1288:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1882.tb04805.x
1263:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1882.tb00190.x
1204:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1881.tb05902.x
1178:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1881.tb05909.x
1016:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1880.tb05648.x
948:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1879.tb01548.x
923:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1879.tb01651.x
846:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1875.tb00076.x
821:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1875.tb00067.x
779:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1875.tb00845.x
702:Archiv fĂĽr Mikroskopische Anatomie
669:Archiv fĂĽr mikroskopische Anatomie
625:state as a model and idealized by
25:
2483:
2310:Molecular Expressions's biography
2241:
2096:The Monthly Microscopical Journal
1736:
1700:
1400:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Instrumentenkunde
1110:"Origin of Homogeneous Immersion"
1076:"Penetrating Power of Objectives"
1000:"Some Remarks on the Apertometer"
834:The Monthly Microscopical Journal
809:The Monthly Microscopical Journal
767:The Monthly Microscopical Journal
268:Abbe was born 23 January 1840 in
2462:People from Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
2150:Glossary of the Mapping Sciences
1603:German inventors and discoverers
304:and at Physikalischer Verein in
255:
2217:. Chemistry World. p. 67.
2209:Sella, Andrea (November 2008).
1896:
1884:
1857:
1846:
1835:
1824:
1799:
1588:Calculation of glass properties
1213:"Abbe's Stereoscopic Eye-piece"
651:
569:
524:
518:
511:
484:
373:Ernst Abbe, relief at his grave
2467:University of Göttingen alumni
2382:19th-century German physicists
2115:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010).
1767:
1757:
1625:
1616:
381:, and in 1868 he invented the
13:
1:
2422:Glass engineering and science
2377:19th-century German inventors
2305:Mathematics Genealogy Project
1639:
1568:Aberration in optical systems
955:—— (2 May 1879).
2324:Works by or about Ernst Abbe
1428:] (in German). Vopelius.
600:During his association with
340:
7:
2343:20th Century Press Archives
1867:Carl Zeiss: Zeiss 1905–1945
1510:
217:Other notable students
10:
2488:
2335:by Carl Zeiss made in 1904
2215:Royal Society of Chemistry
1918:
1831:Helmholtz & Fripp 1876
1490:Sozialpolitische Schriften
414:). Already a professor in
310:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
2472:University of Jena alumni
868:"Über Blutkörper-Zählung"
648:was named in his honour.
226:
216:
206:
183:
173:
159:
152:
131:
110:
102:
80:
55:
46:
34:
2295:University of St Andrews
2013:Neue Deutsche Biographie
1609:
1494:Socio-political Writings
401:material's variation of
211:Heinrich Friedrich Weber
2237:5.11 (1966): 1720–1731.
2123:Encyclopædia Britannica
1488:—— (1921).
1448:Gesammelte Abhandlungen
1446:—— (1904).
1420:—— (1895).
1411:—— (1895).
1383:—— (1886).
1091:—— (1881).
892:—— (1878).
879:—— (1878).
866:—— (1878).
853:—— (1878).
761:—— (1875).
744:—— (1874).
696:—— (1873).
118:University of Göttingen
2211:"Abbé's refractometer"
1523:Abbe diffraction limit
1146:Cite journal requires
472:
374:
366:
358:
350:
265:
1864:Walter, Rolf (1996).
618:Carl Zeiss Foundation
544:formed, in 1884, the
500:Joseph Louis Lagrange
473:
372:
364:
356:
348:
263:
2457:People from Eisenach
2392:Carl Zeiss AG people
2281:Robertson, Edmund F.
2248:Abbe's contributions
1925:Abbe, Ernst (1874).
1573:Crown glass (optics)
663:Abbe, Ernst (1873).
561:spherical aberration
504:University of Berlin
441:
365:German stamp of 1968
294:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
274:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
193:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
74:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
2315:Works by Ernst Abbe
2279:O'Connor, John J.;
2261:on 29 November 2021
2253:Paselk, Richard A.
1598:Optical dilatometer
1553:Abbe sine condition
1230:"Miniatured Images"
595:electron microscope
575:Abbe sine condition
557:optical aberrations
530:interference method
397:, a measure of any
379:Zeiss Optical Works
168:Optical engineering
2333:Abbe Refractometer
2031:"Abbe, Ernst Karl"
1593:Optical aberration
1583:Diaphragm (optics)
1548:Abbe refractometer
1393:] (in German).
1372:S Ber Jena Ges Med
714:10.1007/BF02956173
681:10.1007/bf02956177
614:eight-hour workday
468:
427:numerical aperture
418:, he was hired by
412:angular resolution
375:
367:
359:
351:
266:
178:University of Jena
139:Abbe refractometer
123:University of Jena
2452:Optical engineers
2319:Project Gutenberg
2186:978-1-55862-059-9
2159:978-0-7844-0050-0
2132:978-1-59339-837-8
2074:978-0-684-10112-5
2045:978-0-8379-1001-7
1877:978-3-412-11096-3
1695:Debus et al. 1968
1558:Abbe–Koenig prism
1415:. Google Patents.
629:in the 1947 book
610:social democratic
492:
491:
466:
383:apochromatic lens
230:
229:
207:Doctoral students
154:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
2479:
2417:History of glass
2328:Internet Archive
2297:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2257:. Archived from
2230:
2228:
2226:
2198:
2171:
2144:
2120:
2111:
2086:
2057:
2033:
2024:
2007:
1982:
1980:
1955:
1938:
1912:
1911:
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1894:
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1844:
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1761:
1755:
1749:
1734:
1728:
1713:
1707:
1698:
1692:
1663:
1657:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1563:Abbe–Porro prism
1505:
1484:
1463:
1442:
1429:
1416:
1407:
1394:
1379:
1366:
1341:
1316:
1291:
1266:
1241:
1224:
1207:
1182:
1180:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1121:
1104:
1087:
1070:
1053:
1036:
1019:
994:
977:
964:
951:
926:
901:
888:
875:
862:
849:
824:
799:
782:
757:
740:
738:
736:
692:
486:
477:
475:
474:
469:
467:
465:
451:
435:
403:refractive index
316:of experimental
290:Bernhard Riemann
280:(1857–1859) and
239:
185:Doctoral advisor
87:
65:
63:
51:
32:
31:
21:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2402:German atheists
2352:
2351:
2264:
2262:
2244:
2224:
2222:
2205:
2203:Further reading
2187:
2160:
2133:
2075:
2046:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
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1851:
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1513:
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1466:
1452:Collected Essay
1445:
1432:
1419:
1410:
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1382:
1369:
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1319:
1294:
1269:
1244:
1227:
1210:
1185:
1158:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1124:
1107:
1090:
1073:
1056:
1039:
1022:
997:
980:
967:
954:
929:
904:
891:
878:
865:
852:
827:
802:
785:
760:
743:
734:
732:
695:
662:
654:
565:coma aberration
455:
450:
442:
439:
438:
343:
298:Göttingen Seven
258:
235:
233:Ernst Karl Abbe
202:
166:
148:
127:
111:Alma mater
98:
89:
85:
84:14 January 1905
76:
67:
66:23 January 1840
61:
59:
42:
37:
28:
23:
22:
18:Ernst Karl Abbe
15:
12:
11:
5:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2432:Lens designers
2429:
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2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
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2307:
2298:
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2250:
2243:
2242:External links
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:Applied Optics
2231:
2204:
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1834:
1823:
1809:
1798:
1777:
1766:
1756:
1735:
1714:
1699:
1664:
1662:, pp. 2–3
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1518:Abbe condenser
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1148:|journal=
1122:
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650:
583:phase contrast
538:Roderich Zeiss
490:
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387:Abbe condenser
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132:Known for
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88:(aged 64)
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2448:
2447:Microscopists
2445:
2443:
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2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:Glass physics
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2165:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2118:"Abbe, Ernst"
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2041:
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2032:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
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1936:
1933:(in German).
1932:
1928:
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1922:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1868:
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1854:
1849:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1796:, p. 445
1795:
1794:Pfeiffer 1991
1790:
1788:
1786:
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1775:
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1753:
1748:
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1549:
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1536:
1534:
1533:Abbe eyepiece
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1526:
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1516:
1515:
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1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1437:(in German).
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1402:(in German).
1401:
1396:
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1099:(in German).
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751:
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703:
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638:
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624:
619:
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611:
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589:in 1953, and
588:
584:
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579:Frits Zernike
576:
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391:refractometer
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256:Personal life
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250:Carl Zeiss AG
247:
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221:Gottlob Frege
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96:German Empire
93:
83:
79:
75:
71:
58:
54:
50:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
2288:
2285:"Ernst Abbe"
2263:. Retrieved
2259:the original
2234:
2223:. Retrieved
2214:
2176:
2149:
2122:
2102:(1): 15–39.
2099:
2095:
2062:
2035:
2012:
1995:
1991:
1968:
1964:
1951:
1947:
1934:
1930:
1907:
1898:
1891:GĂĽnther 1970
1886:
1866:
1859:
1848:
1837:
1826:
1801:
1769:
1759:
1754:, p. 11
1752:Hoiberg 2010
1731:GĂĽnther 1970
1710:GĂĽnther 1970
1660:Blasius 1953
1627:
1618:
1578:Dermatoscopy
1493:
1489:
1472:
1468:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1399:
1390:
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1354:
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1329:
1325:
1304:
1300:
1279:
1275:
1254:
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1237:
1233:
1220:
1216:
1195:
1191:
1168:
1164:
1139:cite journal
1130:
1117:
1113:
1100:
1096:
1083:
1079:
1066:
1062:
1049:
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1032:
1028:
1007:
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990:
986:
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939:
935:
914:
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897:
884:
871:
858:
837:
833:
812:
808:
795:
791:
770:
766:
753:
749:
733:. Retrieved
705:
701:
672:
668:
655:
652:Bibliography
639:
634:
630:
627:Alfred Weber
599:
568:
554:
523:
517:
510:
508:
493:
482:
431:
424:
376:
267:
232:
231:
174:Institutions
153:
86:(1905-01-14)
29:
2367:1905 deaths
2362:1840 births
1893:, p. 9
1733:, p. 7
1712:, p. 6
1697:, p. 2
1538:Abbe number
640:The crater
587:Nobel Prize
542:Otto Schott
399:transparent
395:Abbe number
326:mathematics
302:observatory
242:Otto Schott
144:Abbe number
103:Nationality
2356:Categories
2301:Ernst Abbe
2141:2008934270
1640:References
1543:Abbe prism
1528:Abbe error
1435:German Pat
1406:: 446–447.
1378:: 107–108.
606:microscope
602:Carl Zeiss
591:Hans Busch
581:based his
550:telescopes
420:Carl Zeiss
407:wavelength
264:Else Snell
246:Carl Zeiss
198:Karl Snell
62:1840-01-23
36:Ernst Abbe
1853:Abbe 1883
1842:Abbe 1876
1820:Abbe 1881
1774:Abbe 1874
735:27 August
730:135526560
722:0176-7364
689:119495892
496:Helmholtz
453:λ
341:Life work
322:mechanics
314:professor
306:Frankfurt
282:Göttingen
2219:Archived
2195:89190943
2168:94030078
2083:69018090
2054:68056149
2021:54001573
1511:See also
1502:49036118
1481:10017693
1460:94235187
623:Prussian
270:Eisenach
70:Eisenach
2345:of the
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