417:
365:
284:
33:
469:. From this point on, the Schleswig–Holstein question was subsumed by the larger issue of Austro-Prussian relations, which the 1866 war deeply influenced. It survived, however, as between Danes and Germans, though narrowed to the question of the fate of the Danish population of Schleswig. This question is of great interest to students of international law and as illustrating the practical problems involved in asserting the modern principle of
45:
1358:
353:, would have been to partition Schleswig on the lines of nationality, assigning the Danish part to Denmark, the German to Holstein. This idea, which afterwards had supporters among both Danes and Germans, proved impracticable at the time owing to the intractable disposition of the majority on both sides. This solution was subsequently implemented by plebiscites in 1920 as a condition of the
271:, the palace and most of the administration supported a strict adherence to the status quo. The same applied to foreign powers such as the United Kingdom, France and Russia, who would not accept a weakened Denmark in favour of a German power, such as Austria or Prussia, acquiring Holstein with the important naval harbour of
396:
In
Denmark it was granted less significance, and the citing widely regarded to be out of context, as it could either hint at the duchies not being separated from each other, or their not being partitioned into smaller shares of inheritance. This had happened many times anyway, leaving a confusing
457:
signed on 30 October 1864, a period of six years was allowed during which the inhabitants of the duchies might opt for Danish nationality and transfer themselves and their goods to
Denmark; and the rights pertaining to birth in the provinces were guaranteed to all, whether in the kingdom or the
252:
was still the system of
Schleswig and Holstein, with advisory assemblies based on the estates system which gave more power to the most affluent members of society. The three units were governed by one cabinet, consisting of liberal ministers of Denmark who urged economic and social reforms, and
327:, Low German had come to dominate in Southern Schleswig, which had originally been predominantly Danish-speaking. The Danish language still dominated in Northern Schleswig. Around 1800, German and Danish were spoken in approximately equal proportions throughout what is now Central Schleswig.
185:; differing laws in the Kingdom of Denmark with Schleswig permitted male heirs to inherit through a female line. Under these varying laws, the childless King Frederik VII of Denmark would have different heirs in Denmark and in Holstein. But when Frederik died in 1863, his Danish heir,
208:, who is dead – a German professor, who has gone mad – and I, who have forgotten all about it." Nevertheless, the Schleswig–Holstein question gave rise to conflicts between major powers for much of the 19th century. Following the defeat of the
503:. In Central Schleswig, the situation was reversed with 80% voting for Germany and 20% for Denmark. No vote ever took place in the southern third of Schleswig or in Holstein, as the result was considered a foregone conclusion. Today, they form the
301:
Lastly, there was the international question: the rival ambitions of the German powers involved, and beyond them the interests of other
European states, notably that of the United Kingdom in preventing the rise of a German sea-power in the north.
138:
The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806. The German
Confederation, formed in 1815, included Holstein. By the early 19th century, the population of Holstein, as well as that of much of Southern Schleswig, was almost entirely ethnically German.
345:
immigrants constantly arrived, and previously Danish-speaking families often came to find it convenient to change languages. The Low German language, rather than Danish, had become typical of
Holstein and much of south Schleswig.
264:) feared that Holstein's presence in the government and, at the same time, Holstein's membership of the German Confederation would lead to increased German interference with Holstein, or even into purely Danish affairs.
253:
conservative ministers from the
Holstein nobility who opposed political reform. After the uprising in Holstein and Schleswig, the Danish monarch had no interest in sharing rule with the people, many formerly rebellious.
340:
It was clear that Danish dominance in
Schleswig was vulnerable and weakening. Through its vigorous economic activity, the ethnically German area to the south expanded its geographic domain. Linguistically
40:
peninsula showing the modern border between
Denmark and Germany. Holstein is shown in yellow, southern Schleswig in orange, northern Schleswig in red, and the other Danish parts of Jutland in dark red.
401:. Danes also brought forward rulings of a Danish clerical court and a German Emperor, of 1424 and 1421 respectively, stating that Schleswig rightfully belonged to Denmark, because it was a Danish
135:, agreed to by the Danish King in order to gain control of both states, seemed to indicate that Schleswig and Holstein were to remain united, though that interpretation was later challenged.
495:
in
Northern and Central Schleswig on 10 February and 14 March 1920, respectively. In Northern Schleswig, 75% voted for reunification with Denmark and 25% for remaining in Germany. It became
298:: both Germany and Denmark wished, characteristically of the nineteenth century, to create and consolidate nationalities from a background of fragmented cultural practices and dialects.
260:
This caused a deadlock for practical lawmaking, hardened by ethnic tensions, and a complete inability to govern was imminent. Moreover, Danish opponents of this so-called Unitary State (
766:
200:
The underlying legal dispute over the duchies was seen as complex and somewhat obscure by contemporaries, as evidenced by a quip attributed to British statesman
119:
repeatedly tried to reintegrate the Duchy of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom. Holstein, just on the other side of the Danish border from Schleswig, was in the
313:, while the Danish king and partly the Gottorf dukes ruled, and had been a language of government of the kingdom of Denmark in several eras. Since the Lutheran
189:, claimed to have inherited the Duchy of Holstein as well, and attempted to reintegrate the Duchy of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom by signing the so-called
150:
of a liberal constitution under which the duchy, while preserving its local autonomy, would become an integral part of Denmark. This led to an open uprising by
408:
The major powers appear to have given the Treaty of Ribe little notice in comparison to the ethnic conflict and worries about the European balance of power.
317:, German had been dominant in church and schools in the southern parts of Schleswig, and Danish was the dominant language among the peasantry in Schleswig.
330:
The German language had been slowly spreading at the expense of Danish in previous centuries: for example, Danish was still spoken on the peninsula of
854:
666:"Only Three People Understood It: The Prince Consort Who is Dead, a German Professor Who Has Gone Mad, and I Who Have Forgotten All About It"
389:) obtained proverbial status during the German nationalist awakening, both among those wishing an independent Schleswig-Holstein, and in the
17:
790:
385:
separated)". Although this treaty played a minor role at the more formal level of the conflict, its proclamation "Forever Inseparable" (
314:
190:
1144:
596:
regarding Strodtmann's participation in the conflict (see Chapter 5, pp. 130–132, and Chapter 6, pp. 141–143).
477:
142:
Both Schleswig and Holstein had been ruled through institutions separate from the rest of the Kingdom of Denmark. On 27 March 1848,
1391:
229:
201:
847:
337:
The language border in the nineteenth century conformed approximately to the current border between Denmark and Germany .
1038:
803:
181:
A second crisis emerged due to a succession dispute. The dukedoms of Holstein and Lauenburg were legally inherited under
1406:
1401:
914:
1174:
72:) was a complex set of diplomatic and other issues arising in the 19th century from the relations of two duchies,
1179:
840:
244:
Since 1849, disparate systems of government had co-existed within the Danish state. Denmark proper had become a
1164:
1059:
466:
810:
Great Britain and the Schleswig–Holstein question, 1848-64: a study in diplomacy, politics, and public opinion
638:
Great Britain and the Schleswig–Holstein question, 1848–64: a study in diplomacy, politics, and public opinion
405:
and Holstein was a fief of the Holy Roman Empire, wanting Schleswig and Holstein to separate from each other.
1189:
947:
761:. Vol. 32 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. pp. 375–376.
605:
780:
458:
duchies, who had been entitled to those rights at the time of the exchange of ratifications of the treaty.
1396:
1386:
1184:
1128:
538:
Its potential solution (or lack thereof) also forms part of the solution to the mystery at the centre of
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around 1780 (the last known use of Danish was in the villages near the Schlei), but then became extinct.
1149:
1219:
957:
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204:: "Only three people have ever really understood the Schleswig-Holstein business – the
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1169:
1079:
450:
446:
909:
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154:'s large German majority in support of independence from Denmark and of close association with the
143:
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1275:
1154:
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in "Last Essays by the Right Hon. Professor F. Max Müller", 1881, (accessed on-line August 2017).
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437:
221:
186:
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863:
775:
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of 1460, stating that Schleswig and Holstein should "always be together and never partitioned (
257:, with their fear of being replaced by democratic institutions, were easier to be compromised.
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175:
1204:
465:
of 1866, Prussia took Holstein from Austria and the two duchies subsequently merged into the
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217:
216:, the Danish-majority area of Northern Schleswig was finally unified with Denmark after two
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Of Mind and Matter: The Duality of National Identity in the German-Danish Borderlands
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in the 19th century in Southern Schleswig, showing a Danish and a German language map
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of 1864 and ultimately to the Duchies' absorption into the German Confederation.
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665:
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132:
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794:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 335–340.
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to renounce (on 1 August 1864) all his rights in the duchies in favour of
1244:
832:
585:
546:
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193:. This was seen as a violation of the London Protocol, and it led to the
120:
651:
323:
was the language of all of Holstein. During the centuries following the
32:
941:
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550:
539:
342:
320:
268:
108:
992:
1343:
331:
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182:
73:
476:
For the effect on the Danes of Schleswig and events afterwards, see
310:
44:
519:
Elements of the Schleswig–Holstein question were fictionalised in
166:
drove Denmark's troops from Schleswig and Holstein, beginning the
116:
104:
93:
37:
750:
442:
436:
resolved the Schleswig–Holstein Question violently, by forcing
178:, the international community agreed on the duchies' status.
112:
402:
377:
German Schleswig-Holsteiners often cited a clause from the
272:
715:
713:
768:
The Schleswig–Holstein Question and Its Place in History
592:, and also as the farcical recollections of his friend
571:
refers to this as "The farce in Schleswig–Holstein" in
710:
683:
618:
48:
Schleswig and Holstein before the Second Schleswig War
420:
The Province of Schleswig–Holstein (red), within the
131:, who in practice was also the King of Denmark. The
349:One solution, which afterwards had the support of
1373:
826:(West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2009).
580:The question appears in the first volume of the
170:(1848–1851), which ended in a Danish victory at
305:German had been the language of government in
848:
735:(3 vols.), New York: McClure Publ. Co., 1907
706:Historique de l'idée d'un partage du Slesvig
87:
77:
278:
275:or controlling the entrance to the Baltic.
862:
855:
841:
817:The Schleswig–Holstein Question. 1863-1864
183:the German Salic law which ignored females
27:19th century European geopolitical dispute
239:
146:announced to the people of Schleswig the
774:
719:
689:
624:
415:
368:Schleswig / Slesvig Partition Plans 1864
363:
282:
220:organised by the Allied powers. A small
43:
31:
798:Price, Arnold. "Schleswig–Holstein" in
748:
70:Spørgsmålet om Sønderjylland og Holsten
14:
1374:
836:
812:(University of Toronto Press, 1975).
640:(University of Toronto Press, 1975).
781:"Schleswig-Holstein Question"
453:. By Article XIX of the definitive
158:. The military intervention of the
24:
915:States of the German Confederation
742:
25:
1418:
372:
127:. From 1460 on, the two had been
1356:
800:Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions
542:'s short story "Tomorrow Town".
549:wrote of life on the island of
129:ruled together by a common Duke
725:
695:
658:
643:
630:
588:as an issue of concern in the
491:, the Allied powers organised
467:Province of Schleswig-Holstein
451:King Wilhelm I of Prussia
447:Franz Joseph I of Austria
13:
1:
1190:Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust
611:
606:History of Schleswig-Holstein
514:
478:History of Schleswig-Holstein
411:
62:Schleswig-Holsteinische Frage
499:in Denmark, now part of the
483:Following the defeat of the
438:King Christian IX of Denmark
162:supported the uprising: the
144:King Frederik VII of Denmark
7:
1338:Schleswig–Holstein question
1185:Friedrich Daniel Bassermann
755:. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
599:
54:Schleswig–Holstein question
18:Schleswig-Holstein Question
10:
1423:
1220:Karl August von Hardenberg
958:North German Confederation
931:Confederation of the Rhine
501:Region of Southern Denmark
222:minority of ethnic Germans
1407:Franz Joseph I of Austria
1402:William I, German Emperor
1392:Denmark–Germany relations
1353:
1263:
1137:
971:
948:German Empire (1848–1849)
923:
870:
361:was returned to Denmark.
1333:Greater Austria proposal
553:in the aftermath of the
279:Language and nationality
246:constitutional democracy
1276:Austro-Prussian rivalry
1089:"Blood and Iron" speech
1060:Greater Poland uprising
1031:Frankfurter Wachensturm
791:Encyclopædia Britannica
776:Phillips, Walter Alison
765:Müller, Friedrich Max.
758:Encyclopædia Britannica
636:Keith A. P. Sandiford,
559:Second War of Schleswig
527:George MacDonald Fraser
1289:Das Lied der Deutschen
1225:Klemens von Metternich
1200:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
910:Kingdom of Württemberg
864:Unification of Germany
749:Karsten, Carl (1922).
702:La Question de Slesvig
574:Notes from Underground
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240:Constitutional problem
111:, and became a Danish
103:Schleswig was part of
100:, and to each other.
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78:
69:
61:
49:
41:
1205:Johann Gustav Droysen
1175:Frederick William III
815:Steefel, Lawrence D.
808:Sandiford, Keith AP.
565:, published in 1889.
419:
393:movement in general.
367:
286:
191:November Constitution
115:in the 12th century.
79:Sønderjylland/Slesvig
47:
35:
1328:German reunification
1250:Wilhelm von Humboldt
1215:John, King of Saxony
1180:Frederick William IV
1129:Treaty of Versailles
1098:Second Schleswig War
1069:Punctation of Olmütz
1051:Frankfurt Parliament
936:German Confederation
819:(Harvard U.P. 1923).
497:South Jutland County
434:Second Schleswig War
355:Treaty of Versailles
255:Estates of the realm
195:Second Schleswig War
156:German Confederation
98:German Confederation
1195:Heinrich von Gagern
1120:Franco-Prussian War
1107:Austro-Prussian War
590:Revolutions of 1848
532:The Flashman Papers
463:Austro–Prussian War
294:There was also the
168:First Schleswig War
1397:Duchy of Schleswig
1387:National questions
1363:Germany portal
1296:Die Wacht am Rhein
1080:Dresden Conference
983:Congress of Vienna
900:Kingdom of Prussia
895:Kingdom of Hanover
890:Kingdom of Bavaria
670:Quote Investigator
509:Schleswig-Holstein
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422:Kingdom of Prussia
391:German unification
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359:Northern Schleswig
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160:Kingdom of Prussia
152:Schleswig-Holstein
50:
42:
1369:
1368:
1307:Lützow Free Corps
1240:Otto von Bismarck
1160:Eduard von Simson
1003:Wartburg Festival
905:Kingdom of Saxony
752:"Schleswig"
649:Lytton Strachey,
387:Up ewig ungedeelt
296:national question
187:King Christian IX
125:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
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230:Danish minority
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224:still lives in
202:Lord Palmerston
176:London Protocol
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722:, p. 339.
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561:in his novel
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485:German Empire
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1235:Napoleon III
1155:Christian IX
1109: /
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953:Erfurt Union
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673:. Retrieved
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505:German state
482:
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399:feudal units
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351:Napoleon III
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148:promulgation
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53:
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29:
1245:Robert Blum
1042:Revolutions
675:16 December
586:Carl Schurz
547:Herman Bang
522:Royal Flash
471:nationality
428:, 1866–1918
397:pattern of
325:Middle Ages
315:Reformation
248:. However,
232:remains in
218:plebiscites
214:World War I
174:; with the
121:Middle Ages
107:during the
1376:Categories
942:Zollverein
612:References
569:Dostoevsky
540:Kim Newman
515:Literature
412:Resolution
343:Low German
321:Low German
269:Copenhagen
250:absolutism
228:, while a
109:Viking Age
92:), to the
1344:Sonderweg
1255:Wilhelm I
1230:Ludwig II
1150:Charles I
1116:1870–1871
1076:1850-1851
1047:1848–1849
988:1815–1848
979:1814–1815
332:Schwansen
307:Schleswig
262:Helstaten
74:Schleswig
778:(1911).
600:See also
535:novels.
311:Holstein
84:Holstein
1264:Related
1165:Franz I
993:Vormärz
881:(later
802:(2005)
788:(ed.).
655:, 1921.
557:in the
487:in the
461:In the
172:Idstedt
117:Denmark
105:Denmark
89:Holsten
38:Jutland
1138:People
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972:Events
924:Unions
871:States
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443:Kaiser
357:, and
94:Danish
82:) and
66:Danish
58:German
784:. In
113:duchy
1125:1871
1103:1866
1094:1864
1085:1862
1065:1850
1056:1848
1040:1848
1026:1833
1017:1832
1008:1819
999:1817
677:2018
563:Tine
449:and
432:The
403:fief
309:and
273:Kiel
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36:The
584:of
551:Als
529:'s
507:of
267:In
212:in
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383:or
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