1059:
988:
2496:
576:
701:
940:. The six korai of the porch all exhibit subtle variations, implying that they do not represent a repetition of a single person or deity but a group of individuals. Lesk argues that they may have been intended as a replacement for the (highly individuated) Acropolis korai that were destroyed by the Persians and in this capacity represent the servants of Athena who stood ready to make libation to the cult statue housed inside. Vickers suggests not only a later date for the construction of the Erechtheion but that the korai are actually
792:
820:
101:
1050:, a Hermes, the saltwater well and a collection of spoils from the Persian War. To the north of this chamber was the north porch whose coffered ceiling was pierced supposedly as the entry point of one of Poseidon's thunderbolts; indentations below were thought to be the resulting trident marks. The altar of Thyechoos stood over the trident marks. Continuing outside was the sanctuary precinct, which may have contained the sacred olive tree, the snake pit, the Tomb of Kekrops and the Pandrosieon.
524:
416:: the Temple of Athena Polias and the Erechtheion. However, whether the Erechtheion referred to by Pausanias and other sources is indeed the Ionic temple or an entirely different building has become a point of contention in recent decades, with various scholars ruling out that Athena and Erechtheus were worshipped in a single building. Alternative suggested locations of the true Erechtheion include the structures on the Acropolis conventionally identified as the
846:
881:. Peter Schultz's recent reinterpretation of the standing god and goddesses on the east porch of the Nike Athena temple as the birth of Athena invites comparison with the birth scene on the Parthenon pediment and has prompted the question of whether there is a tradition of birth scenes in Attic sculpture that was continued on the Erechtheion frieze. As is typical of the Ionic style, there is no pediment sculpture on the Erechtheion.
25:
885:
862:
elements, 112 fragments of the frieze have survived, perhaps 80% of the figures. Attempts to match dowel hole to figure have not been successful, and therefore the order of the figures and overall theme of frieze remains unclear. However, several attempts to identify individual scenes within the sequence of figures have been made. According to Pallat, the north porch had a chariot race with a
560:. To the south of the Erechtheion site would have been the Dörpfeld Foundations Temple, now thought to be the archaic Temple of Athena Polias, the foundations of which are visible on the acropolis today. Examination of the remains of the north edge of this temple by Korres might suggest the boundaries of the pre-Ionic Erechtheion site and therefore determine the shape of the classical
680:'s harem. However, new research questions whether the building was actually in use as a harem, as this is not found in Turkish sources. This final period of the building's use also witnessed the beginning of traveller's accounts and architectural recording of the structure along with its despoliation by antique collectors. Perhaps the greatest damage to the edifice came with the
807:, having six sculpted female figures as supports, all facing south and standing on a low wall. The only entrance to the Porch of the Maidens was the stairway from the interior of the naos. The western end is a double-height space, and at the second-storey level, the outside west facing wall has an engaged base moulding with four
761:
at the north-west corner. Next to this porch is an outside terrace and steps leading to the east porch. East of the north doorway is an underground opening that leads to a crypt under the north porch with a pit for snakes. On the west end of the north elevation of the western naos, a further door and
435:
In the official decrees the Ionic building is referred to as "... το͂ νεὸ το͂ ἐμ πόλει ἐν ο͂ι τὸ ἀρχαῖον ἄγαλμα" (the temple on the
Acropolis within which is the ancient statue). In other instances it is referred to as the Temple of the Polias. The joint cult of Athena and Poseidon-Erechtheus appears
1123:
In the post-revolutionary period, ambitious plans were drawn up to clear the
Acropolis and build a royal palace for the newly installed Bavarian king. Although no such palace was built, the plateau was cleared of much of the post-classical accretions, which were thought to obscure the site, and left
1127:
For the
Erechtheion this meant the remnants of the Frankish North Addition, the Venetian vault in the North Porch, the Ottoman masonry structure in the angle of the westward projection of the North Porch and the West Façade, and the Frankish and Ottoman alterations of the interior were removed. The
583:
The building accounts for the classical
Erechtheion from 409–404 BC have survived, allowing an unusually secure dating of the construction of the temple. Nevertheless, the question remains of when the building project was inaugurated. There is no primary evidence for when construction began; it is
507:
period, there is nothing from LHII-LH IIIA, only from LH IIIB is there evidence of habitation in the form of terracing, children's graves, and a limestone column base. Hurwitt, arguing by analogy with population centres elsewhere from the period, maintains that there may have been a cult centre on
1029:
nature of
Athenian identity. J.H. Clements argues that the Erechtheion was built to house a diverse collection of religious objects, akin to a "'museum of curiosities' for the collections of religious objects", and that it is problematic to draw an overall theme for the religious purpose of the
626:
The subsequent history of the building has been one of damage, restoration and change of use, which complicates the task of reconstructing the original structure. The first recorded fire that the classical building suffered was perhaps 377–376, a second more severe fire took hold sometime in 1st
467:
has made it one of the more problematic sites in classical archaeology. The precise nature and location of the various religious and architectural elements within the building remain the subject of debate. The temple was nonetheless a seminal example of the classical Ionic style and was highly
1033:
The cults of the
Erechtheion encompass the birth of Erichthonius from the soil of Attica; the tomb of Kekrops, mythical king and cult hero to the Athenians; and their relationship to the tutelary deities of the city. For many years, the accepted scholarly opinion has been that the Erechtheion
861:
of the naos and north porch has a frieze of blue
Eleusinian limestone that was decorated with white Pentelic marble figures attached by means of iron dowels. This "cameo-like" effect of the contrasting stones was unique amongst Ionic temples and rare in any other applications. Of the sculpted
749:
is apparently divided in two, with the floor of the western part of the building three meters lower than the eastern section but with identical ceiling height. The western end of the naos has three entrances. On the north of the western naos is a great door and step leading to the lower Ionic
1037:
The following may be the product of an attempted syncretism or merely a bricolage of relics accrued over time. On the east porch, immediately before the temple door, was an altar to Zeus
Hypatos. Continuing inside in the eastern chamber of the naos would have been the altars to Poseidon and
827:
There is no wholly satisfactory account of the interior layout of the
Erechtheion in antiquity since it has over time been entirely erased. The points of contention are whether and where there was an internal dividing wall, and whether the building had two storeys as suggested by Pausanias'
463:. This is attributed either to the irregularity of the site or to the evolving and complex nature of the cults which the building housed, or it is conjectured to be the incomplete part of a larger symmetrical building. Additionally, its post-classical history of change of use, damage, and
1085:'s account of the topography of the acropolis published in 1682. Their use of ancient sources in the identification of ancient buildings rather than local folklore, as had been the case before, was innovative and presaged the beginning of scholarship with regard to the Erechtheion.
1227:, AJA, Vol. 83, No. 4 (Oct., 1979), pp. 381–394; Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge, "Un oikèma appelé Érechtheion (Pausanias, I, 26, 5)", in P. Carlier and C. Lerouge-Cohen (ed.), Paysage et religion en Grèce antique. Mélanges offerts à Madeleine Jost, Paris, 2010, pp. 147–163.
1132:'s in 1902–1909. Dissatisfaction with Balanos's haphazard placement of the ashlar blocks and his use of steel joints that caused additional damage led to the creation of the interdisciplinary Acropolis Restoration Service in 1975, whose conservation work is ongoing.
1857:
Vitruvius De
Architectura 1.1.5. See M. Vickers, "Persepolis, Vitruvius, and the Erechtheum Caryatids: The Iconography of Medism and Servitude." RA 1 1985 The conflation of the Erectheion korai with caryatids has been as persistent as it is problematic. See Lesk
906:
are mourners for Kekrops because of the association of caryatids with tombs. Shear disputes this is a tomb since it does not follow the pattern of other religious tokens. For Shear the architectural supports are derived from the bases of the columns of the
520:, which appear to have been in use between LH IIIB and LH IIIC, attests to attempts to fortify the hill-top as the "strong-built house of Erechtheus" recorded in the Homeric tradition. The well may be an indication of the location of the cult of Erechtheus.
1989:
The Erechtheion is not mentioned by Cyriac of Ancona or Niccolò da Martoni. The earliest reference is perhaps the so-called 'Vienna Anonymous' manuscript of the late 15th century, Imperial Library of Vienna (Codex theolog. Gr., 252, fol. 29-32). See Lesk
927:
Then there is the problem of the identity of the korai. In the building accounts they are referred to as korai or maidens. The lower arms of all the caryatids have been lost. In 1952 the discovery of copies from Tivoli revealed that the korai carried
647:
In the post-classical period, the Erechtheion was subject to a number of structural changes that must be assumed to have been prompted by the building's adaptation to Christian worship. The first was its conversion to a pillared hall with a
832:
of the archaic temple of Athena Polias and that the altar of Athena was in the west half of the chamber and the altars of Erechtheus, Poseidon and Boutes in the other. Alternatively, that the Erechtheion was a replacement for the east
643:
undertook the reconstruction of the Parthenon as a pagan temple in circa AD 361 and 363, at which point the Parthenon was the only attested site of the cult of Athena on the Acropolis, implying that the Erechtheion had been abandoned.
915:
and are typical of the miniaturization of elements of the Ionic style when it was imported from Asia Minor to the Greek mainland. Nor was the use of korai as an architectural support element a novelty, as they were used before in the
1024:
The Erechtheion potentially served as a reliquary for an assortment of religious items rather than being dedicated to a single deity, as was usually the case. Ludwig Pallat posits that the Erechtheion is the expression of the
440:
and also from later Greek texts. The extant building is the successor of several temples and buildings on the site. Its precise date of construction is unknown; it has traditionally been thought to have been built from
811:
topped by Ionic capitals. The spaces between these columns were of open grillwork. From the outside, the western facade would have had the appearance of having a floor at the same level as the eastern naos. The
531:
The archaeology under the Erechtheion is also poorly evidenced for the archaic and early classical periods. Despite this a number of proposals have been made for a structure on the site immediately before the
1104:
in 1787. This book, perhaps more than any other, was influential in disseminating the Ionic style and the form of the Erechtheion amongst architects and an appreciative public in the 18th and 19th centuries.
1034:
fulfilled a triplicate purpose in its interior design: to "replace the Old Temple , to house the old image, and to unite in an organized building several shrines and places of religious significance."
664:. In the 12th century, the basilica was renovated. The round apse was enlarged and was given straight sides on the exterior. The chancel screen was extended to the North and South Walls. During the
684:, when the Maiden Porch and west facade were felled by cannon fire and the masonry joints were scavenged for lead. This ruined state is the condition of the site that prompted the first major
1077:
and Europe began to improve and access to Greece was opened. Moreover, the building north of the Parthenon was not identified with Pausanias' description of the Temple of Athena Polias until
436:
to have been established on the Acropolis at a very early period, and they were even worshipped in the same temple as may, according to the traditional view, be inferred from two passages in
1940:"The ancient olive-wood statue is variously referred to as hagion, bretas, hedos, eidolon, xoanon and agalma. Diipetes means it fell from heaven to imply that it was very old" Lesk p.759
596:
of 413. Alternatively, dates as early as the mid-430s and as late as 412 have been put forward. Work seems to have ended in 406–405, and the last accounts were from 405–404, though some
1065:: 62. Athènes. Temple de Minerve Poliade. Daguerreotype, 1842. The first photograph of the Erechtheion -- image is laterally reversed; the war damage is still evident as well as the
1467:
Paton et al, 1927, Chapter IV collates the building accounts. See also Shimon Epstein, Attic Public Construction: Who Were The Builders?, Ancient Society Vol. 40 (2010), pp. 1-14.
828:
description of it as a διπλοῦν... οἴκημα. The conventional view of the reconstruction of the interior of the Erechtheion naos is that it was divided in two in imitation of the
1378:
However, S. Iakovides, Ὴ Μυκηναικη Ἁκροπολις των Αθηνων, Athens, 1962, and J.A. Bundgaard, Parthenon and the Mycenaean City on the Heights, Copenhagen, 1976 questions this.
1890:
2970:
2945:
499:. L.B. Holland conjectured that the remains under the Erechtheion was the forecourt of a palace complex similar to that of Mycenae. The scant evidence of the period
1911:
J.H. Clements, Visualizing Autochthony: The Iconography Of Athenian Identity In The Late Fifth Century Bc, Johns Hopkins University, 2015, PhD Thesis, page 140
1900:
J.H. Clements, Visualizing Autochthony: The Iconography Of Athenian Identity In The Late Fifth Century Bc, Johns Hopkins University, 2015, PhD Thesis, page ii
1912:
1901:
1307:
M. Korres "Recent Discoveries on the Acropolis," Acropolis Restoration: the CCAM Interventions, R. Economakis, ed., London and New York, pp. 175–179. 1994.
1092:, who published the first reconstruction of the temple in 1745 and who was the first to conjecture the existence of a larger, symmetrical building. Later,
1710:
Found on the metopes by Skopias 4th c temple of Athena Alea, Tegea, and bases of cult statues at Olympia and elsewhere. Harrison 1977, Lesk pp.119-120
564:. Korres argues that a columnar monument marking the kekropeion would have been approximately where the Porch of the Maidens is, and that there was a
2147:
676:. With the advent of Ottoman control and the adaptation of the Acropolis plateau to a garrison, the Erechtheion took on its final incarnation as the
2246:
2955:
781:
432:. However, while there is no consensus among scholars on this issue, the building continues to be referred to as the Erechtheion by convention.
2735:
2392:
1674:
A form of anta also found at the Propylaia, C.H. Weller, The Original Plan of the Erechtheum, American Journal of Archaeology, 1921, p.134.
1521:
M. Vickers, "Persepolis, Vitruvius, and the Erechtheum Caryatids: The Iconography of Medism and Servitude." RA 1 1985, p.25. See Lesk p.66
2475:
2341:
592:
would have been the most convenient time to begin a major construction project and that there was a likely hiatus in building during the
1285:
Not mentioned in Plutarch's list and the conventional date of the start of construction is after Perikles' death, however J.M Hurwitt,
404:
The Ionic building, made to house the statue of Athena Polias, has in modern scholarship been called the Erechtheion (the sanctuary of
448:–406 BC, but more recent scholarship favours a date in the 430s, when it could have been part of the programme of works instigated by
1971:
An alternative tradition claims that this was the point at which Zeus killed Erechtheus. J. Harrison, Themis, Cambridge, 1912, p.171.
2891:
2886:
2485:
681:
2271:
Pirenne-Delforge, V. (2010). "Un oikèma appelé Érechtheion (Pausanias, I, 26, 5)". In Carlier, P.; Lerouge-Cohen, C. (eds.).
1170:
895:
There are several theories about the function and significance of the Maiden Porch. Kontoleon has argued that it served as a
1120:, whose despoliation of the Maiden Porch was, at the time, more controversial than his removal of the Parthenon sculptures.
1058:
2685:
2575:
2495:
987:
607:), Philokles and Archilochos, have come down to us. They worked on the site after 409. But the identity of the architect (
527:
Topographical plan of the 1885 excavation of the Acropolis by Georg Kawerau, 1906. Conjectural reconstructions are in red.
1062:
672:
and changed to a Bishop's residence, probably for the Catholic bishops of Athens who held mass in the Latin Cathedral of
652:
roof at some point in the 4th century. In the late 6th or 7th century, the Erechtheion was converted into a three-aisled
1369:
Leicester B. Holland, Erechtheum Papers IV. "The Building Called the Erechtheum", AJA, Vol. 28, No. 4, 1924, pp. 425-434
2950:
2385:
2101:
1889:
Leonore L.M.E. Poldervaart, Identifying Myth: The korai of the Erechtheion revisited, Utrecht 2018, PhD Thesis,p.54,
68:
50:
2871:
2785:
1320:, Berlin, 1942. See also Dinsmoor 1932, pp. 314–326, Elderkin 1912, pp. 53–58; Hawes, The Riddle of the Erechtheum.
799:
On the south wall of the western naos was an L-shaped staircase which leads to the higher Porch of the Maidens (or
533:
1073:
Travellers' accounts of the Erechtheion are relatively scarce before the 18th century, when relations between the
979:
of the ceilings. The capitals were gilded and the braidings at the column bases were studded with coloured glass.
2665:
2480:
2465:
2425:
2230:
2189:
1821:
I. Shear, "Maidens in Greek Architecture. The Origin of the Caryatids." BCH 123, pp. 65-85. 1999. See Lesk, p.105
1117:
2655:
2590:
1093:
35:
2881:
2855:
1449:, in Acropolis Restoration: the CCAM Interventions, R. Economakis, ed., London and New York, pp. 35-51, 1994.
1128:
first attempted reconstruction of the damaged building was Pittakis's in 1839–40. The second anastylosis was
1082:
503:
includes potsherds and scraps of a wall under the foundations of the Ionic temple. From the remainder of the
1201:
Ancient Greek: Ναὸς τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς τῆς Πολιάδος, Greek: Ναός της Αθηνάς Πολιάδος. An epithet it shares with the
2965:
2940:
2378:
877:, the sacrifice of Erectheus' daughters to save Athens and the departure of Erechtheus for the battle with
673:
2156:
488:
The classical Erechtheion is the last in a series of buildings approximately on the mid-north site of the
2835:
2595:
2580:
1341:
1046:
of Athena Polias and perhaps immediately before that a table. Additionally, this room housed the Lamp of
1026:
631:
suffered a further major destruction at some point in the 3rd or 4th century AD; whether this was due to
516:, which could represent the primitive origins of the Athenian cult. Additionally, the Mycenaean well and
1962:
Of the spoils, see D. Harris, The Treasures of the Parthenon and Erechetheion, Oxford, 1995, pp.201-222.
2960:
2780:
473:
460:
2053:
2670:
2565:
1109:
421:
2775:
2435:
1330:
1042:
might have been displayed. In the western section, there may have been the tomb of Erechtheus, the
1358:
543:
temple, which would have contained the "trident marks" in its pronaos. Others restore a number of
2876:
2126:
The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archaeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present
550:
46:
1812:
Scholl, A. 1995. "Choephoroi: Zur Deutung der Korenhalle des Erechtheion." JdI 110, pp. 179-212.
1618:"The Turkish harem in the Karyatid Temple and antagonistic narratives on the Athenian Acropolis"
1162:
1100:
published the first accurate measured drawings of the Erechtheion in the second volume of their
2825:
2550:
1047:
1038:
Erechtheus, Hephaistos and Boutes, and thrones of the temple priests. It is here that Athena's
1007:
867:
413:
360:
951:
The Erechtheion is a "remarkably luxurious" building in the detailing of its mouldings. Lotus-
575:
2585:
2450:
2430:
955:
chains (anthemion) decorate the column capitals and epicranitis of the temple. Additionally,
282:
2293:
Shear, Ione Mylonas (1999). "Maidens in Greek Architecture: The Origin of the 'Caryatids'".
866:
on the west face and Athena catching the daughters of Kekrops opening the basket containing
2845:
2730:
2700:
2675:
2560:
2525:
1876:
Berlin, Altes Museum (Antikensammlung) F 2537. Beazley ARP 1268, 2. See also A. Avramidou,
1683:
1.26.5. diploun...oikema, "the building is double" W.H.S. Jones, Pausanias, Harvard, 1918.
1202:
597:
588:. The latter is broadly the consensus view, the rationale being that this lull in the long
429:
425:
386:
123:
412:) in the belief that it encompassed two buildings mentioned by the Greek-Roman geographer
8:
2850:
2455:
2440:
2401:
1256:
758:
640:
593:
500:
489:
390:
1548:
Dörpfeld, Zu den Bauwerken Athens: Erechtheion und alter Tempel." AM 36, pp. 39-49. 1911
600:
were never finished and some of the bosses of some stone blocks were not chiselled off.
2660:
2259:
2214:
2206:
1639:
1494:
A. Michaelis, "Die Zeit des Neubaus des Poliastempels in Athens." AM pp. 349- 366. 1889
1155:
627:
century BC or earlier followed by a campaign of repair. The Erechtheion along with the
579:
Accounts of the construction of the Erechtheion (IG I³ 476). Epigraphic Museum, Athens.
215:
1878:
The Codrus Painter: Iconography and Reception of Athenian Vases in the Age of Pericles
1579:. AJA 36, pp. 143-172, 1932. However, Paton et al. 1927, pp. 459-463, dates it to 406.
924:
and therefore represent the classical expression of an established archaic tradition.
2695:
2570:
2328:
2218:
2097:
2091:
1643:
1214:
Pausanias 1.26.5, Pseudo-Plutarch, Decem Oratorum Vitae 2.843e. LSJ s.v. Ἐρεχθεύς A.
1166:
945:
917:
908:
689:
589:
517:
42:
1427:
A.K. Orlandos, Ή αρκιτεκτονικη των Παρθενωνος, 2 vols., Athens. 1977. See Lesk, p33.
660:. The central portion of the east foundations was removed to make room for a curved
2770:
2765:
2760:
2725:
2705:
2600:
2302:
2198:
1629:
1129:
972:
903:
889:
854:
853:
There are two figural sculptural programmes on the Erechtheion; the frieze and the
819:
700:
496:
380:
291:
246:
136:
873:
Other suggestions for aspects of the narrative of the frieze include the story of
2935:
2820:
2795:
2520:
2445:
1097:
1089:
874:
723:
665:
585:
469:
791:
2840:
2744:
2680:
2025:
His notebooks are preserved in the British Museum and British School at Athens.
1074:
992:
808:
669:
368:
154:
1764:
P. Schultz, The Sculptural Program of the Temple of Athena Nike, Athens, 2003.
1289:
2004, p. 174 conjectures that the inception of the building dates to the 430s.
100:
2929:
2830:
2740:
2510:
2356:
2343:
975:
are liberally placed around the entablature, door and window frames, and the
960:
921:
734:
540:
477:
456:
2470:
1634:
1485:
Dorpfeld, Der ursprünglichen Plan des Erechtheion." AM 29, pp.101-107, 1904.
1237:
van Rookhuijzen, J.Z. (2021). "The Erechtheion on the Acropolis of Athens".
2914:
2908:
2815:
2790:
2620:
2515:
2057:
The Acropolis at Athens: Conservation, Restoration, and Research, 1975-1983
1949:
Possibly aligned with the niche at the southwest corner, see Olga Palagia,
1113:
1108:
For a record of the temple's condition prior to its destruction during the
956:
829:
785:
145:
127:
2306:
523:
2810:
2800:
2690:
2640:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
1787:
858:
773:
709:
685:
649:
616:
569:
417:
383:
167:
2555:
2460:
2273:
Paysage et religion en Grèce antique. Mélanges offerts à Madeleine Jost
2059:, Athens. 1985; Papanikolaou, "The Restoration of the Erechtheion," in
1078:
1003:
937:
933:
896:
837:
of the archaic Temple of Athena and would have had an east cross wall.
754:
727:
554:
504:
493:
405:
2370:
2210:
2645:
2415:
1783:
1116:. Gell's period of study in 1800–1801 coincided with the activity of
968:
941:
845:
777:
769:
742:
712:
628:
612:
537:
509:
459:
in that its asymmetrical composition doesn't conform to the canon of
231:
1953:, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 88, No. 4, 1984, pp. 515-521
899:
53:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2805:
2650:
2625:
2202:
1791:
1011:
964:
952:
878:
863:
800:
751:
716:
653:
636:
632:
449:
409:
2228:
Pallat, Ludwig (1935). "Der Fries der Nordhalle des Erechtheion".
944:
caryatids and represent a memorial to Athens's humiliation in the
2635:
2630:
1617:
912:
884:
764:
738:
719:
657:
620:
557:
545:
1298:
W. B. Dinsmoor, The Architecture of Ancient Greece, London. 1950
2258:
Paton, J.M.; Caskey, L.D.; Fowler, H.N.; Stevens, G.P. (1927).
1043:
1039:
976:
929:
813:
804:
731:
677:
464:
398:
394:
181:
177:
1606:
According, at least, to Spon's account of 1678. See Lesk p.439
1407:
Die Ausgrabung der Akropolis vom Jahre 1885 bis zum Jahre 1890
1353:
Wilkins's Downing College, Inwood's St Pancras. Frank Salmon,
611:) is unknown. Several candidates have been suggested; namely,
345:
2248:Η αποκατάσταση του Ερεχθείου (1979-1987). Η απόδοση του έργου
2178:
Goddess and Polis: The Panathenaic Festival in Ancient Athens
2149:
A Diachronic Examination of the Erechtheion and its Reception
1931:
According to the reconstruction of Travlos. See Travlos p.218
1622:
Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome
1355:
The Erechtheion: An Overlooked Paradigm of the Greek Revival?
1016:
834:
816:
of the north porch is continued at the Porch of the Maidens.
746:
437:
342:
309:
264:
2079:
Boulter, Patricia (1970). "The Frieze of the Erechtheion".
1746:
Hurwit 1999, similar to the peoplos scene on the Parthenon?
1737:
M. Brouskari, The Acropolis Museum, Athens. 1974, pp.152-3.
661:
565:
348:
327:
315:
312:
303:
270:
267:
258:
730:
limestone frieze. The temple's walls were constructed in
536:
in 480 BC. Orlandos reconstructs an obliquely orientated
333:
294:
249:
2318:
Trophies of Victory: Public Building in Periklean Athens
2257:
1153:
Langmead, Donald; Garnaut, Christine (1 December 2001).
803:
Porch, or Korai Porch), a prostyle tetrastyle porch, or
704:
Floor plan of the Erechtheion, in its present-day state.
2187:
Pallat, Ludwig (1912). "The Frieze of the Erechtheum".
1575:
Xenophon HG 1.6.1, Dinsmoor dates the fire to 377-376,
870:
on the north and the birth of Ericthonios on the east.
584:
conjectured to be either the 430s or in 421 during the
1257:
https://www.atticinscriptions.com/inscription/IGI3/474
1148:
1146:
336:
324:
306:
273:
261:
330:
300:
255:
1157:
Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats
902:to the tomb of Kekrops. Scholl has argued that the
351:
339:
318:
297:
252:
2284:Architecture and Meaning on the Athenian Acropolis
1154:
1143:
2971:5th-century BC religious buildings and structures
2155:(Ph.D.). University of Cincinnati. Archived from
2946:Ancient Greek buildings and structures in Athens
2927:
2270:
2231:Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts
2063:, R. Economakis, ed., London, pp. 137-149. 1994.
757:porch of six columns, with a distinctive double
1922:A.W. Lawrence, Greek Architecture, 1996. p.138.
1867:Hurwit, Acropolis in the age of Pericles, p.178
1615:
1236:
1152:
1053:
492:, the earliest of which dates back to the late
397:, which was primarily dedicated to the goddess
2736:Museum of the Center for the Acropolis Studies
2115:The Treasures of the Parthenon and Erechtheion
1539:IG I 474 I.3 and IG I 476 II.2-4 respectively.
2386:
2061:Acropolis Restoration: The CCAM Interventions
656:church with the West Corridor serving as the
2244:
737:masonry. The east porch doesn't exhibit any
932:, suggesting that they might be either the
455:The Erechtheion is unique in the corpus of
151:Residence of the Turkish commander's harem
2393:
2379:
936:(as "bearers of unmentionable things") or
2326:
1633:
1577:The Burning of the Opisthodomus at Athens
639:attack or a natural disaster is unclear.
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1755:C. Robert, Hermes 25, pp. 437-439. 1890.
1057:
986:
883:
844:
818:
790:
699:
574:
522:
2956:5th-century BC establishments in Greece
2400:
2134:
2078:
1124:as a monument and archaeological site.
2928:
2281:
2227:
2186:
2123:
2112:
1447:The History of the Acropolis Monuments
603:The names of the architect-overseers (
2374:
2315:
2295:Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique
2292:
2175:
1112:, there are the detailed drawings of
1088:In this same spirit came the work of
722:which faces east. The building is in
2180:. The Trustees of Dartmouth College.
2145:
2137:Greek Architecture and Its Sculpture
2089:
1782:The korai are attributed by some to
1287:The Acropolis in the Age of Pericles
1225:Where Was the So-Called Erechtheion?
1006:is depicted witnessing the birth of
18:
1063:Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey
13:
2892:Siege of the Acropolis (1826–1827)
2887:Siege of the Acropolis (1821–1822)
207:406 BC; (2430 years ago)
14:
2982:
2245:Papanikolaou, Alexandros (2012).
2014:The Temple of Erectheus at Athens
1794:. J.M. Paton et al, 1927, p.238.
1405:From Georg Kawerau, P. Kavvadis,
2872:Achaemenid destruction of Athens
2786:Korai of the Acropolis of Athens
2494:
2251:. Acropolis Restoration Service.
668:(1204–1458), the Erechteion was
534:Achaemenid destruction of Athens
290:
245:
99:
23:
2686:Louis-François-Sébastien Fauvel
2466:Choragic Monument of Thrasyllos
2456:Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus
2190:American Journal of Archaeology
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2006:
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1292:
1279:
1276:Iliad VII 80–81, Ody II 546–551
1267:Pausanias 1.27.1, Strabo IX 396
982:
695:
2591:Church of Panagia Atheniotissa
2531:Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia
2282:Rhodes, Robin Francis (1995).
1951:A Niche for Kallimachos' Lamp?
1616:van Rookhuijzen, J.Z. (2021).
1270:
1261:
1249:
1230:
1217:
1208:
1195:
1186:
1:
2882:Siege of the Acropolis (1687)
2316:Shear, T. Leslie Jr. (2016).
2176:Neils, Jennifer, ed. (1992).
996:
991:Birth of Erechthonios by the
708:Externally, the temple is an
442:
1054:Scholarship and conservation
840:
674:Church of Our Lady of Athens
461:Greek classical architecture
7:
2596:Temple of Roma and Augustus
2581:Choragic Monument of Nikias
2055:; Casanaki and Mallouchou,
1512:Hurwit, 1999, pp. 316, 322.
1342:Temple of Roma and Augustus
788:of Athena would have been.
49:the claims made and adding
10:
2987:
2781:Pediments of the Parthenon
920:at Delphi and perhaps the
483:
364:
2951:Temples in ancient Athens
2900:
2864:
2753:
2718:
2671:Giovanni Battista Lusieri
2616:
2609:
2566:Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus
2503:
2492:
2408:
2093:The Archaeology of Athens
1316:W. Dörpfeld, H. Schleif,
1110:Greek War of Independence
857:of the Maiden porch. The
422:Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus
389:on the north side of the
372:
226:
221:
211:
203:
195:
187:
173:
163:
116:
111:
107:
98:
88:
83:
2776:Metopes of the Parthenon
2436:Odeon of Herodes Atticus
2327:Wycherley, R.E. (1978).
1344:, Hadrian's villa Tivoli
1135:
888:Original figures in the
823:The Porch of the Maidens
2877:Sack of Athens (267 AD)
1635:10.30549/opathrom-14-16
1476:Chandler stele IG I 474
1223:See Kristian Jeppesen,
692:between 1837 and 1840.
688:of the Erechtheion, by
551:Temple of Athena Polias
377:Temple of Athena Polias
222:Design and construction
2826:Nike Fixing her Sandal
2551:Altar of Athena Polias
2451:Sanctuary of Asclepius
2113:Harris, Diane (1995).
2090:Camp, John M. (2001).
1557:Shear, 1999, p.82 n.58
1070:
1021:
1010:, and illustrates the
892:
850:
824:
796:
762:step lead to a walled
705:
580:
528:
2431:Temple of Athena Nike
2307:10.3406/bch.1999.7211
2135:Jenkins, Ian (2006).
2001:A Journey into Greece
1192:Travlos, 1971, p. 213
1161:. ABC-CLIO. pp.
1102:Antiquities of Athens
1061:
990:
887:
848:
822:
794:
703:
578:
526:
512:to the armed goddess
468:influential on later
2846:Athena Marsyas Group
2731:Old Acropolis Museum
2701:Panagiotis Kavvadias
2676:Reverend Philip Hunt
2561:Sanctuary of Pandion
2526:Old Temple of Athena
2330:The Stones of Athens
1566:Hawes, See Lesk p.71
1436:Hurwit, 1999, p.145.
1203:Old Temple of Athena
1069:in the Maiden Porch.
430:Dörpfeld foundations
426:Sanctuary of Pandion
196:Construction started
16:Ancient Greek temple
2966:Temples of Poseidon
2941:Acropolis of Athens
2856:Three-Bodied Daemon
2851:Nike of Callimachus
2441:Pedestal of Agrippa
2402:Acropolis of Athens
2357:37.9721°N 23.7265°E
2353: /
2275:. pp. 147–163.
2146:Lesk, A.L. (2004).
2124:Hurwit, J. (1999).
2052:Platon et al. 1977
1359:Accessed 17/10/2021
1357:, Cambridge, 2021,
768:, the Sanctuary of
666:Frankish occupation
641:Julian the Apostate
514:a-ta-na-po-ti-ni-ja
490:Acropolis of Athens
164:Architectural style
112:General information
2661:Francesco Morosini
1656:Ephem. Arch. 1839.
1071:
1022:
893:
851:
825:
797:
706:
682:siege of 1826–1827
581:
529:
34:possibly contains
2961:Temples of Athena
2923:
2922:
2714:
2713:
2696:Kyriakos Pittakis
2571:Odeon of Pericles
2504:Former structures
2409:Extant structures
1880:, 2011, pp.33-34.
1830:Hurwit 1999 p.115
1172:978-1-57607-112-0
946:Peloponnesian War
918:Siphnian Treasury
909:Temple of Artemis
786:sacred olive tree
690:Kyriakos Pittakis
594:Sicilian disaster
590:Peloponnesian War
237:
236:
79:
78:
71:
36:original research
2978:
2901:Related articles
2771:Athena Promachos
2766:Parthenon Frieze
2761:Athena Parthenos
2726:Acropolis Museum
2706:Nikolaos Balanos
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959:, egg and leaf,
890:Acropolis Museum
814:coffered ceiling
549:adjacent to the
497:Mycenaean period
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2821:Mourning Athena
2796:Euthydikos Kore
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1056:
1014:origins of the
999:
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809:engaged columns
745:is curved. The
724:Pentelic marble
698:
586:Peace of Nikias
518:Cyclopean walls
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188:Current tenants
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2197:(2): 175–202.
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993:Kodros Painter
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155:Ottoman Period
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2173:
2162:on 2022-12-24
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2103:9780300081978
2099:
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2015:
2009:
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1996:
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1396:Odys. 7.79-81
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961:bead and reel
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922:Kore of Lyons
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880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
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849:North portico
847:
838:
836:
831:
821:
817:
815:
810:
806:
802:
793:
789:
787:
783:
782:Zeus Herkeios
779:
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771:
767:
766:
760:
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753:
748:
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736:
733:
729:
725:
721:
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693:
691:
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679:
675:
671:
670:deconsecrated
667:
663:
659:
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650:groin vaulted
645:
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541:amphiprostyle
539:
535:
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511:
506:
502:
498:
495:
491:
481:
479:
478:Greek Revival
475:
471:
466:
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458:
457:Greek temples
453:
451:
439:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
385:
382:
381:ancient Greek
378:
370:
362:
361:Ancient Greek
356:
288:
284:
278:
242:
233:
229:
225:
220:
217:
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198:
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183:
179:
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138:
132:
129:
125:
124:Ancient Greek
121:
120:
119:
115:
110:
106:
102:
97:
87:
82:
73:
70:
62:
59:December 2023
52:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
2909:Perserschutt
2907:
2816:Moschophoros
2791:Antenor Kore
2621:Themistocles
2516:Hekatompedon
2420:
2338:
2333:. Princeton.
2329:
2320:. Princeton.
2317:
2301:(1): 65–85.
2298:
2294:
2286:. Cambridge.
2283:
2272:
2260:
2247:
2235:
2229:
2194:
2188:
2177:
2164:. Retrieved
2157:the original
2148:
2139:. Cambridge.
2136:
2128:. Cambridge.
2125:
2114:
2092:
2080:
2072:Bibliography
2060:
2056:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1985:
1980:Lesk, p.161.
1976:
1967:
1958:
1950:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1907:
1896:
1885:
1877:
1872:
1863:
1853:
1844:
1839:Lesk, p.107.
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1728:Pallat, 1935
1724:
1715:
1706:
1701:Rhodes p.134
1697:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1576:
1571:
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1406:
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1303:
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1272:
1263:
1251:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1210:
1197:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1156:
1126:
1122:
1114:William Gell
1107:
1101:
1087:
1072:
1066:
1036:
1032:
1027:autochthonic
1023:
1015:
1008:Erechthonios
983:Cult objects
957:egg-and-dart
950:
926:
894:
872:
868:Erichthonios
852:
830:opisthodomos
826:
798:
772:, where the
763:
726:with a blue
707:
696:Architecture
646:
625:
608:
604:
602:
582:
561:
544:
530:
513:
487:
454:
434:
403:
376:
286:
240:
238:
227:Architect(s)
65:
56:
33:
2811:Peplos Kore
2801:Kritios Boy
2691:Ludwig Ross
2641:Callicrates
2546:Arrephorion
2541:Pandroseion
2536:Chalkotheke
2421:Erechtheion
2360: /
1999:G. Wheler,
1858:pp.262-280.
1788:Agorakritos
1773:Lesk, p.127
1719:Lesk, p.121
1665:Lesk p.221.
1628:: 341–362.
1597:Lesk, p.372
1445:M. Korres,
1318:Erechtheion
1255:IG I 474.1
1048:Kallimachos
859:entablature
795:East façade
780:, altar of
774:Pandroseion
686:anastylosis
617:Kallikrates
609:architecton
570:Pandroseion
505:shaft-grave
470:Hellenistic
418:Arrephorion
241:Erechtheion
199:421 BC
2930:Categories
2666:Lord Elgin
2556:Eleusinion
2471:Beulé Gate
2461:Aglaureion
2348:23°43′35″E
2345:37°58′20″N
2264:. Harvard.
2166:2022-12-24
2083:(10): 1–7.
2043:Lesk p.660
2034:Lesk p.603
1848:Lesk p.107
1588:Lesk p.198
1503:Lesk p.65.
1118:Lord Elgin
1067:opus Elgin
1004:Erechtheus
1000: 440
969:guilloches
963:, lesbian
938:kanephoroi
934:arrephoroi
897:monopteral
776:, tomb of
755:tetrastyle
750:prostyle,
741:, but the
728:Eleusinian
572:adjacent.
555:tetrastyle
494:Bronze Age
465:spoliation
446: 421
428:, and the
406:Erechtheus
287:Erechtheum
92:(in Greek)
90:Ἐρέχθειον
84:Erechtheum
43:improve it
2754:Sculpture
2656:Mardonius
2646:Mnesikles
2586:Klepsydra
2481:Peripatos
2426:Propylaia
2416:Parthenon
2238:: 75–137.
2219:193084850
2117:. Oxford.
2012:Pococke,
1784:Alkamenes
1692:Lesk p.77
1644:239846299
1530:Lesk p.70
1418:Lesk p.33
1329:Notably;
1245:: 69–121.
977:coffering
942:Vitruvian
841:Sculpture
770:Pandrosos
743:stylobate
713:hexastyle
629:Parthenon
613:Mnesikles
605:episkopos
598:mouldings
538:hexastyle
510:acropolis
414:Pausanias
391:Acropolis
365:Ἐρέχθειον
283:latinized
232:Mnesikles
204:Completed
47:verifying
2806:Kore 670
2651:Xerxes I
2626:Pericles
2096:. Yale.
1792:Pheidias
1030:temple.
1012:chthonic
973:rosettes
953:palmette
879:Eumolpos
864:quadriga
801:Caryatid
784:and the
752:dipteral
735:isodomic
717:prostyle
654:basilica
637:Visigoth
633:Herulian
568:for the
450:Pericles
410:Poseidon
373:Ερέχθειο
174:Location
2743:at the
2719:Museums
2636:Ictinus
2631:Phidias
1178:24 July
913:Ephesus
778:Kekrops
765:temenos
739:entasis
720:pronaos
658:narthex
621:Iktinos
562:temenos
558:naiskos
484:History
142:Palace
133:Church
130:Period)
41:Please
2936:406 BC
2865:Events
2610:People
2217:
2211:497279
2209:
2100:
1642:
1239:Kernos
1169:
1165:–112.
1098:Revett
1094:Stuart
1083:Wheler
1044:xoanon
1040:peplos
971:, and
930:phiale
900:heroön
805:pteron
732:ashlar
678:Dizdar
619:, and
546:temene
476:, and
424:, the
420:, the
399:Athena
395:Athens
387:temple
379:is an
191:Museum
182:Greece
178:Athens
2915:Moria
2215:S2CID
2207:JSTOR
2160:(PDF)
2153:(PDF)
1990:p.427
1640:S2CID
1136:Notes
1017:polis
904:korai
855:korai
835:cella
710:Ionic
553:or a
474:Roman
438:Homer
384:Ionic
375:) or
369:Greek
212:Owner
168:Ionic
128:Roman
2098:ISBN
1786:and
1180:2012
1167:ISBN
1096:and
1081:and
1079:Spon
965:cyma
759:anta
747:naos
662:apse
566:stoa
508:the
239:The
126:and
117:Type
2303:doi
2299:123
2199:doi
1630:doi
1163:110
911:at
875:Ion
635:or
501:LHI
408:or
285:as
45:by
2932::
2297:.
2236:50
2234:.
2213:.
2205:.
2195:16
2193:.
1638:.
1626:14
1624:.
1620:.
1243:34
1241:.
1145:^
997:c.
995:,
967:,
948:.
715:,
623:.
615:,
472:,
452:.
443:c.
401:.
393:,
371::
367:,
363::
359:;
346:iː
281:,
180:,
2394:e
2387:t
2380:v
2309:.
2305::
2221:.
2201::
2169:.
2106:.
1646:.
1632::
1205:.
1182:.
1020:.
355:/
352:m
349:ə
343:θ
340:ˈ
337:k
334:ɪ
331:r
328:ɛ
325:ˌ
322:,
319:m
316:ə
313:i
310:θ
307:k
304:ɛ
301:r
298:ˈ
295:ɪ
292:/
277:/
274:n
271:ə
268:i
265:θ
262:k
259:ɛ
256:r
253:ˈ
250:ɪ
247:/
243:(
157:)
153:(
148:)
144:(
139:)
135:(
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
39:.
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