Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

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him they lost a kind, dear master and a good friend, who was for ever willing to help where help was needed. If it took half a century to win the affection and confidence of these self-retained hardy mountain people, his memory will a century hence be as green as are the firs and pines that cling so tenaciously to their native rock; and the deeds and words of the popular “Herr Herzog” will there be spoken of when in the outer world his name will be remembered only by the historian. The dead sportsman's hunting - knife, which I saw so often in his strong hand, is now lying before me, a cherished memento, kindly sent me by the stricken dowager-duchess a few weeks after the funeral. It will ever remind me, not so much of a sportsman prince, as of a prince among sportsmen.” From the book: Sport in the Alps in the Past and Present, An Account of the Chase of the Chamois, Red Deer, Bouquetin, Roe-deer, Capercaillie, and Black-cock, with Personal Adventures and Historical Notes and Some Sporting Reminiscences of H.R.H. the Late Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha – William Adolphus Baillie-Grohman. As fitting as these final words was the act that closed this long and distinguished sporting career, for less than an hour before that fatal attack of apoplexy, his master hand had brought down two royals ! A lifelong sportsman, his last words were apparently "Let the drive commence!" His funeral was held in the

640:, Albert had been constructing his own liberal reform plan, under which a single monarch, chancellor, and parliament would unite the German states; in addition, each state would retain its own current ruling dynasty. As this plan pertained to his brother, Ernest was given a copy in the hope that he would develop his own liberal constitution. Ernest subsequently made a few concessions, but his position remained sound, not counting the increasing problem of his debts. A constitution was drafted and promulgated in 1849 in Gotha, though one had existed in Coburg since 1821. In 1852, both constitutions were converged into one, which converted the personal union of the two duchies into a real union; the duchies were now inseparable, with a common set of institutions. During the political turmoil, timely concessions and Ernest's popular habit of mingling with "the people in their pleasures" were instrumental in keeping him from losing his throne. Furthermore, various contemporary sources state that Ernest was an able, just and very popular ruler, which may have also helped keep him in power. 387: 1615: 1190:, in 1864. One example of the many problems of his education concerned the language he would speak. Although he grew up learning German, his native language was decided to be English. In addition, a naval career was chosen for Alfred, a common profession for a British prince but almost unheard of for a German prince. Ernest also wanted Alfred to be educated in Coburg, but his brother refused. Albert's refusal most likely stemmed from the negative British reaction that would have inevitably occurred and the fact that Albert was fearful of Alfred's moral development. Thus, despite Ernest's protests, he went unheeded in Albert's lifetime. In 1863, Ernest told Victoria that it was time for Alfred to leave the navy and enter a German university. By March of the following year, it was decided that Alfred would attend 1406: 521: 486:. Their father at first thought that Ernest would make a better husband to Victoria than Albert, possibly because his sporting interests would be better received by the British public. However, most others favored Albert over Ernest as a possible husband. Temperamentally, Victoria was much more like Ernest, for both were lively and sociable with a love for dancing, gossip, and late nights; conversely, this fast pace made Albert physically ill. Victoria believed Ernest had a "most kind, honest, and intelligent expression in his countenance", while Albert "seemed full of goodness and sweetness, and very clever and intelligent." No offer of marriage was forthcoming for either brother however, and they returned home. 42: 1239: 1253: 1295: 655: 1464: 1428: 463: 1717: 1246: 1559: 1530: 1734: 1679: 1696: 905:, was Foreign Minister, and no one foresaw that Ernest would immediately side with the better-equipped Prussians upon breakout of the war. His reasoning is usually understood as acting in the best interests of his duchies, and by extension, of himself. Some influence came from Bismarck, who explained his policy and tactics in a letter to Ernest. Regardless, it was seen as a betrayal of former friends; Queen Victoria commented that Ernest "might have agreed to neutrality—for that might be necessary, but to change colours I cannot think right". 799: 1658: 1331: 1353: 967: 1594: 1371: 1636: 497:. As rumors of an impending marriage between her and Albert interfered with their studies, the two brothers left on 28 August 1837 at the close of the term to travel around Europe. They returned to Bonn in early November to continue their studies. The brothers travelled to England again in 1839, at which time Victoria found her cousin Albert agreeable, and soon proposed. This connection would have many implications for Ernest in the future; for example, he was selected as 756:, most likely attempting to discourage him from the match in person. In an 11 April letter, Victoria unhappily noted to her eldest daughter, "You did not tell me that Bertie had met Uncle Ernest at Thebes...I am always alarmed when I think of Uncle Ernest and Bertie being together as I know the former will do all he can to set Bertie against the marriage with Princess Alix". Despite Ernest's disapproval, Bertie was duly married to Alexandra on 10 March 1863. 1138: 995:

still met with Victoria and her family occasionally. In 1891, they met in France; Victoria's lady-in-waiting commented "the old Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha has been here today with his wife. He is the Prince Consort's only brother and an awful looking man, the Queen dislikes him particularly. He is always writing anonymous pamphlets against the Queen and the Empress Frederick, which naturally creates a great deal of annoyance in the family".

459:'s daughter. Their stepmother was thus also their first cousin. The duke and his new duchess were not close, and would produce no children; while the boys formed a happy relationship with their stepmother, Marie had little to no input in her stepsons' lives. The separation and divorce of their parents, as well as the later death of their mother, left the boys scarred and in close companionship with each other. 744:

way to prevent a break with Prussia and the only way to keep the game in our own hands, impose the conditions that we think necessary, and as far as we can, take off its political edge". Albert also warned his son of Ernest's endeavors to interfere with the match, commenting, "Your uncle...will try his hand at this work. Your best defence will be not to enter on the subject, should he broach it".

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brother against finding a wife until his 'condition' was fully recovered. He further warned that continued promiscuity could leave Ernest incapable of fathering children. Some historians believe that while he himself was able to father other children, the disease rendered his young wife infertile. Ernest was married for 51 years and with his wife visited Queen Victoria in Paris in 1890.

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and the same sorrows, they were bound to each other by no common feelings of mutual love". Perhaps the aforementioned "sorrows" related to their parents' marriage; it was not happy, and Duke Ernest I was continually unfaithful. In 1824, Ernest I and Louise divorced; she subsequently left Coburg and was disallowed from seeing her sons again. She soon remarried to

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leader in the mounting conflict between the northern and southern powers. He grew tired of the advice he received from Albert on the subject however; as Ernest "was by no means inclined to consent to an energetic rule such as I adopted immediately afterwards for the perfection of the constitutional system", according to Albert's letters.

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disagreements, and Albert's death left Ernest "wretched", noted Victoria in a letter to her eldest daughter. The death did not solve their argument however; seeing that his direct involvement had failed to persuade Victoria, Ernest tried a new tactic. He began to spread gossip about Alexandra and her family, saying that her mother

949:, Ernest "was increasingly lost in a whirl of private amusements which earned only contempt from outside". Ernest funneled his political thoughts into the private sphere, preferring to write covertly sponsored articles in the Coburg press that became increasingly embittered against England. In 1886, Ernest published 953:, a pamphlet that greatly angered his family; though produced anonymously, no one doubted that it was written by Ernest. It attacked Vicky as a disloyal German that was too dependent on her mother, and declared that she had been too indiscreet in passing along confidential information during both war and peacetime. 933:("Vicky") was for one pleased with his Prussian support and commented "I am not accustomed to hearing so much praise of Coburg here. was not among the crushed and beaten foe, it is sad enough as it is to see so many of one's friends suffering from the effects of their miscalculations". Victoria's husband 1003:

would later describe Ernest as "an old beau, squeezed into a frock-coat too tight for his bulk and uncomfortably pinched in at the waist, sporting a top hat, lemon coloured gloves, and a rosebud in his lapel". He put on weight and though on paper his wealth was large, he was still constantly in debt.

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Later in his reign, Ernest's actions managed to continually anger his sister-in-law. Though Victoria loved Ernest because he was Albert's brother, she was displeased that Ernest was writing his memoirs, worrying about their contents mainly in regard to her dead husband. Despite their disputes, Ernest

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was furious, writing to Vicky, "What you told me of Uncle E and that pamphlet is simply monstrous. I assure you that I felt great difficulty in writing to him for his birthday, but I wrote it as short and cool as I could consistently with civility". "Dear Uncle Ernest does us all a great deal of harm

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of 1866 was triggered by the desire of German conservative leaders to unify, albeit on different terms than their liberal counterparts. Ernest urged Prussian leaders against the impending war, and was an active advocate of the Austrian cause. Though Ernest normally followed more liberal politics than

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has racked her brains to help us to find someone, but in vain...We have no choice". Albert agreed there were going to be problems with the match, but as he could find no alternative bride, he wrote to Ernest that keeping the affair a private matter (and outside the realm of government) was "the only

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There are various accounts of Ernest's childhood. When he was fourteen months old, a servant commented that Ernest "runs around like a weasel. He is teething and as cross as a little badger from impatience and liveliness. He is not pretty now, except his beautiful black eyes." In May 1820, his mother

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Issues arose over authority to control the upbringing of his heir-presumptive. As head of the Coburg family, Ernest would normally have been able to arrange Alfred's education and general upbringing unchallenged. This however was not the case. Alfred was torn between his British birth and his German

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on 22 August 1893 after a short illness. “When the news of the duke's death reached the secluded Hinter - Riss, the deepest consternation took possession of the people, amongst whom the prince and the duchess had passed, as they often used to say, the happiest days of their long, eventful lives. In

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in 1890 inspired dismal reviews, with one spectator commenting that its "music was simply rubbish". Ernest was also an avid hunter and sportsman; one contemporary remarked that he was "one of the foremost and keenest sportsman produced by the present century". In addition, Ernest was an enthusiastic

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Extravagant to a great degree, Ernest had many money troubles throughout his reign. In January 1848, Ernest visited his brother in the midst of political unrest in Germany. Upon his return, he also discovered unrest in Coburg. One of the many concerns related to finances. Although Ernest had a large

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further strengthened his ties to Prussia, and in 1862 he offered to make his troops available to the King of Prussia in case of war. But his liberalism caused increased suspicion in Germany of the Coburg influence. Prussian conservatives would soon turn against him, and in particular he was opposed

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He and Albert were brought up and educated together as if they were twins. Though Albert was fourteen months younger, he surpassed Ernest intellectually. According to their tutor, "they went hand-in-hand in all things, whether at work or at play. Engaging in the same pursuits, sharing the same joys

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but be left to consider his future, as he was having reservations over permanently residing outside England. The matter was eventually resolved; Alfred came to accept his inheritance, and Victoria understood and accepted that Ernest needed to be involved in the upbringing of his heir-presumptive,

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There were problems to the nomination; Ernest had no legitimate children, and thus would have had to adopt one of the princes of his house to succeed him as King of Greece. To solve this problem, Ernest suggested to Palmerston that he simply take the title Regent of Greece and hold the kingdom in

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Zeepvat, p. 5. Victoria wrote in 1873, "The accounts of Uncle Ernest's conduct are too distressing", and two weeks later to her Vicky, "What you say about Uncle E. alas! alas! is what I have heard from but too many and is most painful and humiliating. Really one cannot go to Coburg when Uncle is

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Throughout his reign, Ernest had been known for his extravagance and womanizing; as he grew older, Ernest enjoyed gossip and was "now a thoroughly disreputable old roué who enjoyed the outrage provoked by his actions", leading Vicky to declare that her uncle "was his own enemy". His behavior and

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for political refugees from other German states. In 1863, he attended the liberal Frankfurt Conference, which was openly avoided by more conservative Prussia. Though his attendance made him no friends in Prussia, he developed such strong contacts in Austria that many looked to him as a potential

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of Queen Victoria, observed at Windsor Castle in 1839 that he was "very thin and hollow-cheeked and pale, and no likeness to his brother, nor much beauty. But he has fine dark eyes and black hair, and light figure, and a great look of spirit and eagerness". Later that year, Albert counselled his

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in his late teens and early twenties, most likely as the consequence of living a wild, promiscuous lifestyle. He had come to behave in such a fashion by the tutelage of his father, who took his sons to "sample the pleasures" of Paris and Berlin, to Albert's "horror and shame". Ernest had been so

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of the United Kingdom), were born 14 months apart and raised as though twins. They became closer upon the separation and divorce of their parents as well as the eventual death of their mother. Their relationship experienced phases of closeness as well as minor arguments as they grew older. After

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Soon after writing these letters, Prince Albert died on 14 December 1861. His death helped Ernest repair his relationship with his sister-in-law, as Victoria had been becoming increasingly angry over Ernest's objections to the Danish match. The two brothers had always been close, whatever their

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of 1862. After his ineligibility was confirmed however, the Greeks began looking for other possible candidates, which included Duke Ernest at the British government's suggestion. To their and Victoria's reasoning, if Ernest were to take the Greek throne, Alfred could immediately take up his

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Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Volume 1, p. 48. A letter written to him by his servant Von Stein states that while there were many candidates who could take command of parts of the army, there was only one Duke, hinting that Ernest was needed to continue promulgating the German Constitution in his

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contingent; he commented in a letter to his brother that "I should have declined any other command of the kind, but I could not refuse this one, as, in the present condition of our States, it is important to keep the executive power in our hands". As commander of a German corps, Ernest was

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still maintain control of his "safer" duchies. In the end, the British cabinet thought the proposed conditions unacceptable. His recommendations having been turned down, Ernest in turn refused. In 1863, the Greek throne was accepted by another member of a royal family: the

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with much interest and tried to build links with the movement's leaders. During Albert's lifetime, Ernest took a close interest in the movement for reform, and was perceived as a progressive within Germany. His favorable view of liberalism caused his duchy to become an

426:. Though Duke Ernest fathered numerous children in various affairs, the two boys would have no other legitimate siblings. In 1826, their father succeeded as Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha through an exchange of territories after the death of the duke's uncle, 698:. He also desired to be given a military job during the war, but was refused, as it was "extremely difficult to offer me a position in the army of Schleswig-Holstein corresponding to my rank", according to his memoirs. He agreed to a smaller command, coming to lead a 438:

writes that "even from their infancy, it was plainly evident that the elder son took after his father, in character and appearance, while Albert strongly resembled his mother in most respects." Ernest and his brother often lived with their grandmother the

591:. Though he gave his consent, his father was disappointed that his first son did not do more to advance the concerns of Coburg. The marriage did not produce any issue, though Ernest apparently fathered at least three illegitimate children in later years. 928:

for instance were all annexed to Prussia at the expense of their respective rulers. Though he had only recently changed his political views, Ernest was allowed to ride at the head of his battalion during the victory parade. His eldest niece Prussian

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was deposed in 1862, the British government put Ernest's name forward as a possible successor. Negotiations concerning this failed for various reasons—not least of which was that he would not give up his beloved duchies in favor of the Greek throne.

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Sport in the Alps in the Past and Present: An Account of the Chase of the Chamois, Red-deer, Bouquetin, Roe-deer, Capercaillie, and Black-cock, with Personal References and Historical Notes and Some Sporting Reminisces of H.R.H. the Late Duke of

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trust for his chosen heir. He also stipulated that if he accepted the throne, it should be subject to certain guarantees by the other powers. The apparent deal-breaker, though, was the fact that Ernest wanted to acquire the Greek throne

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became real, a reality that was deemed undesirable. Special arrangements were made by a combination of constitutional clauses and renunciations to pass Ernest's throne to a son of Albert while preventing a personal union. Consequently,

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inheritance, he also had frequent debts. There were increasing calls to nationalize most of his property. Indeed, Albert had to intervene at one point and spare his brother the embarrassment of losing one of his Coburg properties.

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many of his counterparts, he began switching his views to align more closely with Bismarck by the mid-1860s. Despite this change in his private political views, he still had strong publicly known ties to Austria, where his cousin

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Ernest, like his brother, was in favor of a unified but federal German state. In seeking to realize this goal, Ernest liked to dabble in whatever political system promised the most success. He subsequently watched the growth of

752:"had illegitimate children and Alexandra had flirtations with young officers"; he also wrote to Louise herself, warning that Bertie would be an unfortunate choice for a husband. Additionally, Ernest met with his nephew at 1007:

An excellent musician and amateur composer all his life, Ernest was a great patron of the arts and sciences in Coburg, often giving awards and titles to members of the artistic and scientific world, such as

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was also pleased with Ernest's decision, writing in his journal 28 September 1871, that the duke's "society always affords me peculiar pleasure, especially...when his heart beats so warmly for Germany".

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to take that position, albeit unsuccessfully. Ernest also brought about a Berlin conference of German princes in 1850; he highly valued such opportunities for the political influence they brought him.

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Various candidates were put forward as a possible wife for Ernest. His father wanted him to look to a woman of high rank, such as a Russian grand duchess, for a wife. One possibility was

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meant he was no longer the potential leader of a political movement; although it was true that he had been able to retain his duchies, it had come at a price. According to historian

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A bust of Ernest at the Landestheater in Coburg. Ernest was a strong enthusiast for music and plays all his life, and was the artistic force behind many that were popular in Germany.

3214: 4980: 739:(and therefore an enemy of the German states). He believed that such a match flew in the face of German interests. Albert replied angrily: "What has that got to do with you?... 847:

in 1831), as well as her desire for her second son, Alfred, to succeed his uncle in the duchy. As negotiations continued however, she began to lose enthusiasm for the idea.

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Thanks to his widespread royal connections, he travelled widely at this stage of his life. In 1840 and 1841 he went to Spain and Portugal; in Portugal another cousin,

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A supporter of a unified Germany, Ernest watched the various political movements with great interest. While he initially was a great and outspoken proponent of

4651: 482:. Both boys, especially Albert, were considered by their family to be a potential husband for the young princess, and they were both taught to speak competent 350:. His support of the conservatives came at a price however, and he was no longer viewed as the possible leader of a political movement. According to historian 366:

Albert's death in 1861, Ernest published anonymous pamphlets against various members of the British royal family. However, he accepted Albert's second son,

4871: 3864: 17: 3830: 4480: 1187: 1840: 4490: 1960: 4804: 4677: 4024: 4672: 4552: 2170: 4537: 4358: 4975: 4547: 4178: 4047: 3254: 1782: 1178:, his brother's second eldest son, was designated the childless Ernest's heir presumptive, when his older brother, the Prince of Wales (later 4557: 4542: 4500: 4422: 3979: 3095:

Griffiths, Eleanor Bley. Victoria: Who was the real Harriet Duchess of Sutherland--and did she fall in love with Prince Ernest? RadioTimes.

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in what was to be a childless marriage. Two years later, he became Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha when his father died. Ernest supported the

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His close relationship with the English court gave him a position of great influence, and the marriage of his niece, Princess Victoria, to

3740: 1221:. In real life, Ernest likely never met the Duchess; he was already married at the time, and the Duchess was twelve years older than him. 322:

against Denmark, sending thousands of troops and becoming the commander of a German corps; he was instrumental in the 1849 victory at the

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An Uncommon Woman: The Empress Frederick, Daughter of Queen Victoria, Wife of the Crown Prince of Prussia, Mother of Kaiser Wilhelm

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described Ernest as "very big for his age, as well as intelligent. His big black eyes are full of spirit and vivacity." Biographer

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The first war ended in 1851, but would resume in 1864. During this interlude, Ernest fervently opposed the marriage of his nephew

4955: 4417: 4373: 4311: 4294: 4221: 4136: 4084: 3938: 3275: 2024: 1902: 1866: 411: 256: 78: 5020: 5015: 4714: 4288: 4263: 4130: 4118: 3803: 2262: 2050: 553: 371: 990:. It opened on 27 April 1857 to the public. The statue was constructed in 1899 in order to commemorate Ernest's contributions. 4353: 4206: 4068: 4052: 3956: 3656: 3646: 3396: 3096: 1808: 1142: 1126: 971: 819: 338:, he surprised many by switching sides and supporting the more conservative (and eventually victorious) Prussians during the 88: 2082: 502: 1928: 823: 600: 557: 533: 440: 1539: 4321: 3169: 528:. She would remain fiercely devoted to Ernest during their marriage, believing that their childlessness was her fault. 4646: 4599: 3816: 3792: 3773: 3750: 3726: 3635: 3611: 3579: 3558: 3548: 1722: 686:

announced on 27 March 1848 the duchies would become an integral part of Denmark under his new liberal constitution.

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Ernest entered military training later that year. In April 1837, Ernest and Albert and their household moved to the

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inheritance. This was partly because Alfred was second-in-line to the United Kingdom until the birth of his nephew

1175: 367: 520: 4995: 4443: 4194: 3569: 2267: 1667: 716: 818:. The Greeks were eager to have someone close to Britain and Queen Victoria replace Otto; some desired to allow 452: 4363: 3899: 3881: 3842: 3809: 840: 242: 1316: 354:, Ernest became "increasingly lost in a whirl of private amusements which earned only contempt from outside". 5000: 3680: 3434: 2771: 1383: 934: 783: 765: 760: 620:, one of the territories their family had recently acquired. Ernest consequently succeeded to the duchies of 576: 565: 525: 311: 292: 181: 58: 4391: 307:. His father became Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (as Ernest I) in 1826 through an exchange of territories. 41: 4396: 1743: 1580: 1208: 864:. Ernest would later comment, "That this cup was spared me, I always regarded as a piece of good fortune". 580: 4950: 4761: 4641: 2277: 1688: 1516: 1450: 649: 319: 4906: 4495: 4448: 1705: 1603: 1571: 1263: 1116: 1106: 654: 164: 3157: 3153: 2626: 908:

Ernest was fortunate in his support of victorious Prussia; for his services he received the forest of

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inheritance and succeed Ernest as duke (the Prince of Wales having passed his claim to the duchy of

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A coin depicting Ernest II, 1869. It was issued to commemorate the twenty-fifth year of his reign.

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with a strong German element added to his education and (carefully chaperoned) visits to Coburg.

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against Danish forces, capturing two frigates. Also at this time, Ernest took an interest in the

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times, but there remained a large German majority. This majority was sparked to rebellion after

4594: 1496: 1440: 1276: 1158: 1047:, which met with success in Germany. He could also draw and play the piano. One of his operas, 1016: 749: 505:, and would eventually come to give her away at her wedding, only months after Albert's death. 451:, dying in 1831 at the age of thirty. The year after her death, their father married his niece 419: 391: 358: 347: 4698: 4573: 4521: 4316: 3946: 3373: 2630: 1238: 1154: 1061:, S.116 (E. H. z. S.-C.-G. was short for Ernst Herzog zu Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha). However, its 884: 828: 621: 4386: 3389:

Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers

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on to his younger brother). Many were in favor of his nomination, including Prime Minister

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https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2019-04-15/victoria-real-harriet-duchess-of-sutherland/

822:(her second son) to succeed as King of Greece. He was elected with 95% of the vote in the 8: 4841: 4751: 4453: 4381: 1646: 1564: 1341: 1165:. When it became increasingly clear that Ernest would be childless, the possibility of a 942: 921: 897: 877: 873: 691: 343: 339: 327: 3742:

Kenning's Masonic Encyclopedia and Handbook of Masonic Archeology, History and Biography

3667: 3341:[Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]. 3248: 2988: 1468: 1376: 1358: 1336: 1066: 917: 861: 782:

to the position of consul in the state of Texas. On 30 July 1861, Raven applied to the

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manner of dress increasingly became a joke for younger generations. His great-niece

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patron of everything connected with natural history, for instance traveling to

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by his odd ways and uncontrollable tongue with his very lively imagination".

435: 147: 3699:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 751–752. 1082: 1009: 913: 909: 4626: 4005: 1214: 1054: 779: 545: 493:. Six weeks into their academic term, Victoria succeeded as Queen of the 276: 3627:

Albert and Victoria: The Rise and Fall of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha

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The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge, Volume 10

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Ernest's support of the Prussians in the Austro-Prussian War and later

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In 1836, Ernest and Albert visited their matrimonially eligible cousin

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Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach

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Coit Gilman, Daniel; Harry Thurston Peck; Frank Moore Colby (1903).

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Alden, Raymond; George Berry; Ernest I. Bogart; et al. (1918).

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and the Prince of Wales. He is buried in the ducal mausoleum in the

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as well as Ernest's sister-in-law. In a letter written to her uncle

552:, and consequently nothing came of it. She later married his cousin 5026:

Burials at the Ducal Family Mausoleum, Glockenburg Cemetery, Coburg

4485: 3339:"Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos Príncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota" 1024: 679: 675: 544:. However, such a marriage would have required his conversion from 414:(later Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) and his first wife 4922:*Titled as Princes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld before 11 February 1826 3431: 2776:, Volume 5 (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1905), 1105:

in Coburg; thousands of spectators came to the funeral, including

694:. Ernest sent 8,000 men initially, adding to the army sent by the 3684: 3535: 2693:

Coit Gilman et al, p. 841 and Alden, Berry, Bogart et al, p. 481.

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soon became involved, supporting the uprising and beginning the

3018:

Grove's Dictionary of Music, 5th ed, 1954, Liszt: Works, p. 275

1027:, as well as musical pieces for opera and the stage, including 979: 407: 402:

Ernest, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, was born at

296: 115: 3484:

Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima

219:

English: Ernest Augustus Charles John Leopold Alexander Edward

3370:

Almanach royal officiel, publié, exécution d'un arrête du roi

1087:

Reise des Herzogs Ernst von Sachsen-Koburg-Gotha nach Ägypten

1020: 839:, Victoria stated her support for a new royal branch of the 678:. Historically, the duchies had been ruled by Denmark since 3111:

Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha

867: 3618:

The Coburgs: The Story of the Rise of a Great Royal House.

2719: 2717: 295:

from 29 January 1844 to his death in 1893. He was born in

3674:

The Early Years of His Royal Highness The Prince Consort.

3603:

The Coburgs: The Story of the Rise of a Great Royal House

3186:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1865

2883: 2881: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 1182:

of the United Kingdom), renounced his succession rights.

217:

German: Ernst August Karl Johann Leopold Alexander Eduard

3669:

The Early Years of His Royal Highness The Prince Consort

3550:

The War Diary of the Emperor Frederick III - 1870 - 1871

722: 3128:(1843), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" 2714: 2145:

Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

1668:

Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen

1219:

Harriet Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland

1217:. He is inaccurately depicted as having an affair with 1132: 4981:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

3571:

The British Foreign Service and the American Civil War

2878: 2507: 449:

Alexander von Hanstein, Count of Pölzig and Beiersdorf

357:

Ernest and his only full sibling, his younger brother

3648:

We Two: Victoria and Albert: Rulers, Partners, Rivals

3516: 2857:

Zeepvat, p. 4 and Alden, Berry, Bogart et al, p. 481.

2768:

58th Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Document No. 234,

1758:

Ancestors of Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

599:

visibly deteriorating in appearance as a result that

4193: 3232:

Königlich Sächsischer Hof-, Civil- und Militär-Staat

982:. In the 1850s, Ernest dramatically transformed the 291:; 21 June 1818 – 22 August 1893) was 3994: 3542:. New York: The Encyclopedia Americana Corporation. 3322:

Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg

2625: 1188:

Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale

703:instrumental in winning the 5 April 1849 battle of 3761: 3714: 793: 4154:** became prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1826 3517:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke Ernest II of (1888). 3470:Ruolo Generale del Sov.o M. Ordine Gerosolomitano 3106: 3104: 289:Ernst August Karl Johann Leopold Alexander Eduard 4932: 3951:29 January 1844 – 22 August 1893 3472:(Roma: Tipografia Fratelli Pallotta, 1877), 104. 3150:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden 2171:Duchess Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1841:Duchess Sophia Antonia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1632: 1085:in 1862. That journey was chronicled in a book, 627: 611: 4991:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal) 4004:The generations are numbered from the union of 3574:. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. 3520:Memoirs of Ernest II: Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 3504: 3032:, The Metropolitan Opera House, 10 January 1891 2665:Baillie-Grohman, p. 60 and Kenning, pp. 204-05. 1961:Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg 27:Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha from 1844 to 1893 4971:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Takovo 4966:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1870), 1st class 4283:King Ferdinand II of Portugal and the Algarves 3672:. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. 3599: 3391:. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 523. 3182: 3170:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Bayern 3101: 1783:Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 1725:: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion, 540:, whom he met while visiting the court at the 4179: 3980: 3330: 3143: 3126:Staatshandbücher ... Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 3113:(1890), "Genealogie des Herzoglichen Hauses" 1572:Royal Military Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ 1264:Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order 1059:Festmarsch nach Motiven von E. H. z. S.-C.-G. 560:as a possible husband for her young daughter 4264:Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom 4119:Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom 3623: 3592:The New International Encyclopædia, Volume 6 3176: 3007:The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular 2981:The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular 2848:Zeepvat, p. 2 and Coit Gilman et al, p. 841. 616:On 29 January 1844, Ernest's father died in 951:Co-Regents and Foreign Influence in Germany 4186: 4172: 3987: 3973: 3486:. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 607. 3367: 3253:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2788:D'Auvergne, pp. 269-270 and Zeepvat, p. 4. 2652: 2650: 2648: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2313: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 1057:the following year to write an orchestral 670:fought over control of the two duchies of 643: 575:on 3 May 1842, Ernest married 21-year-old 428:Frederick IV, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 40: 3895:Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 3805:Uncrowned King: The Life of Prince Albert 3801: 3567: 3523:. London: Remington & Co. Publishers. 3056:Zeepvat, p. 6 and Baillie-Grohman, p. 60. 2316:"House Laws of the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" 1367: 1327: 410:on 21 June 1818. He was the elder son of 4113:Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 3546: 3505:Baillie-Grohman, William Adolph (1896). 3336: 3080: 2411:Packard, p. 16 and Weintraub, pp. 40–41. 2258:List of knights and ladies of the Garter 1987:Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1424: 1136: 1012:, a German opera singer and the English 965: 868:Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian Wars 797: 653: 519: 461: 422:, who would later become the husband of 412:Ernest III, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 390:Ernest (right) with his younger brother 385: 378:, Alfred succeeded to the ducal throne. 301:Ernest III, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 3825: 3759: 3738: 3703: 3679: 3459:(in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 143. 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3210:(1843), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 3134: 3043: 3041: 3039: 2946:Zeepvat, p. 6 and Feuchtwanger, p. 209. 2887: 2826: 2824: 2684:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Volume 1, p. 50. 2645: 2621: 2619: 2593: 2522: 2298: 2203:Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 2109:Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 2025:Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 1867:Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1393:Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order 1122:which he himself had built in 1853–58. 564:, and by Queen Victoria for her cousin 441:Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 416:Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 305:Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 267:Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 257:Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 14: 4933: 3782: 3606:. New York: James Pott & Company. 3481: 2860: 2814: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2567:Feuchtwanger, p. 62; Gill, pp. 142-43. 2563: 2561: 2559: 2437: 2435: 2263:List of members of the House of Wettin 2124: 2051:Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 2004: 2000: 1990: 1882: 1772: 1768: 554:Prince August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 4976:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter 4167: 3968: 3712: 3074: 2972: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2480: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2362: 2360: 2200: 2190: 2186: 2174: 2168: 2158: 2142: 2132: 2128: 2112: 2106: 2096: 2080: 2070: 2066: 2054: 2048: 2038: 2022: 2012: 2008: 1984: 1974: 1958: 1948: 1944: 1932: 1926: 1916: 1900: 1890: 1886: 1870: 1864: 1854: 1838: 1828: 1824: 1812: 1809:Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 1806: 1796: 1780: 1776: 1515:Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal 723:Relationship with Victoria and Albert 398:, shortly before her exile from court 4150:* prince of Saxe-Saalfeld until 1699 3787:. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc. 3665: 3644: 3595:. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company. 3449: 3386: 3261: 3059: 3036: 3021: 2902: 2821: 2616: 2083:Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen 1903:Henry XXIV, Count Reuss of Ebersdorf 1540:Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown 1133:Inheritance to Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1091:Aus meinem Leben und aus meiner Zeit 18:Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 4986:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 3706:Edward VII: The Last Victorian King 3405: 3276:"Königlich Preussische Ordensliste" 2866:Alden, Berry, Bogart et al, p. 481. 2744: 2726: 2659: 2570: 2556: 2432: 1929:Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf 1624:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 1125:Ernest was succeeded by his nephew 418:. He was soon joined by a brother, 24: 5031:19th-century German male musicians 4428:Tsar Ferdinand I of the Bulgarians 3721:. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. 3372:(in French). Vol. 1. p. 3337:Bragança, Jose Vicente de (2014). 2949: 2937: 2921: 2791: 2735: 2528: 2453: 2357: 1744:Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo 1581:Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword 197: 25: 5042: 3858: 3600:D'Auvergne, Edmund Basil (1911). 2899:Pakula, p. 241 and Zeepvat, p. 5. 2759:Zeepvat, p. 3 and Hibbert, p. 57. 2702:Zeepvat, p. 3 and Hibbert, p. 43. 2295:Grey, p. 29 and Weintraub, p. 21. 1723:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1689:Grand Cross of the Southern Cross 1317:Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion 579:. She was the eldest daughter of 68:29 January 1844 – 5006:19th-century classical composers 4961:Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 4668:Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold 4195:Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 3768:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 3745:. London: Kessinger Publishing. 3324:(1886/7), "Königliche Orden" p. 3152:(1873), "Großherzogliche Orden" 1732: 1715: 1694: 1677: 1656: 1634: 1613: 1592: 1557: 1528: 1462: 1426: 1404: 1369: 1351: 1329: 1293: 1251: 1244: 1237: 1176:Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh 1149:For much of Ernest's reign, the 1143:Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh 1127:Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh 820:Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh 711:and may have hoped to be chosen 556:. Ernest was also considered by 368:Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh 5011:German male classical composers 3996:Princes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 3708:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 3630:. London: Hambledon Continuum. 3475: 3463: 3443: 3425: 3380: 3361: 3315: 3306: 3223: 3201: 3173:(1873), "Königliche Orden" p. 8 3162: 3119: 3089: 3050: 3012: 2999: 2963: 2911: 2893: 2869: 2851: 2842: 2833: 2782: 2770:Journal of the Congress of the 2762: 2753: 2705: 2696: 2687: 2678: 2668: 2607: 2584: 2498: 2489: 2471: 2444: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2396: 2268:List of famous big game hunters 1416:Grand Cross of the White Falcon 843:(as Leopold had been chosen as 794:Nomination for the Greek throne 587:, daughter of the deposed King 193: 4956:Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 4234:King Leopold I of the Belgians 3900:House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 3882:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 3387:M. Wattel, B. Wattel. (2009). 3083:Coburg Stadt und Land (German) 3066:"Buried in the Moritzkirche", 2387: 2378: 2369: 2348: 2339: 2330: 2289: 961: 935:Crown Prince Frederick William 841:House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 824:Greek head of state referendum 729:Albert Edward, Prince of Wales 534:Princess Clémentine of Orléans 13: 1: 5021:Generals of Cavalry (Prussia) 5016:19th-century German composers 3704:Hibbert, Christopher (2007). 3651:. New York: Ballatine Books. 3568:Berwanger, Eugene H. (1994). 2772:Confederate States of America 2283: 1647:Stranger Knight of the Garter 1363:Grand Cross of Henry the Lion 814:, was deposed in a bloodless 733:Princess Alexandra of Denmark 628:Development of a constitution 612:Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 577:Princess Alexandrine of Baden 566:Princess Augusta of Cambridge 558:Dowager Queen Maria Christina 526:Princess Alexandrine of Baden 501:for Albert's second daughter 381: 326:against Danish forces. After 312:Princess Alexandrine of Baden 293:Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 182:Princess Alexandrine of Baden 59:Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 47: 3529: 3432:"A Szent István Rend tagjai" 1497:Grand Cross of the Red Eagle 1169:between his duchies and the 581:Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden 453:Duchess Marie of Württemberg 7: 4312:Crown Prince Louis Philippe 3802:Weintraub, Stanley (1997). 3760:Packard, Jerome M. (1998). 3666:Grey, Hon. Charles (1868). 3624:Feuchtwanger, E.J. (2006). 2251: 1749: 1517:House Order of Hohenzollern 1512:(1870), 1st and 2nd Classes 1451:Military Order of St. Henry 1203:Ernest appears in the 2016 1198: 972:equestrian statue of Ernest 735:, a daughter of the future 650:Schleswig-Holstein Question 594:Ernest had suffered from a 515: 10: 5047: 3841:(109): 1–7. Archived from 3498: 3493: 3235:. Dresden. 1857. pp. 3081:Klüglein, Norbert (1991). 2656:Coit Gilman et al, p. 841. 2118: 2002: 1876: 1770: 1706:Order of the Chrysanthemum 1224: 1141:Ernest's heir-presumptive 903:Alexander, Count Mensdorff 871: 647: 478:, spending a few weeks at 4919: 4894: 4878: 4866: 4859: 4834: 4813: 4797: 4781: 4774: 4744: 4728: 4707: 4686: 4660: 4619: 4612: 4587: 4566: 4530: 4509: 4473: 4466: 4436: 4410: 4372: 4341: 4334: 4304: 4273: 4250: 4243: 4214: 4201: 4146: 4105: 4077: 4061: 4040: 4017: 4002: 3953: 3943: 3935: 3928: 3893: 3482:Acović, Dragomir (2012). 2188: 2180: 2152: 2130: 2126: 2090: 2068: 2060: 2032: 2010: 2006: 1968: 1946: 1938: 1910: 1888: 1884: 1848: 1826: 1818: 1790: 1774: 1475:Knight of the Black Eagle 1033:Tony, oder die Vergeltung 1019:. Ernest composed songs, 862:Prince William of Denmark 717:King Frederick of Prussia 589:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden 585:Princess Sophie of Sweden 476:Princess Victoria of Kent 443:until her death in 1831. 374:. Upon Ernest's death at 272: 262: 252: 227: 216: 211: 207: 175: 153: 129: 98: 94: 84: 74: 64: 57: 39: 34: 4805:Prince Johannes Heinrich 4491:Hereditary Prince Alfred 4125:Ferdinand II of Portugal 3739:Kenning, George (1878). 3437:22 December 2010 at the 3280:Preussische Ordens-Liste 3085:. Verkehrsverein Coburg. 3070:, Coburg, 29 August 1893 2969:quoted in Zeepvat, p. 6. 2875:quoted in Zeepvat, p. 2. 2723:quoted in Zeepvat, p. 3. 2613:Zeepvat, p. 2 and Lundy. 2495:Feuchtwanger, pp. 38-39. 2477:Feuchtwanger, pp. 35-36. 2402:Feuchtwanger, pp. 29-31. 988:English landscape garden 761:Prince Frederick William 684:Frederick VII of Denmark 310:In 1842, Ernest married 4678:Prince Friedrich Josias 4553:Prince Joseph Ferdinand 3869:German National Library 3831:"The Queen and Uncle E" 3783:Pakula, Hannah (1997). 3713:Hough, Richard (1996). 3696:Encyclopædia Britannica 3681:Headlam, James Wycliffe 3547:Allinson, A.R. (2006). 3183:Staat Hannover (1865). 3047:Baillie-Grohman, p. 60. 2627:Encyclopædia Britannica 2590:D'Auvergne, pp. 188-89. 1441:Knight of the Rue Crown 1308:House Order of Fidelity 1112:Friedhof am Glockenberg 931:Crown Princess Victoria 737:Christian IX of Denmark 715:, but instead he urged 644:Schleswig-Holstein wars 638:1848 turmoil in Germany 320:Schleswig-Holstein Wars 160:Friedhof am Glockenberg 4996:German opera composers 4538:Prince Leopold Clement 3878:Biography of Ernest II 3865:Biography of Ernest II 3645:Gill, Gillian (2009). 3413:The Knights of England 3189:. Berenberg. pp. 2987:(607): 539–540. 1893. 1704:: Grand Cordon of the 1602:: Grand Cordon of the 1270:; Joint Grand Master, 1146: 991: 803: 784:Confederate Government 659: 529: 471: 399: 348:unification of Germany 288: 4548:Prince August Leopold 4501:Duke Charles Edward I 3947:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 3005:Weintraub, p. 50 and 2420:Weintraub, pp. 25–28. 2384:Weintraub, pp. 23-25. 1277:Knight of St. Joachim 1157:was his only sibling 1155:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1140: 969: 885:liberalism in Germany 829:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 801: 657: 622:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 523: 465: 455:, who was his sister 389: 324:battle of Eckernförde 243:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 140:Reinhardsbrunn Castle 5001:Male opera composers 4558:Prince Ludwig Gaston 4543:Prince Pedro Augusto 4481:Prince Albert Victor 4423:Prince Ludwig August 4096:Leopold I of Belgium 3905:Cadet branch of the 3845:on 19 September 2009 3764:Victoria's Daughters 3733:Victoria and albert. 3411:Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) 3140:Kenning, pp. 204-05. 2486:Weintraub, p. 58-59. 2429:Feuchtwanger, p. 37. 2393:Weintraub, p. 25-28. 2278:Schloss Ketschendorf 1412:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 1384:Knight of St. George 1342:Knight of St. Hubert 845:King of the Belgians 837:Leopold I of Belgium 806:On 23 October 1862, 778:, the Duke assigned 709:Frankfurt Parliament 696:German Confederation 668:German Confederation 562:Isabella II of Spain 512:, was King Consort. 344:Franco-Prussian Wars 316:German Confederation 237:Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 124:German Confederation 120:Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 3717:Victoria and Albert 3553:. Home Farm Books. 3512:. London: Scribner. 3368:H. Tarlier (1854). 2839:D'Auvergne, p. 272. 2830:D'Auvergne, p. 271. 2450:D'Auvergne, p. 164. 1570:Grand Cross of the 1565:Kingdom of Portugal 1551:Foreign decorations 1017:William Ernest Bush 943:Franco Prussian War 898:Austro-Prussian War 878:Franco-Prussian War 874:Austro-Prussian War 692:First Schleswig War 662:From 1848 to 1864, 328:King Otto of Greece 4951:People from Coburg 4694:Prince Luís Filipe 4025:Christian Ernst II 3827:Zeepvat, Charlotte 3686:"Ernest II." 3217:2020-07-06 at the 3068:The New York Times 3030:The New York Times 1147: 1107:Emperor Wilhelm II 1096:Ernest II died at 1067:Metropolitan Opera 1001:Marie of Edinburgh 992: 860:' younger brother 804: 790:and was accepted. 776:American Civil War 766:Minister President 660: 530: 491:University of Bonn 472: 400: 4928: 4927: 4915: 4914: 4855: 4854: 4770: 4769: 4608: 4607: 4462: 4461: 4330: 4329: 4161: 4160: 4156: 3963: 3962: 3954:Succeeded by 3658:978-0-345-52001-2 3509:Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 3398:978-2-35077-135-9 3345:(in Portuguese). 3312:Allinson, p. 112. 2908:Allinson, p. 139. 2581:Weintraub, p. 52. 2441:Weintraub, p. 49. 2366:Weintraub, p. 30. 2248: 2247: 2244: 2243: 1740:Kingdom of Serbia 1620:Kingdom of France 1501:19 September 1865 1492:11 September 1849 1449:Commander of the 1258:Ernestine duchies 1053:(1858), prompted 1050:Diana von Solange 947:Charlotte Zeepvat 858:Princess of Wales 786:for a diplomatic 769:Otto von Bismarck 550:Roman Catholicism 352:Charlotte Zeepvat 336:German liberalism 282: 281: 223: 222: 144:Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 16:(Redirected from 5038: 4864: 4863: 4779: 4778: 4762:Prince Alexandre 4627:King Edward VIII 4617: 4616: 4595:King Leopold III 4471: 4470: 4397:Infante Fernando 4339: 4338: 4248: 4247: 4228:Prince Ferdinand 4188: 4181: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4148: 4090:Prince Ferdinand 4048:Ernest Frederick 3989: 3982: 3975: 3966: 3965: 3936:Preceded by 3924: 3917: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3874: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3822: 3810:John Murray Inc. 3798: 3779: 3767: 3756: 3735: 3720: 3709: 3700: 3688: 3676: 3662: 3641: 3620: 3596: 3585: 3564: 3543: 3524: 3513: 3488: 3487: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3447: 3441: 3429: 3423: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3334: 3328: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3272: 3259: 3258: 3252: 3244: 3227: 3221: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3180: 3174: 3166: 3160: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3132: 3123: 3117: 3108: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3034: 3033: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2947: 2944: 2935: 2932: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2819: 2816: 2789: 2786: 2780: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2751: 2748: 2742: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2712: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2633:. Britannica.com 2623: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2568: 2565: 2554: 2551: 2526: 2520: 2505: 2504:Packard, p. 104. 2502: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2430: 2427: 2421: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2403: 2400: 2394: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2355: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2336:Grey, pp. 32-33. 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2314:François Velde. 2311: 2296: 2293: 1764: 1763: 1755: 1754: 1738: 1736: 1735: 1727:16 December 1839 1721: 1719: 1718: 1700: 1698: 1697: 1685:Empire of Brazil 1683: 1681: 1680: 1662: 1660: 1659: 1651:12 December 1844 1644: 1640: 1638: 1637: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1608:18 November 1839 1604:Order of Leopold 1598: 1596: 1595: 1563: 1561: 1560: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1410: 1408: 1407: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1372: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1332: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1256: 1255: 1249: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1151:heir presumptive 1120: 1078:with the German 596:venereal disease 538:Louis Philippe I 536:, a daughter of 404:Ehrenburg Palace 372:heir-presumptive 209: 208: 201: 199: 195: 168: 136: 112:Ehrenburg Palace 108: 106: 52: 49: 44: 32: 31: 21: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5035: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4911: 4907:Prince Emmanuel 4890: 4874: 4872:Prince Hubertus 4851: 4842:King Philippe I 4830: 4809: 4793: 4766: 4752:King Baudouin I 4740: 4724: 4703: 4682: 4673:Prince Hubertus 4656: 4652:Prince Alastair 4604: 4583: 4562: 4526: 4505: 4458: 4449:Prince Baudouin 4432: 4406: 4402:Infante Augusto 4368: 4349:King Edward VII 4326: 4322:Prince Philippe 4317:King Leopold II 4300: 4269: 4239: 4210: 4197: 4192: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4142: 4101: 4073: 4057: 4036: 4013: 3998: 3993: 3959: 3950: 3941: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3908:House of Wettin 3903: 3896: 3885: 3872: 3861: 3848: 3846: 3819: 3795: 3776: 3753: 3729: 3659: 3638: 3614: 3582: 3561: 3532: 3525:, four volumes. 3501: 3496: 3491: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3439:Wayback Machine 3430: 3426: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3385: 3381: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3335: 3331: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3274: 3273: 3262: 3246: 3245: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3219:Wayback Machine 3206: 3202: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3163: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3124: 3120: 3109: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3079: 3075: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3037: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3004: 3000: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2950: 2945: 2938: 2933: 2922: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2750:Hibbert, p. 57. 2749: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2732:Hibbert, p. 43. 2731: 2727: 2722: 2715: 2711:Hibbert, p. 42. 2710: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2646: 2636: 2634: 2624: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2571: 2566: 2557: 2552: 2529: 2521: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2318:. Heraldica.org 2312: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2254: 2249: 1752: 1733: 1731: 1716: 1714: 1702:Empire of Japan 1695: 1693: 1678: 1676: 1664:Austrian Empire 1657: 1655: 1635: 1633: 1614: 1612: 1593: 1591: 1558: 1556: 1548: 1529: 1527: 1519:, with Swords, 1503:; with Swords, 1481:; with Collar, 1463: 1461: 1427: 1425: 1420:13 January 1840 1405: 1403: 1370: 1368: 1352: 1350: 1330: 1328: 1294: 1292: 1272:29 January 1844 1250: 1243: 1236: 1227: 1213:, portrayed by 1201: 1192:Bonn University 1180:King Edward VII 1135: 1114: 1029:Die Gräberinsel 964: 880: 870: 833:Lord Palmerston 808:Otto of Bavaria 796: 750:Princess Louise 731:('Bertie'), to 725: 652: 646: 630: 614: 605:lady-in-waiting 601:Sarah Lyttelton 518: 470:of Ernest, 1842 384: 346:and subsequent 340:Austro-Prussian 248: 218: 203: 191: 187: 184: 171: 162: 138: 134: 110: 104: 102: 69: 53: 50: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5044: 5034: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 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4116: 4109: 4107: 4106:5th generation 4103: 4102: 4100: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4079: 4078:4th generation 4075: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4065: 4063: 4062:3rd generation 4059: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4044: 4042: 4041:2nd generation 4038: 4037: 4035: 4034: 4031:Francis Josias 4028: 4021: 4019: 4018:1st generation 4015: 4014: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3992: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3969: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3952: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3930:German royalty 3926: 3925: 3923:22 August 1893 3904: 3897: 3894: 3889: 3888: 3875: 3860: 3859:External links 3857: 3856: 3855: 3835:Royalty Digest 3823: 3817: 3799: 3793: 3780: 3774: 3757: 3751: 3736: 3727: 3710: 3701: 3691:Chisholm, Hugh 3677: 3663: 3657: 3642: 3636: 3621: 3612: 3597: 3586: 3580: 3565: 3559: 3544: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3514: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3489: 3474: 3462: 3442: 3424: 3404: 3397: 3379: 3360: 3329: 3314: 3305: 3260: 3222: 3200: 3175: 3161: 3142: 3133: 3118: 3100: 3088: 3073: 3058: 3049: 3035: 3028:"Amusements", 3020: 3011: 3009:, pp. 539-540. 2998: 2971: 2962: 2960:Zeepvat, p. 6. 2948: 2936: 2934:Zeepvat, p. 5. 2920: 2910: 2901: 2892: 2890:, p. 752. 2877: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2841: 2832: 2820: 2818:Zeepvat, p. 4. 2790: 2781: 2761: 2752: 2743: 2741:Zeepvat, p. 3. 2734: 2725: 2713: 2704: 2695: 2686: 2677: 2667: 2658: 2644: 2615: 2606: 2592: 2583: 2569: 2555: 2553:Zeepvat, p. 2. 2527: 2525:, p. 751. 2506: 2497: 2488: 2479: 2470: 2468:Zeepvat, p. 1. 2452: 2443: 2431: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2377: 2368: 2356: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2091: 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