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1347:. Particularists start their inquiry by looking at specific cases. For example, to find a definition of knowledge, they rely on their intuitions about concrete instances of knowledge and particular thought experiments. They use these observations as methodological constraints that any theory of more general principles needs to follow. Generalists proceed in the opposite direction. They give preference to general epistemic principles, saying that it is not possible to accurately identify and describe specific cases without a grasp of these principles. Other methods in contemporary epistemology aim to extract
572:
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996:, which are subjective attitudes toward propositions that differ regarding their level of confidence. Doubt involves questioning the validity or truth of a proposition. Certainty, by contrast, is a strong affirmative conviction, meaning that the person is free of doubt that the proposition is true. In epistemology, doubt and certainty play central roles in attempts to find a secure foundation of all knowledge and in skeptical projects aiming to establish that no belief is immune to doubt.
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1261:. In this context, evidence for a belief is any information in the individual's mind that supports the belief. For example, the perceptual experience of rain is evidence for the belief that it is raining. Evidentialists have suggested various other forms of evidence, including memories, intuitions, and other beliefs. According to evidentialism, a belief is justified if the individual's evidence supports the belief and they hold the belief on the basis of this evidence.
587:. A sentence is analytically true if its truth depends only on the meaning of the words it uses. For instance, the sentence "all bachelors are unmarried" is analytically true because the word "bachelor" already includes the meaning "unmarried". A sentence is synthetically true if its truth depends on additional facts. For example, the sentence "snow is white" is synthetically true because its truth depends on the color of snow in addition to the meanings of the words
405:, which is often simply defined as the absence of knowledge. Knowledge is usually accompanied by ignorance since people rarely have complete knowledge of a field, forcing them to rely on incomplete or uncertain information when making decisions. Even though many forms of ignorance can be mitigated through education and research, there are certain limits to human understanding that are responsible for inevitable ignorance. Some limitations are inherent in the human
665:, philosophers proposed various alternative definitions of knowledge by modifying or expanding the traditional analysis. According to one view, the known fact has to cause the belief in the right way. Another theory states that the belief is the product of a reliable belief formation process. Further approaches require that the person would not have the belief if it was false, that the belief is not inferred from a falsehood, that the justification cannot be
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318:, are also interested in beliefs and related cognitive processes. Unlike epistemology, they study the beliefs people have and how people acquire them instead of examining the evaluative norms of these processes. Epistemology is relevant to many descriptive and normative disciplines, such as the other branches of philosophy and the sciences, by exploring the principles of how they may arrive at knowledge.
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A belief-formation process is reliable if most of the beliefs it causes are true. A slightly different view focuses on beliefs rather than belief-formation processes, saying that a belief is justified if it is a reliable indicator of the fact it presents. This means that the belief tracks the fact: the person believes it because it is a fact but would not believe it otherwise.
459:, in the case above between the person Ravi and the proposition "kangaroos hop". It is use-independent since it is not tied to one specific purpose. It is a mental representation that relies on concepts and ideas to depict reality. Because of its theoretical nature, it is often held that only relatively sophisticated creatures, such as humans, possess propositional knowledge.
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support another belief. Memory depends on information provided by other sources, which it retains and recalls, like remembering a phone number perceived earlier. Justification by testimony relies on information one person communicates to another person. This can happen by talking to each other but can also occur in other forms, like a letter, a newspaper, and a blog.
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justified by another belief. For example, the belief that it rained last night is a non-basic belief if it is inferred from the observation that the street is wet. According to foundationalism, basic beliefs are the foundation on which all other knowledge is built while non-basic beliefs constitute the superstructure resting on this foundation.
732:. For instance, to believe that snow is white is to affirm the proposition "snow is white". According to this view, beliefs are representations of what the world is like. They are kept in memory and can be retrieved when actively thinking about reality or when deciding how to act. A different view understands beliefs as behavioral patterns or
1082:. It starts from the observation that, while people are dreaming, they are usually unaware of this. This inability to distinguish between dream and regular experience is used to argue that there is no certain knowledge since a person can never be sure that they are not dreaming. Some critics assert that global skepticism is a
1302:, knowledge is a comparative term, meaning that to know something involves distinguishing it from relevant alternatives. For example, if a person spots a bird in the garden, they may know that it is a sparrow rather than an eagle but they may not know that it is a sparrow rather than an indistinguishable sparrow hologram.
1312:. It gives preference to the beliefs a person already has, asserting that a person should only change their beliefs if they have a good reason to. One motivation for adopting epistemic conservatism is that the cognitive resources of humans are limited, meaning that it is not feasible to constantly reexamine every belief.
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psychology describes what beliefs people have and how they acquire them, thereby explaining why someone has a specific belief. The focus of epistemology is on evaluating beliefs, leading to a judgment about whether a belief is justified and rational in a particular case. Epistemology has a similar intimate connection to
1454:. Further topics include the nature of scientific evidence and the aims of science. The epistemology of mathematics studies the origin of mathematical knowledge. In exploring how mathematical theories are justified, it investigates the role of proofs and whether there are empirical sources of mathematical knowledge.
922:. There are different conceptions about what it means for something to be rational. According to one view, a mental state is rational if it is based on or responsive to good reasons. Another view emphasizes the role of coherence, stating that rationality requires that the different mental states of a person are
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belief that a cup of coffee stands on the table, externalists are not only interested in the perceptual experience that led to this belief but also consider the quality of the person's eyesight, their ability to differentiate coffee from other beverages, and the circumstances under which they observed the cup.
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the importance of the cognitive perspective of the individual in the form of their mental states. It is commonly associated with the idea that the relevant factors are accessible, meaning that the individual can become aware of their reasons for holding a justified belief through introspection and reflection.
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examine the reasoning involved in decision-making and the standards of good decisions. They identify beliefs as a central aspect of decision-making. One of their innovations is to distinguish between weaker and stronger beliefs. This helps them take the effect of uncertainty on decisions into consideration.
357:), literally, the study of knowledge. Yet, even though ancient Greek philosophers practiced what is today considered epistemology, they did not understand their investigations in these terms. The word was only coined in the 19th century to label this field and conceive it as a distinct branch of philosophy.
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discussions and online communications. It understands knowledge in a wide sense that encompasses various forms of understanding and culture, including practical skills. Unlike epistemology, it is not interested in whether a belief is true or justified but in how understanding is reproduced in society. The
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disagree about the connection between the perceiver and the perceived object. Direct realists say that this connection is direct, meaning that there is no difference between the object present in perceptual experience and the physical object causing this experience. According to indirect realism, the
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is an externalist theory asserting that a reliable connection between belief and truth is required for justification. Some reliabilists explain this in terms of reliable processes. According to this view, a belief is justified if it is produced by a reliable belief-formation process, like perception.
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were not defined as distinct fields until the 19th century; earlier investigations about knowledge often do not fit neatly into today's academic categories. Both contemporary disciplines study beliefs and the mental processes responsible for their formation and change. One important contrast is that
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in epistemology is the theory that how people view the world is not a simple reflection of external reality but an invention or a social construction. This view emphasizes the creative role of interpretation while undermining objectivity since social constructions may differ from society to society.
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Epistemic relativism is a related view. It does not question the existence of knowledge in general but rejects the idea that there are universal epistemic standards or absolute principles that apply equally to everyone. This means that what a person knows depends on the subjective criteria or social
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and epistemology are interested in the foundations of rational thought and the role of beliefs. Unlike many approaches in epistemology, the main focus of decision theory lies less in the theoretical and more in the practical side, exploring how beliefs are translated into action. Decision theorists
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but are unable to explicitly articulate those rules. Epistemologists of modality examine knowledge about what is possible and necessary. Epistemic problems that arise when two people have diverging opinions on a topic are covered by the epistemology of disagreement. Epistemologists of ignorance are
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focuses on the social dimension of knowledge. While traditional epistemology is mainly interested in knowledge possessed by individuals, social epistemology covers knowledge acquisition, transmission, and evaluation within groups, with specific emphasis on how people rely on each other when seeking
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on knowledge. Among other topics, it explores how preconceptions about gender influence who has access to knowledge, how knowledge is produced, and which types of knowledge are valued in society. Decolonial scholarship criticizes the global influence of
Western knowledge systems, often with the aim
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for a belief is information that favors or supports it. Epistemologists understand evidence primarily in terms of mental states, for example, as sensory impressions or as other propositions that a person knows. But in a wider sense, it can also include physical objects, like bloodstains examined by
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in their area. By coincidence, they stop in front of the only real barn and form a justified true belief that it is a real barn. Many epistemologists agree that this is not knowledge because the justification is not directly relevant to the truth. More specifically, this and similar counterexamples
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is a closely related field with a similar conception of knowledge. It explores how physical, demographic, economic, and sociocultural factors impact knowledge. It examines in what sociohistorical contexts knowledge emerges and the effects it has on people, for example, how socioeconomic conditions
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is another type of externalism and is sometimes understood as a form of reliabilism. It says that a belief is justified if it manifests intellectual virtues. Intellectual virtues are capacities or traits that perform cognitive functions and help people form true beliefs. Suggested examples include
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The disagreement between internalism and externalism is about the sources of justification. Internalists say that justification depends only on factors within the individual. Examples of such factors include perceptual experience, memories, and the possession of other beliefs. This view emphasizes
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Coherentists reject the distinction between basic and non-basic beliefs, saying that the justification of any belief depends on other beliefs. They assert that a belief must be in tune with other beliefs to amount to knowledge. This is the case if the beliefs are consistent and support each other.
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of knowledge examines how knowledge is acquired, stored, retrieved, and communicated. It studies the social and cultural circumstances that affect how knowledge is reproduced and changes, covering the role of institutions like university departments and scientific journals as well as face-to-face
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epistemology emphasizes the importance of first-person experience. It distinguishes between the natural and the phenomenological attitudes. The natural attitude focuses on objects belonging to common sense and natural science. The phenomenological attitude focuses on the experience of objects and
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that only develops ideas about the external world through the sense data it receives from the sensory organs. According to them, the mind can arrive at various additional insights by comparing impressions, combining them, generalizing to arrive at more abstract ideas, and deducing new conclusions
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Fallibilism is another response to skepticism. Fallibilists agree with skeptics that absolute certainty is impossible. Most fallibilists disagree with skeptics about the existence of knowledge, saying that there is knowledge since it does not require absolute certainty. They emphasize the need to
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rather than knowledge. Understanding is a more holistic notion that involves a wider grasp of a subject. To understand something, a person requires awareness of how different things are connected and why they are the way they are. For example, knowledge of isolated facts memorized from a textbook
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by helping a person achieve their goals. For example, knowledge of a disease helps a doctor cure their patient, and knowledge of when a job interview starts helps a candidate arrive on time. The usefulness of a known fact depends on the circumstances. Knowledge of some facts may have little to no
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Externalism rejects this view, saying that at least some relevant factors are external to the individual. This means that the cognitive perspective of the individual is less central while other factors, specifically the relation to truth, become more important. For instance, when considering the
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Foundationalists and coherentists disagree about the structure of knowledge. Foundationalism distinguishes between basic and non-basic beliefs. A belief is basic if it is justified directly, meaning that its validity does not depend on the support of other beliefs. A belief is non-basic if it is
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examines how the understanding of knowledge and related concepts has changed over time. It asks whether the main issues in epistemology are perennial and to what extent past epistemological theories are relevant to contemporary debates. It is particularly concerned with scientific knowledge and
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In epistemology, justification is a property of beliefs that fulfill certain norms about what a person should believe. According to a common view, this means that the person has sufficient reasons for holding this belief because they have information that supports it. Another view states that a
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to act rather than as representational items stored in the mind. This view says that to believe that there is mineral water in the fridge is nothing more than a group of dispositions related to mineral water and the fridge. Examples are the dispositions to answer questions about the presence of
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uses, like memorizing random phone numbers from an outdated phone book. Being able to assess the value of knowledge matters in choosing what information to acquire and transmit to others. It affects decisions like which subjects to teach at school and how to allocate funds to research projects.
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Rationalists understand reason as a source of justification for non-empirical facts. It is often used to explain how people can know about mathematical, logical, and conceptual truths. Reason is also responsible for inferential knowledge, in which one or several beliefs are used as premises to
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assuming that a person does not have a body but is merely a brain receiving electrical stimuli indistinguishable from the stimuli a brain in a body would receive. This argument also leads to the conclusion of global skepticism based on the claim that it is not possible to distinguish stimuli
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theory. Fallacies are faulty arguments based on incorrect reasoning. The epistemic approach to fallacies explains why they are faulty, stating that arguments aim to expand knowledge. According to this view, an argument is a fallacy if it fails to do so. A further intersection is found in
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that helps them understand, interpret, and interact with the world. While this core sense is of particular interest to epistemologists, the term also has other meanings. Understood on a social level, knowledge is a characteristic of a group of people that share ideas, understanding, or
2141:(1724–1804) tried to find a middle position between rationalism and empiricism by identifying a type of knowledge that Hume had missed. For Kant, this is knowledge about principles that underlie all experience and structure it, such as spatial and temporal relations and fundamental
2105:(1596–1650), who claimed that philosophy must begin from a position of indubitable knowledge of first principles. Inspired by skepticism, he aimed to find absolutely certain knowledge by encountering truths that cannot be doubted. He thought that this is the case for the assertion "
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As a normative field of inquiry, epistemology explores how people should acquire beliefs. This way, it determines which beliefs fulfill the standards or epistemic goals of knowledge and which ones fail, thereby providing an evaluation of beliefs. Descriptive fields of inquiry, like
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Of particular interest to epistemologists is the question of whether knowledge is more valuable than a mere opinion that is true. Knowledge and true opinion often have a similar usefulness since both are accurate representations of reality. For example, if a person wants to go to
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Knowledge is an awareness, familiarity, understanding, or skill. Its various forms all involve a cognitive success through which a person establishes epistemic contact with reality. Knowledge is typically understood as an aspect of individuals, generally as a cognitive
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epistemology discusses the causal relation between the knower and the object of knowledge, which happens through reliable knowledge-formation processes. It sees perception as the primary source of knowledge, drawing a close connection between it and successful action.
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and support each other. A slightly different approach holds that rationality is about achieving certain goals. Two goals of theoretical rationality are accuracy and comprehensiveness, meaning that a person has as few false beliefs and as many true beliefs as possible.
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Despite this contrast, epistemologists may rely on insights from the empirical sciences in formulating their normative theories. According to one interpretation, the aim of naturalized epistemology is to answer descriptive questions, but this characterization is
2137:(1711–1776) used this idea to explore the limits of what people can know. He said that knowledge of facts is never certain, adding that knowledge of relations between ideas, like mathematical truths, can be certain but contains no information about the world.
702:. It proposes that people put more trust in knowledge than in mere true beliefs when drawing conclusions and deciding what to do. A different response says that knowledge has intrinsic value, meaning that it is good in itself independent of its usefulness.
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say that it is impossible to have certain knowledge about the existence of deities or other religious doctrines. Similarly, moral skeptics challenge the existence of moral knowledge and metaphysical skeptics say that humans cannot know ultimate reality.
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is an intermediary position combining elements of both foundationalism and coherentism. It accepts the distinction between basic and non-basic beliefs while asserting that the justification of non-basic beliefs depends on coherence with other beliefs.
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knowledge is knowledge of empirical facts based on sensory experience, like seeing that the sun is shining and smelling that a piece of meat has gone bad. Knowledge belonging to the empirical science and knowledge of everyday affairs belongs to
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connection is indirect since there are mental entities, like ideas or sense data, that mediate between the perceiver and the external world. The contrast between direct and indirect realism is important for explaining the nature of illusions.
1067:. Overall, not many epistemologists have explicitly defended global skepticism. The influence of this position derives mainly from attempts by other philosophers to show that their theory overcomes the challenge of skepticism. For example,
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is an oversimplification of much more complex psychological processes. Beliefs play a central role in various epistemological debates, which cover their status as a component of propositional knowledge, the question of whether people have
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is the study of correct reasoning. For epistemology, it is relevant to inferential knowledge, which arises when a person reasons from one known fact to another. This is the case, for example, if a person does not know directly that
474:. It is usually tied to a specific goal and not mastered in the abstract without concrete practice. To know something by acquaintance means to be familiar with it as a result of experiental contact. Examples are knowing the city of
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is similar in this regard and is sometimes considered the highest epistemic good. It encompasses a reflective understanding with practical applications. It helps people grasp and evaluate complex situations and lead a good life.
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epistemology is a form of fallibilism that emphasizes the close relation between knowing and acting. It sees the pursuit of knowledge as an ongoing process guided by common sense and experience while always open to revision.
698:, a true opinion about how to get there may help them in the same way as knowledge does. Plato already considered this problem and suggested that knowledge is better because it is more stable. Another suggestion focuses on
2300: – term used in philosophy, economics, and virtually any field of study to refer to different ways of knowing things, different epistemological methodologies for attaining a fuller description of a particular field
1543:, relying on their methods and theories to examine knowledge. Naturalistic epistemologists focus on empirical observation to formulate their theories and are often critical of approaches to epistemology that proceed by
2133:. This means that all ideas depend on sense experience, either as "ideas of sense", which are directly presented through the senses, or as "ideas of reflection", which the mind creates by reflecting on ideas of sense.
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Epistemologists disagree on how much people know, for example, whether fallible beliefs about everyday affairs can amount to knowledge or whether absolute certainty is required. The most stringent position is taken by
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827:. For example, if a person has sufficient reason to believe that a neighborhood is dangerous but forms this belief based on superstition then they have propositional justification but lack doxastic justification.
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was characterized by the contrasting perspectives of empiricism and rationalism. Epistemologists in the 20th century examined the components, structure, and value of knowledge while integrating insights from the
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because denying the existence of knowledge is itself a knowledge claim. Another objection says that the abstract reasoning leading to skepticism is not convincing enough to overrule common sense.
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defended a similar position but limited themselves to lucid and specific sensations, which they regarded as true. The skepticists questioned that knowledge is possible, recommending instead
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examines how scientific knowledge is generated and what problems arise in the process of validating, justifying, and interpreting scientific claims. A key issue concerns the problem of how
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epistemology tends to focus on immediate experience, understood as the presentation of unique particulars without the involvement of secondary cognitive processes, like thought and desire.
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investigate whether knowledge of ultimate reality is possible and what sources this knowledge could have. Knowledge of moral statements, like the claim that lying is wrong, belongs to the
1559:. Epistemologists of language explore the nature of linguistic knowledge. One of their topics is the role of tacit knowledge, for example, when native speakers have mastered the rules of
266:, to determine how knowledge is created. Another topic is the extent and limits of knowledge, confronting questions about what people can and cannot know. Other central concepts include
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Epistemologists often identify justification as one component of knowledge. Usually, they are not only interested in whether a person has a sufficient reason to hold a belief, known as
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Sturm, Thomas (2011). "Historical
Epistemology or History of Epistemology? The Case of the Relation Between Perception and Judgment: Dedicated to Günther Patzig on His 85th Birthday".
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As a label for a branch of philosophy, the term "epistemology" was first employed in 1854 by James E. Ferrier. In a different context, the word was used as early as 1847 in New York's
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presents another approach to the structure of knowledge. It agrees with coherentism that there are no basic beliefs while rejecting the view that beliefs can support each other in a
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1991:) aimed to combine empirical observation and rational inquiry. He emphasized the importance of clarity and standards of reasoning without excluding the role of feeling and emotion.
757:, to be true means to stand in the right relation to the world by accurately describing what it is like. This means that truth is objective: a belief is true if it corresponds to a
2233:(1927–2021) conceived counterexamples against the idea that knowledge is the same as justified true belief. These counterexamples prompted many philosophers to suggest alternative
1221:. Instead, it argues that beliefs form infinite justification chains, in which each link of the chain supports the belief following it and is supported by the belief preceding it.
2373:. As the term had not been coined before the 19th century, earlier philosophers did not explicitly label their theories as epistemology and often explored it in combination with
2152:(1770–1831) argued against empiricism, saying that sensory impressions on their own cannot amount to knowledge since all knowledge is actively structured by the knowing subject.
2219:'s (1873–1958) epistemology. He used trivial observations, like the fact that he has two hands, to argue against abstract philosophical theories that deviate from common sense.
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and lucky guesses. However, justification does not guarantee truth. For example, if a person has strong but misleading evidence, they may form a justified belief that is false.
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practices associated with it. It contrasts with the history of epistemology, which presents, reconstructs, and evaluates epistemological theories of philosophers in the past.
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Epistemic norms are criteria to assess the cognitive quality of beliefs, like their justification and rationality. Epistemologists distinguish between deontic norms, which are
447:. It is a theoretical knowledge that can be expressed in declarative sentences using a that-clause, like "Ravi knows that kangaroos hop". For this reason, it is also called
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focuses on the practical application of epistemological principles to diverse real-world problems, like the reliability of knowledge claims on the internet, how to assess
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understood knowledge as an interconnected phenomenon fundamentally linked to ethical behavior and social involvement. Many saw wisdom as the goal of attaining knowledge.
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have a shared interest in knowledge, with one difference being that education focuses on the transmission of knowledge, exploring the roles of both learner and teacher.
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2377:. According to philosopher Thomas Sturm, it is an open question how relevant the epistemological problems addressed by past philosophers are to contemporary philosophy.
2253:(1908–2000), employs concepts and ideas from the natural sciences to formulate its theories. Other developments in late 20th-century epistemology were the emergence of
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between 700 and 300 BCE, examined how people acquire knowledge, including the role of introspection, comparison, and deduction. In the 6th century BCE, the school of
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There are distinct areas of epistemology dedicated to specific sources of knowledge. Examples are the epistemology of perception, the epistemology of memory, and the
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says that a belief is true if it belongs to a coherent system of beliefs. A result of this view is that truth is relative since it depends on other beliefs. Further
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Meirmans, Stephanie; Butlin, Roger K.; Charmantier, Anne; Engelstädter, Jan; Groot, Astrid T.; King, Kayla C.; Kokko, Hanna; Reid, Jane M.; Neiman, Maurine (2019).
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1895:(384–322 BCE) was particularly interested in scientific knowledge, exploring the role of sensory experience and how to make inferences from general principles. The
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keep an open and inquisitive mind since doubt can never be fully excluded, even for well-established knowledge claims like thoroughly tested scientific theories.
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are sometimes used as synonyms. However, rationality has a wider scope that encompasses both a theoretical side, covering beliefs, and a practical side, covering
1840:, the teacher mainly supports and facilitates the learning process while the students take a more active role. The beliefs students have about knowledge, called
1172:, through which people acquire nonempirical knowledge. Some rationalists limit their discussion to the origin of concepts, saying that the mind relies on inborn
669:, or that the belief is infallible. There is no consensus on which of the proposed modifications and reconceptualizations is correct. Some philosophers, such as
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1608:, it does not directly defend a position about which epistemological theories are correct but examines their fundamental concepts and background assumptions.
2056:(1225–1274) developed an empiricist theory, stating that "nothing is in the intellect unless it first appeared in the senses". According to an early form of
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does not amount to understanding. According to one view, understanding is a special epistemic good that, unlike knowledge, is always intrinsically valuable.
186:, which describes the beliefs people hold, while epistemology studies the norms governing the evaluation of beliefs. It also intersects with fields such as
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To argue for this point, Plato used the example of a slave boy, who manages to answer a series of geometry questions even though he never studied geometry.
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emerged in the 2nd century BCE and provided a systematic treatment of how people acquire knowledge, distinguishing between valid and invalid sources. When
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Sharpe, Matthew (2018). "The Demise of Grand
Narratives? Postmodernism, Power-knowledge, and Applied Epistemology". In Coady, David; Chase, James (eds.).
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they may employ. In teacher-centered methods, the teacher takes the role of the main authority delivering knowledge and guiding the learning process. In
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Even though rationalists usually accept sense experience as one source of knowledge, they also say that important forms of knowledge come directly from
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knowledge is primarily associated with synthetic sentences. However, it is controversial whether this is true for all cases. Some philosophers, such as
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used, in particular, that the process does not violate the laws of logic. Another overlap between the two fields is found in the epistemic approach to
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mineral water affirmatively and to go to the fridge when thirsty. Some theorists deny the existence of beliefs, saying that this concept borrowed from
633:, knowledge has three components: it is a belief that is justified and true. In the second half of the 20th century, this view was put into doubt by a
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298:. The term is also used in a slightly different sense to refer not to the branch of philosophy but to a particular position within that branch, as in
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Separate branches of epistemology are dedicated to knowledge found in specific fields, like scientific, mathematical, moral, and religious knowledge.
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954:. Epistemic virtues help individuals form true beliefs and acquire knowledge. They contrast with epistemic vices and act as foundational concepts of
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2245:, a closely related response, analyses belief formation in terms of the intellectual virtues or cognitive competencies involved in the process.
1969:(470–391 BCE) proposed a pragmatic approach to knowledge using historical records, sensory evidence, and practical outcomes to validate beliefs.
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2079:(1472–1529) explored the unity of knowledge and action, holding that moral knowledge is inborn and can be attained by overcoming self-interest.
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studies the role of knowledge and justification for religious doctrines and practices. It evaluates the weight and reliability of evidence from
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are closely related to the idea of justification and are sometimes used as synonyms. Justification is what distinguishes justified beliefs from
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2052:(1079–1142) argued against unquestioned theological authorities and said that all things are open to rational doubt. Influenced by Aristotle,
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of previous
Islamic philosophers, saying that they rely on unproven assumptions that do not amount to knowledge. In Western philosophy,
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As propositional attitudes, beliefs are true or false depending on whether they affirm a true or a false proposition. According to the
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questions the human ability to arrive at knowledge. Some skeptics limit their criticism to certain domains of knowledge. For example,
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perception. Perception is not merely the reception of sense impressions but an active process that selects, organizes, and interprets
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Sources of justification are ways or cognitive capacities through which people acquire justification. Often-discussed sources include
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involve some form of epistemic luck, that is, a cognitive success that results from fortuitous circumstances rather than competence.
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knowledge is knowledge of non-empirical facts and does not depend on evidence from sensory experience. It belongs to fields such as
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from them. Empiricists say that all these mental operations depend on material from the senses and do not function on their own.
1168:
which it can access without the help of the senses. Others hold that there is an additional cognitive faculty, sometimes called
1164:
without sense experience, like knowledge of mathematical and logical truths. According to some rationalists, the mind possesses
16943:
14443:
14418:
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Mchugh, Conor; Way, Jonathan; Whiting, Daniel (2019). "Introduction". In Mchugh, Conor; Way, Jonathan; Whiting, Daniel (eds.).
10038:
1954:
later became interested in epistemology, they relied on concepts developed in Nyaya and other traditions. Buddhist philosopher
1291:
637:
that aimed to show that some justified true beliefs do not amount to knowledge. In one of them, a person is unaware of all the
19467:
15914:
15889:
15362:
Schmitt, Frederick F. (2004). "Epistemology and
Cognitive Science". In Niiniluoto, I.; Sintonen, Matti; Wolenski, Jan (eds.).
2195:. By not judging whether an experience is accurate or not, he tried to describe the internal structure of experience instead.
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to understand the nature of knowledge. To discover how knowledge arises, they investigate sources of justification, such as
15972:
13747:
Mele, Alfred R.; Rawling, Piers (2004). "Introduction: Aspects of
Rationality". In Mele, Alfred R.; Rawling, Piers (eds.).
12759:
11792:
11136:
Fumerton, Richard (19 January 2011). "Skepticism and
Epistemic Externalism". In Bernecker, Sven; Pritchard, Duncan (eds.).
32:
12506:
859:
to gain empirical information. There are various forms of perception corresponding to different physical stimuli, such as
785:. Truth plays a central role in epistemology as a goal of cognitive processes and a component of propositional knowledge.
441:
Epistemologists distinguish between different types of knowledge. Their primary interest is in knowledge of facts, called
433:
The distinction between propositional knowledge and knowledge by acquaintance plays a central role in the epistemology of
17575:
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relies on the insights of epistemology and cognitive science to implement concrete solutions to problems associated with
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16303:
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12282:
2407:
is debated since it suggests widespread acceptance within the history of philosophy, an idea not shared by all scholars.
985:
analyze justification in terms of evidence by saying that to be justified, a belief needs to rest on adequate evidence.
18036:
17367:
11348:
10769:"Practical Theology and the Call for the Decolonisation of Higher Education in South Africa: Reflections and Proposals"
10471:
9010:
939:
584:
19093:
8960:
2227:(1889–1951), is a similar approach that tries to extract epistemological insights from how ordinary language is used.
1230:
965:
forensic analysts or financial records studied by investigative journalists. Evidence is often understood in terms of
19118:
17338:
17215:
15634:
Siegel, Susanna; Silins, Nicholas; Matthen, Mohan (2014). "The
Epistemology of Perception". In Matthen, Mohan (ed.).
15591:
2071:), perception of mind-independent objects happens directly without intermediaries. Meanwhile, in 14th-century India,
1325:
is a formal approach based on the idea that people have degrees of belief representing how certain they are. It uses
8118:, § 2g. Wang Yangming on liangzhi: Direct, Clear, Universal Knowledge, § 3h. Wang Yangming: Moral Willing as Knowing
1148:
The debate between empiricism and rationalism centers on the origins of human knowledge. Empiricism emphasizes that
19650:
16495:
12522:
Kelly, Leanne M; Cordeiro, Maya (2020). "Three
Principles of Pragmatism for Research on Organizational Processes".
12464:
Kelly, Kevin (2004). "Learning Theory and
Epistemology". In Niiniluoto, I.; Sintonen, Matti; Wolenski, Jan (eds.).
9457:
4484:, § 1. The Neo-classical Theories of Truth, § 2. Tarski’s Theory of Truth, § 4.4 Truth Pluralism, § 5. Deflationism
2048:(1033–1109) proposed that theological teaching and philosophical inquiry are in harmony and complement each other.
390:
stored in documents, such as "knowledge housed in the library" or knowledge stored in computers in the form of the
17644:
14774:
8691:
19680:
17702:
16894:
13288:
Lyons, Jack C. (2016). "Goldman on Evidence and Reliability". In McLaughlin, Brian P.; Kornblith, Hilary (eds.).
8813:
2318:
2041:
1373:
of a constant progress of scientific knowledge leading to a universal and foundational understanding of reality.
887:. For example, seeing a bus at a bus station belongs to perception while feeling tired belongs to introspection.
19288:
11679:
Haas, Jens; Vogt, Katja Maria (2015). "Ignorance and Investigation". In Gross, Matthias; McGoey, Linsey (eds.).
9139:
2172:
is encountered. He used this idea to argue against Cartesian foundationalism seeking absolutely certain truths.
855:, but there is no universal agreement to what extent they all provide valid justification. Perception relies on
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685:
The value of knowledge is the worth it holds by expanding understanding and guiding action. Knowledge can have
14367:
10965:
2075:
developed a reliabilist theory of knowledge and considered the problems of testimony and fallacies. In China,
1579:
18280:
17865:
10284:
2149:
1828:
learning theories study how the cognitive processes that affect knowledge acquisition transform information.
14132:
Murawski, Roman (2004). "Mathematical Knowledge". In Niiniluoto, I.; Sintonen, Matti; Wolenski, Jan (eds.).
19685:
19590:
19238:
17955:
17417:
16809:
16767:
Wolenski, Jan (2004). "History of Epistemology". In Niiniluoto, I.; Sintonen, Matti; Wolenski, Jan (eds.).
16175:
12754:
12041:
12016:
11564:
11471:
10647:
10622:
10564:
9501:
2486:
The internalist-externalist debate in epistemology is different from the internalism-externalism debate in
2220:
1446:
Some branches of epistemology focus on the problems of knowledge within specific academic disciplines. The
1369:
epistemology criticizes the conditions of knowledge in advanced societies. This concerns in particular the
1348:
1047:
Global skepticism is the widest form of skepticism, asserting that there is no knowledge in any domain. In
794:
782:
674:
275:
101:
16536:
16037:
14669:
12350:
How to Think in Medicine: Reasoning, Decision Making, and Communication in Health Sciences and Professions
8985:
8595:
7483:
2156:(1806–1873) defended a wide-sweeping form of empiricism and explained knowledge of general truths through
800:
belief is justified if it is formed by a reliable belief formation process, such as perception. The terms
19489:
19203:
17832:
17412:
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17228:
12429:
2142:
1813:
1482:
1383:
1284:
1152:
is the primary source of all knowledge. Some empiricists express this view by stating that the mind is a
778:
413:
to conceive. Others depend on external circumstances when no access to the relevant information exists.
152:
16913:
15580:
Shen, Vincent (2006). "Chinese Philosophy: Metaphysics and Epistemology". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.).
10732:
10536:
Dancy, Jonathan (2010). "Moral Epistemology". In Dancy, Jonathan; Sosa, Ernest; Steup, Matthias (eds.).
2530:
Nonetheless, metaepistemological insights can have various indirect effects on disputes in epistemology.
19356:
19025:
18331:
18107:
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16936:
16618:
11297:
2509:
2211:
of sense data and indirect knowledge by description, which is inferred from knowledge by acquaintance.
2192:
1907:
outlook, stating that sensations are always accurate and act as the supreme standard of judgments. The
1336:
17741:
14919:
Applying Cognitive Science to Education: Thinking and Learning in Scientific and Other Complex Domains
12876:
Kvanvig, Jonathan L. (2011). "Epistemic Justification". In Bernecker, Sven; Pritchard, Duncan (eds.).
1946:
developed a radical skepticism questioning the possibility and usefulness of knowledge. The school of
883:. Introspection is a closely related process focused not on external physical objects but on internal
19562:
17774:
17764:
17553:
17354:
17346:
17243:
17088:
15507:
Segura, Jordi Vallverdú i (2009). "Computational Epistemology and e-Science: A New Way of Thinking".
13794:
Training Complex Cognitive Skills: A Four-Component Instructional Design Model for Technical Training
11828:
9718:
9280:
Bernecker, Sven (3 September 2013). "Triangular Externalism". In Lepore, Ernie; Ludwig, Kirk (eds.).
8734:"Knowledge as Presence and Presentation: Highlights from the History of Knowledge-First Epistemology"
2297:
2208:
2114:
1837:
1568:
1548:
1505:. It examines the norms governing belief formation and asks whether violating them is morally wrong.
1344:
770:
762:
626:
490:
467:
206:
89:
17:
17661:
13696:"Science Policies: How Should Science Funding Be Allocated? An Evolutionary Biologists' Perspective"
12057:
Hofer, Barbara K. (2001). "Personal Epistemology Research: Implications for Learning and Teaching".
2473:
The theory of classical foundationalism has a stronger requirement by saying that basic beliefs are
19665:
19228:
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18318:
18315:
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17627:
17515:
17427:
17323:
17288:
17048:
16743:
14075:
11646:
Gross, Matthias; McGoey, Linsey (2015). "Introduction". In Gross, Matthias; McGoey, Linsey (eds.).
11488:
2448:
2246:
2241:, which says that knowledge requires reliable sources, shifting the focus away from justification.
2234:
1872:
1825:
1634:
1536:
1036:
774:
616:
418:
251:
202:
163:
128:
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is evidence against a belief or evidence that undermines another piece of evidence. For instance,
151:, by contrast, maintain that the justification of basic beliefs does not depend on other beliefs.
19243:
19184:
19137:
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18241:
18231:
18155:
18021:
17993:
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17138:
16960:
15652:
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11894:
10185:
9281:
6571:
2306:
2290:
2262:
2250:
2106:
1651:
1630:
1529:
1447:
1390:
604:
443:
179:
81:
16687:
The External World and Our Knowledge of It: Hume's Critical Realism, an Exposition and a Defence
13352:
12079:
9627:
7456:
6862:
1958:(6th or 7th century CE) analyzed the process of knowing as a series of causally related events.
39:
19376:
19308:
18388:
18226:
17804:
17779:
17769:
17442:
17362:
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2184:
2082:
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1508:
1486:
1305:
725:
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15602:
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15145:
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14040:
13974:
13858:
13562:
13395:
13177:
12676:
12641:
12587:
11973:
11005:
Foley, Richard (2011). "Epistemic Rationality". In Bernecker, Sven; Pritchard, Duncan (eds.).
10890:
10360:
10117:
10082:
9937:
Critical Thinking: Your Guide to Effective Argument, Successful Analysis and Independent Study
9935:
9867:
9788:
9652:
9357:
The Basic Ways of Knowing: An In-depth Study of Kumārila's Contribution to Indian Epistemology
9322:
8884:
8224:
8173:
7984:
7957:
7423:
7405:
7207:
7168:
7153:
7123:
7054:
6937:
6715:
6454:
6343:
6310:
5806:
5719:
5680:
5662:
5599:
5512:
5257:
4771:
4077:
3425:
3300:
3192:
3155:
3118:
3043:
2759:
2657:
2490:, which asks whether mental states depend only on the individual or also on their environment.
254:
and what types of knowledge there are. It further investigates the sources of knowledge, like
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Wheeler, Gregory R.; Pereira, Luís Moniz (2004). "Epistemology and Artificial Intelligence".
16456:
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3600:
3591:
3416:
3183:
3127:
3004:
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1555:, examining knowledge and the cognitive faculties responsible for it from the perspective of
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1359:
1322:
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483:
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2735:
2693:
2109:", from which he constructed the rest of his philosophical system. Descartes, together with
1715:
1578:
employs formal tools found in logic and mathematics to investigate the nature of knowledge.
1354:
1257:
is an influential internalist view. It says that justification depends on the possession of
823:, but also in whether the person holds the belief because or based on this reason, known as
720:
Beliefs are mental states about what is the case, like believing that snow is white or that
470:. Knowledge-how is a practical ability or skill, like knowing how to read or how to prepare
19630:
19585:
19547:
19494:
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19179:
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17437:
15178:
10922:
Fletcher, Robert; Romero, Paola; Talbot, Marianne; Warburton, Nigel; Whiston, Amna (2020).
2168:, emphasizing that knowledge seekers should always be ready to revise their beliefs if new
2045:
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1040:
1031:
868:
743:
729:
645:
523:
463:
46:
17068:
14274:
11418:
Goldman, Alvin; Bender, John (2005). "Justification, Epistemic". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).
2129:(1632–1704) rejected this view in favor of an empiricism according to which the mind is a
1871:
Early reflections on the nature and sources of knowledge are found in ancient history. In
8:
19771:
19726:
19716:
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17525:
17505:
17407:
17392:
17387:
17188:
14557:
13082:
12323:
11605:
Grimm, Stephen R. (2011). "Understanding". In Bernecker, Sven; Pritchard, Duncan (eds.).
9842:
9789:"A Study in Deflated Acquaintance Knowledge: Sense-Datum Theory and Perceptual Constancy"
2254:
2242:
2224:
2196:
2157:
2003:
1981:
1951:
1638:
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1524:
1430:
as a key source of knowledge while discussing the problem of their right interpretation.
1409:
are sources discussed by most schools. Other sources only considered by some schools are
1271:
1203:
aspect determined by the whole system of beliefs, which resembles an interconnected web.
1056:
1052:
999:
While propositional knowledge is the main topic in epistemology, some theorists focus on
955:
919:
699:
315:
175:
167:
85:
18483:
16226:"How Does Technology Influence Students'Motivation Towards Learning Kiswahili Proverbs?"
13827:
A Philosophical Approach to MOND: Assessing the Milgromian Research Program in Cosmology
13767:
11216:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
2521:
Epistemic injustice happens when valid knowledge claims are dismissed or misrepresented.
1423:
1340:
aims to provide a presuppositionless description of how objects appear to the observer.
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15132:
15124:
14766:
14240:
13961:
13730:
13695:
12729:
11381:
11244:
11211:
10848:
Engel, Pascal (2011). "Epistemic Norms". In Bernecker, Sven; Pritchard, Duncan (eds.).
10836:
10453:
10428:
9775:
9449:
8784:
8683:
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2487:
2434:
2007:
1962:
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by being based on good reasons. According to him, the process of learning something is
1326:
1218:
1169:
1083:
1048:
686:
670:
662:
210:
16261:"Historical Epistemology and the 'Marriage' Between History and Philosophy of Science"
15833:
14950:
14857:
13499:
What Is Scientific Knowledge?: An Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology of Science
2207:(1872–1970) developed an empiricist sense-datum theory, distinguishing between direct
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9478:
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Baumann, Peter (2016). "Epistemic Contrastivism, Knowledge and Practical Reasoning".
9105:
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1622:
1556:
1474:
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974:
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766:
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16656:
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Philosophy and Its History: Aims and Methods in the Study of Early Modern Philosophy
16230:
Handbook of Research on Pedagogical Models for Next-Generation Teaching and Learning
15111:
15094:
14435:
14410:
13595:
11606:
11137:
11006:
10849:
10056:
The Inquiring Organization: How Organizations Acquire Knowledge and Seek Information
10030:
8767:
Audi, Robert (1988). "Foundationalism, Coherentism, and Epistemological Dogmatism".
8605:
3434:
2102:
2086:
1820:
learning theories explain the process in terms of behavior changes, for example, by
1068:
19711:
19645:
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15997:
15906:
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15639:
15516:
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Schwitzgebel, Eric (2011). "Belief". In Bernecker, Sven; Pritchard, Duncan (eds.).
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13601:
13459:
13360:
13257:
12764:
12721:
12642:"Piaget's Genetic Epistemology: Epistemological Implications for Science Education"
12628:
12539:
12531:
12288:
12087:
12066:
11960:
11838:
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11612:
11519:
11373:
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10160:
10059:
9972:
9767:
9724:
9592:
9433:
9287:
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9184:
Epistemology as Theology: An Evaluation of Alvin Plantinga's Religious Epistemology
9147:
9126:
9095:
9087:
8776:
8667:
8601:
2204:
2153:
1601:
1540:
1498:
1466:
1149:
943:
673:, reject the basic assumption underlying the analysis of knowledge by arguing that
638:
434:
227:
17283:
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16263:. In Herring, Emily; Jones, Kevin; Kiprijanov, Konstantin; Sellers, Laura (eds.).
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McGrew, Timothy (2011). "Evidence". In Bernecker, Sven; Pritchard, Duncan (eds.).
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Kaplan, Mark (2005). "Decision Theory and Epistemology". In Moser, Paul K. (ed.).
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Propositional knowledge contrasts with non-propositional knowledge in the form of
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18800:
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18285:
18270:
17943:
17827:
17402:
17268:
17263:
17158:
17113:
16993:
16825:
16768:
16655:
Whitcomb, Dennis (2011). "Wisdom". In Bernecker, Sven; Pritchard, Duncan (eds.).
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Lynch, Michael P. (2011). "Truth". In Bernecker, Sven; Pritchard, Duncan (eds.).
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Foundations and Applications of Decision Theory: Volume I Theoretical Foundations
11680:
11647:
11581:
11523:
10975:
10664:
10504:
10296:
10259:
10195:
9902:
9728:
9596:
9151:
7519:
2627:
2600:
2512:, which examines the interrelation between knowledge and computational processes.
2461:
2090:
1833:
1801:
1786:
1309:
1185:
1072:
947:
911:
738:
634:
218:
187:
148:
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15964:
14253:
13949:
13364:
12675:
Klauer, Bernd; Manstetten, Reiner; Petersen, Thomas; Schiller, Johannes (2016).
12646:
Philosophy of Science, Cognitive Psychology, and Educational Theory and Practice
12091:
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Hamlyn, D. W. (2006). "Epistemology, History of". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.).
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38:"Epistemic" redirects here. For the alternative name for cognitive science, see
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17073:
17038:
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Knowing, Knowledge and Beliefs: Epistemological Studies Across Diverse Cultures
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Brown, Harold I. (1992). "Direct Realism, Indirect Realism, and Epistemology".
9291:
2430:
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2161:
2110:
2057:
2053:
1587:
1582:
rely in their research on empirical evidence about common knowledge practices.
1516:
1501:
is a closely related field covering the interrelation between epistemology and
1478:
1207:
1079:
872:
654:
571:
391:
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16647:
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16158:
16049:
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The Value of Knowledge: The Economics of Enterprise Knowledge and Intelligence
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Leong, Wong Yew (2007). "Epistemology And Education". In Tan, Charlene (ed.).
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Dunne, John D. (2006). "Buddhist Epistemology". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.).
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looks at the transmission of knowledge from the teacher's side, exploring the
1396:
201:
Early reflections on the nature, sources, and scope of knowledge are found in
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19223:
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18689:
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18515:
18140:
17926:
17908:
17293:
17233:
17198:
17133:
17108:
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17033:
16295:
16265:
The Past, Present, and Future of Integrated History and Philosophy of Science
15448:
15120:
14762:
13957:
12856:
12535:
11235:
10815:"Teacher-Centered or Student-Centered Learning Approach To Promote Learning?"
10444:
9445:
9109:
8679:
2474:
2138:
2076:
2049:
1939:
1519:
while also asking whether the norms of reason should be applied to religious
1370:
1299:
1254:
1239:
1000:
982:
884:
840:
576:
395:
326:
303:
286:. Epistemology is one of the main branches of philosophy besides fields like
156:
109:
16859:
15707:
12786:
11340:
9002:
5440:, § 1. The Philosophical Problem of Scepticism, § 2. Responses to Scepticism
5061:, Lead section, § 1. The Nature of Evidence: What Is It and What Does It Do?
1776:. Whether an inferential belief amounts to knowledge depends on the form of
1362:
combines the perspectives of feminist, social, and naturalized epistemology.
19412:
19402:
19361:
19341:
19113:
19076:
19035:
18921:
18871:
18532:
18510:
18488:
18435:
18403:
18275:
18135:
18046:
17377:
17308:
17153:
17023:
17008:
16354:
13739:
11745:
Hamlyn, D. W. (2005). "Epistemology, History of". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).
11253:
11227:
10785:
10768:
10462:
8952:
2212:
2176:
2122:
1850:
1789:, which uses formal logical devices to study epistemological concepts like
1470:
1435:
1351:
or look at the role of knowledge in making assertions and guiding actions.
813:
378:
195:
92:
as a familiarity through experience. Epistemologists study the concepts of
57:
16666:
16579:
16321:"The Epistemology of Modality and the Problem of Modal Epistemic Friction"
15737:
Smith, Emmanuel (2023). "Doxastic Justification and Testimonial Beliefs".
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Psychiatry: From Its Historical and Philosophical Roots to the Modern Face
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Some branches of epistemology are characterized by their research method.
657:
tried to show that some justified true beliefs do not amount to knowledge.
19407:
19346:
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19040:
19000:
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18906:
18876:
18537:
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17965:
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17457:
17313:
17303:
17248:
17223:
17168:
17143:
17128:
17098:
17078:
17053:
16983:
14461:"Contributions to the Science of Education and The Education of Teachers"
14223:
Olsson, Erik J (2011). "The Value of Knowledge: The Value of Knowledge".
13311:
13307:
13179:
Representing Organization: Knowledge, Management, and the Information Age
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Sources of Knowledge: On the Concept of a Rational Capacity for Knowledge
11964:
7977:, Lead section, § 3. Al-Ghazâlî's 'Refutations' of Falsafa and Ismâ'îlism
2416:
The relation between a belief and the reason on which it rests is called
2238:
2216:
2180:
2130:
2118:
1955:
1927:
1817:
1626:
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1410:
1330:
1264:
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966:
935:
931:
899:
733:
565:
513:
456:
387:
295:
231:
144:
140:
132:
16538:
Shadows of Syntax: Revitalizing Logical and Mathematical Conventionalism
16508:
15746:
15128:
13062:
Lemos, Noah (2005). "Epistemology and Ethics". In Moser, Paul K. (ed.).
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A History of Western Philosophy: From the Pre-Socratics to Postmodernism
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9421:
6535:
969:: evidence for a belief makes it more likely that the belief is true. A
429:
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18527:
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17447:
17298:
17273:
17238:
17093:
17058:
17043:
17018:
16988:
16568:
Watkins, Chris; Mortimore, Peter (1999). "Pedagogy: What Do We Know?".
15812:
14770:
14738:
13965:
13933:
12619:
Kiesewetter, Benjamin (2020). "Rationality as Reasons-Responsiveness".
11385:
11212:"Episodic Memory and Autonoetic Consciousness: A First-person Approach"
10956:
9779:
9717:
Broncano-Berrocal, Fernando; Carter, J. Adam (2017). "Epistemic Luck".
9227:
8885:"Lorraine Daston's Historical Epistemology: Style, Program, and School"
8788:
8687:
8655:
6901:
2374:
2347:
2200:
2134:
2126:
2030:
1935:
1904:
1900:
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1605:
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1315:
1214:
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1103:
1027:
1023:
923:
880:
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410:
311:
255:
222:
183:
182:
examines its historical conditions. Epistemology is closely related to
136:
105:
67:
13720:
13711:
8797:
2203:(1910–1989), said that all knowledge is either empirical or analytic.
1604:
examine the nature, goals, and research methods of epistemology. As a
1551:
is a naturalistic approach that understands cognition as a product of
1438:, meaning that no single viewpoint can capture the entirety of truth.
575:
The analytic–synthetic distinction has its roots in the philosophy of
19268:
19263:
19123:
19050:
18985:
18856:
18790:
18602:
18592:
18587:
18562:
18358:
17918:
17880:
17422:
16493:(2005). "Pragmatic and Idealized Models of Knowledge and Ignorance".
16145:
Tramel, Peter (2008). "Haack's Foundherentism Is a Foundationalism".
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Goldman, Alvin I. (1976). "Discrimination and Perceptual Knowledge".
10118:"'Where Are All of the Pragmatist Feminist Philosophers of Science?'"
9215:
9100:
4082:
2011:
1892:
1809:
1552:
1235:
993:
977:
connecting a suspect to a crime is evidence for their guilt while an
915:
852:
406:
402:
371:
263:
259:
243:
191:
121:
71:
18493:
16829:
15804:
15788:
14411:"Internalist Vs. Externalist Conceptions of Epistemic Justification"
12840:
12127:
Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy: Philosophy Between 500 and 1500
11377:
9771:
8831:
Epistemology: A Contemporary Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge
8780:
7875:, § 2c. Mencius (Mengzi, c. 372-289 B.C.E.) and Analogical Reasoning
3364:
1943:
1457:
Epistemological problems are found in most areas of philosophy. The
607:, reject the distinction, saying that there are no analytic truths.
409:
themselves, such as the inability to know facts too complex for the
19098:
19005:
18970:
18928:
18916:
18704:
18498:
18398:
18341:
18145:
18099:
17983:
17278:
16424:. In Laerke, Mogens; Smith, Justin E. H.; Schliesser, Eric (eds.).
9091:
5459:, Lead section, § 9. Implications of Fallibilism: Knowing Fallibly?
3923:, § 5c. Questioning the Gettier Problem, § 6. Standards for Knowing
2191:(1859–1938) applied the skeptic idea of suspending judgment to the
2169:
2165:
2026:
2022:
1916:
1880:
1829:
1462:
1414:
1393:. Many of them focus on the different sources of knowledge, called
1374:
1258:
1165:
1064:
970:
961:
942:
of beliefs. Epistemic norms are closely related to intellectual or
934:
about what people should believe or which beliefs are correct, and
279:
147:
argue that a belief is justified if it coheres with other beliefs.
17678:
13397:
Pragmatism Without Foundations: Reconciling Realism and Relativism
1418:
18725:
18699:
18694:
18636:
18631:
18463:
18351:
18346:
18305:
18127:
17973:
17855:
17258:
16422:"Philosophy and Genealogy: Ways of Writing History of Philosophy"
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Rockmore, Tom (2011). "Husserl's Phenomenological Epistemology".
10696:
Douven, Igor; Schupbach, Jonah N. (2014). "Formal Epistemology".
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Stehr, Nico; Adolf, Marian T. (2016). "The Price of Knowledge".
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Moser, Paul K. (2005). "Introduction". In Moser, Paul K. (ed.).
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10639:
10614:
9493:
6252:, § 1. Methodology in Epistemology: Particularism and Generalism
3421:
1980:) explored analogical reasoning as another source of knowledge.
1497:
among moral beliefs, and the problem of moral disagreement. The
746:, and the issue of whether there are degrees of beliefs, called
599:
knowledge is primarily associated with analytic sentences while
18990:
18911:
18641:
18300:
18290:
17988:
17890:
17372:
16921:
15933:
Illuminating the Mind: An Introduction to Buddhist Epistemology
14661:
13531:
Believing Against the Evidence: Agency and the Ethics of Belief
8977:
3139:, Lead section, § 8. Implications of Fallibilism: No Knowledge?
1995:
1912:
1908:
1591:
1502:
1406:
1378:
1200:
1161:
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1060:
1005:
848:
844:
711:
479:
287:
283:
267:
117:
113:
93:
16362:
Van Inwagen, Peter; Sullivan, Meghan; Bernstein, Sara (2023).
16224:
Turuthi, David Gitau; Njagi, Kageni; Chemwei, Bernard (2017).
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Fundamentals of Bayesian Epistemology 1: Introducing Credences
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12208:
Hookway, C. J. (2005a). "Certainty". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).
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Hookway, C. J. (2005). "Skepticism". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).
10396:. In Barberousse, Anouk; Bonnay, Denis; Cozic, Mikael (eds.).
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Constructivist Psychotherapy: A Narrative Hermeneutic Approach
8508:, Lead section, § 1. A Paradigm Shift in Analytic Epistemology
1846:, affect their intellectual development and learning success.
1625:, which understands mental events as processes that transform
1333:
that govern how certain people should be about their beliefs.
18806:
18468:
17754:
17687:
17569:
17472:
17118:
14494:
Phillips, Stephen (1998). "Epistemology, Indian Schools of".
12949:
Lacey, Alan (2005a). "Rationalism". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).
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Friedenberg, Jay; Silverman, Gordon; Spivey, Michael (2022).
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10724:
10556:
9793:
Early Analytic Philosophy - New Perspectives on the Tradition
7731:
1999:
1947:
1876:
1644:
1520:
1452:
individual observations can support universal scientific laws
1427:
1117:
989:
978:
876:
856:
715:
517:
475:
344:
330:
299:
291:
271:
214:
171:
155:
disagree about whether justification is determined solely by
139:
hold that all knowledge comes from sense experience, whereas
97:
16610:
16361:
15653:"Epistemologies of Mathematics and of Mathematics Education"
14273:
O’Connor, Cailin; Goldberg, Sanford; Goldman, Alvin (2024).
12281:
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Barber, Alex (2003). "Introduction". In Barber, Alex (ed.).
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629:
propositional knowledge states. According to the so-called
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5452:
3748:, § 2b. Defeasibility Analyses and Propositional Defeaters
3132:
1426:
epistemology understands the holy scriptures known as the
1017:
31:"Theory of knowledge" redirects here. For other uses, see
18651:
15332:
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Choo, Chun Wei (2016). "5. Epistemic Virtues and Vices".
6627:, Lead section, § 6. Epistemological Issues in Metaethics
3947:, § 3. The Gettier Problem, § 7. Is Knowledge Analyzable?
2499:
The precise characterization of the contrast is disputed.
2175:
In the 20th century, fallibilism was further explored by
1891:
in which the soul remembers what it already knew before.
1822:
associating a certain response with a particular stimulus
1413:, which leads to knowledge of absences, and presumption.
621:
The analysis of knowledge is the attempt to identify the
15398:
Keeping the Faith: Religious Belief in an Age of Science
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Pritchard, Duncan; Turri, John; Carter, J. Adam (2022).
12004:
10122:
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8656:"Feminist Epistemology: An Interpretation and a Defense"
8637:
Beyond Justification: Dimensions of Epistemic Evaluation
6282:, § 2. Methodology in Epistemology: Beyond Particularism
6058:, Lead section, § 1. Introduction to Virtue Epistemology
5367:
4806:
4745:
4717:
4328:, § 1.5 Eliminativism, Instrumentalism, and Fictionalism
3916:
3451:
3381:
3344:
3277:
3243:
3215:
3169:
568:
on whether all knowledge depends on sensory experience.
16719:"Externalism and Internalism in the Philosophy of Mind"
16082:
Phenomenology, Logic, and the Philosophy of Mathematics
15657:
International Handbook of Mathematics Education: Part 1
15200:"Problems at the Basis of Susan Haack's Foundherentism"
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The Two Fundamental Problems of the Theory of Knowledge
14302:. In O′Donohue, William; Kitchener, Richard F. (eds.).
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13859:"What Is Naturalized Epistemology? The Quinean Project"
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4235:
3802:
2895:, Lead section, § 1. The Varieties of Cognitive Success
2848:
2323:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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One consideration in favor of global skepticism is the
15038:
Unknowability: An Inquiry into the Limits of Knowledge
14949:
Rendsvig, Rasmus; Symons, John; Wang, Yanjing (2024).
13357:
Margaret Mead: Contributions to Contemporary Education
13229:
Lowe, E. J. (2005). "Truth". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).
12809:
An Introduction to Medieval Philosophy: Basic Concepts
12644:. In Duschl, Richard A.; Hamilton, Richard J. (eds.).
12245:
12156:
Hooker, C. A.; Leach, J. J.; McClennen, E. F. (2012).
10083:"Return to Reason: The Irrationality of Evidentialism"
7851:, § 2a. The Mozi, Later Mohists and Debaters (bianshi)
6666:
6156:, Lead section, § 1. Doxastic Conservatism: The Debate
4893:, Lead section, § 1. Reductionism and Non-Reductionism
2321: – Compulsory International Baccalaureate subject
1564:
interested in epistemic faults and gaps in knowledge.
1469:. For example, it explores how logicians justify that
1343:
Particularism and generalism disagree about the right
131:
questions the human ability to attain knowledge while
13175:
13147:
Early Modern Skepticism and the Origins of Toleration
11768:. Vol. 3 (2 ed.). Macmillan Reference USA.
11682:
Routledge International Handbook of Ignorance Studies
11649:
Routledge International Handbook of Ignorance Studies
10798:. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Macmillan Reference USA.
10427:
Crichton, Paul; Carel, Havi; Kidd, Ian James (2017).
9554:. In McLaughlin, Brian P.; Kornblith, Hilary (eds.).
7899:, § 2d. Xunzi (310-220 B.C.E.): Dispelling Obsessions
5493:, § 9. Implications of Fallibilism: Knowing Fallibly?
3188:
2438:
representing the actual world from simulated stimuli.
1750:
1718:
1686:
1654:
560:
knowledge plays a central role in the debate between
526:
166:
relies on empirical methods and discoveries, whereas
15474:"The Nature of Social Research and Social Knowledge"
15197:
14855:
12322:
Ichikawa, Jonathan Jenkins; Steup, Matthias (2018).
12246:
Howard-Snyder, Daniel; McKaughan, Daniel J. (2023).
12155:
11081:
Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing
10326:
Coser, Lewis A. (2009) . "Knowledge, Sociology of".
7263:
5820:
5775:
4358:, § 2.3 Degree of Belief, § 2.5 Belief and Knowledge
4193:
4145:
4109:
2302:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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1680:
but comes to infer it based on their knowledge that
80:, it explores different types of knowledge, such as
16319:Vaidya, Anand Jayprakash; Wallner, Michael (2021).
16223:
15633:
15018:
Epistemic Logic: A Survey of the Logic of Knowledge
12899:. In Parusniková, Zuzana; Cohen, Robert S. (eds.).
10964:Foley, Richard (1998). "Justification, Epistemic".
8921:
Knowing and Seeing: Groundwork for a New Empiricism
8736:. In Logins, Arturs; Vollet, Jacques-Henri (eds.).
7419:
6873:
5398:, § 6.1 General Skepticism and Selective Skepticism
2029:interact and which is the better vehicle to truth.
143:believe that some knowledge does not depend on it.
16386:
14948:
14298:O′Donohue, William; Kitchener, Richard F. (1996).
14297:
13863:Naturalized Epistemology and Philosophy of Science
13315:
10085:. In Zagzebski, Linda; Miller, Timothy D. (eds.).
7980:
7233:
2731:
1768:
1736:
1704:
1672:
1275:faculties like vision, memory, and introspection.
1179:
902:is closely related to justification and the terms
744:control over and are responsible for their beliefs
677:that cannot be dissected into simpler components.
544:
178:investigates the communal aspect of knowledge and
16750:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
16571:Understanding Pedagogy and Its Impact on Learning
16370:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
15913:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
15888:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
15840:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
15786:
15455:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
15312:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
15287:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
15241:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
14957:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
14864:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
14564:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
14442:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
14417:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
14336:Cultivating Personhood: Kant and Asian Philosophy
14281:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
13890:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
13492:
13435:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
13091:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
13045:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
12505:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
12330:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
11791:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
11588:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
11495:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
11401:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
11347:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
11263:"Teleologies and the Methodology of Epistemology"
10943:Foley, Richard (1983). "Epistemic Conservatism".
10426:
10329:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
10266:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
10037:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
9872:The Routledge Handbook of Epistemic Contextualism
9849:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
9634:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
9009:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
8796:Audi, Robert (2002). "The Sources of Knowledge".
8715:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
8709:"Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science"
6984:
6696:, Lead section, § 1. What Is Social Epistemology?
6522:
3360:
2309: – Deliberate misrepresentation of knowledge
1176:to understand the world and organize experience.
19785:
16567:
15831:
15650:
13976:The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning
13879:
13622:
13497:. In McCain, Kevin; Kampourakis, Kostas (eds.).
13007:The Politics of Translingualism: After Englishes
12678:Sustainability and the Art of Long-Term Thinking
12559:. Harvard University Press. pp. 8–10, 133.
12252:The Cambridge Handbook of Religious Epistemology
10224:
10120:. In Crasnow, Sharon; Intemann, Kristen (eds.).
9900:
9687:Logic and Philosophy: An Integrated Introduction
7395:
7302:
7281:
7257:
7008:
6567:
5945:
4867:
4621:
3587:
3566:, Lead section, § 1. An Initial Characterization
2716:
2590:
70:that examines the nature, origin, and limits of
15757:A Thinker's Guide to the Philosophy of Religion
15636:The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Perception
15328:
15202:. In Göhner, Julia F.; Jung, Eva-Maria (eds.).
15185:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
15095:"Fake Barns and Our Epistemological Theorizing"
14887:The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Perception
14543:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
13765:
10695:
10358:
9472:
9422:"The Epistemology of Science—a Bird's-eye View"
8220:
8067:, Lead section, § 4a. Direct Realist Empiricism
7524:
6912:
5691:
5217:
5181:
5151:
5127:
5052:
5022:
4998:
4980:
4914:
4639:
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4487:
4349:
4196:, § 6. Other Accounts of the Value of Knowledge
3009:
2578:
2558:
421:, who argue that there is no knowledge at all.
16633:
16390:Late Antique Epistemology: Other Ways to Truth
16191:Tufari, P. (2003). "Knowledge, Sociology of".
15563:The Routledge Handbook of Applied Epistemology
15099:Crítica: Revista Hispanoamericana de Filosofía
14555:
13248:Luper, Steven (2004). "Epistemic Relativism".
13037:Legg, Catherine; Hookway, Christopher (2021).
11892:
11867:
11265:. In Henderson, David K.; Greco, John (eds.).
10359:Coventry, Angela; Merrill, Kenneth R. (2018).
9967:Chazan, Barry (2022). "What Is "Education"?".
9824:The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy
9654:A Critical Introduction to Formal Epistemology
8887:. In Condé, Mauro L.; Salomon, Marlon (eds.).
8600:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 69–72.
7104:
6417:
5364:, § 8. The Epistemic Principles and Scepticism
5136:, § 1. Evidence as That Which Justifies Belief
2968:
2942:
2898:
1394:
1224:
653:says that knowledge is justified true belief.
17703:
16937:
16318:
15693:
14662:"Internalism and Externalism in Epistemology"
14558:"Epistemology in Classical Indian Philosophy"
13426:
13182:. Oxford University Press. pp. 162–163.
12521:
12321:
11417:
11392:
11267:Epistemic Evaluation: Purposeful Epistemology
10257:
10150:
9996:Chiari, Gabriele; Nuzzo, Maria Laura (2009).
9969:Principles and Pedagogies in Jewish Education
9901:Carter, J. Adam; Littlejohn, Clayton (2021).
9386:
9216:"The Epistemology of Interpersonal Relations"
8597:The Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural Psychology
8529:
8505:
7827:, Lead section, § 2.1 Relational Epistemology
7331:§ Abstract, § Some Implications for Educators
6834:
6423:
6177:
6124:
5619:
5580:
5541:
5337:
4714:, § 5. Sources of Knowledge and Justification
4675:
4669:
4651:
4600:
4532:
3971:
3944:
3886:
3865:
3853:
3826:
3775:
3751:
3715:
3685:
3027:
2451:, see reason as the sole source of knowledge.
1389:Various schools of epistemology are found in
1349:philosophical insights from ordinary language
1345:method of conducting epistemological research
1199:According to coherentism, justification is a
1097:
1094:conventions used to assess epistemic status.
15787:Stanley, Jason; Willlamson, Timothy (2001).
15446:
15427:
15303:
12894:
11715:Relativism and the Foundations of Philosophy
11045:
10773:HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies
10116:Clough, Sharyn; McHugh, Nancy Arden (2020).
10115:
10058:. Oxford University Press. pp. 91–114.
9868:"Epistemological Implications of Relativism"
8882:
8852:. In Lackey, Jennifer; Sosa, Ernest (eds.).
8343:
7716:
6711:
6630:
6306:
6174:, Lead section, § 4. Pragmatist Epistemology
4355:
4331:
4325:
4307:
4301:
4283:
4277:
2447:Some forms of extreme rationalism, found in
15832:Steele, Katie; Stefánsson, H. Orri (2020).
15329:Scheler, Max; Stikkers, Kenneth W. (2012).
14164:
13979:. Cambridge University Press. p. 371.
13931:
13790:
13746:
13493:McCain, Kevin; Kampourakis, Kostas (2019).
13306:
13036:
12618:
11950:
11645:
10698:The Oxford Handbook of Topics in Philosophy
9995:
9625:
9473:Blaauw, Martijn; Pritchard, Duncan (2005).
9320:
8802:. Oxford University Press. pp. 71–94.
7185:, § 3.5 The Epistemic Approach to Fallacies
6801:
6339:
6171:
6097:
5754:
5034:
4956:
4950:
4932:
3412:
2991:
2947:
2460:Both can be understood as responses to the
2093:to seek certain foundations for philosophy.
1899:began to arise in the 4th century BCE. The
1242:was an influential defender of externalism.
726:attitudes that affirm or deny a proposition
489:Another influential distinction is between
451:. Epistemologists often understand it as a
242:Epistemology is the philosophical study of
17710:
17696:
16944:
16930:
15856:
15651:Sierpinska, Anna; Lerman, Stephen (1996).
15394:
14168:An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge
13880:Michaelian, Kourken; Sutton, John (2017).
13861:. In Mi, Chienkuo; Chen, Ruey-lin (eds.).
12681:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 105–106.
12379:
12120:
10579:
10502:
10362:Historical Dictionary of Hume's Philosophy
9324:Postmodern Theory: Critical Interrogations
9250:Radical Skepticism and Epistemic Intuition
8889:Handbook for the Historiography of Science
8731:
8550:
8535:
8325:, § Modern Philosophy: From Hume to Peirce
8280:, § Modern Philosophy: From Hume to Peirce
8262:, § Modern Philosophy: From Hume to Peirce
8232:, § Modern Philosophy: From Hume to Peirce
8070:
8007:
7953:
7059:
6771:
6607:Van Inwagen, Sullivan & Bernstein 2023
6447:, § 1. Buddhist Pragmatism and Coherentism
6106:
6079:
6045:
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5978:
5939:
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5909:
5847:
4813:, § 3d. Knowing by Thinking-Plus-Observing
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2749:
2710:
2584:
2164:(1839–1914) thought that all knowledge is
1231:Internalism and externalism (epistemology)
16824:
16773:. Springer Science & Business Media.
16463:. Springer Science & Business Media.
16344:
16111:
15904:
15877:
15694:Silva, Paul; Oliveira, Luis R.G. (2022).
15368:. Springer Science & Business Media.
15143:
15110:
15092:
14974:Rescher, Nicholas (1998). "Fallibilism".
14822:
14789:
14736:
14580:
14556:Phillips, Stephen; Vaidya, Anand (2024).
14332:
14138:. Springer Science & Business Media.
13729:
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13527:
12903:. Springer Science & Business Media.
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12543:
12470:. Springer Science & Business Media.
12162:. Springer Science & Business Media.
12129:. Springer Science & Business Media.
11971:
11486:
11338:
11243:
10830:
10784:
10452:
10225:Comesaña, Juan; Comesaña, Manuel (2022).
10064:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199782031.003.0005
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5416:, § 6.2 Responses to the Closure Argument
5413:
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4929:, § Theoretical and Practical Rationality
4884:
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4280:, Lead section, § 1.1 Representationalism
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3856:, § 6.1 Reliabilist Theories of Knowledge
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3311:
3259:
3123:
2892:
2886:
2806:
2683:
2653:
2237:. One of the alternatives considered was
2025:(1126–1198) discussed how philosophy and
988:The presence of evidence usually affects
675:propositional knowledge is a unique state
16766:
16654:
16520:(2 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
16035:
15700:Propositional and Doxastic Justification
15600:
15073:
15054:
14534:
14493:
14131:
13972:
13560:
13393:
13211:"Chinese Philosophy: Overview of Topics"
12895:Kvasz, Ladislav; Zeleňák, Eugen (2009).
12841:"Scepticism, Infallibilism, Fallibilism"
12805:
12710:"Group Knowledge: A Real-world Approach"
12226:
12207:
11830:The International Encyclopedia of Ethics
11678:
11260:
11209:
11135:
11116:
10812:
10722:
10028:
9840:
9821:
9760:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
9626:Bradie, Michael; Harms, William (2023).
9246:
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7437:
7090:Friedenberg, Silverman & Spivey 2022
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3829:, Lead section, § 3. The Gettier Problem
3296:
3096:
3066:
3000:
2836:
2821:
2788:
2782:
2719:, Introduction: 1. What Is Epistemology?
2617:
2593:, Introduction: 1. What Is Epistemology?
2121:, which asserts that the mind possesses
2081:
1921:
1353:
1234:
644:
570:
428:
16832:. In Greco, John; Sosa, Ernest (eds.).
16748:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
16658:The Routledge Companion to Epistemology
16419:
16368:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
16258:
16165:
16078:
15911:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
15838:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
15586:. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Macmillan.
15453:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
15430:The Routledge Companion to Epistemology
15361:
15310:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
15285:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
15257:
15239:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
15232:
15183:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
15035:
15014:
14973:
14955:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
14862:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
14562:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
14541:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
14465:Pedagogy: Disturbing History, 1820-1930
14463:. In Salvatori, Mariolina Rizzi (ed.).
14440:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
14415:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
14279:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
14102:Plato's Epistemology: Being and Seeming
13823:
13597:The Routledge Companion to Epistemology
13452:Martin, M. G. F. (1998). "Perception".
13433:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
13350:
13271:The Routledge Companion to Epistemology
13111:Philosophical Reflections for Educators
13083:"Epistemological Problems of Testimony"
13080:
13043:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
12878:The Routledge Companion to Epistemology
12875:
12707:
12585:
12503:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
12346:
12328:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
12280:
12188:
12086:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 3–22.
11917:
11827:Harman, Gilbert (2013). "Rationality".
11810:Learning Theory and Online Technologies
11807:
11789:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
11608:The Routledge Companion to Epistemology
11586:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
11579:
11493:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
11399:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
11363:
11345:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
11176:
11139:The Routledge Companion to Epistemology
11078:
11008:The Routledge Companion to Epistemology
10851:The Routledge Companion to Epistemology
10747:
10264:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10035:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
9870:. In Ichikawa, Jonathan Jenkins (ed.).
9847:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
9683:
9650:
9632:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
9549:
9516:
9321:Best, Steven; Kellner, Douglas (1991).
9286:(1 ed.). Wiley. pp. 443–455.
9116:
9044:
9007:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
9000:
8713:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8593:
8571:
8436:
7974:
7806:
7479:
7410:
7380:
7368:
7353:
7260:, Lead section, § 7. Concluding Remarks
7224:
7083:
7065:
6978:
6858:
6720:
6603:, § 7.2 The Epistemology of Metaphysics
6540:
6231:
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5826:
5802:
5676:
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5462:
5389:
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5247:
4890:
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4247:
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3507:
3494:, § A Priori and a Posteriori Knowledge
3273:
3271:
3179:
3090:
3060:
3033:
2915:
2662:
2644:
2572:
2315: – School of philosophical thought
2117:(1646–1716), belonged to the school of
1938:, philosophical scriptures composed in
1930:developed a causal theory of knowledge.
1816:examines how people acquire knowledge.
1018:Skepticism, fallibilism, and relativism
386:in general. The term can also refer to
14:
19786:
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16683:
16534:
16515:
16489:
16374:from the original on 16 September 2018
16190:
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15962:
15929:
15753:
15644:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199600472.013.040
15560:
15527:
15506:
15278:
15235:"A Priori Justification and Knowledge"
15176:
14717:
14684:
14624:
14433:
14408:
14365:
14222:
14197:
14086:from the original on 20 September 2022
13797:. Educational Technology. p. 32.
13791:Merriënboer, Jeroen J. G. van (1997).
13664:Epistemology and Methodology in Ethics
13641:
13593:
13451:
13208:
13140:
12967:
12948:
12648:. State University of New York Press.
12400:
11826:
11782:
11763:
11744:
11295:
11046:Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N. (2021).
10766:
10398:The Philosophy of Science: A Companion
10151:Cockram, Nathan; Morton, Adam (2017).
9971:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 13–21.
9966:
9865:
9213:
9180:
9025:
8634:
8622:from the original on 26 September 2022
8565:
8514:, § Twentieth Century, § Recent Issues
8511:
8487:
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8457:
8412:
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6783:
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6501:
6483:, § 2. Mīmāṃsā Self-certificationalism
6393:
6333:
6028:
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5897:
5885:
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5784:
5748:
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2859:
1075:to find facts that cannot be doubted.
583:A closely related contrast is between
135:says that knowledge is never certain.
19449:
18191:
17729:
17691:
16925:
16741:
16457:"The Aims of Skeptical Investigation"
16387:Vassilopoulou, P.; Clark, S. (2009).
15987:
15736:
15681:from the original on 22 November 2023
15471:
15459:from the original on 15 November 2019
15204:Susan Haack: Reintegrating Philosophy
14599:
14458:
14446:from the original on 25 November 2023
14073:
14038:
14005:
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13287:
13268:
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12496:
12463:
12444:
12077:
12056:
11921:A Critical Introduction to Skepticism
11880:from the original on 29 November 2022
11855:from the original on 16 December 2023
11711:
11604:
11552:
11511:
11197:from the original on 20 December 2023
11004:
10963:
10942:
10888:
10847:
10793:
10706:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935314.013.19
10535:
10469:
10391:
10325:
10282:
10258:Comesaña, Juan; Klein, Peter (2024).
10184:Cohen, Stewart (1998). "Scepticism".
10183:
10080:
9904:This Is Epistemology: An Introduction
9822:Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyuan (2008).
9786:
9757:
9353:
9137:
9077:
9051:. Open University Press. p. 40.
8917:
8169:
7791:
7764:
7689:
7506:
7488:
7461:
7452:
7401:
7347:
7326:
7149:
6951:
6885:
6846:
6756:
6744:
6729:
6694:O’Connor, Goldberg & Goldman 2024
6279:
6261:
6255:
6249:
6204:
6147:
6073:
6022:
5625:
5535:
5517:
5437:
5374:, § 4. Sceptical Doubts About Knowing
5361:
5355:
5253:
5241:
5211:
5187:
5133:
5064:
5004:
4974:
4920:
4896:
4705:
4585:
4520:
4505:
4475:
4451:
4415:
4217:
4178:
4151:
4121:
3926:
3664:
3569:
3535:
3209:
3151:
2871:
2812:
2623:
2596:
2042:criticized many of the core teachings
1883:, examining how it differs from true
1377:epistemology critiques the effect of
1012:
17576:
16754:from the original on 1 February 2024
16454:
16246:from the original on 25 January 2024
16211:from the original on 1 February 2024
16178:from the original on 13 January 2022
16042:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
15579:
15179:"Epistemology in Chinese Philosophy"
14977:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
14915:
14880:
14826:What Is This Thing Called Knowledge?
14568:from the original on 4 December 2022
14497:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
14372:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
14098:
14080:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
13919:from the original on 18 October 2023
13564:This Is Metaphysics: An Introduction
13528:McCormick, Miriam Schleifer (2014).
13455:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
13228:
12991:from the original on 25 October 2022
12897:"A Problem for Popper's Fallibilism"
12760:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
12740:from the original on 1 February 2024
12573:from the original on 28 October 2022
12552:
12284:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
11515:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
11512:Greco, John (2021). "Epistemology".
11393:Goldman, Alvin; Beddor, Bob (2021).
11351:from the original on 20 January 2022
11302:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10967:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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10625:from the original on 23 January 2024
10583:Education and the Value of Knowledge
10477:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10289:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10187:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10171:from the original on 1 February 2024
10053:
9720:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
9638:from the original on 9 December 2022
9588:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
9419:
9387:Bhatt, S. R.; Mehrotra, Anu (2017).
9144:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8850:"Testimony, Credulity, and Veracity"
8847:
8828:
8795:
8766:
8719:from the original on 14 October 2019
8121:
7902:
7878:
7854:
7830:
7644:
7134:
6531:
6082:, pp. 268–269, 277–278, 300–301
5646:
5419:
5028:
4855:
4828:
4822:
4696:
4445:
4403:
4379:
3305:
3268:
3072:
2776:
2689:
1142:shaped the philosophy of empiricism.
938:norms, which identify the goals and
33:Theory of knowledge (disambiguation)
16834:The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology
16806:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
16704:from the original on 18 August 2024
16615:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
16300:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
16281:from the original on 22 August 2024
16172:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
16132:from the original on 22 August 2024
16016:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
16008:
15905:Steup, Matthias; Neta, Ram (2024).
15885:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
15878:Steup, Matthias; Neta, Ram (2020).
15844:from the original on 22 August 2024
15724:from the original on 13 August 2024
15621:from the original on 22 August 2024
15291:from the original on 17 August 2022
15245:from the original on 12 August 2021
14843:from the original on 16 August 2024
14810:from the original on 16 August 2024
14722:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
14666:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
14647:from the original on 17 August 2024
14009:The Oxford Handbook of Epistemology
13913:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
13894:from the original on 5 October 2021
13887:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
13681:from the original on 20 August 2024
13548:from the original on 17 August 2024
13427:Markie, Peter; Folescu, M. (2023).
13215:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
13088:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
13064:The Oxford Handbook of Epistemology
13049:from the original on 8 October 2020
13003:
12426:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
12403:The Oxford Handbook of Epistemology
12176:from the original on 22 August 2024
12080:"Personal Epistemology and Culture"
12044:from the original on 18 August 2020
12038:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
12012:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
11699:from the original on 15 August 2024
11666:from the original on 15 August 2024
11633:from the original on 22 August 2024
11560:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
11540:from the original on 16 August 2024
11474:from the original on 22 August 2024
11468:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
11443:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
11436:
11405:from the original on 22 August 2024
11283:from the original on 19 August 2024
11164:from the original on 22 August 2024
11033:from the original on 22 August 2024
10992:from the original on 13 August 2024
10876:from the original on 22 August 2024
10735:from the original on 22 August 2024
10729:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10683:from the original on 22 August 2024
10644:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10619:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10567:from the original on 4 October 2012
10561:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10429:"Epistemic Injustice in Psychiatry"
10270:from the original on 23 August 2020
10245:from the original on 15 August 2024
10138:from the original on 22 August 2024
10041:from the original on 22 August 2024
9853:from the original on 22 August 2024
9809:from the original on 19 August 2024
9745:from the original on 16 August 2024
9613:from the original on 22 August 2024
9572:from the original on 22 August 2024
9498:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
9341:from the original on 22 August 2024
9234:from the original on 22 August 2024
8982:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8957:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8938:from the original on 18 August 2024
8905:from the original on 22 August 2024
8870:from the original on 22 August 2024
8799:The Oxford Handbook of Epistemology
6807:
6384:
5948:, § 9.3.3 An Evidentialist Argument
5100:
4603:, § 1.3 The Justification Condition
4272:Braddon-Mitchell & Jackson 2011
4236:Braddon-Mitchell & Jackson 2011
3803:Broncano-Berrocal & Carter 2017
3745:
3189:Lilley, Lightfoot & Amaral 2004
1283:In the epistemology of perception,
705:
360:
159:or also by external circumstances.
24:
16729:from the original on 10 April 2023
16306:from the original on 2 August 2024
16066:from the original on 29 March 2024
15548:from the original on 2 August 2024
15534:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
15220:from the original on 1 August 2024
15059:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
15021:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
14961:from the original on 30 March 2024
14936:from the original on 15 April 2023
14705:from the original on 15 March 2024
14672:from the original on 31 March 2023
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14522:from the original on 2 August 2024
14481:from the original on 23 April 2023
14467:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
14421:from the original on 5 August 2019
14210:from the original on 7 August 2024
14185:from the original on 1 August 2024
13993:from the original on 30 March 2023
13906:
13856:
13749:The Oxford Handbook of Rationality
13581:from the original on 17 March 2024
13480:from the original on 26 March 2024
13439:from the original on 9 August 2019
13414:from the original on 1 August 2024
13231:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
13196:from the original on 10 March 2023
12951:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
12932:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
12606:from the original on 26 March 2024
12447:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
12309:from the original on 3 August 2024
12229:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
12210:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
12191:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
11975:Mainstream and Formal Epistemology
11905:from the original on 19 March 2022
11795:from the original on 29 March 2021
11747:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
11461:
11420:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
11326:from the original on 7 August 2024
10750:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
10637:
10612:
10472:"The Epistemology of Disagreement"
10414:from the original on 2 August 2024
10016:from the original on 2 August 2024
9954:from the original on 26 March 2023
9690:. University of Notre Dame Press.
9671:from the original on 1 August 2024
9407:from the original on 2 August 2024
9393:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
9013:from the original on 15 March 2023
8988:from the original on 7 August 2021
8694:from the original on 2 August 2024
8672:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1995.tb00737.x
7264:Hooker, Leach & McClennen 2012
6667:Howard-Snyder & McKaughan 2023
6624:
5966:
5951:
5903:
5776:Ruppert, Schlüter & Seide 2016
5358:, § 1.1 Cartesian Dream Skepticism
5193:
5058:
4194:Pritchard, Turri & Carter 2022
4146:Pritchard, Turri & Carter 2022
4110:Pritchard, Turri & Carter 2022
2755:
946:, which are character traits like
213:. The relation between reason and
25:
19805:
16888:
16812:from the original on 16 July 2024
16799:
16787:from the original on 12 July 2024
16596:from the original on 12 July 2022
16477:from the original on 18 July 2024
16442:from the original on 29 July 2024
16407:from the original on 18 July 2024
16293:
16099:from the original on 31 July 2024
15975:from the original on 10 July 2019
15950:from the original on 3 March 2024
15917:from the original on 21 July 2020
15892:from the original on 21 July 2020
15774:from the original on 26 July 2024
15494:from the original on 12 July 2024
15415:from the original on 20 July 2024
15382:from the original on 12 July 2024
15349:from the original on 7 March 2023
15316:from the original on 12 July 2023
15164:from the original on 26 July 2024
14903:from the original on 31 July 2024
14868:from the original on 10 July 2022
14777:from the original on 30 July 2024
14396:from the original on 15 July 2024
14320:from the original on 12 July 2024
14152:from the original on 12 July 2024
14119:from the original on 13 July 2024
14061:from the original on 31 July 2024
14045:The Oxford Handbook of Skepticism
13844:from the original on 25 July 2024
13811:from the original on 1 April 2023
13778:from the original on 22 June 2024
13515:from the original on 27 July 2024
13381:from the original on 29 July 2024
13163:from the original on 31 July 2024
13128:from the original on 23 July 2024
13095:from the original on 10 July 2022
13024:from the original on 8 March 2023
12917:from the original on 18 July 2024
12826:from the original on 18 July 2024
12793:from the original on 13 June 2022
12695:from the original on 1 April 2023
12662:from the original on 27 July 2024
12621:Australasian Philosophical Review
12484:from the original on 12 July 2024
12432:from the original on 23 July 2024
12380:Juhl, Cory; Loomis, Eric (2009).
12268:from the original on 30 July 2024
12248:"The Problem of Faith and Reason"
12143:from the original on 18 July 2024
12108:from the original on 27 July 2024
11992:from the original on 30 July 2024
11938:from the original on 31 July 2024
11732:from the original on 31 July 2024
11567:from the original on 7 March 2022
11449:from the original on 18 July 2019
11102:(4 ed.). Sage Publications.
11066:from the original on 18 July 2024
10925:Philosophy: A Visual Encyclopedia
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10723:Dowden, Bradley; Swartz, Norman.
10650:from the original on 25 June 2021
10600:from the original on 5 April 2023
10554:
10523:from the original on 12 July 2024
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10346:from the original on 7 March 2023
10313:from the original on 30 July 2024
10212:from the original on 31 July 2024
10103:from the original on 26 July 2024
9921:from the original on 12 July 2024
9888:from the original on 31 July 2024
9704:from the original on 30 June 2023
9537:from the original on 15 July 2024
9491:
9460:from the original on 27 July 2024
9374:from the original on 14 July 2024
9267:from the original on 31 July 2024
9201:from the original on 17 July 2024
9168:from the original on 30 July 2024
9065:from the original on 5 March 2023
8963:from the original on 1 April 2023
8816:from the original on 12 June 2022
8754:from the original on 18 July 2024
8439:, § 6. Common Sense and Certainty
7758:
7701:
7420:Turuthi, Njagi & Chemwei 2017
6874:Siegel, Silins & Matthen 2014
6786:, § 2. 'Epistemology Naturalized'
6777:
6153:
5622:, Lead section, § 1. Introduction
5583:, Lead section, § 1. Introduction
3212:, § 1. The Varieties of Knowledge
1611:
1461:examines how people know that an
894:
19767:
19766:
19753:
17670:
17653:
17636:
17619:
17602:
17585:
16951:
16874:from the original on 2 June 2022
16621:from the original on 28 May 2010
16608:
16555:from the original on 28 May 2024
16516:Warder, Anthony Kennedy (1998).
16496:American Philosophical Quarterly
16023:from the original on 2 June 2022
15819:from the original on 2 June 2022
15478:Theory and Practice in Sociology
15260:"Analytic/Synthetic Distinction"
15093:Rodríguez, Ángel García (2018).
15002:from the original on 11 May 2024
14755:10.1111/j.1533-6077.2004.00033.x
14627:"2. Deductivism and Inductivism"
14353:from the original on 5 July 2023
14252:Oxford University Press (2024).
14237:10.1111/j.1747-9991.2011.00425.x
14026:from the original on 19 May 2023
13262:10.1111/j.1533-6077.2004.00031.x
12863:from the original on 2 June 2022
12419:
12367:from the original on 5 July 2023
12019:from the original on 2 June 2022
11899:The American Heritage Dictionary
11874:The American Heritage Dictionary
11592:from the original on 28 May 2023
11499:from the original on 3 June 2022
9552:"2. Goldman Against Internalism"
9504:from the original on 14 May 2024
8556:
8544:
8520:
8496:
8463:
8451:
8427:
8397:
8385:
8355:
8328:
8316:
8292:
8268:
8244:
8211:
8181:
8154:
8130:
8106:
8082:
8064:
8055:
8031:
8019:
7992:
7965:
7938:
7911:
7887:
7863:
7839:
7815:
7800:
7776:
7743:
7707:
7695:
7656:
7629:
7605:
7575:
7536:
7497:
7470:
7443:
7431:
7386:
7374:
7362:
7338:
7311:
7287:
7275:
7242:
7234:Rendsvig, Symons & Wang 2024
7215:
7188:
7158:
7143:
7110:
7098:
7074:
7041:
7029:
7017:
6993:
6969:
6957:
6945:
6918:
6906:
6891:
6879:
6867:
6852:
6840:
6828:
6816:
6792:
6774:, pp. 183–184, 188–189, 300
6762:
6750:
6738:
6702:
6678:
6651:
6639:
6615:
6591:
6588:, § 6. The Epistemology of Logic
6579:
6552:
6513:
6495:
6486:
6474:
6462:
6435:
6402:
6375:
6351:
6324:
6297:
6270:
6240:
6216:
6186:
6162:
6138:
6115:
6088:
6064:
6036:
6007:
5984:
5972:
5960:
5930:
5918:
5862:
5832:
5793:
5766:
5739:
5727:
5685:
5670:
5637:
5604:
5589:
5550:
5544:, Lead section, § 1.2 Empiricism
5526:
5499:
5471:
5443:
5431:
5404:
5380:
5346:
5322:
5292:
5265:
5232:
5202:
5172:
5142:
5118:
5091:
5079:
5043:
5013:
4672:, § 1.3.2 Kinds of Justification
2533:
2524:
2515:
2502:
2493:
2480:
2467:
2454:
2441:
2423:
2275:
1125:
1116:
788:
27:Philosophical study of knowledge
16690:. University of Toronto Press.
15112:10.22201/iifs.18704905e.2018.02
15078:. University of Chicago Press.
14739:"The Epistemology of Testimony"
14285:from the original on 3 May 1998
13700:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
13353:"The Epistemology of Ignorance"
13324:. St. Martin's Press. pp.
13317:"Conversation with Karl Popper"
12334:from the original on 2 May 2022
11464:"Understanding in Epistemology"
10509:(2 ed.). Broadview Press.
10506:An Introduction to Epistemology
9520:Historical Dictionary of Ethics
9308:from the original on 9 May 2024
8732:Antognazza, Maria Rosa (2024).
8606:10.1002/9781118339893.wbeccp025
8586:
6985:Crichton, Carel & Kidd 2017
6609:, § 5. Is Metaphysics Possible?
4989:
4965:
4941:
4905:
4875:
4840:
4797:
4785:
4758:
4730:
4687:
4660:
4645:
4633:
4606:
4594:
4570:
4547:
4496:
4466:
4430:
4394:
4364:
4340:
4316:
4292:
4262:
4226:
4199:
4187:
4163:
4130:
4100:
4058:
4043:
4013:
3977:
3974:, § 7. Is Knowledge Analyzable?
3965:
3935:
3907:
3895:
3871:
3859:
3847:
3835:
3811:
3784:
3760:
3724:
3700:
3676:
3649:
3623:
3608:
3578:
3544:
3516:
3482:
3458:, § 1a. Knowing by Acquaintance
3442:
3403:
3372:
3335:
3320:
3287:
3234:
3200:
3160:
3145:
3105:
3081:
3051:
3018:
2982:
2959:
2933:
2906:
2877:
2865:
2853:
2842:
2830:
2797:
2767:
2410:
2397:
2380:
2363:
2353:
2319:Theory of Knowledge (IB Course)
1539:is closely associated with the
1386:to undermine Western hegemony.
1180:Foundationalism and coherentism
17717:
17368:Analytic–synthetic distinction
16836:. Blackwell. pp. 92–116.
16459:. In Machuca, Diego E. (ed.).
16112:Titelbaum, Michael G. (2022).
16085:. Cambridge University Press.
15395:Schoenbaum, Thomas J. (2015).
14720:History of Indian Epistemology
14459:Payne, William Harold (2003).
13932:Montmarquet, James A. (1987).
13830:. Cambridge University Press.
13667:. Cambridge University Press.
13646:. Cambridge University Press.
12708:Klausen, Søren Harnow (2015).
12254:. Cambridge University Press.
12125:. In Lagerlund, Henrik (ed.).
11978:. Cambridge University Press.
11972:Hendricks, Vincent F. (2006).
11839:10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee181
11553:Green, Christopher R. (2022).
11489:"Feminist Social Epistemology"
10928:. Dorling Kindersley Limited.
10486:10.4324/9780415249126-P081R1-1
10165:10.1093/obo/9780195396577-0346
9477:. Edinburgh University Press.
9283:A Companion to Donald Davidson
8635:Alston, William Payne (2006).
7981:Vassilopoulou & Clark 2009
7009:Mchugh, Way & Whiting 2019
3601:2. Deductivism and Inductivism
2740:
2732:O′Donohue & Kitchener 1996
2725:
2701:
2674:
2635:
2608:
2563:
2552:
2340:
1483:Epistemologists of metaphysics
755:correspondence theory of truth
728:, which can be expressed in a
13:
1:
19450:
16518:A Course in Indian Philosophy
16036:Tanesini, Alessandra (2017).
15871:10.1080/02691728.2016.1172366
14583:Phenomenological Epistemology
13642:McNabb, Tyler Dalton (2019).
12633:10.1080/24740500.2021.1964239
12059:Educational Psychology Review
11117:Fumerton, Richard A. (2006).
10832:10.12962/j24433527.v10i2.2161
10580:Degenhardt, M. A. B. (2019).
8854:The Epistemology of Testimony
6523:McCain & Kampourakis 2019
6498:, § 2. Epistemology and Logic
3361:Stanley & Willlamson 2001
2328:
2150:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
2065:
2034:
2015:
1985:
1974:
1391:traditional Indian philosophy
635:series of thought experiments
585:analytic and synthetic truths
455:between a knower and a known
237:
19239:Ordinary language philosophy
17730:
16914:Resources in other libraries
16079:Tieszen, Richard L. (2005).
15665:10.1007/978-94-009-1465-0_23
15531:Ahiṃsā, Anekānta and Jainism
15304:Sayre-McCord, Geoff (2023).
15281:"Naturalism in Epistemology"
14986:10.4324/9780415249126-P019-1
14606:. Hackett Pub. Co. pp.
14506:10.4324/9780415249126-F042-1
14380:10.4324/9780415249126-P018-1
14304:The Philosophy of Psychology
13661:McPherson, Tristram (2020).
13464:10.4324/9780415249126-V023-1
13429:"Rationalism Vs. Empiricism"
12806:Koterski, Joseph W. (2011).
12769:10.4324/9780415249126-P031-1
12422:"Ockham (Occam), William of"
12293:10.4324/9780415249126-P038-1
11524:10.4324/9780415249126-P059-3
11183:. Emerald Group Publishing.
10976:10.4324/9780415249126-P030-1
10503:Crumley II, Jack S. (2009).
10394:"Confirmation and Induction"
10365:. Rowman & Littlefield.
10297:10.4324/9780415249126-P032-1
10196:10.4324/9780415249126-P045-1
9791:. In Costreie, Sorin (ed.).
9729:10.4324/9780415249126-P064-1
9684:Brenner, William H. (1993).
9597:10.4324/9780415249126-V006-2
9523:. Rowman & Littlefield.
9354:Bhatt, Govardhan P. (1989).
9152:10.4324/9780415249126-P067-1
9048:The Idea Of Higher Education
8707:Anderson, Elizabeth (2024).
8654:Anderson, Elizabeth (1995).
8639:. Cornell University Press.
7396:Watkins & Mortimore 1999
7303:Steele & Stefánsson 2020
7282:Steele & Stefánsson 2020
7258:Steele & Stefánsson 2020
7107:, pp. 469–470, 472, 491
6732:, pp. 303–304, 306, 308
6568:Sierpinska & Lerman 1996
5946:Carter & Littlejohn 2021
4868:Michaelian & Sutton 2017
4622:Comesaña & Comesaña 2022
4442:, § 1.2 The Coherence Theory
4412:, § 3. Correspondence Theory
3588:Carter & Littlejohn 2021
3464:, § St. Anselm of Canterbury
2849:Oxford University Press 2024
2717:Carter & Littlejohn 2021
2591:Carter & Littlejohn 2021
2546:
2350:" is also used as a synonym.
2221:Ordinary language philosophy
1580:Experimental epistemologists
1285:direct and indirect realists
1051:, this view was accepted by
795:Justification (epistemology)
365:
7:
19289:Contemporary utilitarianism
19204:Internalism and externalism
17413:Internalism and externalism
16802:"Naturalistic Epistemology"
16742:Windt, Jennifer M. (2021).
16541:. Oxford University Press.
16428:. Oxford University Press.
16228:. In Jared, Keengwe (ed.).
16118:. Oxford University Press.
16011:"Defeaters in Epistemology"
15936:. Oxford University Press.
15638:. Oxford University Press.
15447:Schwitzgebel, Eric (2024).
15401:. McFarland & Company.
15055:Rescher, Nicholas (2009a).
14889:. Oxford University Press.
14885:. In Matthen, Mohan (ed.).
14883:"Skepticism and Perception"
14585:. Oxford University Press.
14333:Palmquist, Stephen (2010).
14206:. Oxford University Press.
14105:. Oxford University Press.
14047:. Oxford University Press.
14012:. Oxford University Press.
13751:. Oxford University Press.
13627:. Oxford University Press.
13365:10.1007/978-94-017-9309-4_4
13233:. Oxford University Press.
13066:. Oxford University Press.
12977:. Oxford University Press.
12953:. Oxford University Press.
12934:. Oxford University Press.
12640:Kitchener, Richard (1992).
12592:. Pearson Education India.
12449:. Oxford University Press.
12405:. Oxford University Press.
12324:"The Analysis of Knowledge"
12231:. Oxford University Press.
12212:. Oxford University Press.
12193:. Oxford University Press.
12092:10.1007/978-1-4020-6596-5_1
11953:The Philosophical Quarterly
11749:. Oxford University Press.
11555:"Epistemology of Testimony"
11439:"Evolutionary Epistemology"
11422:. Oxford University Press.
11339:Glanzberg, Michael (2023).
11269:. Oxford University Press.
11083:. Oxford University Press.
10752:. Oxford University Press.
10700:. Oxford University Press.
10669:. Oxford University Press.
10586:. Routledge. pp. 1–6.
10538:A Companion to Epistemology
10400:. Oxford University Press.
10159:. Oxford University Press.
10081:Clark, Kelly James (2009).
9978:10.1007/978-3-030-83925-3_3
9841:Campbell, Richmond (2024).
9628:"Evolutionary Epistemology"
9253:. Oxford University Press.
9140:"Experimental Epistemology"
9030:. Oxford University Press.
8978:"A Priori and A Posteriori"
8924:. Oxford University Press.
8740:. Oxford University PRess.
8553:, pp. 183–184, 188–189
8221:Coventry & Merrill 2018
7525:Scheler & Stikkers 2012
7464:, pp. 353–354, 369–370
6913:Douven & Schupbach 2014
5692:Blaauw & Pritchard 2005
5218:Blaauw & Pritchard 2005
5182:Blaauw & Pritchard 2005
5152:Blaauw & Pritchard 2005
5128:Blaauw & Pritchard 2005
5053:Blaauw & Pritchard 2005
5023:Blaauw & Pritchard 2005
4999:Blaauw & Pritchard 2005
4981:Blaauw & Pritchard 2005
4915:Blaauw & Pritchard 2005
4640:Blaauw & Pritchard 2005
4512:Blaauw & Pritchard 2005
4488:Blaauw & Pritchard 2005
4350:Blaauw & Pritchard 2005
3357:, § The Nature of Knowledge
3256:, § The Nature of Knowledge
3228:, § The Nature of Knowledge
3010:Blaauw & Pritchard 2005
2579:Blaauw & Pritchard 2005
2268:
2223:, as practiced by the late
2143:categories of understanding
2125:independent of experience.
2002:was a central topic in the
1673:{\displaystyle 572+382=954}
1441:
1225:Internalism and externalism
821:propositional justification
610:
217:was a central topic in the
153:Internalism and externalism
88:in the form of skills, and
10:
19810:
18553:Svatantrika and Prasangika
18192:
16717:Wilson, Robert A. (2023).
16455:Vogt, Katja Maria (2011).
15583:Encyclopedia of Philosophy
15036:Rescher, Nicholas (2009).
15015:Rescher, Nicholas (2005).
14823:Pritchard, Duncan (2013).
14790:Pritchard, Duncan (2005).
14737:Pritchard, Duncan (2004).
14535:Phillips, Stephen (2024).
14368:"Epistemology, History of"
14366:Pappas, George S. (1998).
13772:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
13768:"Definition of Gnoseology"
12974:The Epistemology of Groups
12757:. In Craig, Edward (ed.).
12524:Methodological Innovations
12121:Holopainen, Toivo (2010).
12078:Hofer, Barbara K. (2008).
11808:Harasim, Linda M. (2017).
11766:Encyclopedia of Philosophy
11395:"Reliabilist Epistemology"
11177:Gabriel, Cle-Anne (2022).
10889:Evans, C. Stephen (2018).
10796:Encyclopedia of Philosophy
9550:BonJour, Laurence (2016).
9292:10.1002/9781118328408.ch25
9247:Bergmann, Michael (2021).
8769:Philosophical Perspectives
8532:, § 4.1 Virtue Reliabilism
7105:Wheeler & Pereira 2004
6747:, pp. 303–304, 08–309
6418:Phillips & Vaidya 2024
6209:Confirmation and Induction
4220:, § The Value of Knowledge
4181:, § The Value of Knowledge
4124:, § The Value of Knowledge
3718:, § 3. The Gettier Problem
2510:computational epistemology
2403:The accuracy of the label
2288:
1866:
1228:
1183:
1101:
1098:Empiricism and rationalism
1021:
830:
792:
709:
627:conditions of all and only
614:
369:
345:
331:
55:
29:
19747:
19699:
19599:
19561:
19508:
19475:
19466:
19462:
19445:
19395:
19307:
19145:
19136:
19069:
18852:
18843:
18821:
18776:
18718:
18670:
18624:
18615:
18578:
18449:
18314:
18261:
18252:
18202:
18198:
18187:
18126:
18098:
18055:
18007:
17964:
17917:
17889:
17841:
17813:
17775:Philosophy of mathematics
17765:Philosophy of information
17740:
17736:
17725:
17539:
17488:
17337:
17244:Evolutionary epistemology
17214:
16959:
16909:Resources in your library
16842:10.1002/9781405164863.ch3
16661:(0 ed.). Routledge.
16648:10.1016/j.jal.2004.07.007
16337:10.1007/s11229-018-1860-2
16194:New Catholic Encyclopedia
16159:10.1007/s11229-006-9108-y
16050:10.4324/0123456789-P046-2
16002:10.1007/s10670-011-9338-3
15930:Stoltz, Jonathan (2021).
15521:10.1007/s11023-009-9168-0
15335:. Routledge. p. 23.
15266:. Oxford University Press
15258:Russell, Gillian (2023).
14581:Pietersma, Henry (2000).
14434:Pavese, Carlotta (2022).
14260:. Oxford University Press
14258:Oxford English Dictionary
13973:Morrison, Robert (2005).
13950:10.1093/mind/XCVI.384.482
13600:(0 ed.). Routledge.
13567:. John Wiley & Sons.
13394:Margolis, Joseph (2007).
13322:Modern British Philosophy
13320:. In Magee, Bryan (ed.).
13292:. John Wiley & Sons.
13145:. In Levine, Alan (ed.).
13114:. Cengage Learning Asia.
13010:. Routledge. p. 67.
12812:. John Wiley & Sons.
12726:10.1007/s11229-014-0589-9
11812:(2 ed.). Routledge.
11712:Hales, Steven D. (2009).
11611:(0 ed.). Routledge.
11487:Grasswick, Heidi (2018).
11366:The Journal of Philosophy
11310:10.4324/0123456789-P076-1
11261:Gardiner, Georgi (2015).
11142:(0 ed.). Routledge.
11079:Fricker, Miranda (2007).
11011:(0 ed.). Routledge.
10854:(0 ed.). Routledge.
10540:. John Wiley & Sons.
10285:"Memory, Epistemology of"
10089:. John Wiley & Sons.
10029:Chignell, Andrew (2018).
9907:. John Wiley & Sons.
9826:. John Wiley & Sons.
9657:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
9558:. John Wiley & Sons.
9438:10.1007/s11229-010-9740-4
9327:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
9131:10.1007/s10670-015-9728-z
8833:(2 ed.). Routledge.
8738:Putting Knowledge to Work
8530:Goldman & Beddor 2021
8506:Goldman & Beddor 2021
7305:, § 7. Concluding Remarks
6835:Vaidya & Wallner 2021
6825:, pp. 1–3, 10–11, 15
6633:, § 5. Moral Epistemology
6424:Bhatt & Mehrotra 2017
6178:Kelly & Cordeiro 2020
6125:Cockram & Morton 2017
5620:Markie & Folescu 2023
5581:Markie & Folescu 2023
5542:Markie & Folescu 2023
5338:Comesaña & Klein 2024
4676:Silva & Oliveira 2022
4670:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
4652:Silva & Oliveira 2022
4601:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
4533:Goldman & Bender 2005
3972:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
3953:, pp. 93–94, 104–105
3945:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
3887:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
3866:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
3854:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
3827:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
3776:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
3752:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
3716:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
3686:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
3562:A Priori and A Posteriori
3528:A Priori and A Posteriori
3500:A Priori and A Posteriori
3351:, § 1. Kinds of Knowledge
3176:, § 1. Kinds of Knowledge
3028:Markie & Folescu 2023
2508:It is closely related to
2346:Less commonly, the term "
2298:Epistemological pluralism
2289:For a topical guide, see
2209:knowledge by acquaintance
2115:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
2008:Arabic–Persian philosophy
1926:The Buddhist philosopher
1569:epistemology of testimony
1549:Evolutionary epistemology
1489:. It studies the role of
1278:
763:coherence theory of truth
468:knowledge by acquaintance
401:Knowledge contrasts with
90:knowledge by acquaintance
17516:Philosophy of perception
17319:Representational realism
17289:Naturalized epistemology
16770:Handbook of Epistemology
16636:Journal of Applied Logic
16259:Vagelli, Matteo (2019).
15659:. Springer Netherlands.
15472:Scott, Julie F. (2002).
15365:Handbook of Epistemology
15279:Rysiew, Patrick (2021).
14916:Reif, Frederick (2008).
14858:"The Value of Knowledge"
14685:Powell, Timothy (2020).
14198:Olsson, Erik J. (2016).
14135:Handbook of Epistemology
14043:. In Greco, John (ed.).
13882:"Memory: 3. Episodicity"
13766:Merriam-Webster (2024).
12753:Klein, Peter D. (1998).
12536:10.1177/2059799120937242
12467:Handbook of Epistemology
11210:Gardiner, J. M. (2001).
10767:Dreyer, Jaco S. (2017).
10445:10.1192/pb.bp.115.050682
9874:. Taylor & Francis.
9866:Carter, J. Adam (2017).
9787:Brown, Derek H. (2016).
9651:Bradley, Darren (2015).
9517:Bonevac, Daniel (2023).
9420:Bird, Alexander (2010).
9214:Benton, Matthew (2024).
9045:Barnett, Ronald (1990).
9028:Epistemology of Language
8344:Kvasz & Zeleňák 2009
8100:, pp. 2, 8, 200–202
6712:Ávila & Almeida 2023
6471:, § 2. Nyāya Reliabilism
6307:Clough & McHugh 2020
4304:, § 1.2 Dispositionalism
3754:, § 10.2 Fake Barn Cases
2449:ancient Greek philosophy
2333:
2247:Naturalized epistemology
2235:definitions of knowledge
1873:ancient Greek philosophy
1838:student-centered methods
1635:knowledge representation
1537:Naturalized epistemology
1037:Philosophical skepticism
680:
617:Definitions of knowledge
424:
164:Naturalized epistemology
56:Not to be confused with
19244:Postanalytic philosophy
19185:Experimental philosophy
17496:Outline of epistemology
17329:Transcendental idealism
16296:"Doxastic Conservatism"
15969:Encyclopædia Britannica
15708:10.4324/9781003008101-1
15601:Siderits, Mark (2021).
15476:. In Marsh, Ian (ed.).
15233:Russell, Bruce (2020).
15144:Rosenberg, Jay (2002).
14409:Pappas, George (2023).
14074:Moser, Paul K. (2016).
14039:Moser, Paul K. (2011).
13561:McDaniel, Kris (2020).
13290:Goldman and His Critics
13004:Lee, Jerry Won (2017).
12755:"Knowledge, Concept of"
12586:Khatoon, Naima (2012).
12347:Jenicek, Milos (2018).
12071:10.1023/A:1011965830686
12032:Hetherington, Stephen.
12005:Hetherington, Stephen.
11918:Hazlett, Allan (2014).
11893:HarperCollins (2022b).
11868:HarperCollins (2022a).
11580:Griffel, Frank (2020).
11296:Gerken, Mikkel (2018).
10819:Jurnal Sosial Humaniora
9934:Chatfield, Tom (2017).
9556:Goldman and His Critics
8918:Ayers, Michael (2019).
7833:, pp. 215–216, 219
7520:Knowledge, Sociology of
7511:Knowledge, Sociology of
7299:, pp. 434, 443–444
7254:, pp. 434, 443–444
7131:, § 4.1 Foundationalism
6802:Bradie & Harms 2023
6340:Best & Kellner 1991
6172:Legg & Hookway 2021
6109:, pp. 215–216, 301
6098:Chiari & Nuzzo 2009
4933:Mele & Rawling 2004
2992:Gross & McGoey 2015
2948:Magee & Popper 1971
2386:Other synonyms include
2307:Knowledge falsification
2291:Outline of epistemology
2263:historical epistemology
2251:Willard Van Orman Quine
2215:had a central place in
2107:I think, therefore I am
1631:Artificial intelligence
1530:Historical epistemology
1448:epistemology of science
1434:states that reality is
605:Willard Van Orman Quine
552:. The contrast between
478:, knowing the taste of
444:propositional knowledge
180:historical epistemology
170:uses formal tools from
82:propositional knowledge
19377:Social constructionism
18389:Hellenistic philosophy
17805:Theoretical philosophy
17780:Philosophy of religion
17770:Philosophy of language
17443:Problem of other minds
16535:Warren, Jared (2020).
16420:Vermeir, Koen (2013).
16166:Truncellito, David A.
15963:Stroll, Avrum (2023).
15754:Stairs, Allen (2017).
15607:. Hackett Publishing.
15604:Buddhism As Philosophy
15147:Thinking About Knowing
15076:Kant and Phenomenology
14718:Prasad, Jwala (1987).
14099:Moss, Jessica (2021).
14041:"Religious Skepticism"
13644:Religious Epistemology
13351:Maguire, Kate (2015).
13081:Leonard, Nick (2021).
12845:Discipline Filosofiche
12497:Kelly, Thomas (2016).
12123:"Anselm of Canterbury"
11228:10.1098/rstb.2001.0955
10895:. InterVarsity Press.
10813:Emaliana, Ive (2017).
10786:10.4102/hts.v73i4.4805
10470:Croce, Michel (2023).
10392:Cozic, Mikaël (2018).
10228:Skepticism: The Basics
10031:"The Ethics of Belief"
9181:Beilby, James (2017).
7674:, § Ancient Philosophy
7587:, § Ancient Philosophy
7572:, § Ancient Philosophy
7554:, § Ancient Philosophy
4752:, § 3. Ways of Knowing
4724:, § 3. Ways of Knowing
4068:Stehr & Adolf 2016
3889:, § 4. No False Lemmas
3633:Juhl & Loomis 2009
3615:Juhl & Loomis 2009
3284:, § 1b. Knowledge-That
3250:, § 1b. Knowledge-That
3222:, § 1b. Knowledge-That
3069:, pp. x–xi, 57–58
2185:continental philosophy
2094:
1931:
1913:suspension of judgment
1889:a form of recollection
1879:(427–347 BCE) studied
1856:sociology of knowledge
1770:
1738:
1737:{\displaystyle 8+7=15}
1706:
1674:
1509:Religious epistemology
1487:epistemology of ethics
1395:
1384:decolonizing knowledge
1363:
1306:Epistemic conservatism
1243:
1063:to achieve a state of
825:doxastic justification
658:
580:
546:
438:
19760:Philosophy portal
19279:Scientific skepticism
19259:Reformed epistemology
17785:Philosophy of science
17521:Philosophy of science
17501:Faith and rationality
17383:Descriptive knowledge
17254:Feminist epistemology
17194:Nicholas Wolterstorff
16744:"Dreams and Dreaming"
16723:Oxford Bibliographies
16684:Wilson, Fred (2008).
16667:10.4324/9780203839065
16580:10.4135/9781446219454
16038:"Social Epistemology"
15793:Journal of Philosophy
15528:Sethia, Tara (2004).
15264:Oxford Bibliographies
15177:Rošker, Jana (2021).
14691:. Walter de Gruyter.
14625:Popper, Karl (2014).
14339:. Walter de Gruyter.
14275:"Social Epistemology"
14204:Oxford Bibliographies
14165:O'Brien, Dan (2006).
13857:Mi, Chienkuo (2007).
13606:10.4324/9780203839065
13141:Levine, Alan (1999).
12553:Kern, Andrea (2017).
12545:10536/DRO/DU:30142042
11833:(1 ed.). Wiley.
11783:Hansen, Hans (2023).
11617:10.4324/9780203839065
11148:10.4324/9780203839065
11017:10.4324/9780203839065
10945:Philosophical Studies
10860:10.4324/9780203839065
10157:Oxford Bibliographies
9390:Buddhist Epistemology
9138:Beebe, James (2017).
9003:"George Edward Moore"
9001:Baldwin, Tom (2010).
8953:"Virtue Epistemology"
8848:Audi, Robert (2006).
8829:Audi, Robert (2003).
8490:, § Twentieth Century
8409:, § Twentieth Century
8340:, § Twentieth Century
7129:Steup & Neta 2024
6966:, pp. 3, 8–9, 13
6663:, pp. 1–3, 22–23
5414:Steup & Neta 2024
5396:Steup & Neta 2024
4885:Steup & Neta 2024
4850:Steup & Neta 2024
4817:Steup & Neta 2024
4794:, § 5.2 Introspection
4792:Steup & Neta 2024
4740:Steup & Neta 2024
4712:Steup & Neta 2024
4148:, § 1. Value Problems
4112:, § 1. Value Problems
3959:, § 2.3 Knowing Facts
3957:Steup & Neta 2020
3778:, § 8. Epistemic Luck
2893:Steup & Neta 2020
2807:Steup & Neta 2024
2684:Steup & Neta 2024
2392:descriptive knowledge
2388:declarative knowledge
2313:Reformed epistemology
2148:In the 19th-century,
2085:
1994:The relation between
1952:Buddhist philosophers
1925:
1843:personal epistemology
1771:
1769:{\displaystyle 5+3=8}
1739:
1707:
1705:{\displaystyle 2+2=4}
1675:
1590:allegations, and how
1459:epistemology of logic
1360:Elizabeth S. Anderson
1357:
1323:Bayesian epistemology
1238:
783:deflationary theories
648:
574:
547:
545:{\displaystyle 2+2=4}
484:Marta Vieira da Silva
432:
19180:Critical rationalism
18887:Edo neo-Confucianism
18731:Acintya bheda abheda
18710:Renaissance humanism
18421:School of the Sextii
17795:Practical philosophy
17790:Political philosophy
17453:Procedural knowledge
17438:Problem of induction
16830:"What Is Knowledge?"
14881:Reed, Baron (2015).
14743:Philosophical Issues
13250:Philosophical Issues
13209:Littlejohn, Ronnie.
10663:Dika, Tarek (2023).
10283:Conee, Earl (1998).
9843:"Moral Epistemology"
9222:. early view: 1–20.
9080:Current Anthropology
7732:Fletcher et al. 2020
6837:, pp. 1909–1910
5154:, pp. 18–19, 44
4923:, pp. 37, 39–40
4864:, pp. 1351–1352
4825:, pp. 85, 90–91
4242:Bunnin & Yu 2008
4083:Meirmans et al. 2019
3001:Haas & Vogt 2015
2559:Merriam-Webster 2024
2405:traditional analysis
2091:methodological doubt
2046:Anselm of Canterbury
1963:Chinese philosophers
1917:state of tranquility
1748:
1716:
1684:
1652:
1584:Applied epistemology
1513:religious experience
1073:methodological doubt
1061:suspension of belief
1032:Epistemic relativism
730:declarative sentence
651:traditional analysis
631:traditional analysis
623:essential components
524:
520:, like knowing that
302:'s epistemology and
18751:Nimbarka Sampradaya
18662:Korean Confucianism
18409:Academic Skepticism
17531:Virtue epistemology
17526:Social epistemology
17506:Formal epistemology
17393:Epistemic injustice
17388:Exploratory thought
17189:Ludwig Wittgenstein
15859:Social Epistemology
15747:10.1017/epi.2023.49
15150:. Clarendon Press.
15040:. Lexington books.
14796:. Clarendon Press.
13774:. Merriam-Webster.
13149:. Lexington Books.
12839:Kraft, Tim (2012).
11437:Gontier, Nathalie.
11222:(1413): 1351–1361.
11052:. Springer Nature.
8891:. Springer Nature.
8856:. Clarendon Press.
6234:, § Article Summary
6054:Virtue Epistemology
5483:, § Article Summary
5465:, § Article Summary
5244:, § Article Summary
5037:, pp. 482–483]
4410:Dowden & Swartz
3868:, § 5.1 Sensitivity
3388:, § 1d. Knowing-How
3030:, § 1. Introduction
2969:HarperCollins 2022b
2943:HarperCollins 2022a
2899:HarperCollins 2022a
2243:Virtue epistemology
2225:Ludwig Wittgenstein
2197:Logical positivists
2193:study of experience
2158:inductive reasoning
1897:Hellenistic schools
1859:are related to the
1639:automatic reasoning
1602:Metaepistemologists
1596:epistemic injustice
1576:Formal epistemology
1525:Social epistemology
1329:to define norms of
1272:Virtue epistemology
1057:Pyrrhonian skeptics
956:virtue epistemology
700:practical reasoning
663:thought experiments
407:cognitive faculties
335:(episteme, meaning
316:cognitive sociology
248:theory of knowledge
176:Social epistemology
168:formal epistemology
86:practical knowledge
77:theory of knowledge
45:For the album, see
19372:Post-structuralism
19274:Scientific realism
19229:Quinean naturalism
19209:Logical positivism
19165:Analytical Marxism
18384:Peripatetic school
18296:Chinese naturalism
17823:Aesthetic response
17750:Applied philosophy
17184:Timothy Williamson
16974:Augustine of Hippo
16491:Walton, Douglas N.
16009:Sudduth, Michael.
15509:Minds and Machines
14225:Philosophy Compass
13934:"Epistemic Virtue"
13907:Mittag, Daniel M.
12589:General Psychology
11965:10.1093/pq/pqac083
11298:"Metaepistemology"
10957:10.1007/bf00372381
10555:Dasti, Matthew R.
9475:Epistemology A - Z
9228:10.1111/nous.12499
8460:, pp. 317–318
8367:, pp. 131–132
8199:, pp. 298–299
8124:, pp. 219–222
8049:, pp. 289–290
7617:, pp. 287–288
7350:, pp. 183–184
7086:, pp. 841–842
7068:, pp. 841–842
6930:, pp. 557–558
6564:, pp. 571–572
6336:, pp. 318–319
6264:, pp. 532–533
6258:, pp. 488–489
6048:, pp. 175–176
6025:, pp. 160–162
5996:, pp. 83, 301
5981:, pp. 99, 298
5942:, pp. 99, 298
5912:, pp. 159–160
5850:, pp. 159–160
5814:, pp. 155–156
5787:, pp. 215–216
5751:, pp. 156–157
5712:, pp. 155–156
5655:, pp. 155–156
5649:, pp. 407–408
5520:, pp. 271–272
4983:, pp. 123–124
4959:, pp. 332–334
4953:, pp. 312–314
4917:, pp. 123–124
4742:, § 5.1 Perception
4490:, pp. 148–149
4478:, pp. 5–7, 10
4448:, pp. 926–927
4142:, pp. 874–875
4118:, pp. 874–875
4085:, pp. 754–756
4070:, pp. 483–485
4007:, pp. 874–875
3742:, pp. 771–773
3422:Klauer et al. 2016
3099:, pp. 140–141
2927:, pp. 111–112
2874:, pp. 308–309
2779:, pp. 258–259
2488:philosophy of mind
2435:thought experiment
2249:, as conceived by
2095:
1989: 310-220 BCE
1978: 372–289 BCE
1932:
1766:
1734:
1702:
1670:
1491:ethical intuitions
1364:
1327:probability theory
1244:
1170:rational intuition
1084:self-refuting idea
1049:ancient philosophy
1041:religious skeptics
1013:Schools of thought
687:instrumental value
671:Timothy Williamson
659:
581:
542:
439:
211:Chinese philosophy
19781:
19780:
19743:
19742:
19739:
19738:
19735:
19734:
19441:
19440:
19437:
19436:
19433:
19432:
19160:Analytic feminism
19132:
19131:
19094:Kierkegaardianism
19056:Transcendentalism
19016:Neo-scholasticism
18862:Classical Realism
18839:
18838:
18611:
18610:
18426:Neopythagoreanism
18183:
18182:
18179:
18178:
17800:Social philosophy
17567:
17566:
17433:Privileged access
17069:Søren Kierkegaard
16895:Library resources
16851:978-0-631-20290-5
16780:978-1-4020-1986-9
16697:978-0-8020-9764-4
16676:978-1-136-88201-2
16611:"Jain Philosophy"
16609:Webb, Mark Owen.
16589:978-1-85396-453-4
16548:978-0-19-008615-2
16527:978-81-208-1482-0
16470:978-94-007-1991-0
16435:978-0-19-985714-2
16400:978-0-230-24077-3
16331:(S8): 1909–1935.
16274:978-1-351-21481-0
16239:978-1-5225-3874-5
16204:978-0-7876-4008-8
16125:978-0-19-870760-8
16092:978-0-521-83782-8
16059:978-0-415-25069-6
15943:978-0-19-090756-3
15834:"Decision Theory"
15767:978-1-351-21981-5
15717:978-1-003-00810-1
15674:978-94-009-1465-0
15614:978-1-62466-983-5
15572:978-1-317-39314-6
15541:978-81-208-2036-4
15487:978-0-13-026553-1
15439:978-1-136-88200-5
15408:978-1-4766-1074-0
15375:978-1-4020-1986-9
15342:978-0-415-62334-6
15213:978-3-319-24969-8
15157:978-0-19-925133-9
15085:978-0-226-72340-2
15066:978-0-8229-6014-0
15047:978-0-7391-3615-7
15028:978-0-8229-7092-7
14995:978-0-415-25069-6
14951:"Epistemic Logic"
14929:978-0-262-18263-8
14896:978-0-19-960047-2
14836:978-1-134-57367-7
14803:978-0-19-153566-6
14729:978-81-215-0072-2
14698:978-3-11-059304-4
14640:978-1-135-62683-9
14617:978-0-87220-633-5
14592:978-0-19-513190-1
14515:978-0-415-25069-6
14474:978-0-8229-7246-4
14389:978-0-415-25069-6
14346:978-3-11-022623-2
14313:978-0-85702-612-5
14178:978-0-7456-3316-9
14145:978-1-4020-1986-9
14112:978-0-19-263735-2
14054:978-0-19-990985-8
14019:978-0-19-020818-9
13986:978-0-521-82417-0
13872:978-90-420-2198-3
13837:978-1-108-66568-1
13804:978-0-87778-298-8
13758:978-0-19-803324-0
13712:10.1111/jeb.13497
13674:978-1-108-71340-5
13653:978-1-108-45753-8
13634:978-0-19-880536-6
13615:978-1-136-88201-2
13574:978-1-118-40077-7
13541:978-1-136-68268-1
13508:978-1-351-33661-1
13473:978-0-415-25069-6
13407:978-1-4411-6728-6
13374:978-94-017-9309-4
13335:978-0-19-283047-0
13299:978-1-118-60917-0
13280:978-1-136-88200-5
13240:978-0-19-926479-7
13189:978-0-19-877541-6
13156:978-0-7391-0024-0
13143:"1. Introduction"
13121:978-981-4239-76-9
13073:978-0-19-513005-8
13017:978-1-315-31051-0
12984:978-0-19-965660-8
12960:978-0-19-926479-7
12941:978-0-19-926479-7
12910:978-1-4020-9338-8
12901:Rethinking Popper
12887:978-1-136-88200-5
12819:978-1-4443-6067-7
12778:978-0-415-25069-6
12688:978-1-134-98618-7
12655:978-1-4384-0171-3
12599:978-81-317-5999-8
12566:978-0-674-41611-6
12477:978-1-4020-1986-9
12456:978-0-19-926479-7
12412:978-0-19-513005-8
12393:978-1-135-27841-0
12360:978-1-351-68402-6
12302:978-0-415-25069-6
12261:978-1-009-05145-3
12238:978-0-19-926479-7
12219:978-0-19-926479-7
12200:978-0-19-926479-7
12169:978-94-009-9789-9
12136:978-1-4020-9728-7
12101:978-1-4020-6596-5
11985:978-0-521-85789-5
11931:978-1-4411-4407-2
11901:. HarperCollins.
11876:. HarperCollins.
11848:978-1-4051-8641-4
11819:978-1-138-85999-9
11775:978-0-02-865783-7
11756:978-0-19-926479-7
11725:978-0-262-26313-9
11692:978-1-317-96467-4
11659:978-1-317-96467-4
11626:978-1-136-88201-2
11533:978-0-415-25069-6
11429:978-0-19-926479-7
11319:978-0-415-25069-6
11276:978-0-19-106256-8
11190:978-1-80382-399-7
11157:978-1-136-88201-2
11128:978-1-4051-2566-6
11109:978-1-5443-8015-5
11090:978-0-19-823790-7
11059:978-3-030-86541-2
11026:978-1-136-88201-2
10985:978-0-415-25069-6
10935:978-0-241-50422-2
10902:978-0-8308-7369-2
10869:978-1-136-88201-2
10805:978-0-02-865781-3
10759:978-0-19-926479-7
10715:978-0-19-993531-4
10676:978-0-19-286986-9
10613:DeLapp, Kevin M.
10593:978-1-000-62799-2
10547:978-1-4443-1509-7
10516:978-1-77048-156-5
10495:978-0-415-25069-6
10407:978-0-19-069065-6
10372:978-1-5381-1916-7
10339:978-0-02-928751-4
10306:978-0-415-25069-6
10238:978-1-000-56823-3
10205:978-0-415-25069-6
10131:978-0-429-01821-3
10096:978-1-4051-8092-4
10073:978-0-19-045959-8
10009:978-1-135-23991-6
9988:978-3-030-83924-6
9947:978-1-5264-1877-7
9914:978-1-119-68034-5
9881:978-1-317-59469-7
9833:978-0-470-99721-5
9802:978-3-319-24214-9
9738:978-0-415-25069-6
9697:978-0-268-15898-9
9664:978-1-78093-764-9
9606:978-0-415-25069-6
9565:978-1-118-60917-0
9530:978-1-5381-7572-9
9484:978-0-7486-2213-9
9400:978-81-208-4114-7
9367:978-81-208-0580-4
9334:978-1-349-21718-2
9301:978-0-470-67370-6
9260:978-0-19-265357-4
9194:978-1-351-93932-4
9161:978-0-415-25069-6
9058:978-0-335-09420-2
9037:978-0-19-925057-8
8931:978-0-19-257012-3
8898:978-3-031-27510-4
8863:978-0-19-153473-7
8840:978-0-415-28108-9
8809:978-0-19-513005-8
8747:978-0-19-288237-0
8646:978-0-8014-4291-9
8615:978-1-118-33989-3
8568:, § Recent Issues
7717:Fountoulakis 2021
6631:Sayre-McCord 2023
5190:, pp. 84, 88
4887:, § 5.5 Testimony
4356:Schwitzgebel 2024
4332:Schwitzgebel 2011
4326:Schwitzgebel 2024
4308:Schwitzgebel 2011
4302:Schwitzgebel 2024
4284:Schwitzgebel 2011
4278:Schwitzgebel 2024
3063:, pp. 10, 93
2976:, pp. 59, 64
2371:Eclectic Magazine
2283:Philosophy portal
2099:modern philosophy
2062:William of Ockham
1881:what knowledge is
1861:dominant ideology
1808:Epistemology and
1623:cognitive science
1616:Epistemology and
1557:natural selection
1475:rule of inference
1432:Jain epistemology
1405:, inference, and
1053:academic skeptics
975:witness testimony
952:conscientiousness
944:epistemic virtues
767:theories of truth
306:'s epistemology.
252:what knowledge is
66:is the branch of
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16999:Laurence BonJour
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8467:
8461:
8455:
8449:
8431:
8425:
8421:, pp. 48–49
8401:
8395:
8389:
8383:
8359:
8353:
8332:
8326:
8320:
8314:
8296:
8290:
8272:
8266:
8256:, pp. 27–30
8248:
8242:
8238:, pp. 22–23
8215:
8209:
8193:, pp. 17–18
8185:
8179:
8158:
8152:
8142:, pp. 14–15
8134:
8128:
8110:
8104:
8086:
8080:
8059:
8053:
8035:
8029:
8023:
8017:
7996:
7990:
7969:
7963:
7942:
7936:
7923:, pp. 10–11
7915:
7909:
7891:
7885:
7867:
7861:
7843:
7837:
7819:
7813:
7804:
7798:
7780:
7774:
7747:
7741:
7728:, pp. 43–44
7711:
7705:
7699:
7693:
7687:
7678:
7660:
7654:
7633:
7627:
7609:
7603:
7579:
7573:
7567:
7558:
7540:
7534:
7501:
7495:
7474:
7468:
7447:
7441:
7440:, pp. 59–61
7435:
7429:
7390:
7384:
7383:, pp. 11–12
7378:
7372:
7366:
7360:
7342:
7336:
7315:
7309:
7291:
7285:
7279:
7273:
7246:
7240:
7219:
7213:
7192:
7186:
7180:
7171:
7162:
7156:
7147:
7141:
7114:
7108:
7102:
7096:
7078:
7072:
7045:
7039:
7033:
7027:
7021:
7015:
6997:
6991:
6987:, pp. 65–66
6973:
6967:
6961:
6955:
6949:
6943:
6922:
6916:
6910:
6904:
6895:
6889:
6883:
6877:
6871:
6865:
6856:
6850:
6844:
6838:
6832:
6826:
6820:
6814:
6796:
6790:
6766:
6760:
6754:
6748:
6742:
6736:
6706:
6700:
6682:
6676:
6655:
6649:
6643:
6637:
6619:
6613:
6595:
6589:
6583:
6577:
6556:
6550:
6517:
6511:
6490:
6484:
6478:
6472:
6466:
6460:
6439:
6433:
6406:
6400:
6379:
6373:
6355:
6349:
6328:
6322:
6301:
6295:
6274:
6268:
6244:
6238:
6220:
6214:
6190:
6184:
6166:
6160:
6142:
6136:
6132:, pp. 59–60
6119:
6113:
6092:
6086:
6068:
6062:
6040:
6034:
6011:
6005:
5988:
5982:
5976:
5970:
5969:, § 2b. Evidence
5964:
5958:
5934:
5928:
5922:
5916:
5892:
5883:
5866:
5860:
5836:
5830:
5824:
5818:
5797:
5791:
5770:
5764:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5725:
5704:
5695:
5689:
5683:
5674:
5668:
5641:
5635:
5608:
5602:
5593:
5587:
5569:
5560:
5554:
5548:
5530:
5524:
5503:
5497:
5475:
5469:
5447:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5408:
5402:
5384:
5378:
5350:
5344:
5326:
5320:
5296:
5290:
5269:
5263:
5236:
5230:
5206:
5200:
5176:
5170:
5146:
5140:
5122:
5116:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5073:, pp. 58–59
5055:, pp. 50–51
5047:
5041:
5035:Montmarquet 1987
5031:, pp. 91–92
5017:
5011:
4993:
4987:
4977:, pp. 39–40
4969:
4963:
4957:Kiesewetter 2020
4951:Heinzelmann 2023
4945:
4939:
4909:
4903:
4879:
4873:
4858:, pp. 72–75
4844:
4838:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4762:
4756:
4734:
4728:
4691:
4685:
4664:
4658:
4649:
4643:
4642:, pp. 92–93
4637:
4631:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4574:
4568:
4559:, pp. 83–84
4551:
4545:
4541:, pp. 25–26
4527:
4518:
4500:
4494:
4470:
4464:
4434:
4428:
4398:
4392:
4368:
4362:
4352:, pp. 14–15
4344:
4338:
4320:
4314:
4310:, pp. 17–18
4296:
4290:
4286:, pp. 14–15
4266:
4260:
4244:, pp. 80–81
4230:
4224:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4167:
4161:
4134:
4128:
4104:
4098:
4062:
4056:
4047:
4041:
4017:
4011:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3939:
3933:
3929:, pp. 49–50
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3844:, pp. 67–68
3839:
3833:
3815:
3809:
3788:
3782:
3772:, pp. 61–62
3764:
3758:
3736:, pp. 29–32
3728:
3722:
3712:, pp. 61–62
3704:
3698:
3694:, pp. 53–54
3680:
3674:
3661:, pp. 54–55
3653:
3647:
3627:
3621:
3612:
3606:
3592:§ 3. The Apriori
3582:
3576:
3548:
3542:
3520:
3514:
3486:
3480:
3446:
3440:
3413:Merriënboer 1997
3407:
3401:
3376:
3370:
3339:
3333:
3324:
3318:
3291:
3285:
3275:
3266:
3238:
3232:
3204:
3198:
3164:
3158:
3149:
3143:
3109:
3103:
3085:
3079:
3055:
3049:
3022:
3016:
2986:
2980:
2963:
2957:
2937:
2931:
2910:
2904:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2801:
2795:
2771:
2765:
2744:
2738:
2729:
2723:
2705:
2699:
2678:
2672:
2639:
2633:
2612:
2606:
2581:, pp. 49–50
2567:
2561:
2556:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2484:
2478:
2471:
2465:
2458:
2452:
2445:
2439:
2427:
2421:
2414:
2408:
2401:
2395:
2384:
2378:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2344:
2324:
2303:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2205:Bertrand Russell
2183:(1902–1994). In
2179:(1911–1960) and
2154:John Stuart Mill
2113:(1632–1677) and
2070:
2069: 1285–1349
2067:
2039:
2038: 1056–1111
2036:
2020:
2017:
1990:
1987:
1979:
1976:
1834:teaching methods
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1541:natural sciences
1499:ethics of belief
1400:
1337:Phenomenological
1308:is a view about
1150:sense experience
1129:
1120:
1059:recommended the
908:justified belief
706:Belief and truth
661:Following these
551:
549:
548:
543:
435:Bertrand Russell
419:radical skeptics
361:Central concepts
349:(logos, meaning
348:
347:
334:
333:
228:natural sciences
149:Foundationalists
53:
43:
36:
21:
19809:
19808:
19804:
19803:
19802:
19800:
19799:
19798:
19784:
19783:
19782:
19777:
19754:
19752:
19731:
19695:
19595:
19557:
19504:
19458:
19457:
19429:
19418:Russian cosmism
19391:
19387:Western Marxism
19352:New Historicism
19317:Critical theory
19303:
19299:Wittgensteinian
19195:Foundationalism
19128:
19065:
19046:Social contract
18902:Foundationalism
18835:
18817:
18801:Illuminationism
18786:Aristotelianism
18772:
18761:Vishishtadvaita
18714:
18666:
18607:
18574:
18445:
18374:Megarian school
18369:Eretrian school
18310:
18271:Agriculturalism
18248:
18194:
18175:
18122:
18094:
18051:
18003:
17960:
17944:Incompatibilism
17913:
17885:
17837:
17809:
17732:
17721:
17716:
17686:
17676:
17671:
17669:
17659:
17654:
17652:
17642:
17637:
17635:
17631:from Wikisource
17625:
17620:
17618:
17608:
17603:
17601:
17597:from Wiktionary
17591:
17586:
17584:
17581:
17577:sister projects
17574:at Knowledge's
17568:
17563:
17535:
17484:
17403:Gettier problem
17333:
17264:Foundationalism
17210:
17159:Wilfrid Sellars
17114:Alvin Plantinga
16994:George Berkeley
16961:Epistemologists
16955:
16950:
16920:
16919:
16918:
16903:
16902:
16898:
16891:
16886:
16877:
16875:
16852:
16815:
16813:
16790:
16788:
16781:
16757:
16755:
16732:
16730:
16707:
16705:
16698:
16677:
16624:
16622:
16599:
16597:
16590:
16558:
16556:
16549:
16528:
16480:
16478:
16471:
16445:
16443:
16436:
16410:
16408:
16401:
16377:
16375:
16309:
16307:
16284:
16282:
16275:
16249:
16247:
16240:
16214:
16212:
16205:
16181:
16179:
16135:
16133:
16126:
16102:
16100:
16093:
16069:
16067:
16060:
16026:
16024:
15978:
15976:
15953:
15951:
15944:
15920:
15918:
15895:
15893:
15847:
15845:
15822:
15820:
15805:10.2307/2678403
15777:
15775:
15768:
15727:
15725:
15718:
15684:
15682:
15675:
15624:
15622:
15615:
15594:
15573:
15551:
15549:
15542:
15497:
15495:
15488:
15462:
15460:
15440:
15418:
15416:
15409:
15385:
15383:
15376:
15352:
15350:
15343:
15319:
15317:
15294:
15292:
15269:
15267:
15248:
15246:
15223:
15221:
15214:
15188:
15186:
15167:
15165:
15158:
15086:
15067:
15048:
15029:
15005:
15003:
14996:
14964:
14962:
14939:
14937:
14930:
14906:
14904:
14897:
14871:
14869:
14846:
14844:
14837:
14813:
14811:
14804:
14780:
14778:
14730:
14708:
14706:
14699:
14675:
14673:
14650:
14648:
14641:
14618:
14593:
14571:
14569:
14546:
14544:
14525:
14523:
14516:
14484:
14482:
14475:
14449:
14447:
14436:"Knowledge How"
14424:
14422:
14399:
14397:
14390:
14356:
14354:
14347:
14323:
14321:
14314:
14288:
14286:
14263:
14261:
14231:(12): 874–883.
14213:
14211:
14188:
14186:
14179:
14155:
14153:
14146:
14122:
14120:
14113:
14089:
14087:
14064:
14062:
14055:
14029:
14027:
14020:
13996:
13994:
13987:
13922:
13920:
13909:"Evidentialism"
13897:
13895:
13873:
13847:
13845:
13838:
13814:
13812:
13805:
13781:
13779:
13759:
13684:
13682:
13675:
13654:
13635:
13616:
13584:
13582:
13575:
13551:
13549:
13542:
13518:
13516:
13509:
13483:
13481:
13474:
13442:
13440:
13417:
13415:
13408:
13384:
13382:
13375:
13336:
13312:Popper, Karl R.
13300:
13281:
13241:
13219:
13217:
13199:
13197:
13190:
13166:
13164:
13157:
13131:
13129:
13122:
13098:
13096:
13074:
13052:
13050:
13027:
13025:
13018:
12994:
12992:
12985:
12961:
12942:
12920:
12918:
12911:
12888:
12866:
12864:
12829:
12827:
12820:
12796:
12794:
12779:
12743:
12741:
12698:
12696:
12689:
12665:
12663:
12656:
12609:
12607:
12600:
12576:
12574:
12567:
12512:
12510:
12487:
12485:
12478:
12457:
12435:
12433:
12413:
12394:
12370:
12368:
12361:
12337:
12335:
12312:
12310:
12303:
12271:
12269:
12262:
12239:
12220:
12201:
12179:
12177:
12170:
12146:
12144:
12137:
12111:
12109:
12102:
12047:
12045:
12022:
12020:
11995:
11993:
11986:
11941:
11939:
11932:
11908:
11906:
11883:
11881:
11858:
11856:
11849:
11820:
11798:
11796:
11776:
11757:
11735:
11733:
11726:
11702:
11700:
11693:
11669:
11667:
11660:
11636:
11634:
11627:
11595:
11593:
11570:
11568:
11543:
11541:
11534:
11502:
11500:
11477:
11475:
11452:
11450:
11430:
11408:
11406:
11378:10.2307/2025679
11372:(20): 771–791.
11354:
11352:
11329:
11327:
11320:
11286:
11284:
11277:
11200:
11198:
11191:
11167:
11165:
11158:
11129:
11110:
11091:
11069:
11067:
11060:
11036:
11034:
11027:
10995:
10993:
10986:
10936:
10912:
10910:
10903:
10879:
10877:
10870:
10806:
10760:
10738:
10736:
10716:
10686:
10684:
10677:
10653:
10651:
10628:
10626:
10603:
10601:
10594:
10570:
10568:
10548:
10526:
10524:
10517:
10496:
10417:
10415:
10408:
10382:
10380:
10373:
10349:
10347:
10340:
10316:
10314:
10307:
10273:
10271:
10248:
10246:
10239:
10215:
10213:
10206:
10174:
10172:
10153:"Contrastivism"
10141:
10139:
10132:
10106:
10104:
10097:
10074:
10044:
10042:
10019:
10017:
10010:
9989:
9957:
9955:
9948:
9924:
9922:
9915:
9891:
9889:
9882:
9856:
9854:
9834:
9812:
9810:
9803:
9772:10.2307/2107939
9748:
9746:
9739:
9707:
9705:
9698:
9674:
9672:
9665:
9641:
9639:
9616:
9614:
9607:
9575:
9573:
9566:
9540:
9538:
9531:
9507:
9505:
9485:
9463:
9461:
9410:
9408:
9401:
9377:
9375:
9368:
9344:
9342:
9335:
9311:
9309:
9302:
9270:
9268:
9261:
9237:
9235:
9204:
9202:
9195:
9171:
9169:
9162:
9068:
9066:
9059:
9038:
9016:
9014:
8991:
8989:
8966:
8964:
8941:
8939:
8932:
8908:
8906:
8899:
8873:
8871:
8864:
8841:
8819:
8817:
8810:
8781:10.2307/2214083
8757:
8755:
8748:
8722:
8720:
8697:
8695:
8647:
8625:
8623:
8616:
8589:
8584:
8580:
8561:
8557:
8551:Crumley II 2009
8549:
8545:
8541:
8536:Crumley II 2009
8525:
8521:
8517:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8468:
8464:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8432:
8428:
8424:
8402:
8398:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8333:
8329:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8111:
8107:
8103:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8071:Antognazza 2024
8060:
8056:
8052:
8036:
8032:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8008:Holopainen 2010
7997:
7993:
7989:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7954:Schoenbaum 2015
7943:
7939:
7935:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7820:
7816:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7712:
7708:
7700:
7696:
7688:
7681:
7677:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7580:
7576:
7568:
7561:
7557:
7541:
7537:
7533:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7448:
7444:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7391:
7387:
7379:
7375:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7292:
7288:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7193:
7189:
7181:
7174:
7163:
7159:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7115:
7111:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7060:Crumley II 2009
7046:
7042:
7034:
7030:
7022:
7018:
7014:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6974:
6970:
6962:
6958:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6923:
6919:
6911:
6907:
6896:
6892:
6884:
6880:
6872:
6868:
6857:
6853:
6845:
6841:
6833:
6829:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6772:Crumley II 2009
6767:
6763:
6755:
6751:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6656:
6652:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6596:
6592:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6491:
6487:
6479:
6475:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6107:Crumley II 2009
6093:
6089:
6085:
6080:Crumley II 2009
6069:
6065:
6061:
6046:Crumley II 2009
6041:
6037:
6033:
6017:Crumley II 2009
6012:
6008:
6004:
5994:Crumley II 2009
5989:
5985:
5979:Crumley II 2009
5977:
5973:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5940:Crumley II 2009
5935:
5931:
5925:Crumley II 2009
5923:
5919:
5915:
5910:Crumley II 2009
5893:
5886:
5882:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5848:Crumley II 2009
5837:
5833:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5744:
5740:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5705:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5609:
5605:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5570:
5563:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5487:Hetherington, "
5476:
5472:
5468:
5453:Hetherington, "
5448:
5444:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5368:Hetherington, "
5351:
5347:
5343:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5096:
5092:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5018:
5014:
5010:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4807:Hetherington, "
4802:
4798:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4746:Hetherington, "
4735:
4731:
4727:
4718:Hetherington, "
4692:
4688:
4684:
4665:
4661:
4650:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4616:Crumley II 2009
4611:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4557:Crumley II 2009
4552:
4548:
4544:
4528:
4521:
4517:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4458:Crumley II 2009
4435:
4431:
4427:
4422:Crumley II 2009
4399:
4395:
4391:
4386:Crumley II 2009
4369:
4365:
4361:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4254:Crumley II 2009
4231:
4227:
4223:
4204:
4200:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4089:Degenhardt 2019
4063:
4059:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4018:
4014:
4010:
3987:Degenhardt 2019
3982:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3917:Hetherington, "
3912:
3908:
3902:Crumley II 2009
3900:
3896:
3892:
3881:Crumley II 2009
3876:
3872:
3864:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3842:Crumley II 2009
3840:
3836:
3832:
3821:Crumley II 2009
3816:
3812:
3808:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3770:Crumley II 2009
3765:
3761:
3757:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3710:Crumley II 2009
3705:
3701:
3697:
3692:Crumley II 2009
3681:
3677:
3673:
3659:Crumley II 2009
3654:
3650:
3646:
3628:
3624:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3452:Hetherington, "
3447:
3443:
3439:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3382:Hetherington, "
3377:
3373:
3369:
3345:Hetherington, "
3340:
3336:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3292:
3288:
3278:Hetherington, "
3276:
3269:
3265:
3244:Hetherington, "
3239:
3235:
3231:
3216:Hetherington, "
3205:
3201:
3197:
3170:Hetherington, "
3165:
3161:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3133:Hetherington, "
3110:
3106:
3102:
3093:, pp. 2, 6
3086:
3082:
3078:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3036:, pp. 2, 6
3023:
3019:
3015:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2750:Crumley II 2009
2745:
2741:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2711:Crumley II 2009
2706:
2702:
2698:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2585:Crumley II 2009
2568:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2485:
2481:
2477:or indubitable.
2472:
2468:
2462:regress problem
2459:
2455:
2446:
2442:
2428:
2424:
2418:basing relation
2415:
2411:
2402:
2398:
2385:
2381:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2322:
2301:
2294:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2068:
2037:
2018:
2004:medieval period
1988:
1977:
1915:to arrive at a
1869:
1814:Learning theory
1802:decision theory
1787:epistemic logic
1749:
1746:
1745:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1614:
1517:holy scriptures
1444:
1310:belief revision
1281:
1233:
1227:
1219:circular manner
1192:
1186:Foundationalism
1184:Main articles:
1182:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1110:
1102:Main articles:
1100:
1034:
1022:Main articles:
1020:
1015:
981:is a defeater.
948:open-mindedness
904:rational belief
897:
881:sensory signals
833:
797:
791:
739:folk psychology
718:
710:Main articles:
708:
683:
619:
613:
525:
522:
521:
427:
374:
368:
363:
325:comes from the
240:
219:medieval period
188:decision theory
61:
54:
44:
37:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
19807:
19797:
19796:
19779:
19778:
19776:
19775:
19763:
19748:
19745:
19744:
19741:
19740:
19737:
19736:
19733:
19732:
19730:
19729:
19724:
19719:
19714:
19709:
19703:
19701:
19697:
19696:
19694:
19693:
19688:
19683:
19678:
19673:
19668:
19663:
19658:
19653:
19648:
19643:
19638:
19633:
19628:
19627:
19626:
19616:
19611:
19605:
19603:
19597:
19596:
19594:
19593:
19588:
19583:
19578:
19573:
19567:
19565:
19563:Middle Eastern
19559:
19558:
19556:
19555:
19550:
19545:
19540:
19535:
19530:
19525:
19520:
19514:
19512:
19506:
19505:
19503:
19502:
19497:
19492:
19487:
19481:
19479:
19470:
19460:
19459:
19456:
19455:
19451:
19443:
19442:
19439:
19438:
19435:
19434:
19431:
19430:
19428:
19427:
19420:
19415:
19410:
19405:
19399:
19397:
19393:
19392:
19390:
19389:
19384:
19379:
19374:
19369:
19364:
19359:
19354:
19349:
19344:
19339:
19334:
19329:
19327:Existentialism
19324:
19322:Deconstruction
19319:
19313:
19311:
19305:
19304:
19302:
19301:
19296:
19291:
19286:
19281:
19276:
19271:
19266:
19261:
19256:
19251:
19246:
19241:
19236:
19231:
19226:
19221:
19216:
19211:
19206:
19201:
19192:
19187:
19182:
19177:
19172:
19167:
19162:
19157:
19155:Applied ethics
19151:
19149:
19140:
19134:
19133:
19130:
19129:
19127:
19126:
19121:
19119:Nietzscheanism
19116:
19111:
19106:
19101:
19096:
19091:
19090:
19089:
19079:
19073:
19071:
19067:
19066:
19064:
19063:
19061:Utilitarianism
19058:
19053:
19048:
19043:
19038:
19033:
19028:
19023:
19018:
19013:
19008:
19003:
18998:
18993:
18988:
18983:
18978:
18973:
18968:
18963:
18962:
18961:
18959:Transcendental
18956:
18951:
18946:
18941:
18936:
18926:
18925:
18924:
18914:
18909:
18904:
18899:
18897:Existentialism
18894:
18889:
18884:
18879:
18874:
18869:
18864:
18859:
18853:
18847:
18841:
18840:
18837:
18836:
18834:
18833:
18827:
18825:
18819:
18818:
18816:
18815:
18810:
18803:
18798:
18793:
18788:
18782:
18780:
18774:
18773:
18771:
18770:
18765:
18764:
18763:
18758:
18753:
18748:
18743:
18738:
18733:
18722:
18720:
18716:
18715:
18713:
18712:
18707:
18702:
18697:
18692:
18687:
18685:Augustinianism
18682:
18676:
18674:
18668:
18667:
18665:
18664:
18659:
18654:
18649:
18644:
18639:
18634:
18628:
18626:
18619:
18613:
18612:
18609:
18608:
18606:
18605:
18600:
18598:Zoroastrianism
18595:
18590:
18584:
18582:
18576:
18575:
18573:
18572:
18571:
18570:
18565:
18560:
18555:
18550:
18545:
18540:
18535:
18530:
18520:
18519:
18518:
18513:
18503:
18502:
18501:
18496:
18491:
18486:
18481:
18476:
18471:
18466:
18455:
18453:
18447:
18446:
18444:
18443:
18441:Church Fathers
18438:
18433:
18428:
18423:
18418:
18413:
18412:
18411:
18406:
18401:
18396:
18386:
18381:
18376:
18371:
18366:
18361:
18356:
18355:
18354:
18349:
18344:
18339:
18334:
18323:
18321:
18312:
18311:
18309:
18308:
18303:
18298:
18293:
18288:
18283:
18278:
18273:
18267:
18265:
18256:
18250:
18249:
18247:
18246:
18245:
18244:
18239:
18234:
18229:
18224:
18214:
18208:
18206:
18196:
18195:
18185:
18184:
18181:
18180:
18177:
18176:
18174:
18173:
18168:
18163:
18158:
18153:
18148:
18143:
18138:
18132:
18130:
18124:
18123:
18121:
18120:
18115:
18110:
18104:
18102:
18096:
18095:
18093:
18092:
18087:
18082:
18077:
18072:
18067:
18061:
18059:
18053:
18052:
18050:
18049:
18044:
18039:
18034:
18029:
18024:
18019:
18013:
18011:
18005:
18004:
18002:
18001:
17996:
17991:
17986:
17981:
17976:
17970:
17968:
17962:
17961:
17959:
17958:
17956:Libertarianism
17953:
17952:
17951:
17941:
17940:
17939:
17929:
17923:
17921:
17915:
17914:
17912:
17911:
17906:
17901:
17895:
17893:
17887:
17886:
17884:
17883:
17878:
17873:
17868:
17863:
17858:
17853:
17847:
17845:
17839:
17838:
17836:
17835:
17830:
17825:
17819:
17817:
17811:
17810:
17808:
17807:
17802:
17797:
17792:
17787:
17782:
17777:
17772:
17767:
17762:
17760:Metaphilosophy
17757:
17752:
17746:
17744:
17734:
17733:
17723:
17722:
17715:
17714:
17707:
17700:
17692:
17685:
17684:
17667:
17650:
17648:from Wikibooks
17633:
17616:
17614:from Wikiquote
17599:
17570:
17565:
17564:
17562:
17561:
17556:
17551:
17546:
17540:
17537:
17536:
17534:
17533:
17528:
17523:
17518:
17513:
17508:
17503:
17498:
17492:
17490:
17486:
17485:
17483:
17482:
17475:
17470:
17465:
17460:
17455:
17450:
17445:
17440:
17435:
17430:
17425:
17420:
17415:
17410:
17405:
17400:
17395:
17390:
17385:
17380:
17375:
17370:
17365:
17360:
17352:
17343:
17341:
17335:
17334:
17332:
17331:
17326:
17321:
17316:
17311:
17306:
17301:
17296:
17291:
17286:
17281:
17276:
17271:
17266:
17261:
17256:
17251:
17246:
17241:
17236:
17231:
17229:Constructivism
17226:
17220:
17218:
17212:
17211:
17209:
17208:
17201:
17196:
17191:
17186:
17181:
17179:Baruch Spinoza
17176:
17174:P. F. Strawson
17171:
17166:
17164:Susanna Siegel
17161:
17156:
17151:
17146:
17141:
17139:W. V. O. Quine
17136:
17131:
17126:
17121:
17116:
17111:
17106:
17101:
17096:
17091:
17086:
17081:
17076:
17071:
17066:
17061:
17056:
17051:
17046:
17041:
17039:Nelson Goodman
17036:
17031:
17029:Edmund Gettier
17026:
17021:
17016:
17014:René Descartes
17011:
17006:
17004:Gilles Deleuze
17001:
16996:
16991:
16986:
16981:
16979:William Alston
16976:
16971:
16969:Thomas Aquinas
16965:
16963:
16957:
16956:
16949:
16948:
16941:
16934:
16926:
16917:
16916:
16911:
16905:
16904:
16893:
16892:
16890:
16889:External links
16887:
16885:
16884:
16850:
16822:
16797:
16779:
16764:
16739:
16714:
16696:
16681:
16675:
16652:
16642:(4): 469–493.
16631:
16606:
16588:
16565:
16547:
16532:
16526:
16513:
16487:
16469:
16452:
16434:
16417:
16399:
16384:
16359:
16316:
16294:Vahid, Hamid.
16291:
16273:
16256:
16238:
16232:. IGI Global.
16221:
16203:
16188:
16168:"Epistemology"
16163:
16153:(2): 215–228.
16142:
16124:
16109:
16091:
16076:
16058:
16033:
16006:
15985:
15965:"Epistemology"
15960:
15942:
15927:
15907:"Epistemology"
15902:
15880:"Epistemology"
15875:
15854:
15829:
15799:(8): 411–444.
15784:
15766:
15751:
15734:
15716:
15696:"Introduction"
15691:
15673:
15648:
15631:
15613:
15598:
15592:
15577:
15571:
15558:
15540:
15525:
15515:(4): 557–567.
15504:
15486:
15469:
15444:
15438:
15425:
15407:
15392:
15374:
15359:
15341:
15326:
15301:
15276:
15255:
15230:
15212:
15195:
15174:
15156:
15141:
15105:(148): 29–54.
15090:
15084:
15071:
15065:
15052:
15046:
15033:
15027:
15012:
14994:
14971:
14946:
14928:
14913:
14895:
14878:
14853:
14835:
14820:
14802:
14793:Epistemic Luck
14787:
14734:
14728:
14715:
14697:
14682:
14657:
14639:
14622:
14616:
14608:89–90, 97b–98a
14603:Five Dialogues
14600:Plato (2002).
14597:
14591:
14578:
14553:
14532:
14514:
14491:
14473:
14456:
14431:
14406:
14388:
14363:
14345:
14330:
14312:
14300:"Introduction"
14295:
14270:
14254:"Epistemology"
14249:
14220:
14195:
14177:
14162:
14144:
14129:
14111:
14096:
14076:"A Posteriori"
14071:
14053:
14036:
14018:
14003:
13985:
13970:
13929:
13904:
13877:
13871:
13854:
13836:
13821:
13803:
13788:
13763:
13757:
13744:
13706:(8): 754–768.
13691:
13673:
13658:
13652:
13639:
13633:
13620:
13614:
13591:
13573:
13558:
13540:
13525:
13507:
13490:
13472:
13449:
13424:
13406:
13391:
13373:
13348:
13334:
13304:
13298:
13285:
13279:
13266:
13256:(1): 271–295.
13245:
13239:
13226:
13206:
13188:
13173:
13155:
13138:
13120:
13105:
13078:
13072:
13059:
13034:
13016:
13001:
12983:
12965:
12959:
12946:
12940:
12927:
12909:
12892:
12886:
12873:
12836:
12818:
12803:
12777:
12750:
12720:(3): 813–839.
12705:
12687:
12672:
12654:
12637:
12627:(4): 332–342.
12616:
12598:
12583:
12565:
12550:
12519:
12494:
12476:
12461:
12455:
12442:
12420:Kaye, Sharon.
12417:
12411:
12398:
12392:
12377:
12359:
12344:
12319:
12301:
12278:
12260:
12243:
12237:
12224:
12218:
12205:
12199:
12186:
12168:
12153:
12135:
12118:
12100:
12075:
12065:(4): 353–383.
12054:
12029:
12002:
11984:
11969:
11959:(1): 312–332.
11948:
11930:
11924:. Bloomsbury.
11915:
11890:
11865:
11847:
11824:
11818:
11805:
11780:
11774:
11761:
11755:
11742:
11724:
11709:
11691:
11676:
11658:
11643:
11625:
11602:
11577:
11550:
11532:
11509:
11484:
11459:
11434:
11428:
11415:
11390:
11361:
11336:
11318:
11293:
11275:
11258:
11207:
11189:
11174:
11156:
11133:
11127:
11114:
11108:
11095:
11089:
11076:
11058:
11043:
11025:
11002:
10984:
10961:
10951:(2): 165–182.
10940:
10934:
10919:
10901:
10886:
10868:
10845:
10810:
10804:
10791:
10764:
10758:
10745:
10720:
10714:
10693:
10675:
10660:
10635:
10610:
10592:
10577:
10552:
10546:
10533:
10515:
10500:
10494:
10467:
10424:
10406:
10389:
10371:
10356:
10338:
10323:
10305:
10280:
10255:
10237:
10222:
10204:
10181:
10148:
10130:
10113:
10095:
10078:
10072:
10051:
10026:
10008:
9993:
9987:
9964:
9946:
9931:
9913:
9898:
9880:
9863:
9838:
9832:
9819:
9801:
9784:
9766:(2): 341–363.
9755:
9737:
9714:
9696:
9681:
9663:
9648:
9623:
9605:
9582:
9564:
9547:
9529:
9514:
9492:Black, Brian.
9489:
9483:
9470:
9417:
9399:
9384:
9366:
9351:
9333:
9318:
9300:
9277:
9259:
9244:
9211:
9193:
9178:
9160:
9135:
9114:
9092:10.1086/324131
9075:
9057:
9042:
9036:
9023:
8998:
8973:
8948:
8930:
8915:
8897:
8880:
8862:
8845:
8839:
8826:
8808:
8793:
8764:
8746:
8729:
8704:
8651:
8645:
8632:
8614:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8582:
8579:
8578:
8569:
8562:
8555:
8543:
8540:
8539:
8533:
8526:
8519:
8516:
8515:
8509:
8502:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8485:
8476:
8469:
8462:
8450:
8447:
8446:
8440:
8433:
8426:
8423:
8422:
8416:
8410:
8403:
8396:
8384:
8381:
8380:
8374:
8368:
8361:
8354:
8351:
8350:
8341:
8334:
8327:
8315:
8312:
8311:
8305:
8298:
8291:
8288:
8287:
8281:
8274:
8267:
8264:
8263:
8257:
8250:
8243:
8240:
8239:
8233:
8227:
8217:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8200:
8194:
8187:
8180:
8177:
8176:
8167:
8160:
8153:
8150:
8149:
8143:
8136:
8129:
8126:
8125:
8119:
8112:
8105:
8102:
8101:
8095:
8094:, Lead section
8088:
8081:
8078:
8077:
8068:
8061:
8054:
8051:
8050:
8044:
8037:
8030:
8018:
8015:
8014:
8005:
7998:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7978:
7971:
7964:
7961:
7960:
7951:
7944:
7937:
7934:
7933:
7924:
7917:
7910:
7907:
7906:
7900:
7893:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7876:
7869:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7852:
7845:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7828:
7821:
7814:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7789:
7782:
7775:
7772:
7771:
7762:
7761:, Lead section
7756:
7749:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7729:
7723:
7713:
7706:
7704:, Lead section
7694:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7669:
7662:
7655:
7652:
7651:
7642:
7635:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7618:
7611:
7604:
7601:
7600:
7594:
7588:
7581:
7574:
7559:
7556:
7555:
7549:
7542:
7535:
7532:
7531:
7522:
7513:
7503:
7496:
7493:
7492:
7491:, pp. 1–2
7486:
7476:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7459:
7449:
7442:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7417:
7408:
7399:
7398:, pp. 1–3
7392:
7385:
7373:
7361:
7358:
7357:
7351:
7344:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7324:
7317:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7300:
7293:
7286:
7284:, Lead section
7274:
7271:
7270:
7261:
7255:
7248:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7236:, Lead section
7231:
7221:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7204:Chatfield 2017
7201:
7200:, Lead section
7194:
7187:
7172:
7157:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7132:
7126:
7120:Rosenberg 2002
7116:
7109:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7092:, pp. 2–3
7087:
7080:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7063:
7057:
7051:Kitchener 1992
7047:
7040:
7028:
7026:, Lead section
7016:
7013:
7012:
7011:, pp. 1–2
7006:
7005:, Lead section
6999:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6982:
6981:, pp. 1–2
6975:
6968:
6956:
6954:, Lead section
6944:
6941:
6940:
6934:Hendricks 2006
6931:
6924:
6917:
6915:, Lead section
6905:
6898:Pritchard 2004
6890:
6888:, Lead section
6878:
6866:
6851:
6849:, Lead section
6839:
6827:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6810:, Lead section
6805:
6804:, Lead section
6798:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6781:
6780:, Lead section
6775:
6768:
6761:
6749:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6727:
6718:
6708:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6691:
6690:, Lead section
6684:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6648:, Lead section
6638:
6635:
6634:
6628:
6621:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6604:
6597:
6590:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6565:
6558:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6538:
6529:
6519:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6499:
6492:
6485:
6473:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6448:
6441:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6421:
6420:, Lead section
6415:
6414:, Lead section
6408:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6396:, pp. 1–7
6391:
6381:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6369:, Lead section
6364:
6357:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6337:
6330:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6318:, Lead section
6316:Grasswick 2018
6313:
6303:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6283:
6276:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6259:
6253:
6246:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6229:
6228:, pp. 3–4
6226:Pietersma 2000
6222:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6202:
6196:Titelbaum 2022
6192:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6151:
6144:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6127:
6121:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6104:
6094:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6077:
6070:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6020:
6013:
6006:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5971:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5954:, Lead section
5949:
5943:
5936:
5929:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5907:
5906:, Lead section
5901:
5900:, Lead section
5894:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5872:Bernecker 2013
5868:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5856:, Lead section
5851:
5845:
5844:, Lead section
5838:
5831:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5809:
5799:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5782:
5772:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5713:
5706:
5696:
5684:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5656:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5623:
5617:
5610:
5603:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5578:
5571:
5561:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5539:
5532:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5515:
5505:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5460:
5449:
5442:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5365:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:, Lead section
5335:
5328:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5308:
5298:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5251:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5196:, Lead section
5191:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5161:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5131:
5124:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5107:McPherson 2020
5104:
5097:
5090:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5068:
5067:, Lead section
5062:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5032:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4935:, pp. 3–4
4930:
4924:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4899:, Lead section
4894:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4852:, § 5.3 Memory
4846:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4826:
4820:
4819:, § 5.4 Reason
4814:
4803:
4796:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4779:, Lead section
4774:
4764:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4693:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4644:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4588:, Lead section
4583:
4576:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4536:
4529:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4485:
4482:Glanzberg 2023
4479:
4472:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4443:
4440:Glanzberg 2023
4436:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4419:
4418:, pp. 3–5
4413:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4274:, Lead section
4268:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4238:, Lead section
4232:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4215:
4209:Pritchard 2013
4205:
4198:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:89–90, 97b–98a
4149:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4086:
4080:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:Pritchard 2013
4042:
4039:
4038:
4032:McCormick 2014
4029:
4023:Pritchard 2013
4019:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4002:
3996:Pritchard 2013
3993:
3983:
3976:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3951:Zagzebski 1999
3948:
3941:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3924:
3913:
3906:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3858:
3846:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3805:, Lead section
3800:
3794:Pritchard 2005
3790:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3734:Rodríguez 2018
3730:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3689:
3688:, Lead section
3682:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3629:
3622:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3594:
3584:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:, Lead section
3567:
3557:
3556:, Lead section
3550:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3538:, Lead section
3533:
3532:, Lead section
3522:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:, Lead section
3505:
3504:, Lead section
3495:
3488:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3471:
3468:Zagzebski 1999
3465:
3459:
3448:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3409:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3392:Pritchard 2013
3389:
3378:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3358:
3352:
3341:
3334:
3327:Pritchard 2013
3319:
3316:
3315:
3312:Zagzebski 1999
3309:
3303:
3293:
3286:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3260:Zagzebski 1999
3257:
3251:
3240:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3223:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3186:
3177:
3166:
3159:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3124:Pritchard 2005
3121:
3111:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3037:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3007:
2998:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2945:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2887:Zagzebski 1999
2883:
2876:
2864:
2862:, pp. 1–2
2852:
2841:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2810:
2809:, Lead section
2803:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:, Lead section
2786:
2785:, pp. 3–4
2780:
2773:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2687:
2686:, Lead section
2680:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2660:
2654:Palmquist 2010
2651:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2621:
2620:, pp. 1–2
2614:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2575:, Lead section
2569:
2562:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2532:
2523:
2514:
2501:
2492:
2479:
2466:
2453:
2440:
2431:brain in a vat
2422:
2409:
2396:
2379:
2362:
2352:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2287:
2286:
2270:
2267:
2231:Edmund Gettier
2189:Edmund Husserl
2162:Charles Peirce
2111:Baruch Spinoza
2103:René Descartes
2101:was shaped by
2097:The course of
2087:René Descartes
2058:direct realism
2054:Thomas Aquinas
2019: 870–950
1868:
1865:
1863:in a society.
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1613:
1612:Related fields
1610:
1588:sexual assault
1479:contradictions
1443:
1440:
1411:non-perception
1292:Constructivism
1280:
1277:
1229:Main article:
1226:
1223:
1208:foundherentism
1181:
1178:
1134:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1099:
1096:
1080:dream argument
1069:René Descartes
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
983:Evidentialists
896:
895:Other concepts
893:
857:sensory organs
832:
829:
793:Main article:
790:
787:
707:
704:
682:
679:
655:Edmund Gettier
649:The so-called
615:Main article:
612:
609:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
482:, and knowing
449:knowledge-that
426:
423:
392:knowledge base
370:Main article:
367:
364:
362:
359:
250:, it examines
246:. Also called
239:
236:
127:The school of
74:. Also called
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19806:
19795:
19792:
19791:
19789:
19774:
19773:
19764:
19762:
19761:
19750:
19749:
19746:
19728:
19725:
19723:
19720:
19718:
19715:
19713:
19710:
19708:
19705:
19704:
19702:
19700:Miscellaneous
19698:
19692:
19689:
19687:
19684:
19682:
19679:
19677:
19674:
19672:
19669:
19667:
19664:
19662:
19659:
19657:
19654:
19652:
19649:
19647:
19644:
19642:
19639:
19637:
19634:
19632:
19629:
19625:
19622:
19621:
19620:
19617:
19615:
19612:
19610:
19607:
19606:
19604:
19602:
19598:
19592:
19589:
19587:
19584:
19582:
19579:
19577:
19574:
19572:
19569:
19568:
19566:
19564:
19560:
19554:
19551:
19549:
19546:
19544:
19541:
19539:
19536:
19534:
19531:
19529:
19526:
19524:
19521:
19519:
19516:
19515:
19513:
19511:
19507:
19501:
19498:
19496:
19493:
19491:
19488:
19486:
19483:
19482:
19480:
19478:
19474:
19471:
19469:
19465:
19461:
19453:
19452:
19448:
19444:
19426:
19425:
19421:
19419:
19416:
19414:
19411:
19409:
19406:
19404:
19401:
19400:
19398:
19396:Miscellaneous
19394:
19388:
19385:
19383:
19382:Structuralism
19380:
19378:
19375:
19373:
19370:
19368:
19367:Postmodernism
19365:
19363:
19360:
19358:
19357:Phenomenology
19355:
19353:
19350:
19348:
19345:
19343:
19340:
19338:
19335:
19333:
19330:
19328:
19325:
19323:
19320:
19318:
19315:
19314:
19312:
19310:
19306:
19300:
19297:
19295:
19294:Vienna Circle
19292:
19290:
19287:
19285:
19282:
19280:
19277:
19275:
19272:
19270:
19267:
19265:
19262:
19260:
19257:
19255:
19252:
19250:
19247:
19245:
19242:
19240:
19237:
19235:
19232:
19230:
19227:
19225:
19224:Moral realism
19222:
19220:
19217:
19215:
19212:
19210:
19207:
19205:
19202:
19200:
19196:
19193:
19191:
19188:
19186:
19183:
19181:
19178:
19176:
19173:
19171:
19168:
19166:
19163:
19161:
19158:
19156:
19153:
19152:
19150:
19148:
19144:
19141:
19139:
19135:
19125:
19122:
19120:
19117:
19115:
19112:
19110:
19107:
19105:
19102:
19100:
19097:
19095:
19092:
19088:
19085:
19084:
19083:
19080:
19078:
19075:
19074:
19072:
19068:
19062:
19059:
19057:
19054:
19052:
19049:
19047:
19044:
19042:
19039:
19037:
19034:
19032:
19029:
19027:
19026:Phenomenology
19024:
19022:
19019:
19017:
19014:
19012:
19009:
19007:
19004:
19002:
18999:
18997:
18994:
18992:
18989:
18987:
18984:
18982:
18979:
18977:
18974:
18972:
18969:
18967:
18966:Individualism
18964:
18960:
18957:
18955:
18952:
18950:
18947:
18945:
18942:
18940:
18937:
18935:
18932:
18931:
18930:
18927:
18923:
18920:
18919:
18918:
18915:
18913:
18910:
18908:
18905:
18903:
18900:
18898:
18895:
18893:
18890:
18888:
18885:
18883:
18880:
18878:
18875:
18873:
18870:
18868:
18865:
18863:
18860:
18858:
18855:
18854:
18851:
18848:
18846:
18842:
18832:
18831:Judeo-Islamic
18829:
18828:
18826:
18824:
18820:
18814:
18811:
18809:
18808:
18807:ʿIlm al-Kalām
18804:
18802:
18799:
18797:
18794:
18792:
18789:
18787:
18784:
18783:
18781:
18779:
18775:
18769:
18766:
18762:
18759:
18757:
18756:Shuddhadvaita
18754:
18752:
18749:
18747:
18744:
18742:
18739:
18737:
18734:
18732:
18729:
18728:
18727:
18724:
18723:
18721:
18717:
18711:
18708:
18706:
18703:
18701:
18698:
18696:
18693:
18691:
18690:Scholasticism
18688:
18686:
18683:
18681:
18678:
18677:
18675:
18673:
18669:
18663:
18660:
18658:
18655:
18653:
18650:
18648:
18645:
18643:
18640:
18638:
18635:
18633:
18630:
18629:
18627:
18623:
18620:
18618:
18614:
18604:
18601:
18599:
18596:
18594:
18591:
18589:
18586:
18585:
18583:
18581:
18577:
18569:
18566:
18564:
18561:
18559:
18556:
18554:
18551:
18549:
18546:
18544:
18541:
18539:
18536:
18534:
18531:
18529:
18526:
18525:
18524:
18521:
18517:
18514:
18512:
18509:
18508:
18507:
18504:
18500:
18497:
18495:
18492:
18490:
18487:
18485:
18482:
18480:
18477:
18475:
18472:
18470:
18467:
18465:
18462:
18461:
18460:
18457:
18456:
18454:
18452:
18448:
18442:
18439:
18437:
18434:
18432:
18429:
18427:
18424:
18422:
18419:
18417:
18414:
18410:
18407:
18405:
18402:
18400:
18397:
18395:
18392:
18391:
18390:
18387:
18385:
18382:
18380:
18377:
18375:
18372:
18370:
18367:
18365:
18362:
18360:
18357:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18343:
18340:
18338:
18335:
18333:
18330:
18329:
18328:
18325:
18324:
18322:
18320:
18317:
18313:
18307:
18304:
18302:
18299:
18297:
18294:
18292:
18289:
18287:
18284:
18282:
18279:
18277:
18274:
18272:
18269:
18268:
18266:
18264:
18260:
18257:
18255:
18251:
18243:
18240:
18238:
18235:
18233:
18230:
18228:
18225:
18223:
18220:
18219:
18218:
18215:
18213:
18210:
18209:
18207:
18205:
18201:
18197:
18190:
18186:
18172:
18169:
18167:
18164:
18162:
18159:
18157:
18154:
18152:
18149:
18147:
18144:
18142:
18141:Conceptualism
18139:
18137:
18134:
18133:
18131:
18129:
18125:
18119:
18116:
18114:
18111:
18109:
18106:
18105:
18103:
18101:
18097:
18091:
18088:
18086:
18083:
18081:
18078:
18076:
18073:
18071:
18070:Particularism
18068:
18066:
18063:
18062:
18060:
18058:
18054:
18048:
18045:
18043:
18040:
18038:
18037:Functionalism
18035:
18033:
18030:
18028:
18025:
18023:
18022:Eliminativism
18020:
18018:
18015:
18014:
18012:
18010:
18006:
18000:
17997:
17995:
17992:
17990:
17987:
17985:
17982:
17980:
17977:
17975:
17972:
17971:
17969:
17967:
17963:
17957:
17954:
17950:
17947:
17946:
17945:
17942:
17938:
17935:
17934:
17933:
17930:
17928:
17927:Compatibilism
17925:
17924:
17922:
17920:
17916:
17910:
17907:
17905:
17902:
17900:
17897:
17896:
17894:
17892:
17888:
17882:
17879:
17877:
17874:
17872:
17869:
17867:
17866:Particularism
17864:
17862:
17859:
17857:
17854:
17852:
17849:
17848:
17846:
17844:
17840:
17834:
17831:
17829:
17826:
17824:
17821:
17820:
17818:
17816:
17812:
17806:
17803:
17801:
17798:
17796:
17793:
17791:
17788:
17786:
17783:
17781:
17778:
17776:
17773:
17771:
17768:
17766:
17763:
17761:
17758:
17756:
17753:
17751:
17748:
17747:
17745:
17743:
17739:
17735:
17728:
17724:
17720:
17713:
17708:
17706:
17701:
17699:
17694:
17693:
17690:
17682:from Wikidata
17681:
17680:
17668:
17664:
17663:
17651:
17647:
17646:
17634:
17630:
17629:
17617:
17613:
17612:
17600:
17596:
17595:
17583:
17582:
17579:
17573:
17560:
17557:
17555:
17552:
17550:
17547:
17545:
17542:
17541:
17538:
17532:
17529:
17527:
17524:
17522:
17519:
17517:
17514:
17512:
17509:
17507:
17504:
17502:
17499:
17497:
17494:
17493:
17491:
17487:
17481:
17480:
17476:
17474:
17471:
17469:
17466:
17464:
17461:
17459:
17456:
17454:
17451:
17449:
17446:
17444:
17441:
17439:
17436:
17434:
17431:
17429:
17426:
17424:
17421:
17419:
17418:Justification
17416:
17414:
17411:
17409:
17406:
17404:
17401:
17399:
17396:
17394:
17391:
17389:
17386:
17384:
17381:
17379:
17376:
17374:
17371:
17369:
17366:
17364:
17361:
17359:
17357:
17353:
17351:
17349:
17345:
17344:
17342:
17340:
17336:
17330:
17327:
17325:
17322:
17320:
17317:
17315:
17312:
17310:
17307:
17305:
17302:
17300:
17297:
17295:
17294:Phenomenalism
17292:
17290:
17287:
17285:
17284:Naïve realism
17282:
17280:
17277:
17275:
17272:
17270:
17267:
17265:
17262:
17260:
17257:
17255:
17252:
17250:
17247:
17245:
17242:
17240:
17237:
17235:
17234:Contextualism
17232:
17230:
17227:
17225:
17222:
17221:
17219:
17217:
17213:
17207:
17206:
17202:
17200:
17199:Vienna Circle
17197:
17195:
17192:
17190:
17187:
17185:
17182:
17180:
17177:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17165:
17162:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17152:
17150:
17147:
17145:
17142:
17140:
17137:
17135:
17134:Hilary Putnam
17132:
17130:
17127:
17125:
17122:
17120:
17117:
17115:
17112:
17110:
17109:Robert Nozick
17107:
17105:
17104:John McDowell
17102:
17100:
17097:
17095:
17092:
17090:
17087:
17085:
17082:
17080:
17077:
17075:
17072:
17070:
17067:
17065:
17064:Immanuel Kant
17062:
17060:
17057:
17055:
17052:
17050:
17047:
17045:
17042:
17040:
17037:
17035:
17034:Alvin Goldman
17032:
17030:
17027:
17025:
17022:
17020:
17017:
17015:
17012:
17010:
17007:
17005:
17002:
17000:
16997:
16995:
16992:
16990:
16987:
16985:
16982:
16980:
16977:
16975:
16972:
16970:
16967:
16966:
16964:
16962:
16958:
16954:
16947:
16942:
16940:
16935:
16933:
16928:
16927:
16924:
16915:
16912:
16910:
16907:
16906:
16901:
16896:
16873:
16869:
16865:
16861:
16857:
16853:
16847:
16843:
16839:
16835:
16831:
16827:
16823:
16811:
16807:
16803:
16798:
16786:
16782:
16776:
16772:
16771:
16765:
16753:
16749:
16745:
16740:
16728:
16724:
16720:
16715:
16703:
16699:
16693:
16689:
16688:
16682:
16678:
16672:
16668:
16664:
16660:
16659:
16653:
16649:
16645:
16641:
16637:
16632:
16620:
16616:
16612:
16607:
16595:
16591:
16585:
16581:
16577:
16573:
16572:
16566:
16554:
16550:
16544:
16540:
16539:
16533:
16529:
16523:
16519:
16514:
16510:
16506:
16503:(1): 59–69 .
16502:
16498:
16497:
16492:
16488:
16476:
16472:
16466:
16462:
16458:
16453:
16441:
16437:
16431:
16427:
16423:
16418:
16406:
16402:
16396:
16392:
16391:
16385:
16373:
16369:
16365:
16364:"Metaphysics"
16360:
16356:
16352:
16347:
16342:
16338:
16334:
16330:
16326:
16322:
16317:
16305:
16301:
16297:
16292:
16280:
16276:
16270:
16267:. Routledge.
16266:
16262:
16257:
16245:
16241:
16235:
16231:
16227:
16222:
16210:
16206:
16200:
16196:
16195:
16189:
16177:
16173:
16169:
16164:
16160:
16156:
16152:
16148:
16143:
16131:
16127:
16121:
16117:
16116:
16110:
16098:
16094:
16088:
16084:
16083:
16077:
16065:
16061:
16055:
16051:
16047:
16044:. Routledge.
16043:
16039:
16034:
16022:
16018:
16017:
16012:
16007:
16003:
15999:
15995:
15991:
15986:
15974:
15970:
15966:
15961:
15949:
15945:
15939:
15935:
15934:
15928:
15916:
15912:
15908:
15903:
15891:
15887:
15886:
15881:
15876:
15872:
15868:
15864:
15860:
15855:
15843:
15839:
15835:
15830:
15818:
15814:
15810:
15806:
15802:
15798:
15794:
15790:
15789:"Knowing How"
15785:
15773:
15769:
15763:
15760:. Routledge.
15759:
15758:
15752:
15748:
15744:
15740:
15735:
15723:
15719:
15713:
15709:
15705:
15702:. Routledge.
15701:
15697:
15692:
15680:
15676:
15670:
15666:
15662:
15658:
15654:
15649:
15645:
15641:
15637:
15632:
15620:
15616:
15610:
15606:
15605:
15599:
15595:
15593:0-02-865782-9
15589:
15585:
15584:
15578:
15574:
15568:
15565:. Routledge.
15564:
15559:
15547:
15543:
15537:
15533:
15532:
15526:
15522:
15518:
15514:
15510:
15505:
15493:
15489:
15483:
15480:. Routledge.
15479:
15475:
15470:
15458:
15454:
15450:
15445:
15441:
15435:
15432:. Routledge.
15431:
15426:
15414:
15410:
15404:
15400:
15399:
15393:
15381:
15377:
15371:
15367:
15366:
15360:
15348:
15344:
15338:
15334:
15333:
15327:
15315:
15311:
15307:
15302:
15290:
15286:
15282:
15277:
15265:
15261:
15256:
15244:
15240:
15236:
15231:
15219:
15215:
15209:
15205:
15201:
15196:
15184:
15180:
15175:
15163:
15159:
15153:
15149:
15148:
15142:
15138:
15134:
15130:
15126:
15122:
15118:
15113:
15108:
15104:
15100:
15096:
15091:
15087:
15081:
15077:
15072:
15068:
15062:
15058:
15053:
15049:
15043:
15039:
15034:
15030:
15024:
15020:
15019:
15013:
15001:
14997:
14991:
14987:
14983:
14980:. Routledge.
14979:
14978:
14972:
14960:
14956:
14952:
14947:
14935:
14931:
14925:
14922:. MIT Press.
14921:
14920:
14914:
14902:
14898:
14892:
14888:
14884:
14879:
14867:
14863:
14859:
14854:
14842:
14838:
14832:
14829:. Routledge.
14828:
14827:
14821:
14809:
14805:
14799:
14795:
14794:
14788:
14776:
14772:
14768:
14764:
14760:
14756:
14752:
14748:
14744:
14740:
14735:
14731:
14725:
14721:
14716:
14704:
14700:
14694:
14690:
14689:
14683:
14671:
14667:
14663:
14660:Poston, Ted.
14658:
14646:
14642:
14636:
14633:. Routledge.
14632:
14628:
14623:
14619:
14613:
14609:
14605:
14604:
14598:
14594:
14588:
14584:
14579:
14567:
14563:
14559:
14554:
14542:
14538:
14533:
14521:
14517:
14511:
14507:
14503:
14500:. Routledge.
14499:
14498:
14492:
14480:
14476:
14470:
14466:
14462:
14457:
14445:
14441:
14437:
14432:
14420:
14416:
14412:
14407:
14395:
14391:
14385:
14381:
14377:
14374:. Routledge.
14373:
14369:
14364:
14352:
14348:
14342:
14338:
14337:
14331:
14319:
14315:
14309:
14305:
14301:
14296:
14284:
14280:
14276:
14271:
14259:
14255:
14250:
14246:
14242:
14238:
14234:
14230:
14226:
14221:
14209:
14205:
14201:
14200:"Reliabilism"
14196:
14184:
14180:
14174:
14170:
14169:
14163:
14151:
14147:
14141:
14137:
14136:
14130:
14118:
14114:
14108:
14104:
14103:
14097:
14085:
14082:. Routledge.
14081:
14077:
14072:
14060:
14056:
14050:
14046:
14042:
14037:
14025:
14021:
14015:
14011:
14010:
14004:
13992:
13988:
13982:
13978:
13977:
13971:
13967:
13963:
13959:
13955:
13951:
13947:
13943:
13939:
13935:
13930:
13918:
13914:
13910:
13905:
13893:
13889:
13888:
13883:
13878:
13874:
13868:
13864:
13860:
13855:
13843:
13839:
13833:
13829:
13828:
13822:
13810:
13806:
13800:
13796:
13795:
13789:
13777:
13773:
13769:
13764:
13760:
13754:
13750:
13745:
13741:
13737:
13732:
13727:
13722:
13717:
13713:
13709:
13705:
13701:
13697:
13692:
13680:
13676:
13670:
13666:
13665:
13659:
13655:
13649:
13645:
13640:
13636:
13630:
13626:
13621:
13617:
13611:
13607:
13603:
13599:
13598:
13592:
13580:
13576:
13570:
13566:
13565:
13559:
13547:
13543:
13537:
13534:. Routledge.
13533:
13532:
13526:
13514:
13510:
13504:
13501:. Routledge.
13500:
13496:
13491:
13479:
13475:
13469:
13465:
13461:
13458:. Routledge.
13457:
13456:
13450:
13438:
13434:
13430:
13425:
13413:
13409:
13403:
13399:
13398:
13392:
13380:
13376:
13370:
13366:
13362:
13358:
13354:
13349:
13345:
13341:
13337:
13331:
13327:
13323:
13318:
13313:
13309:
13305:
13301:
13295:
13291:
13286:
13282:
13276:
13273:. Routledge.
13272:
13267:
13263:
13259:
13255:
13251:
13246:
13242:
13236:
13232:
13227:
13216:
13212:
13207:
13195:
13191:
13185:
13181:
13180:
13174:
13162:
13158:
13152:
13148:
13144:
13139:
13127:
13123:
13117:
13113:
13112:
13106:
13094:
13090:
13089:
13084:
13079:
13075:
13069:
13065:
13060:
13048:
13044:
13040:
13035:
13023:
13019:
13013:
13009:
13008:
13002:
12990:
12986:
12980:
12976:
12975:
12970:
12966:
12962:
12956:
12952:
12947:
12943:
12937:
12933:
12928:
12916:
12912:
12906:
12902:
12898:
12893:
12889:
12883:
12880:. Routledge.
12879:
12874:
12862:
12858:
12854:
12850:
12846:
12842:
12837:
12825:
12821:
12815:
12811:
12810:
12804:
12792:
12788:
12784:
12780:
12774:
12770:
12766:
12763:. Routledge.
12762:
12761:
12756:
12751:
12739:
12735:
12731:
12727:
12723:
12719:
12715:
12711:
12706:
12694:
12690:
12684:
12680:
12679:
12673:
12661:
12657:
12651:
12647:
12643:
12638:
12634:
12630:
12626:
12622:
12617:
12605:
12601:
12595:
12591:
12590:
12584:
12572:
12568:
12562:
12558:
12557:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12537:
12533:
12529:
12525:
12520:
12508:
12504:
12500:
12495:
12483:
12479:
12473:
12469:
12468:
12462:
12458:
12452:
12448:
12443:
12431:
12427:
12423:
12418:
12414:
12408:
12404:
12399:
12395:
12389:
12386:. Routledge.
12385:
12384:
12378:
12366:
12362:
12356:
12353:. CRC Press.
12352:
12351:
12345:
12333:
12329:
12325:
12320:
12308:
12304:
12298:
12294:
12290:
12287:. Routledge.
12286:
12285:
12279:
12267:
12263:
12257:
12253:
12249:
12244:
12240:
12234:
12230:
12225:
12221:
12215:
12211:
12206:
12202:
12196:
12192:
12187:
12175:
12171:
12165:
12161:
12160:
12154:
12142:
12138:
12132:
12128:
12124:
12119:
12107:
12103:
12097:
12093:
12089:
12085:
12081:
12076:
12072:
12068:
12064:
12060:
12055:
12043:
12039:
12035:
12034:"Fallibilism"
12030:
12018:
12014:
12013:
12008:
12003:
11991:
11987:
11981:
11977:
11976:
11970:
11966:
11962:
11958:
11954:
11949:
11937:
11933:
11927:
11923:
11922:
11916:
11904:
11900:
11896:
11891:
11879:
11875:
11871:
11866:
11854:
11850:
11844:
11840:
11836:
11832:
11831:
11825:
11821:
11815:
11811:
11806:
11794:
11790:
11786:
11781:
11777:
11771:
11767:
11762:
11758:
11752:
11748:
11743:
11731:
11727:
11721:
11718:. MIT Press.
11717:
11716:
11710:
11698:
11694:
11688:
11685:. Routledge.
11684:
11683:
11677:
11665:
11661:
11655:
11652:. Routledge.
11651:
11650:
11644:
11632:
11628:
11622:
11618:
11614:
11610:
11609:
11603:
11591:
11587:
11583:
11578:
11566:
11562:
11561:
11556:
11551:
11539:
11535:
11529:
11525:
11521:
11518:. Routledge.
11517:
11516:
11510:
11498:
11494:
11490:
11485:
11473:
11469:
11465:
11460:
11448:
11444:
11440:
11435:
11431:
11425:
11421:
11416:
11404:
11400:
11396:
11391:
11387:
11383:
11379:
11375:
11371:
11367:
11362:
11350:
11346:
11342:
11337:
11325:
11321:
11315:
11311:
11307:
11304:. Routledge.
11303:
11299:
11294:
11282:
11278:
11272:
11268:
11264:
11259:
11255:
11251:
11246:
11241:
11237:
11233:
11229:
11225:
11221:
11217:
11213:
11208:
11196:
11192:
11186:
11182:
11181:
11175:
11163:
11159:
11153:
11149:
11145:
11141:
11140:
11134:
11130:
11124:
11121:. Blackwell.
11120:
11115:
11111:
11105:
11101:
11096:
11092:
11086:
11082:
11077:
11065:
11061:
11055:
11051:
11050:
11044:
11032:
11028:
11022:
11018:
11014:
11010:
11009:
11003:
10991:
10987:
10981:
10977:
10973:
10970:. Routledge.
10969:
10968:
10962:
10958:
10954:
10950:
10946:
10941:
10937:
10931:
10927:
10926:
10920:
10908:
10904:
10898:
10894:
10893:
10887:
10875:
10871:
10865:
10861:
10857:
10853:
10852:
10846:
10842:
10838:
10833:
10828:
10824:
10820:
10816:
10811:
10807:
10801:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10778:
10774:
10770:
10765:
10761:
10755:
10751:
10746:
10734:
10730:
10726:
10721:
10717:
10711:
10707:
10703:
10699:
10694:
10682:
10678:
10672:
10668:
10667:
10661:
10649:
10645:
10641:
10636:
10624:
10620:
10616:
10611:
10599:
10595:
10589:
10585:
10584:
10578:
10566:
10562:
10558:
10553:
10549:
10543:
10539:
10534:
10522:
10518:
10512:
10508:
10507:
10501:
10497:
10491:
10487:
10483:
10480:. Routledge.
10479:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10464:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10446:
10442:
10438:
10434:
10430:
10425:
10413:
10409:
10403:
10399:
10395:
10390:
10378:
10374:
10368:
10364:
10363:
10357:
10345:
10341:
10335:
10331:
10330:
10324:
10312:
10308:
10302:
10298:
10294:
10291:. Routledge.
10290:
10286:
10281:
10269:
10265:
10261:
10256:
10244:
10240:
10234:
10231:. Routledge.
10230:
10229:
10223:
10211:
10207:
10201:
10197:
10193:
10190:. Routledge.
10189:
10188:
10182:
10170:
10166:
10162:
10158:
10154:
10149:
10137:
10133:
10127:
10124:. Routledge.
10123:
10119:
10114:
10102:
10098:
10092:
10088:
10084:
10079:
10075:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10057:
10052:
10040:
10036:
10032:
10027:
10015:
10011:
10005:
10002:. Routledge.
10001:
10000:
9994:
9990:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9970:
9965:
9953:
9949:
9943:
9939:
9938:
9932:
9920:
9916:
9910:
9906:
9905:
9899:
9887:
9883:
9877:
9873:
9869:
9864:
9852:
9848:
9844:
9839:
9835:
9829:
9825:
9820:
9808:
9804:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9785:
9781:
9777:
9773:
9769:
9765:
9761:
9756:
9744:
9740:
9734:
9730:
9726:
9723:. Routledge.
9722:
9721:
9715:
9703:
9699:
9693:
9689:
9688:
9682:
9670:
9666:
9660:
9656:
9655:
9649:
9637:
9633:
9629:
9624:
9612:
9608:
9602:
9598:
9594:
9591:. Routledge.
9590:
9589:
9583:
9571:
9567:
9561:
9557:
9553:
9548:
9536:
9532:
9526:
9522:
9521:
9515:
9503:
9499:
9495:
9490:
9486:
9480:
9476:
9471:
9459:
9455:
9451:
9447:
9443:
9439:
9435:
9431:
9427:
9423:
9418:
9406:
9402:
9396:
9392:
9391:
9385:
9373:
9369:
9363:
9359:
9358:
9352:
9340:
9336:
9330:
9326:
9325:
9319:
9307:
9303:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9285:
9284:
9278:
9266:
9262:
9256:
9252:
9251:
9245:
9233:
9229:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9212:
9200:
9196:
9190:
9187:. Routledge.
9186:
9185:
9179:
9167:
9163:
9157:
9153:
9149:
9146:. Routledge.
9145:
9141:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9115:
9111:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9081:
9076:
9064:
9060:
9054:
9050:
9049:
9043:
9039:
9033:
9029:
9024:
9012:
9008:
9004:
8999:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8974:
8962:
8958:
8954:
8949:
8937:
8933:
8927:
8923:
8922:
8916:
8904:
8900:
8894:
8890:
8886:
8881:
8869:
8865:
8859:
8855:
8851:
8846:
8842:
8836:
8832:
8827:
8815:
8811:
8805:
8801:
8800:
8794:
8790:
8786:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8765:
8753:
8749:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8730:
8718:
8714:
8710:
8705:
8693:
8689:
8685:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8665:
8661:
8657:
8652:
8648:
8642:
8638:
8633:
8621:
8617:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8598:
8592:
8591:
8577:
8573:
8570:
8567:
8564:
8563:
8559:
8552:
8547:
8538:, p. 175
8537:
8534:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8523:
8513:
8510:
8507:
8504:
8503:
8499:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8480:
8477:
8475:, p. 262
8474:
8471:
8470:
8466:
8459:
8454:
8444:
8443:Wolenski 2004
8441:
8438:
8435:
8434:
8430:
8420:
8419:Wolenski 2004
8417:
8415:, p. 315
8414:
8411:
8408:
8405:
8404:
8400:
8394:, p. 262
8393:
8388:
8379:, p. 312
8378:
8375:
8372:
8371:Wolenski 2004
8369:
8366:
8365:Rockmore 2011
8363:
8362:
8358:
8349:
8345:
8342:
8339:
8336:
8335:
8331:
8324:
8319:
8310:, p. 312
8309:
8306:
8304:, p. 262
8303:
8300:
8299:
8295:
8286:, p. 262
8285:
8282:
8279:
8276:
8275:
8271:
8261:
8258:
8255:
8254:Wolenski 2004
8252:
8251:
8247:
8237:
8236:Wolenski 2004
8234:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8214:
8205:, p. 261
8204:
8201:
8198:
8195:
8192:
8191:Wolenski 2004
8189:
8188:
8184:
8175:
8171:
8168:
8166:, p. 261
8165:
8162:
8161:
8157:
8148:, p. 291
8147:
8144:
8141:
8140:Wolenski 2004
8138:
8137:
8133:
8123:
8120:
8117:
8114:
8113:
8109:
8099:
8096:
8093:
8092:Phillips 2024
8090:
8089:
8085:
8076:
8072:
8069:
8066:
8063:
8062:
8058:
8048:
8045:
8042:
8041:Wolenski 2004
8039:
8038:
8034:
8027:
8026:Wolenski 2004
8022:
8013:
8009:
8006:
8003:
8002:Wolenski 2004
8000:
7999:
7995:
7986:
7982:
7979:
7976:
7973:
7972:
7968:
7959:
7955:
7952:
7949:
7948:Wolenski 2004
7946:
7945:
7941:
7932:
7928:
7927:Koterski 2011
7925:
7922:
7921:Wolenski 2004
7919:
7918:
7914:
7905:, p. 216
7904:
7901:
7898:
7895:
7894:
7890:
7881:, p. 216
7880:
7877:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7866:
7857:, p. 216
7856:
7853:
7850:
7847:
7846:
7842:
7832:
7829:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7818:
7812:
7808:
7803:
7794:, p. 753
7793:
7790:
7787:
7784:
7783:
7779:
7770:
7766:
7763:
7760:
7757:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7746:
7737:
7733:
7730:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7710:
7703:
7698:
7692:, p. 753
7691:
7686:
7684:
7673:
7670:
7667:
7666:Wolenski 2004
7664:
7663:
7659:
7650:
7646:
7643:
7641:, p. 288
7640:
7637:
7636:
7632:
7622:
7621:Wolenski 2004
7619:
7616:
7613:
7612:
7608:
7598:
7597:Wolenski 2004
7595:
7593:, p. 260
7592:
7589:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7578:
7571:
7566:
7564:
7553:
7550:
7548:, p. 260
7547:
7544:
7543:
7539:
7530:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7500:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7473:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7446:
7439:
7438:Emaliana 2017
7434:
7425:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7403:
7400:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7389:
7382:
7377:
7370:
7365:
7355:
7352:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7341:
7332:
7328:
7325:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7314:
7304:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7290:
7283:
7278:
7269:
7265:
7262:
7259:
7256:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7245:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7226:
7223:
7222:
7218:
7209:
7205:
7202:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7191:
7184:
7179:
7177:
7170:
7166:
7161:
7155:
7151:
7146:
7136:
7133:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7113:
7106:
7101:
7091:
7088:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7077:
7067:
7064:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7044:
7037:
7032:
7025:
7020:
7010:
7007:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6986:
6983:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6972:
6965:
6960:
6953:
6948:
6939:
6935:
6932:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6921:
6914:
6909:
6903:
6899:
6894:
6887:
6882:
6876:, p. 781
6875:
6870:
6864:
6860:
6855:
6848:
6843:
6836:
6831:
6824:
6819:
6809:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6795:
6785:
6782:
6779:
6776:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6765:
6759:, p. 304
6758:
6753:
6746:
6741:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6705:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6688:Tanesini 2017
6686:
6685:
6681:
6672:
6668:
6665:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6654:
6647:
6646:Chignell 2018
6642:
6632:
6629:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6618:
6608:
6605:
6602:
6601:McDaniel 2020
6599:
6598:
6594:
6587:
6582:
6573:
6569:
6566:
6563:
6562:Murawski 2004
6560:
6559:
6555:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6516:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6489:
6482:
6481:Phillips 1998
6477:
6470:
6469:Phillips 1998
6465:
6456:
6452:
6451:Siderits 2021
6449:
6446:
6445:Phillips 1998
6443:
6442:
6438:
6429:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6412:Phillips 1998
6410:
6409:
6405:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6378:
6368:
6367:Anderson 2024
6365:
6362:
6361:Anderson 1995
6359:
6358:
6354:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6327:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6300:
6291:
6287:
6286:Gardiner 2015
6284:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6263:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6243:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6219:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6189:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6165:
6155:
6152:
6150:, p. 165
6149:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6081:
6078:
6076:, p. 341
6075:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6057:
6055:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5980:
5975:
5968:
5963:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5927:, p. 160
5926:
5921:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5889:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5865:
5855:
5854:Fumerton 2011
5852:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5835:
5828:
5823:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5736:, p. 155
5735:
5730:
5721:
5717:
5716:Margolis 2007
5714:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5701:
5693:
5688:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5664:
5660:
5659:Margolis 2007
5657:
5654:
5651:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5616:, p. 783
5615:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5597:
5592:
5582:
5579:
5577:, p. 783
5576:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5566:
5559:, p. 783
5558:
5553:
5543:
5540:
5538:, p. 242
5537:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5492:
5490:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5474:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5439:
5434:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5397:
5394:
5392:, p. 838
5391:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5373:
5371:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5339:
5336:
5334:, p. 838
5333:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5286:
5282:
5281:Bergmann 2021
5279:
5277:, p. 838
5276:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5250:, p. 838
5249:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5225:
5224:Whitcomb 2011
5222:
5220:, p. 157
5219:
5216:
5214:, p. 959
5213:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5184:, p. 150
5183:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5166:, p. 220
5165:
5164:Hookway 2005b
5162:
5160:, p. 134
5159:
5158:Hookway 2005a
5156:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5082:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5006:
5003:
5001:, p. 109
5000:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4862:Gardiner 2001
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4793:
4788:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4751:
4749:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4723:
4721:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4641:
4636:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4618:, p. 149
4617:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4597:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4540:
4537:
4535:, p. 465
4534:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4524:
4514:, p. 148
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4406:, p. 926
4405:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4387:
4384:
4382:, p. 926
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4190:
4180:
4177:
4175:, p. 875
4174:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3968:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3898:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3862:
3855:
3850:
3843:
3838:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3297:Morrison 2005
3295:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3281:
3274:
3272:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3097:Rescher 2009a
3095:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3075:, p. 163
3074:
3071:
3068:
3067:Rescher 2009a
3065:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2889:, p. 109
2888:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2868:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2845:
2838:
2837:Wolenski 2004
2833:
2823:
2822:Wolenski 2004
2820:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2789:Campbell 2024
2787:
2784:
2783:Wolenski 2004
2781:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2752:, p. 192
2751:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2618:Fumerton 2006
2616:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2536:
2527:
2518:
2511:
2505:
2496:
2489:
2483:
2476:
2470:
2463:
2457:
2450:
2444:
2436:
2433:is a similar
2432:
2426:
2419:
2413:
2406:
2400:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2356:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2284:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2139:Immanuel Kant
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2077:Wang Yangming
2074:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2050:Peter Abelard
2047:
2043:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1983:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:ancient India
1937:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1473:is a correct
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:metanarrative
1368:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1300:contrastivism
1298:According to
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:Evidentialism
1252:
1248:
1241:
1240:Alvin Goldman
1237:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1010:
1007:
1002:
1001:understanding
997:
995:
991:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
963:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
932:prescriptions
928:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
892:
888:
886:
885:mental states
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:introspection
838:
828:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
789:Justification
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
717:
713:
703:
701:
697:
691:
688:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
656:
652:
647:
643:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
618:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
578:
577:Immanuel Kant
573:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
498:
497:
493:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:knowledge-how
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:
436:
431:
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19794:Epistemology
19765:
19751:
19422:
19413:Postcritique
19403:Kyoto School
19362:Posthumanism
19342:Hermeneutics
19197: /
19138:Contemporary
19114:Newtonianism
19077:Cartesianism
19036:Reductionism
18872:Conservatism
18867:Collectivism
18805:
18533:Sarvāstivadā
18511:Anekantavada
18436:Neoplatonism
18404:Epicureanism
18337:Pythagoreans
18276:Confucianism
18242:Contemporary
18232:Early modern
18136:Anti-realism
18090:Universalism
18047:Subjectivism
17843:Epistemology
17842:
17677:
17660:
17643:
17626:
17609:
17592:
17572:Epistemology
17571:
17477:
17378:Common sense
17356:A posteriori
17355:
17347:
17309:Reductionism
17203:
17154:Gilbert Ryle
17024:Fred Dretske
17009:Keith DeRose
16953:Epistemology
16952:
16900:Epistemology
16899:
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16393:. Springer.
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15309:
15306:"Metaethics"
15293:. Retrieved
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15206:. Springer.
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13042:
13039:"Pragmatism"
13026:. Retrieved
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12851:(2): 49–70.
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11585:
11582:"Al-Ghazali"
11569:. Retrieved
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11266:
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11179:
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11138:
11119:Epistemology
11118:
11099:
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10749:
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10728:
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10665:
10652:. Retrieved
10643:
10627:. Retrieved
10618:
10615:"Metaethics"
10602:. Retrieved
10582:
10569:. Retrieved
10560:
10537:
10525:. Retrieved
10505:
10476:
10439:(2): 65–70.
10436:
10432:
10416:. Retrieved
10397:
10381:. Retrieved
10361:
10348:. Retrieved
10328:
10315:. Retrieved
10288:
10272:. Retrieved
10263:
10260:"Skepticism"
10247:. Retrieved
10227:
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10186:
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10156:
10140:. Retrieved
10121:
10105:. Retrieved
10086:
10055:
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9846:
9823:
9811:. Retrieved
9795:. Springer.
9792:
9763:
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9143:
9125:(1): 59–68.
9122:
9118:
9083:
9079:
9067:. Retrieved
9047:
9027:
9015:. Retrieved
9006:
8992:17 September
8990:. Retrieved
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8888:
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8772:
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8737:
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8712:
8696:. Retrieved
8666:(3): 50–84.
8663:
8659:
8636:
8626:26 September
8624:. Retrieved
8596:
8587:Bibliography
8572:Vagelli 2019
8558:
8546:
8522:
8498:
8465:
8453:
8445:, p. 49
8437:Baldwin 2010
8429:
8399:
8387:
8373:, p. 44
8357:
8330:
8318:
8294:
8270:
8246:
8213:
8183:
8156:
8132:
8108:
8084:
8057:
8043:, p. 11
8033:
8028:, p. 11
8021:
8004:, p. 11
7994:
7975:Griffel 2020
7967:
7950:, p. 11
7940:
7913:
7889:
7865:
7841:
7817:
7807:Bonevac 2023
7802:
7778:
7755:, p. 48
7745:
7709:
7697:
7658:
7631:
7607:
7577:
7538:
7499:
7480:Allwood 2013
7472:
7445:
7433:
7411:Gabriel 2022
7388:
7381:Harasim 2017
7376:
7371:, p. 11
7369:Harasim 2017
7364:
7354:Harasim 2017
7340:
7323:, p. 15
7313:
7289:
7277:
7244:
7225:Rescher 2005
7217:
7190:
7160:
7145:
7137:, p. 90
7112:
7100:
7084:Schmitt 2004
7076:
7066:Schmitt 2004
7062:, p. 16
7043:
7031:
7019:
6995:
6979:Fricker 2007
6971:
6959:
6947:
6920:
6908:
6893:
6881:
6869:
6859:Maguire 2015
6854:
6842:
6830:
6818:
6794:
6764:
6752:
6740:
6721:Vermeir 2013
6704:
6680:
6653:
6641:
6617:
6593:
6581:
6554:
6541:Merritt 2020
6515:
6488:
6476:
6464:
6437:
6404:
6377:
6363:, p. 50
6353:
6326:
6299:
6272:
6242:
6232:Howarth 1998
6218:
6188:
6164:
6140:
6130:Baumann 2016
6117:
6090:
6066:
6053:
6038:
6019:, p. 84
6009:
5986:
5974:
5962:
5932:
5920:
5864:
5834:
5827:BonJour 2016
5822:
5803:Bradley 2015
5795:
5768:
5755:O'Brien 2006
5741:
5729:
5694:, p. 64
5687:
5677:Bradley 2015
5672:
5639:
5606:
5596:Tieszen 2005
5591:
5552:
5528:
5501:
5488:
5481:Rescher 1998
5473:
5463:Rescher 1998
5454:
5445:
5433:
5406:
5390:Hookway 2005
5382:
5369:
5348:
5332:Hookway 2005
5324:
5302:Hazlett 2014
5294:
5275:Hookway 2005
5267:
5248:Hookway 2005
5234:
5226:, p. 95
5204:
5174:
5144:
5130:, p. 51
5120:
5093:
5088:, p. 59
5081:
5045:
5025:, p. 88
5015:
5007:, p. 47
4991:
4967:
4943:
4907:
4891:Leonard 2021
4877:
4842:
4808:
4799:
4787:
4768:Khatoon 2012
4760:
4747:
4732:
4719:
4689:
4662:
4647:
4635:
4608:
4596:
4582:, p. 25
4580:Kvanvig 2011
4572:
4549:
4539:Kvanvig 2011
4498:
4468:
4460:, p. 58
4432:
4424:, p. 58
4396:
4388:, p. 18
4376:, p. 85
4374:Dretske 2005
4366:
4342:
4334:, p. 20
4318:
4294:
4264:
4256:, p. 18
4250:, p. 85
4248:Dretske 2005
4228:
4201:
4189:
4165:
4132:
4102:
4060:
4045:
4015:
3979:
3967:
3937:
3918:
3909:
3904:, p. 69
3897:
3883:, p. 75
3873:
3861:
3849:
3837:
3823:, p. 65
3813:
3786:
3762:
3740:Goldman 1976
3726:
3702:
3678:
3651:
3642:Russell 2023
3625:
3610:
3580:
3561:
3554:Russell 2020
3546:
3527:
3518:
3508:Russell 2020
3499:
3484:
3470:, p. 92
3453:
3444:
3435:Lead section
3405:
3383:
3374:
3346:
3337:
3322:
3314:, p. 93
3308:, p. 33
3289:
3279:
3262:, p. 92
3245:
3236:
3217:
3202:
3180:Barnett 1990
3171:
3162:
3147:
3134:
3107:
3091:Rescher 2009
3083:
3061:Rescher 2009
3053:
3034:Rescher 2009
3020:
3012:, p. 79
2984:
2961:
2935:
2916:Klausen 2015
2908:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2844:
2832:
2799:
2769:
2742:
2727:
2713:, p. 16
2703:
2676:
2663:Jenicek 2018
2645:Brenner 1993
2637:
2610:
2587:, p. 16
2565:
2554:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2504:
2495:
2482:
2475:self-evident
2469:
2456:
2443:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2370:
2365:
2355:
2342:
2229:
2213:Common sense
2177:J. L. Austin
2174:
2147:
2123:innate ideas
2096:
2060:proposed by
1993:
1960:
1933:
1870:
1851:anthropology
1848:
1841:
1807:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1643:
1615:
1600:
1594:may lead to
1573:
1566:
1544:
1535:
1507:
1477:or that all
1471:modus ponens
1456:
1445:
1388:
1365:
1358:The work of
1342:
1335:
1321:
1314:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1282:
1270:
1263:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1213:
1206:The view of
1205:
1197:
1193:
1166:inborn ideas
1159:
1147:
1092:
1088:
1077:
1046:
1035:
998:
987:
960:
929:
907:
903:
898:
889:
834:
824:
820:
818:
814:superstition
809:
805:
801:
798:
752:
734:dispositions
719:
692:
684:
660:
650:
630:
620:
601:a posteriori
600:
596:
592:
588:
582:
566:rationalists
557:
554:a posteriori
553:
509:
506:a posteriori
505:
501:A posteriori
500:
495:
492:a posteriori
491:
488:
486:personally.
461:
448:
442:
440:
415:
400:
379:mental state
375:
354:
350:
340:
336:
323:epistemology
322:
320:
308:
247:
241:
200:
196:anthropology
161:
145:Coherentists
141:rationalists
126:
76:
75:
64:Epistemology
63:
62:
58:Epidemiology
48:Epistemology
47:
19408:Objectivism
19347:Neo-Marxism
19309:Continental
19219:Meta-ethics
19199:Coherentism
19104:Hegelianism
19041:Rationalism
19001:Natural law
18981:Materialism
18907:Historicism
18877:Determinism
18768:Navya-Nyāya
18543:Sautrāntika
18538:Pudgalavada
18474:Vaisheshika
18327:Presocratic
18227:Renaissance
18166:Physicalism
18151:Materialism
18057:Normativity
18042:Objectivism
18027:Emergentism
18017:Behaviorism
17966:Metaphysics
17932:Determinism
17871:Rationalism
17594:Definitions
17458:Proposition
17428:Objectivity
17314:Reliabilism
17304:Rationalism
17249:Fallibilism
17224:Coherentism
17169:Ernest Sosa
17144:Thomas Reid
17129:James Pryor
17099:G. E. Moore
17089:David Lewis
17079:Saul Kripke
17074:Peter Klein
17054:Susan Haack
16984:Robert Audi
16758:12 December
15320:19 December
15189:2 September
14749:: 326–348.
14547:3 September
14450:12 December
13443:29 February
13220:2 September
12744:13 November
12383:Analyticity
12007:"Knowledge"
11870:"Knowledge"
11785:"Fallacies"
10629:19 December
9494:"Upanisads"
9086:(1): 1–18.
8775:: 407–442.
8566:Pappas 1998
8512:Pappas 1998
8488:Pappas 1998
8479:Beilby 2017
8473:Hamlyn 2005
8458:Hamlyn 2006
8413:Hamlyn 2006
8407:Pappas 1998
8392:Hamlyn 2005
8377:Hamlyn 2006
8338:Pappas 1998
8323:Pappas 1998
8308:Hamlyn 2006
8302:Hamlyn 2005
8284:Hamlyn 2005
8278:Pappas 1998
8260:Pappas 1998
8230:Pappas 1998
8203:Hamlyn 2005
8197:Hamlyn 2006
8164:Hamlyn 2005
8146:Hamlyn 2006
8098:Prasad 1987
8047:Hamlyn 2006
7929:, pp.
7825:Rošker 2021
7788:, p. 6
7786:Prasad 1987
7753:Prasad 1987
7726:Warder 1998
7672:Pappas 1998
7668:, p. 8
7639:Hamlyn 2006
7623:, p. 8
7615:Hamlyn 2006
7599:, p. 7
7591:Hamlyn 2005
7585:Pappas 1998
7570:Pappas 1998
7552:Pappas 1998
7546:Hamlyn 2005
7516:Tufari 2003
7482:, pp.
7455:, pp.
7356:, p. 4
7321:Chazan 2022
7297:Kaplan 2005
7266:, pp.
7252:Kaplan 2005
7198:Hansen 2023
7183:Hansen 2023
7165:Stairs 2017
7038:, p. 2
7036:Alston 2006
7024:Gerken 2018
7003:Gerken 2018
6964:Lackey 2021
6928:Segura 2009
6861:, pp.
6823:Barber 2003
6784:Rysiew 2021
6723:, pp.
6669:, pp.
6661:McNabb 2019
6586:Warren 2020
6570:, pp.
6543:, pp.
6525:, pp.
6502:Sethia 2004
6426:, pp.
6394:Dreyer 2017
6334:Sharpe 2018
6288:, pp.
6198:, pp.
6180:, p. 1
6029:Olsson 2016
6000:Olsson 2016
5898:Pappas 2023
5878:Wilson 2023
5842:Pappas 2023
5812:Stairs 2017
5805:, pp.
5785:Tramel 2008
5749:Stairs 2017
5734:Stairs 2017
5710:Stairs 2017
5653:Stairs 2017
5614:Lacey 2005a
5575:Lacey 2005a
5557:Lacey 2005a
5509:Carter 2017
5489:Fallibilism
5455:Fallibilism
5311:Levine 1999
5086:McGrew 2011
5071:McGrew 2011
4927:Harman 2013
4777:Martin 1998
4708:, p. 3
4699:, pp.
4678:, pp.
4654:, pp.
4563:Olsson 2016
4508:, p. 5
4454:, p. 3
4211:, pp.
4173:Olsson 2011
4154:, pp.
4140:Olsson 2011
4116:Olsson 2011
4091:, pp.
4076:, pp.
4074:Powell 2020
4052:, pp.
4005:Olsson 2011
3998:, pp.
3989:, pp.
3796:, pp.
3635:, pp.
3597:Popper 2014
3492:Stroll 2023
3476:, p. 4
3474:Benton 2024
3462:Stroll 2023
3431:Pavese 2022
3424:, pp.
3363:, pp.
3355:Stroll 2023
3254:Stroll 2023
3226:Stroll 2023
3191:, pp.
3135:Fallibilism
3115:Wilson 2008
3040:Stoltz 2021
3003:, pp.
2994:, pp.
2974:Walton 2005
2950:, pp.
2925:Lackey 2021
2918:, pp.
2860:Alston 2006
2839:, p. 3
2824:, p. 3
2758:, pp.
2692:, pp.
2573:Truncellito
2239:reliabilism
2217:G. E. Moore
2181:Karl Popper
2131:blank slate
2119:rationalism
1956:Dharmakirti
1928:Dharmakirti
1627:information
1547:reasoning.
1528:knowledge.
1481:are false.
1331:rationality
1265:Reliabilism
1190:Coherentism
1154:blank slate
1108:Rationalism
1065:tranquility
967:probability
936:axiological
900:Rationality
562:empiricists
514:mathematics
508:knowledge.
499:knowledge.
457:proposition
388:information
296:metaphysics
232:linguistics
137:Empiricists
133:fallibilism
19707:Amerindian
19614:Australian
19553:Vietnamese
19533:Indonesian
19082:Kantianism
19031:Positivism
19021:Pragmatism
18996:Naturalism
18976:Liberalism
18954:Subjective
18892:Empiricism
18796:Avicennism
18741:Bhedabheda
18625:East Asian
18548:Madhyamaka
18528:Abhidharma
18394:Pyrrhonism
18161:Nominalism
18156:Naturalism
18085:Skepticism
18075:Relativism
18065:Absolutism
17994:Naturalism
17904:Deontology
17876:Skepticism
17861:Naturalism
17851:Empiricism
17815:Aesthetics
17719:Philosophy
17611:Quotations
17559:Discussion
17549:Task Force
17468:Simplicity
17448:Perception
17324:Skepticism
17299:Positivism
17274:Infinitism
17239:Empiricism
17094:John Locke
17059:David Hume
17049:Anil Gupta
17044:Paul Grice
17019:John Dewey
16989:A. J. Ayer
15990:Erkenntnis
14171:. Polity.
13865:. Rodopi.
13721:2164/12705
12995:25 October
12577:28 October
12499:"Evidence"
11909:25 October
11884:25 October
10779:(4): 1–7.
10640:"Evidence"
9119:Erkenntnis
8574:, p.
8481:, p.
8346:, p.
8223:, p.
8172:, p.
8170:Evans 2018
8116:Littlejohn
8073:, p.
8010:, p.
7983:, p.
7956:, p.
7897:Littlejohn
7873:Littlejohn
7849:Littlejohn
7809:, p.
7792:Dunne 2006
7767:, p.
7765:Bhatt 1989
7734:, p.
7719:, p.
7690:Dunne 2006
7647:, p.
7527:, p.
7507:Coser 2009
7489:Barth 2002
7462:Hofer 2001
7453:Hofer 2008
7422:, p.
7413:, p.
7404:, p.
7402:Payne 2003
7348:Kelly 2004
7327:Leong 2007
7227:, p.
7206:, p.
7167:, p.
7152:, p.
7150:Clark 2009
7122:, p.
7053:, p.
6952:Beebe 2017
6936:, p.
6900:, p.
6886:Conee 1998
6847:Croce 2023
6757:Sturm 2011
6745:Sturm 2011
6730:Sturm 2011
6714:, p.
6534:, p.
6504:, p.
6453:, p.
6387:, p.
6342:, p.
6309:, p.
6280:Greco 2021
6262:Dancy 2010
6256:Lemos 2005
6250:Greco 2021
6205:Cozic 2018
6148:Foley 1983
6100:, p.
6074:Brown 1992
6023:Lyons 2016
5778:, p.
5757:, p.
5718:, p.
5679:, p.
5661:, p.
5628:, p.
5626:Hales 2009
5598:, p.
5536:Lacey 2005
5518:Luper 2004
5511:, p.
5438:Cohen 1998
5422:, p.
5362:Klein 1998
5356:Windt 2021
5313:, p.
5304:, p.
5283:, p.
5256:, p.
5254:Moser 2011
5242:Cohen 1998
5212:Kekes 2005
5188:Grimm 2011
5134:Kelly 2016
5109:, p.
5065:Kelly 2016
5005:Engel 2011
4975:Foley 2011
4921:Foley 2011
4897:Green 2022
4831:, p.
4770:, p.
4706:Smith 2023
4624:, p.
4586:Foley 1998
4506:Lynch 2011
4476:Lynch 2011
4452:Lynch 2011
4416:Lynch 2011
4218:Greco 2021
4179:Greco 2021
4152:Plato 2002
4122:Greco 2021
4034:, p.
4025:, p.
3927:Kraft 2012
3667:, p.
3665:Ayers 2019
3617:, p.
3570:Moser 2016
3536:Moser 2016
3415:, p.
3394:, p.
3329:, p.
3299:, p.
3210:Klein 1998
3182:, p.
3154:, p.
3152:Brown 2016
3126:, p.
3117:, p.
3042:, p.
2872:Sturm 2011
2815:, p.
2813:Scott 2002
2734:, p.
2665:, p.
2656:, p.
2647:, p.
2626:, p.
2624:Moser 2005
2599:, p.
2597:Moser 2005
2375:psychology
2348:gnoseology
2329:References
2201:A. J. Ayer
2135:David Hume
2127:John Locke
2031:Al-Ghazali
1936:Upanishads
1905:empiricist
1901:Epicureans
1818:Behavioral
1618:psychology
1606:metatheory
1436:many-sided
1403:Perception
1367:Postmodern
1316:Pragmatist
1215:Infinitism
1174:categories
1140:David Hume
1136:John Locke
1104:Empiricism
1028:Falliblism
1024:Skepticism
924:consistent
916:intentions
837:perception
802:reasonable
771:pragmatist
722:God exists
667:undermined
639:fake barns
411:human mind
312:psychology
256:perception
238:Definition
223:modern era
184:psychology
129:skepticism
106:perception
68:philosophy
40:Epistemics
19586:Pakistani
19548:Taiwanese
19495:Ethiopian
19468:By region
19454:By region
19269:Scientism
19264:Systemics
19124:Spinozism
19051:Socialism
18986:Modernism
18949:Objective
18857:Anarchism
18791:Averroism
18680:Christian
18632:Neotaoism
18603:Zurvanism
18593:Mithraism
18588:Mazdakism
18359:Cyrenaics
18286:Logicians
17919:Free will
17881:Solipsism
17828:Formalism
17662:Resources
17645:Textbooks
17423:Knowledge
17408:Induction
17358:knowledge
17350:knowledge
16868:158886670
16733:11 August
16708:19 August
16250:22 August
15954:19 August
15728:15 August
15463:13 August
15270:16 August
15137:171635198
15121:0011-1503
14965:22 August
14872:17 August
14847:19 August
14814:19 August
14763:1533-6077
14709:19 August
14651:19 August
14537:"Gaṅgeśa"
14245:143034920
13958:0026-4423
13898:2 October
13685:21 August
13552:19 August
13495:"Preface"
12857:2279-7343
12734:207246817
12610:15 August
12513:20 August
11859:21 August
11703:19 August
11670:19 August
11637:10 August
11544:17 August
11503:22 August
11478:20 August
11355:13 August
11287:19 August
11236:0962-8436
11168:10 August
11037:10 August
10996:13 August
10880:10 August
10841:148796695
10825:(2): 59.
10739:13 August
10687:19 August
10654:20 August
10249:15 August
10142:22 August
9813:19 August
9749:19 August
9617:21 August
9576:22 August
9446:0039-7857
9312:3 October
9110:0011-3204
9101:1956/4191
8942:19 August
8874:15 August
8680:0887-5367
8122:Shen 2006
7903:Shen 2006
7879:Shen 2006
7855:Shen 2006
7831:Shen 2006
7645:Vogt 2011
7135:Audi 2002
6532:Bird 2010
6290:31, 33–35
5647:Audi 1988
5420:Reed 2015
5370:Knowledge
5029:Choo 2016
4856:Audi 2002
4829:Audi 2006
4823:Audi 2002
4809:Knowledge
4748:Knowledge
4720:Knowledge
4701:8–10, 133
4697:Kern 2017
4446:Lowe 2005
4404:Lowe 2005
4380:Lowe 2005
3919:Knowledge
3637:ix–x, 1–2
3454:Knowledge
3384:Knowledge
3347:Knowledge
3306:Reif 2008
3280:Knowledge
3246:Knowledge
3218:Knowledge
3172:Knowledge
3073:Dika 2023
2777:Audi 2003
2690:Moss 2021
2547:Citations
2360:disputed.
2012:al-Farabi
1893:Aristotle
1826:Cognitive
1810:education
1791:knowledge
1778:reasoning
1553:evolution
1495:coherence
1407:testimony
994:certainty
912:decisions
877:gustatory
873:olfactory
853:testimony
810:supported
806:warranted
779:pluralist
748:credences
403:ignorance
372:Knowledge
366:Knowledge
337:knowledge
321:The word
264:testimony
260:inference
244:knowledge
192:education
122:testimony
72:knowledge
18:Epistemic
19788:Category
19772:Category
19727:Yugoslav
19717:Romanian
19624:Scottish
19609:American
19538:Japanese
19518:Buddhist
19500:Africana
19490:Egyptian
19332:Feminist
19254:Rawlsian
19249:Quietism
19147:Analytic
19099:Krausism
19006:Nihilism
18971:Kokugaku
18934:Absolute
18929:Idealism
18917:Humanism
18705:Occamism
18672:European
18617:Medieval
18563:Yogacara
18523:Buddhist
18516:Syādvāda
18399:Stoicism
18364:Cynicism
18352:Sophists
18347:Atomists
18342:Eleatics
18281:Legalism
18222:Medieval
18146:Idealism
18100:Ontology
18080:Nihilism
17984:Idealism
17742:Branches
17731:Branches
17544:Category
17363:Analysis
17348:A priori
17339:Concepts
17279:Innatism
17216:Theories
16872:Archived
16860:39269507
16828:(1999).
16816:2 August
16810:Archived
16785:Archived
16752:Archived
16727:Archived
16702:Archived
16625:2 August
16619:Archived
16594:Archived
16574:. Sage.
16553:Archived
16509:20010182
16475:Archived
16440:Archived
16405:Archived
16378:17 March
16372:Archived
16355:34720230
16325:Synthese
16310:2 August
16304:Archived
16279:Archived
16244:Archived
16209:Archived
16176:Archived
16147:Synthese
16136:3 August
16130:Archived
16103:3 August
16097:Archived
16064:Archived
16021:Archived
15973:Archived
15948:Archived
15915:Archived
15890:Archived
15842:Archived
15817:Archived
15772:Archived
15741:: 1–14.
15739:Episteme
15722:Archived
15679:Archived
15625:3 August
15619:Archived
15552:3 August
15546:Archived
15492:Archived
15457:Archived
15449:"Belief"
15413:Archived
15380:Archived
15347:Archived
15314:Archived
15295:2 August
15289:Archived
15243:Archived
15224:3 August
15218:Archived
15162:Archived
15129:26767766
15000:Archived
14959:Archived
14940:16 April
14934:Archived
14907:3 August
14901:Archived
14866:Archived
14841:Archived
14808:Archived
14775:Archived
14703:Archived
14676:1 August
14670:Archived
14645:Archived
14572:2 August
14566:Archived
14526:2 August
14520:Archived
14479:Archived
14444:Archived
14425:1 August
14419:Archived
14394:Archived
14351:Archived
14318:Archived
14306:. SAGE.
14283:Archived
14214:2 August
14208:Archived
14189:3 August
14183:Archived
14150:Archived
14117:Archived
14084:Archived
14065:3 August
14059:Archived
14024:Archived
13997:16 April
13991:Archived
13923:1 August
13917:Archived
13892:Archived
13842:Archived
13815:16 April
13809:Archived
13776:Archived
13740:31215105
13679:Archived
13585:18 March
13579:Archived
13546:Archived
13513:Archived
13484:26 March
13478:Archived
13437:Archived
13418:3 August
13412:Archived
13379:Archived
13314:(1971).
13200:10 March
13194:Archived
13167:3 August
13161:Archived
13126:Archived
13093:Archived
13053:2 August
13047:Archived
13022:Archived
12989:Archived
12971:(2021).
12915:Archived
12861:Archived
12824:Archived
12791:Archived
12787:38096851
12738:Archived
12714:Synthese
12699:16 April
12693:Archived
12660:Archived
12604:Archived
12571:Archived
12507:Archived
12482:Archived
12430:Archived
12365:Archived
12338:29 March
12332:Archived
12313:3 August
12307:Archived
12266:Archived
12174:Archived
12141:Archived
12106:Archived
12042:Archived
12017:Archived
11990:Archived
11942:3 August
11936:Archived
11903:Archived
11878:Archived
11853:Archived
11793:Archived
11736:3 August
11730:Archived
11697:Archived
11664:Archived
11631:Archived
11590:Archived
11565:Archived
11538:Archived
11497:Archived
11472:Archived
11447:Archived
11403:Archived
11349:Archived
11324:Archived
11281:Archived
11254:11571027
11195:Archived
11162:Archived
11064:Archived
11031:Archived
10990:Archived
10907:Archived
10874:Archived
10733:Archived
10681:Archived
10648:Archived
10623:Archived
10598:Archived
10565:Archived
10521:Archived
10463:28400962
10418:3 August
10412:Archived
10377:Archived
10344:Archived
10332:. Gale.
10311:Archived
10268:Archived
10243:Archived
10210:Archived
10175:2 August
10169:Archived
10136:Archived
10101:Archived
10039:Archived
10020:3 August
10014:Archived
9952:Archived
9940:. Sage.
9919:Archived
9892:3 August
9886:Archived
9851:Archived
9807:Archived
9743:Archived
9702:Archived
9675:3 August
9669:Archived
9636:Archived
9611:Archived
9570:Archived
9535:Archived
9502:Archived
9458:Archived
9454:40801354
9432:: 5–16.
9426:Synthese
9411:3 August
9405:Archived
9372:Archived
9345:3 August
9339:Archived
9306:Archived
9271:3 August
9265:Archived
9238:29 April
9232:Archived
9199:Archived
9166:Archived
9063:Archived
9011:Archived
8986:Archived
8967:2 August
8961:Archived
8936:Archived
8903:Archived
8868:Archived
8814:Archived
8752:Archived
8723:2 August
8717:Archived
8698:3 August
8692:Archived
8620:Archived
7268:xiii–xiv
6527:xiii–xiv
6385:Lee 2017
6200:3, 31–32
6052:Baehr, "
5874:, Note 1
3560:Baehr, "
3526:Baehr, "
3498:Baehr, "
2760:113, 115
2269:See also
2259:feminist
2170:evidence
2166:fallible
2027:theology
2023:Averroes
1961:Ancient
1830:Pedagogy
1545:a priori
1463:argument
1442:Branches
1415:Buddhist
1375:Feminist
1259:evidence
1201:holistic
971:defeater
962:Evidence
865:auditory
775:semantic
769:include
611:Analysis
597:A priori
558:a priori
510:A priori
496:a priori
453:relation
351:study of
332:ἐπιστήμη
280:evidence
19722:Russian
19691:Spanish
19686:Slovene
19676:Maltese
19671:Italian
19651:Finland
19619:British
19601:Western
19591:Turkish
19576:Islamic
19571:Iranian
19523:Chinese
19510:Eastern
19477:African
19424:more...
19109:Marxism
18939:British
18882:Dualism
18778:Islamic
18736:Advaita
18726:Vedanta
18700:Scotism
18695:Thomism
18637:Tiantai
18580:Persian
18568:Tibetan
18558:Śūnyatā
18499:Cārvāka
18489:Ājīvika
18484:Mīmāṃsā
18464:Samkhya
18379:Academy
18332:Ionians
18306:Yangism
18263:Chinese
18254:Ancient
18217:Western
18212:Ancient
18171:Realism
18128:Reality
18118:Process
17999:Realism
17979:Dualism
17974:Atomism
17856:Fideism
17479:more...
17259:Fideism
17205:more...
16878:12 June
16791:13 July
16600:24 July
16559:30 July
16481:19 July
16446:30 July
16411:19 July
16346:8549955
16285:19 July
16215:7 March
16182:12 July
16070:29 July
15921:12 July
15848:20 July
15823:12 June
15813:2678403
15778:24 July
15685:30 July
15498:13 July
15419:19 July
15386:13 July
15353:7 March
15168:24 July
15006:31 July
14781:30 July
14771:3050633
14485:24 July
14400:15 July
14324:13 July
14289:29 July
14264:13 July
14156:13 July
14123:13 July
14030:13 July
13966:2253844
13848:30 July
13782:12 July
13731:6771946
13519:30 July
13385:30 July
13132:24 July
13028:8 March
12921:19 July
12867:12 June
12830:19 July
12797:13 June
12666:24 July
12488:13 July
12436:16 July
12272:30 July
12180:24 July
12147:19 July
12112:24 July
12048:31 July
11996:30 July
11799:24 July
11596:18 July
11453:29 July
11409:17 July
11386:2025679
11341:"Truth"
11330:30 July
11245:1088519
11201:24 July
11070:19 July
10913:19 July
10725:"Truth"
10604:9 March
10571:14 July
10557:"Nyaya"
10527:13 July
10454:5376720
10383:19 July
10350:7 March
10317:30 July
10274:31 July
10216:31 July
10107:24 July
10045:29 July
9958:24 July
9925:13 July
9857:12 July
9780:2107939
9642:29 July
9541:19 July
9508:14 July
9464:30 July
9378:19 July
9205:19 July
9172:30 July
9069:5 March
9017:17 July
8909:30 July
8820:12 June
8789:2214083
8758:19 July
8688:3810237
8660:Hypatia
6808:Gontier
6572:827–828
5807:170–171
5101:Sudduth
4078:132–133
3746:Sudduth
3365:411–412
3193:162–163
2920:813–818
2756:Mi 2007
2199:, like
2073:Gaṅgeśa
1971:Mencius
1903:had an
1885:opinion
1867:History
1782:fallacy
1561:grammar
1424:Mīmāṃsā
1397:pramāṇa
920:actions
831:Sources
696:Larissa
472:lasagna
384:culture
50:(album)
19681:Polish
19661:German
19656:French
19641:Danish
19631:Canada
19581:Jewish
19543:Korean
19528:Indian
19070:People
18991:Monism
18944:German
18912:Holism
18845:Modern
18823:Jewish
18746:Dvaita
18719:Indian
18642:Huayan
18494:Ajñana
18451:Indian
18316:Greco-
18301:Taoism
18291:Mohism
18237:Modern
18204:By era
18193:By era
18108:Action
17989:Monism
17909:Virtue
17891:Ethics
17373:Belief
17269:Holism
16897:about
16866:
16858:
16848:
16777:
16694:
16673:
16586:
16545:
16524:
16507:
16467:
16432:
16397:
16353:
16343:
16271:
16236:
16201:
16122:
16089:
16056:
16027:17 May
15979:20 May
15940:
15896:22 May
15811:
15764:
15714:
15671:
15611:
15590:
15569:
15538:
15484:
15436:
15405:
15372:
15339:
15210:
15154:
15135:
15127:
15119:
15082:
15063:
15044:
15025:
14992:
14926:
14893:
14833:
14800:
14769:
14761:
14726:
14695:
14637:
14614:
14589:
14512:
14471:
14386:
14357:5 July
14343:
14310:
14243:
14175:
14142:
14109:
14051:
14016:
13983:
13964:
13956:
13869:
13834:
13801:
13755:
13738:
13728:
13671:
13650:
13631:
13612:
13571:
13538:
13505:
13470:
13404:
13371:
13344:314039
13342:
13332:
13296:
13277:
13237:
13186:
13153:
13118:
13099:8 June
13070:
13014:
12981:
12957:
12938:
12907:
12884:
12855:
12816:
12785:
12775:
12732:
12685:
12652:
12596:
12563:
12474:
12453:
12409:
12390:
12371:5 July
12357:
12299:
12258:
12235:
12216:
12197:
12166:
12133:
12098:
12023:18 May
11982:
11928:
11845:
11816:
11772:
11753:
11722:
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