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chromatograph for his dissertation. Until facilities at the
University of Innsbruck were usable again, he used his high school's laboratory to continue Cremer's research with her. When the university partially reopened, Cremer was still temporarily banned from work due to her German citizenship and would secretly visit the university in a delivery truck to continue research.
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won the Nobel Prize for partition chromatography, which is often credited for introducing the use of gas as a mobile phase, in 1952. All were completely ignorant of Cremer's early work. This has been attributed to the fact that Cremer spoke to the wrong people in the wrong places. Austrian analytical
328:
at Haber's
Institut, where they investigated the conversion of hydrogen and ortho-hydrogen in one spin state to para-hydrogen. She remained there until 1933 when the Nazi party came to power in Germany and the institute was dissolved for its reputation as anti-Nazi. Cremer was unable to find work or
349:
from the
University of Berlin. In any ordinary case, this qualification would lead to faculty positions; however, the Nazi government of the time had passed the Law on the Legal Position of Female Public Servants. The law banned women from senior positions (e.g. professorship) and required women to
422:
and micro chemists did not focus on gases, so the idea did not gain interest. Also, in the post-war years, communication between
English and German scientists was poor. Following the new reports, the method of gas chromatography spread widely and Cremer's work slowly gained more recognition.
404:
In
December 1944, the university's facilities were badly damaged in an air bombardment and after the war, Cremer, as a German citizen, was not allowed to use the limited facilities. Fritz Prior was one of her postwar students and a high school chemistry teacher. He chose her idea of the gas
408:
Cremer was allowed to return to her work in late 1945. Prior completed the research demonstrating a novel method for measurements and qualitative and quantitative analysis in 1947. Another student of Cremer's, Roland Müller wrote his dissertation on the analytical possibilities of the gas
261:
Cremer's father moved to a new position in Berlin and Cremer had trouble adjusting to the new
Prussian school system. Cremer graduated high school in Berlin in 1921 and matriculated to the University of Berlin to study chemistry. At the University of Berlin, she attended lectures by
438:
Cremer continued research at the
University of Innsbruck and retired in 1971. She remained active in gas chromatography until almost the end of life. In 1990, an international symposium celebrating her work and her ninetieth birthday was held in Innsbruck. She died in 1996.
409:
chromatograph. Cremer was appointed director of the
Physical Chemistry Institute at Innsbruck and was made a professor in 1951. Cremer began presenting Prior and Müller's work in 1947 at various scientific meetings. In 1951, three papers on Cremer's work were published in
425:
Cremer and her students continued their work on developing both the methods and theories behind gas chromatography over the next two decades and led to many of contemporary, common use ideas used in gas chromatography. Cremer and her group created the phrase "relative
253:. She was the only daughter and middle child of Max Cremer and Elsbeth Rosmund. Her father, Max Cremer, was a professor of physiology and the inventor of the glass electrode. She had two brothers, Hubert Cremer, a mathematician, and Lothar Cremer, an acoustician.
365:
in 1940 at the
University of Innsbruck in Austria. However, she was informed that she would leave her job once the war had ended and the men came home. Cremer was pleased with her new position and location because she was able to mountain climb, a hobby of hers.
430:" and how to calculate the peak area through multiplying the peak's height by the width of the peak at half height. Additionally, they demonstrated the relationship between measurement and column temperature and also invented head space analysis.
382:
carrier gas as the mobile phase. She developed mathematical relationships and equations and instrumentation for the first gas chromatograph. Separate components were detected by a thermal conductivity detector. She initially submitted a short
413:, a lesser known German scientific journal. The scientific community responded to presentations and papers either negatively or not at all. Many believed that older methods were sufficient. In 1952, the British Anthony Trafford James and
374:
At
Innsbruck, Cremer researched the hydrogenation of acetylene and found difficulty separating two gases with similar adsorption heats using the common methods of the day. She was aware of the
302:
375:
293:. Her dissertation was on the kinetics of the hydrogen-chlorine reaction. The paper was published under her name only because it concluded that the hydrogen-chlorine reaction was a
297:, which was still considered an extremely original concept for that time. Because of this paper and her work on kinetics, the future Nobel Laureate for the study of kinetics,
578:"A new form of chromatogram employing two liquid phases: A theory of chromatography. 2. Application to the micro-determination of the higher monoamino-acids in proteins"
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393:, which was accepted and she informed them that future experimental work would follow. The paper however was not published at the time, because the journal's
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to study radioactive trace compounds in 1937. She moved labs shortly after to concentrate on isotope separation. In 1938, Cremer received her
1062:
510:
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654:"Gas-liquid partition chromatography: the separation and micro-estimation of volatile fatty acids from formic acid to dodecanoic acid"
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In 2009, the University of Innsbruck established a program in her name which awards highly qualified women scientist in pursuit of a
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and in 1953, the Czech J. Janak published reports claiming the invention of gas chromatography. Martin and his partner
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401:. It was finally published thirty years later in 1976 at which point it was considered a historical document.
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Bobleter, O. (1996). "Exhibition of the first gas chromatographic work of Erika Cremer and Fritz Prior".
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research going on at Innsbruck, so she thought of a parallel method to separate gases which used an
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Women in chemistry : their changing roles from alchemical times to the mid-twentieth century
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began and male scientists and professors were drafted, Cremer was able to obtain a position as a
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opened an exhibition on 3 November 1995 which featured Cremer's work in its branch in
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Bartle, Keith D.; Myers, Peter (10 September 2002). "History of gas chromatography".
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Cremer studied the breakdown of alcohols using oxide catalysts on scholarship at the
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invited her to Leningrad to work. She refused and remained in Germany to work at the
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A Street in Munich was called after her (Erika-Cremer-Straße in 81829 München)
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Commemorative M.S. Tswett Medal of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, 1978
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769:. Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
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881:Über die Reaktion zwischen Chlor, Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff im Licht
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149:Über die Reaktion zwischen Chlor, Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff im Licht
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Ettre, Leslie S. (1990). "Professor Erika Cremer ninety years old".
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Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
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Women in chemistry and physics : a biobibliographic sourcebook
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Cremer was born on 20 May 1900 in Munich, Germany into a family of
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First-class cross of the Austrian Order for Science and Art
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M.S. Tswett Chromatography Award, 1974 (first year awarded)
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for a brief time. Cremer returned to Berlin to work with
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who is regarded as one of the most important pioneers in
229:, as she second conceived the technique in 1944, after
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were left unemployed or limited in career prospects.
976:[Erika Cremer habilitation program started].
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Martin, A. J. P.; Synge, R. L. M. (1 December 1941).
930:. Hinshaw, John V. London: Imperial College Press.
505:, explaining to the public how she built the first
35:Portrait of Erika Cremer by Letizia Mancino Cremer
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333:Scientific career before and during World War II
652:James, A. T.; Martin, A. J. P. (1 March 1952).
974:"Erika-Cremer-Habilitationsprogramm gestartet"
1048:Academic staff of the University of Innsbruck
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958:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
797:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
928:Chapters in the evolution of chromatography
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471:of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1970
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461:Johann Josef Ritter von Precht Medal of
370:Gas separation discovery and development
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309:on the quantum theoretical problems of
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1063:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
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849:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
763:F., Rayner-Canham, Marelene (1998).
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627:TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry
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329:continue research for four years.
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419:Richard Laurence Millington Synge
376:liquid absorption chromatography
980:(in German). November 19, 2009.
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704:. Csupomona.edu. Archived from
549:(9–10). SpringerLink: 413–414.
999:(7–8). SpringerLink: 444–446.
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289:six years later in 1927 under
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639:10.1016/S0165-9936(02)00806-3
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482:Technische Universität Berlin
411:Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie
352:women scientists and scholars
1053:20th-century German chemists
172:Other academic advisors
7:
10:
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926:S., Ettre, Leslie (2008).
285:Cremer received her Ph.D.
257:Education and early career
16:German chemist (1900–1996)
480:Honorary degree from the
307:Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer
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176:Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer
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1043:German physical chemists
350:quit once married. Many
978:University of Innsbruck
469:Erwin Schrödinger Prize
223:University of Innsbruck
136:University of Innsbruck
1068:Scientists from Munich
884:(Thesis) (in German).
878:Cremer, Erika (1927).
841:Rafailovich, Miriam H.
434:Later career and death
318:University of Freiburg
1058:German women chemists
397:was destroyed during
251:university professors
206:– 21 September 1996,
886:University of Berlin
415:Archer Porter Martin
100:University of Berlin
658:Biochemical Journal
582:Biochemical Journal
456:Wilhelm Exner Medal
390:Naturwissenschaften
1005:10.1007/BF02271028
555:10.1007/BF02261386
235:Archer J.P. Martin
227:gas chromatography
219:Professor Emeritus
127:Gas chromatography
111:gas chromatography
670:10.1042/bj0500679
594:10.1042/bj0351358
588:(12): 1358–1368.
507:gas chromatograph
494:Museum exhibition
450:Awards and honors
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118:Scientific career
69:21 September 1996
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499:Deutsches Museum
322:George de Hevesy
299:Nikolay Semyonov
215:physical chemist
180:George de Hevesy
161:Doctoral advisor
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287:magna cum laude
280:Albert Einstein
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702:"Erika Cremer"
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337:Cremer joined
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311:photochemistry
295:chain reaction
291:Max Bodenstein
268:Walther Nernst
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202:(20 May 1900,
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359:World War II
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347:habilitation
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276:Max von Laue
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200:Erika Cremer
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132:Institutions
117:
71:(1996-09-21)
23:Erika Cremer
1038:1996 deaths
1033:1900 births
511:Fritz Prior
387:in 1944 to
264:Fritz Haber
109:Developing
88:Nationality
51:20 May 1900
1027:Categories
856:0313273820
776:0841235228
712:2012-09-11
517:References
272:Max Planck
247:scientists
47:1900-05-20
954:cite book
946:294759403
894:873364763
793:cite book
339:Otto Hahn
237:in 1941.
208:Innsbruck
188:Otto Hahn
77:Innsbruck
1013:95642965
865:27068054
843:(1993).
785:38886653
688:14934673
612:16747422
563:95836390
446:degree.
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221:at the
81:Austria
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458:, 1958
363:docent
357:After
278:, and
241:Family
212:German
204:Munich
154:(1927)
152:
143:Thesis
124:Fields
91:German
55:Munich
1009:S2CID
559:S2CID
509:with
380:inert
320:with
305:with
960:link
942:OCLC
932:ISBN
890:OCLC
861:OCLC
851:ISBN
799:link
781:OCLC
771:ISBN
684:PMID
608:PMID
503:Bonn
249:and
233:and
217:and
66:Died
41:Born
1001:doi
674:PMC
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
