472:(2003) argues that epiphenomenalism does not even provide a satisfactory solution to the problem of interaction posed by substance dualism. Although it does not entail substance dualism, according to Green, epiphenomenalism implies a one-way form of interactionism that is just as hard to conceive of as the two-way form embodied in substance dualism. Green suggests the assumption that it is less of a problem may arise from the unexamined belief that physical events have some sort of primacy over mental ones.
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198:(1905) believed that all motion has physical causes. Because consciousness is accessory to life and not essential to it, natural selection is responsible for ingraining tendencies to avoid certain contingencies without any conscious achievement involved. By the 1960s, scientific behaviorism met substantial difficulties and eventually gave way to the
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The most powerful argument against epiphenomenalism is that it is self-contradictory: if we have knowledge about epiphenomenalism, then our brains know about the existence of the mind, but if epiphenomenalism were correct, then our brains should not have any knowledge about the mind, because the mind
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et al. (1979) have shown that it can take 0.5 seconds before a stimulus becomes part of conscious experience even though subjects can respond to the stimulus in reaction time tests within 200 milliseconds. The methods and conclusions of this experiment have received much criticism (e.g., see the many
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by testing reflex actions, originally supported by
Descartes. Huxley hypothesized that frogs that undergo lobotomy would swim when thrown into water, despite being unable to initiate actions. He argued that the ability to swim was solely dependent on the molecular change in the brain, concluding that
331:. That version of epiphenomenalism seems highly exotic, but it cannot be excluded from consideration by pure theory. However, Argonov suggests that experiments could refute epiphenomenalism. In particular, epiphenomenalism could be refuted if neural correlates of consciousness can be found in the
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between the physical and the phenomenal realms. These more recent versions maintain that only the subjective, qualitative aspects of mental states are epiphenomenal. Imagine both Pierre and a robot eating a cupcake. Unlike the robot, Pierre is conscious of eating the cupcake while the behavior is
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undermine epiphenomenalism for the same reason, that such experiments rely on a subject reporting the point in time at which a conscious experience and a conscious decision occurs, thus relying on the subject to be able to consciously perform an action. That ability would seem to be at odds with
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I am what is sometimes known as a "qualia freak". I think that there are certain features of bodily sensations especially, but also of certain perceptual experiences, which no amount of purely physical information includes. Tell me everything physical there is to tell about what is going on in a
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that fractured his left parietal bone. Every few weeks the soldier would enter a trance-like state, smoking, dressing himself, and aiming his cane like a rifle all while being insensitive to pins, electric shocks, odorous substances, vinegar, noise, and certain light conditions. Huxley used this
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assert that mental states are well described by their overall role, their activity in relation to the organism as a whole. "This doctrine is rooted in
Aristotle's conception of the soul, and has antecedents in Hobbes's conception of the mind as a 'calculating machine', but it has become fully
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A study by Aaron
Schurger and colleagues published in PNAS challenged assumptions about the causal nature of the readiness potential itself (and the "pre-movement buildup" of neural activity in general), thus denying the conclusions drawn from studies such as Libet's and Fried's.
438:, Daniel Dennett argues that a no-free-will conclusion is based on dubious assumptions about the location of consciousness, as well as questioning the accuracy and interpretation of Libet's results. Similar criticism of Libet-style research has been made by neuroscientist
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perspective. They point out that the view that mind is an epiphenomenon of brain activity is not consistent with evolutionary theory, because if mind were functionless, it would have disappeared long ago, as it would not have been favoured by evolution.
327:) could have been, in principle, implicitly "written" in the material world since its creation. Epiphenomenalists can say that God created an immaterial mind and a detailed "program" of material human behavior that makes it possible to speak about the
167:
study to show that consciousness was not necessary to execute these purposeful actions, justifying the assumption that humans are insensible machines. Huxley's mechanistic attitude towards the body convinced him that the brain alone causes behavior.
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all in their own way began this way of thinking. The idea that even if the animal were conscious nothing would be added to the production of behavior, even in animals of the human type, was first voiced by La
Mettrie (1745), and then by
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early epiphenomenalism, which according to Huxley is the broad claim that consciousness is "completely without any power… as the steam-whistle which accompanies the work of a locomotive engine is without influence upon its machinery".
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distinguishes between a purely metaphysical sense of epiphenomenalism, in which the epiphenomenon has no causal impact at all, and Huxley's "steam whistle" epiphenomenalism, in which effects exist but are not functionally relevant.
138:
Thomas Henry Huxley agreed with
Descartes that behavior is determined solely by physical mechanisms, but he also believed that humans enjoy an intelligent life. In 1874, Huxley argued, in the Presidential Address to the
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states that epiphenomenalism is a questionable, but experimentally falsifiable theory. He argues that the personal mind is not the only source of knowledge about the existence of mind in the world. A creature (even a
70:)—not the experience of fear—is what raises the heartbeat. Because mental events are a kind of overflow that cannot cause anything physical, yet have non-physical properties, epiphenomenalism is viewed as a form of
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or "readiness potential" in which electrical activity related to voluntary actions can be recorded up to two seconds before the subject is aware of making a decision to perform the action. More recently
147:. Huxley proposed that psychical changes are collateral products of physical changes. Like the bell of a clock that has no role in keeping the time, consciousness has no role in determining behavior.
1098:
Libet, Benjamin; Gleason, Curtis A.; Wright, Elwood W.; Pearl, Dennis K. (1983). "Time of
Conscious Intention to Act in Relation to Onset of Cerebral Activity (Readiness-Potential)".
432:'s results are quoted in favor of epiphenomenalism, but he believes subjects still have a "conscious veto", since the readiness potential does not invariably lead to an action. In
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argued that claims about conscious states should be deduced a priori from claims about physical states alone. They offered that epiphenomenalism bridges, but does not close, the
319:) could have knowledge about the mind and the mind-body problem by virtue of some innate knowledge. The information about the mind (and its problematic properties such as
242:" that is the inner accompaniment of many mental states. Thus, while Pierre and the robot are both doing the same thing, only Pierre has the inner conscious experience.
186:
began the attempt to uncover laws describing the relationship between stimuli and responses, without reference to inner mental phenomena. Instead of adopting a form of
217:
mind that does not act on the body. How the brain causes a spiritual mind, according to
Campbell, is destined to remain beyond our understanding forever. In 2001,
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suggests that false beliefs should be stripped away from a mental concept without eliminating the concept itself, the legitimate core meaning being left intact.
354:. A quale or conscious experience would not belong to the category of objects of reference on this account, but rather to the category of ways of doing things.
194:, positions that deny that inner mental phenomena exist, a behaviorist was able to adopt epiphenomenalism in order to allow for the existence of mind.
140:
206:, reject epiphenomenalism and insist upon the efficacy of the mind. Fodor even speaks of "epiphobia"—fear that one is becoming an epiphenomenalist.
311:
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Libet, Benjamin; Wright, E. W.; Feinstein, B.; Pearl, D. K. (1979). "Subjective
Referral of the Timing for a Conscious Sensory Experience".
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articulated (and popularly endorsed) only in the last third of the 20th century". In so far as it mediates stimulus and response, a mental
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42:, but do not themselves influence physical events. According to epiphenomenalism, the appearance that subjective mental states (such as
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Gallagher, S. 2006. "Where's the action?: Epiphenomenalism and the problem of free will". In W. Banks, S. Pockett, and S. Gallagher.
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Schlegel, Alexander; Alexander, Prescott; Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter; Roskies, Adina; Ulric Tse, Peter; Wheatley, Thalia (May 2015).
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Some philosophers, such as Daniel
Dennett, reject both epiphenomenalism and the existence of qualia with the same charge that
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consciousness is not necessary for reflex actions. According to epiphenomenalism, animals experience pain only as a result of
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However, since the cognitive revolution, there have been several who have argued for a version of epiphenomenalism. In 1970,
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living brain... you won't have told me about the hurtfulness of pains, the itchiness of itches, pangs of jealousy....
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Some neurophysiological data has been proffered in support of epiphenomenalism. Some of the oldest such data is the
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Libet, Benjamin (1985). "Unconscious
Cerebral Initiative and the Role of Conscious Will in Voluntary Action".
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seems to make the heart beat faster, but according to epiphenomenalism, the biochemical secretions of the
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1135:"Internally Generated Preactivation of Single Neurons in Human Medial Frontal Cortex Predicts Volition"
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is a practical requirement for developing the most complex programs, functionalism implies that a
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Georgiev, Danko D. (2020). "Inner privacy of conscious experiences and quantum information".
892:"Experimental Methods for Unraveling the Mind-body Problem: The Phenomenal Judgment Approach"
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In 1870, Huxley conducted a case study on a French soldier who had sustained a shot in the
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98:, or the performance of actions without conscious thought. Descartes questioned how the
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1049:"An accumulator model for spontaneous neural activity prior to self-initiated movement"
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998:"Timing and awareness of movement decisions: does consciousness really come too late?"
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Huxley, T. H. (1874). "On the Hypothesis that Animals are Automata, and its History",
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critical commentaries in Libet's (1985) target article), including fairly recently by
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Some thinkers draw distinctions between different varieties of epiphenomenalism. In
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767:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. pp. 37–38.
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in favor of a future neuroscientific account. A more moderate position such as
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Epiphenomenal Mind: An Integrated Outlook on Sensations, Beliefs, and Pleasure
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Does Consciousness Cause Behavior? An Investigation of the Nature of Intuition
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938:, 2002. The Illusion of Conscious Will. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
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Adrian G. Guggisberg and Annaïs Mottaz have also challenged those findings.
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that, ultimately, it will be better to eliminate primitive concepts such as
335:, and it is proven that human speech about consciousness is caused by them.
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proposed his "new epiphenomenalism", which states that the body produces a
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are completely dependent for their existence on corresponding physical and
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would offer a similar advantage over a strictly eliminative materialism.
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35:
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Schurger, Aaron; Sitt, Jacobo D.; Dehaene, Stanislas (16 October 2012).
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can be avoided, whether in terms of hardware and operating system or,
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do not accept this as a rigorous refutation. For example, philosopher
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2016:
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799:"Hypnotizing Libet: Readiness potentials with non-conscious volition"
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742:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 5.
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are subject to mechanical laws of nature. He defended the idea of
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model (1649) held that the body relates to the mind through the
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320:
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238:), and it describes the private "raw feel" or the subjective "
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1264:
Quantum Information and Consciousness: A Gentle Introduction
2051:
1979:
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under way. This subjective experience is often called a
1097:
248:(1982), for example, once espoused the following view:
1215:
The Self and Its Brain: An Argument for Interactionism
1133:
Fried, Itzhak; Mukamel, Roy; Kreiman, Gabriel (2011).
855:. Vol. 1 (Fall 2015 ed.). pp. 539–547.
1369:
The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory
1267:(1st ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 362.
1376:
The Lost Cause: Causation and the Mind-Body Problem
1132:
1046:
706:
141:British Association for the Advancement of Science
1213:Popper, Karl Raimund; Eccles, John Carew (1983).
910:
102:and the material body can interact causally. His
46:) influence physical events is an illusion, with
4261:
995:
1381:Jackson, Frank. (1982) "Epiphenomenal Qualia",
1053:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
695:(109–124). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
54:of physical states of the world. For instance,
680:Method and Results: Essays by Thomas H. Huxley
664:. London: Longmans, Green, Reader, & Dyer.
2179:
1505:
458:reject epiphenomenalism on the same grounds.
1305:
1254:
1212:
954:
202:. Participants in that revolution, such as
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2172:
1512:
1498:
1239:
1206:
967:. Bradford Books. MIT Press. p. 131.
713:. New York, New York: Copernicus. p.
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625:
623:
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1158:
1074:
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682:(New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1898)
449:Others have argued that data such as the
365:is analogous to a program that processes
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846:
589:
587:
585:
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923:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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853:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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638:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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1217:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
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606:from the original on 23 September 2013
442:and cognitive theorists Tim Bayne and
127:(1802), and was further explicated by
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2113:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
1493:
1430:
1181:
1126:
916:
704:
578:
631:
385:, biology and philosophy. Because a
297:
1091:
600:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
495:, dismiss epiphenomenalism from an
303:does not affect anything physical.
13:
1371:, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1361:
1250:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
996:Guggisberg, AG; Mottaz, A (2013).
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1481:, an article by Norman Bacrac in
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1463:, New York and London: Routledge.
1261:Georgiev, Danko D. (2017-12-06).
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4242:
4229:
1336:10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.104051
1248:The Evolution of Human Sexuality
906:from the original on 2016-10-20.
271:
1040:
989:
941:
929:
883:
840:
790:
678:, n.s.16:555–580. Reprinted in
170:In the early 1900s, scientific
2193:
781:
756:
731:
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685:
668:
651:
77:
1:
3926:
1970:Hard problem of consciousness
1433:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
636:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
325:hard problem of consciousness
4270:Dualism (philosophy of mind)
3715:Ordinary language philosophy
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896:Journal of Mind and Behavior
851:. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
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516:Dualism (philosophy of mind)
479:and philosophers, including
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3765:Contemporary utilitarianism
3680:Internalism and externalism
1383:The Philosophical Quarterly
806:Consciousness and Cognition
658:Hodgson, Shadworth (1870).
602:. University of Bielefeld.
546:Problem of mental causation
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1479:Epiphenomenalism Explained
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964:Consciousness Reconsidered
847:Robinson, William (2015).
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2251:Philosophy of mathematics
2241:Philosophy of information
2216:
2212:
2201:
2133:
2100:
1927:
1797:
1692:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1682:David Lewis (philosopher)
1527:
1459:Robinson, William (2019)
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740:Unsnarling the World-Knot
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947:Dennett, Daniel. (2003)
890:Argonov, Victor (2014).
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536:Nonreductive physicalism
397:Eliminative materialists
3720:Postanalytic philosophy
3661:Experimental philosophy
1820:Eliminative materialism
1416:10.1093/brain/102.1.193
1391:James, William. (1890)
1246:Symons, Donald (1979).
1182:James, William (1879).
1112:10.1093/brain/106.3.623
1066:10.1073/pnas.1210467109
961:Flanagan, O.J. (1992).
925:(Summer 2010 ed.).
763:Polger, Thomas (2004).
738:Griffin, David (1998).
260:Consciousness Explained
3853:Social constructionism
2865:Hellenistic philosophy
2281:Theoretical philosophy
2256:Philosophy of religion
2246:Philosophy of language
2072:Propositional attitude
2067:Problem of other minds
1975:Hypostatic abstraction
1200:10.1093/mind/os-4.13.1
787:Jackson, 1982, p. 127.
676:The Fortnightly Review
661:The Theory of Practice
451:Bereitschaftspotential
375:multiple realisability
278:Bereitschaftspotential
255:
4236:Philosophy portal
3755:Scientific skepticism
3735:Reformed epistemology
2261:Philosophy of science
2143:Philosophers category
2047:Mental representation
1810:Biological naturalism
1697:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
1672:Frank Cameron Jackson
1374:Green, Celia. (2003)
1273:10.1201/9780203732519
1223:10.4324/9780203537480
917:Levin, Janet (2010).
705:Scott, Alwyn (1995).
379:platform dependencies
350:", that they too are
250:
22:is a position in the
3656:Critical rationalism
3363:Edo neo-Confucianism
3207:Acintya bheda abheda
3186:Renaissance humanism
2897:School of the Sextii
2271:Practical philosophy
2266:Political philosophy
1825:Emergent materialism
709:Stairway to the Mind
348:ghost in the machine
317:philosophical zombie
200:cognitive revolution
3227:Nimbarka Sampradaya
3138:Korean Confucianism
2885:Academic Skepticism
2022:Language of thought
1772:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1602:Patricia Churchland
1059:(42): 16776–16777.
632:Robinson, William.
387:high-level language
164:Franco-Prussian war
143:, that animals are
133:Thomas Henry Huxley
3848:Post-structuralism
3750:Scientific realism
3705:Quinean naturalism
3685:Logical positivism
3641:Analytical Marxism
2860:Peripatetic school
2772:Chinese naturalism
2299:Aesthetic response
2226:Applied philosophy
1850:Neurophenomenology
1521:Philosophy of mind
1184:"Are we automata?"
1002:Front Hum Neurosci
849:"Epiphenomenalism"
634:"Epiphenomenalism"
596:"Epiphenomenalism"
541:Philosophy of mind
456:Mind–body dualists
342:leveled against a
145:conscious automata
96:automatic behavior
38:events within the
24:philosophy of mind
4257:
4256:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3636:Analytic feminism
3608:
3607:
3570:Kierkegaardianism
3532:Transcendentalism
3492:Neo-scholasticism
3338:Classical Realism
3315:
3314:
3087:
3086:
2902:Neopythagoreanism
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2276:Social philosophy
2161:
2160:
2057:Mind–body problem
1955:Cognitive closure
1919:Substance dualism
1537:G. E. M. Anscombe
974:978-0-262-56077-1
352:category mistakes
329:mind–body problem
298:Arguments against
28:mind–body problem
4287:
4246:
4245:
4234:
4233:
4232:
3949:
3948:
3940:
3939:
3923:
3922:
3813:Frankfurt School
3760:Transactionalism
3710:Normative ethics
3690:Legal positivism
3666:Falsificationism
3651:Consequentialism
3646:Communitarianism
3619:
3618:
3487:New Confucianism
3326:
3325:
3133:Neo-Confucianism
3098:
3097:
2907:Second Sophistic
2892:Middle Platonism
2735:
2734:
2676:
2675:
2665:
2664:
2508:Epiphenomenalism
2375:Consequentialism
2309:Institutionalism
2214:
2213:
2203:
2202:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2165:
2164:
1909:Representational
1904:Property dualism
1897:Type physicalism
1862:New mysterianism
1830:Epiphenomenalism
1652:Martin Heidegger
1514:
1507:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1456:
1427:
1356:
1355:
1329:
1309:
1303:
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1258:
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689:
683:
672:
666:
665:
655:
649:
648:
646:
644:
629:
616:
615:
613:
611:
591:
556:Specious present
551:Property dualism
531:George Santayana
511:Anomalous monism
377:would guarantee
373:. In principle,
196:George Santayana
150:Huxley defended
72:property dualism
20:Epiphenomenalism
4295:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4230:
4228:
4207:
4171:
4071:
4033:
3980:
3934:
3933:
3905:
3894:Russian cosmism
3867:
3863:Western Marxism
3828:New Historicism
3793:Critical theory
3779:
3775:Wittgensteinian
3671:Foundationalism
3604:
3541:
3522:Social contract
3378:Foundationalism
3311:
3293:
3277:Illuminationism
3262:Aristotelianism
3248:
3237:Vishishtadvaita
3190:
3142:
3083:
3050:
2921:
2850:Megarian school
2845:Eretrian school
2786:
2747:Agriculturalism
2724:
2670:
2651:
2598:
2570:
2527:
2479:
2436:
2420:Incompatibilism
2389:
2361:
2313:
2285:
2208:
2197:
2192:
2162:
2157:
2129:
2096:
2042:Mental property
1935:Abstract object
1923:
1793:
1747:Wilfrid Sellars
1622:Donald Davidson
1607:Paul Churchland
1567:George Berkeley
1523:
1518:
1470:
1364:
1362:Further reading
1359:
1310:
1306:
1283:
1259:
1255:
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1207:
1180:
1176:
1131:
1127:
1096:
1092:
1045:
1041:
994:
990:
975:
959:
955:
949:Freedom evolves
946:
942:
934:
930:
919:"Functionalism"
915:
911:
888:
884:
845:
841:
801:
795:
791:
786:
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761:
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750:
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703:
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673:
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656:
652:
642:
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630:
619:
609:
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592:
579:
575:
570:
506:
435:Freedom Evolves
401:folk psychology
371:automata theory
300:
288:neuroscientists
274:
240:what-it-is-like
227:explanatory gap
157:neurophysiology
100:immaterial mind
80:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4293:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4255:
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4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
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4039:Middle Eastern
4035:
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4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3988:
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3855:
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3845:
3840:
3835:
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3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3803:Existentialism
3800:
3798:Deconstruction
3795:
3789:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
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3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
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3677:
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3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3631:Applied ethics
3627:
3625:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3595:Nietzscheanism
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3537:Utilitarianism
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3435:Transcendental
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3373:Existentialism
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3313:
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3310:
3309:
3303:
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3295:
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3274:
3269:
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3258:
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3250:
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3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3161:Augustinianism
3158:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3074:Zoroastrianism
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
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3016:
3011:
3006:
2996:
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2994:
2989:
2979:
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2962:
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2922:
2920:
2919:
2917:Church Fathers
2914:
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2899:
2894:
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2515:
2510:
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2500:
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2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2432:Libertarianism
2429:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2399:
2397:
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2390:
2388:
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2284:
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2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2236:Metaphilosophy
2233:
2228:
2222:
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2210:
2209:
2199:
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2190:
2183:
2176:
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2140:
2134:
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2110:
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2102:
2098:
2097:
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2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2037:Mental process
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2007:Intentionality
2004:
2003:
2002:
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1987:
1982:
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1911:
1906:
1901:
1900:
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1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1857:Neutral monism
1854:
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1842:
1840:Interactionism
1837:
1832:
1827:
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1817:
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1795:
1794:
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1752:Baruch Spinoza
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1719:
1714:
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1699:
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1669:
1664:
1662:Edmund Husserl
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1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1632:René Descartes
1629:
1627:Daniel Dennett
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1597:David Chalmers
1594:
1589:
1584:
1582:Franz Brentano
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1562:Alexander Bain
1559:
1554:
1552:Thomas Aquinas
1549:
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1502:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1484:Philosophy Now
1476:
1469:
1468:External links
1466:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1439:(4): 529–566.
1428:
1410:(1): 191–221.
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489:John C. Eccles
430:Benjamin Libet
358:Functionalists
312:Victor Argonov
306:However, some
299:
296:
283:Benjamin Libet
273:
270:
265:Daniel Dennett
219:David Chalmers
211:Keith Campbell
180:John B. Watson
104:interactionist
88:René Descartes
79:
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64:nervous system
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4176:Miscellaneous
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3872:Miscellaneous
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3858:Structuralism
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3833:Phenomenology
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3700:Moral realism
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3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:Phenomenology
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:Individualism
3440:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3307:Judeo-Islamic
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3283:ʿIlm al-Kalām
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:Shuddhadvaita
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:Scholasticism
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2662:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:Conceptualism
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:Particularism
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Functionalism
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Eliminativism
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:Compatibilism
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:Particularism
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:Understanding
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:Introspection
2010:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:Consciousness
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1887:Phenomenology
1885:
1883:
1882:Phenomenalism
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1872:Occasionalism
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:Naïve realism
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1835:Functionalism
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:Stephen Yablo
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1732:Richard Rorty
1730:
1728:
1727:Hilary Putnam
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1702:Marvin Minsky
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1677:Immanuel Kant
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1667:William James
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:Henri Bergson
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:Strange Ideas
1472:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1282:9781138104488
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1232:9780203537480
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:(3): 548–62.
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:(3): 623–42.
1105:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
984:
980:
976:
970:
966:
965:
957:
950:
944:
937:
932:
924:
920:
913:
905:
901:
897:
893:
886:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
843:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:
793:
784:
776:
774:9780262661966
770:
766:
765:Natural Minds
759:
751:
749:9781556357558
745:
741:
734:
726:
724:9780387943817
720:
716:
711:
710:
701:
694:
688:
681:
677:
671:
663:
662:
654:
639:
635:
628:
626:
624:
622:
605:
601:
597:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
577:
567:
564:
562:
561:Supervenience
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
526:Frank Jackson
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
501:
498:
494:
493:Donald Symons
490:
486:
482:
481:William James
478:
473:
471:
466:
462:
459:
457:
452:
447:
445:
441:
440:Adina Roskies
437:
436:
431:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
309:
304:
295:
293:
289:
284:
279:
272:Arguments for
269:
266:
262:
261:
254:
249:
247:
246:Frank Jackson
243:
241:
237:
233:
228:
224:
223:Frank Jackson
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:eliminativism
185:
184:B. F. Skinner
181:
177:
173:
168:
165:
160:
158:
153:
148:
146:
142:
136:
134:
130:
126:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:consciousness
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:mental events
29:
25:
21:
4241:
4227:
3898:
3889:Postcritique
3879:Kyoto School
3838:Posthumanism
3818:Hermeneutics
3673: /
3614:Contemporary
3590:Newtonianism
3553:Cartesianism
3512:Reductionism
3348:Conservatism
3343:Collectivism
3281:
3009:Sarvāstivadā
2987:Anekantavada
2912:Neoplatonism
2880:Epicureanism
2813:Pythagoreans
2752:Confucianism
2718:Contemporary
2708:Early modern
2612:Anti-realism
2566:Universalism
2523:Subjectivism
2507:
2319:Epistemology
2123: /
2119: /
2115: /
2032:Mental image
2027:Mental event
1990:Intelligence
1940:Chinese room
1829:
1786:
1737:Gilbert Ryle
1717:Derek Parfit
1707:Thomas Nagel
1637:Fred Dretske
1557:J. L. Austin
1529:Philosophers
1482:
1460:
1436:
1432:
1407:
1403:
1392:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1241:
1214:
1208:
1194:(13): 1–22.
1191:
1187:
1177:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1005:
1001:
991:
963:
956:
948:
943:
931:
922:
912:
899:
895:
885:
852:
842:
809:
805:
792:
783:
764:
758:
739:
733:
708:
700:
692:
687:
679:
675:
670:
660:
653:
641:. Retrieved
637:
608:. Retrieved
599:
497:evolutionary
475:A number of
474:
467:
463:
460:
448:
433:
428:
424:error theory
423:
420:J. L. Mackie
415:
411:
408:
405:unscientific
395:
383:ex hypothesi
382:
367:input/output
356:
340:Gilbert Ryle
337:
308:philosophers
305:
301:
275:
258:
256:
251:
244:
231:
208:
192:fictionalism
172:behaviorists
169:
161:
149:
137:
108:pineal gland
90:argued that
84:17th century
81:
19:
18:
3884:Objectivism
3823:Neo-Marxism
3785:Continental
3695:Meta-ethics
3675:Coherentism
3580:Hegelianism
3517:Rationalism
3477:Natural law
3457:Materialism
3383:Historicism
3353:Determinism
3244:Navya-Nyāya
3019:Sautrāntika
3014:Pudgalavada
2950:Vaisheshika
2803:Presocratic
2703:Renaissance
2642:Physicalism
2627:Materialism
2533:Normativity
2518:Objectivism
2503:Emergentism
2493:Behaviorism
2442:Metaphysics
2408:Determinism
2347:Rationalism
2117:information
2108:Metaphysics
2082:Tabula rasa
1892:Physicalism
1877:Parallelism
1805:Behaviorism
1762:Michael Tye
1757:Alan Turing
1742:John Searle
1617:Dharmakirti
1592:Tyler Burge
1587:C. D. Broad
1397:Online text
1387:Online text
812:: 196–203.
521:Emergentism
485:Karl Popper
470:Celia Green
444:Alfred Mele
333:human brain
204:Jerry Fodor
176:Ivan Pavlov
131:(1870) and
82:During the
78:Development
36:biochemical
4264:Categories
4183:Amerindian
4090:Australian
4029:Vietnamese
4009:Indonesian
3558:Kantianism
3507:Positivism
3497:Pragmatism
3472:Naturalism
3452:Liberalism
3430:Subjective
3368:Empiricism
3272:Avicennism
3217:Bhedabheda
3101:East Asian
3024:Madhyamaka
3004:Abhidharma
2870:Pyrrhonism
2637:Nominalism
2632:Naturalism
2561:Skepticism
2551:Relativism
2541:Absolutism
2470:Naturalism
2380:Deontology
2352:Skepticism
2337:Naturalism
2327:Empiricism
2291:Aesthetics
2195:Philosophy
2153:Task Force
2121:perception
1995:Artificial
1945:Creativity
1867:Nondualism
1767:Vasubandhu
1687:John Locke
1657:David Hume
1612:Andy Clark
1327:2001.00909
1320:: 104051.
1314:BioSystems
1299:1390.81001
1291:1003273264
983:lc92010057
643:1 November
610:10 October
477:scientists
190:or mental
152:automatism
112:La Mettrie
68:adrenaline
52:by-product
44:intentions
40:human body
4275:Free will
4062:Pakistani
4024:Taiwanese
3971:Ethiopian
3944:By region
3930:By region
3745:Scientism
3740:Systemics
3600:Spinozism
3527:Socialism
3462:Modernism
3425:Objective
3333:Anarchism
3267:Averroism
3156:Christian
3108:Neotaoism
3079:Zurvanism
3069:Mithraism
3064:Mazdakism
2835:Cyrenaics
2762:Logicians
2395:Free will
2357:Solipsism
2304:Formalism
2017:Intuition
1950:Cognition
1914:Solipsism
1577:Ned Block
1547:Armstrong
1542:Aristotle
1352:204813557
936:Wegner D.
902:: 51–70.
877:239938469
399:believe "
344:Cartesian
292:Peter Tse
215:spiritual
66:(such as
4248:Category
4203:Yugoslav
4193:Romanian
4100:Scottish
4085:American
4014:Japanese
3994:Buddhist
3976:Africana
3966:Egyptian
3808:Feminist
3730:Rawlsian
3725:Quietism
3623:Analytic
3575:Krausism
3482:Nihilism
3447:Kokugaku
3410:Absolute
3405:Idealism
3393:Humanism
3181:Occamism
3148:European
3093:Medieval
3039:Yogacara
2999:Buddhist
2992:Syādvāda
2875:Stoicism
2840:Cynicism
2828:Sophists
2823:Atomists
2818:Eleatics
2757:Legalism
2698:Medieval
2622:Idealism
2576:Ontology
2556:Nihilism
2460:Idealism
2218:Branches
2207:Branches
2138:Category
1985:Identity
1928:Concepts
1798:Theories
1782:Zhuangzi
1712:Alva Noë
1344:31629783
1169:21315264
1085:22869750
1034:23966921
904:Archived
869:26271501
826:25612537
604:Archived
504:See also
403:" is so
363:function
323:and the
290:such as
234:(plural
174:such as
135:(1874).
50:being a
4198:Russian
4167:Spanish
4162:Slovene
4152:Maltese
4147:Italian
4127:Finland
4095:British
4077:Western
4067:Turkish
4052:Islamic
4047:Iranian
3999:Chinese
3986:Eastern
3953:African
3900:more...
3585:Marxism
3415:British
3358:Dualism
3254:Islamic
3212:Advaita
3202:Vedanta
3176:Scotism
3171:Thomism
3113:Tiantai
3056:Persian
3044:Tibetan
3034:Śūnyatā
2975:Cārvāka
2965:Ājīvika
2960:Mīmāṃsā
2940:Samkhya
2855:Academy
2808:Ionians
2782:Yangism
2739:Chinese
2730:Ancient
2693:Western
2688:Ancient
2647:Realism
2604:Reality
2594:Process
2475:Realism
2455:Dualism
2450:Atomism
2332:Fideism
2148:Project
2101:Related
1960:Concept
1815:Dualism
1788:more...
1647:Goldman
1453:6965339
1160:3052770
1120:6640273
1076:3479453
1025:3746176
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416:belief,
129:Hodgson
125:Cabanis
120:Spinoza
116:Leibniz
92:animals
26:on the
4280:Qualia
4157:Polish
4137:German
4132:French
4117:Danish
4107:Canada
4057:Jewish
4019:Korean
4004:Indian
3546:People
3467:Monism
3420:German
3388:Holism
3321:Modern
3299:Jewish
3222:Dvaita
3195:Indian
3118:Huayan
2970:Ajñana
2927:Indian
2792:Greco-
2777:Taoism
2767:Mohism
2713:Modern
2680:By era
2669:By era
2584:Action
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2385:Virtue
2367:Ethics
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236:qualia
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4188:Aztec
4142:Greek
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4112:Czech
3961:Bantu
3398:Anti-
2945:Nyaya
2935:Hindu
2795:Roman
2589:Event
2231:Logic
2000:Human
1722:Plato
1642:Fodor
1449:S2CID
1404:Brain
1348:S2CID
1322:arXiv
1100:Brain
873:S2CID
830:S2CID
802:(PDF)
573:Notes
409:mind,
232:quale
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3289:Sufi
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2485:Mind
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2413:Hard
2125:self
2062:Pain
2052:Mind
1980:Idea
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1340:PMID
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1277:ISBN
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