Thomas Henry Huxley

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Darwin's views on science were different from Huxley's views. For Darwin, natural selection was the best way to explain evolution because it explained a huge range of natural history facts and observations: it solved problems. Huxley, on the other hand, was an empiricist who trusted what he could see, and some things were not easily seen. With this in mind, one can appreciate the debate between them, Darwin writing his letters, Huxley never going quite so far as to say he thought Darwin was right.

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this concern about evidence, Huxley saw that if evolution came about through variation, reproduction and selection then other things would also be subject to the same pressures. This included ideas because they are invented, imitated and selected by humans: ‘The struggle for existence holds as much in the intellectual as in the physical world. A theory is a species of thinking, and its right to exist is coextensive with its power of resisting extinction by its rivals.’ This is the same idea as

1608:, the world has seen no such specimen of the insolence of a shallow pretender to a Master in Science as this remarkable production, in which one of the most exact of observers, most cautious of reasoners, and most candid of expositors, of this or any other age, is held up to scorn as a "flighty" person, who endeavours "to prop up his utterly rotten fabric of guess and speculation," and whose "mode of dealing with nature" is reprobated as "utterly dishonourable to Natural Science." 2501: 6399: 1076: 1026: 514: 1573:, running to 17,000 words. The authorship of this latter review was not known for sure until Wilberforce's son wrote his biography. So it can be said that, just as Darwin groomed Huxley, so Owen groomed Wilberforce; and both the proxies fought public battles on behalf of their principals as much as themselves. Though we do not know the exact words of the Oxford debate, we do know what Huxley thought of the review in the 7322: 2961: 2664: 982: 2283:

to support students attending church schools. Vigorous debates took place on such points, and the debates were minuted in detail. Huxley said "I will never be a party to enabling the State to sweep the children of this country into denominational schools". The Act of Parliament which founded board schools permitted the reading of the Bible but did not permit any denominational doctrine to be taught.

1207: 2672: 459: 2772:"Dearest Jess, You are a badly used young person—you are; and nothing short of that conviction would get a letter out of your still worse used Pater, the bête noir of whose existence is letter-writing. Catch me discussing the Afghan question with you, you little pepper-pot! No, not if I know it..." "There, you plague—ever your affec. Daddy, THH." (letter 7 December 1878, Huxley L 1900) 3072:, as well as the position that some human races were transitional (in 1867 Huxley said "there was no shade of justification for the assertion that any existing modification of mankind now known was to be considered as an intermediate form between man and the animals next below him in the scale of the fauna of the world"); a vehement opponent of the scientific racist 3048:"espouses a racial hierarchy of intelligence" that helped feed ideas around eugenics, which "falls far short of Imperial's modern values", and that his theories "might now be called 'racist' in as much as he used racial divisions and hierarchical categorisation in his attempt to understand their origins in his studies of human evolution". Imperial's provost 2187:, Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy and, later, Director of the Natural History Museum. It's a remarkable list of disciples, especially when contrasted with Owen who, in a longer professional life than Huxley, left no disciples at all. Darwin said "No one fact tells so strongly against Owen... as that he has never reared one pupil or follower". 1833:. Having reached this opinion, Owen separated man from all other mammals in a subclass of its own. No other biologist held such an extreme view. Darwin reacted "Man...as distinct from a chimpanzee an ape from a platypus... I cannot swallow that!" Neither could Huxley, who was able to demonstrate that Owen's idea was completely wrong. 1720:

could not be easily dismissed: on the contrary, they would be vigorously defended against orthodox authority. A fourth effect was to promote professionalism in science, with its implied need for scientific education. A fifth consequence was indirect: as Wilberforce had feared, a defence of evolution did undermine literal belief in the

2845:; brother George suffered from "extreme mental anxiety" and died in 1863 leaving serious debts. Brother James, a well-known psychiatrist and Superintendent of Kent County Asylum, was at 55 "as near mad as any sane man can be". His favourite daughter, the artistically talented Mady (Marian), who became the first wife of artist 738:. The young Wharton Jones, who acted as go-between, was exonerated of crime, but thought it best to leave Scotland. In 1845, under Wharton Jones' guidance, Huxley published his first scientific paper demonstrating the existence of a hitherto unrecognised layer in the inner sheath of hairs, a layer that has been known since as 2574:'s views on man and society is another example of his later work. The essay undermines Rousseau's ideas on man as a preliminary to undermining his ideas on the ownership of property. Characteristic is: "The doctrine that all men are, in any sense, or have been, at any time, free and equal, is an utterly baseless fiction." 1408: 1524:. Huxley's famous response to the idea of natural selection was "How extremely stupid not to have thought of that!" However, he never conclusively made up his mind about whether natural selection was the main method for evolution, though he did admit it was a hypothesis which was a good working basis. 2590:

is the senior investigative forum in the British constitution. A rough analysis shows that five commissions involved science and scientific education; three involved medicine and three involved fisheries. Several involve difficult ethical and legal issues. All deal with possible changes to law and/or

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In the early 1870s, the Royal School of Mines moved to new quarters in South Kensington; ultimately it would become one of the constituent parts of Imperial College London. The move gave Huxley the chance to give more prominence to laboratory work in biology teaching, an idea suggested by practice in

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also failed, despite its broader appeal which included art and literature as well as science. The periodical market was quite crowded at the time, but most probably the critical factor was Huxley's time; he was simply over-committed, and could not afford to hire full-time editors. This occurred often

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had made the best points), give similar accounts, at varying dates after the event. The general view was and still is that Huxley got much the better of the exchange, though Wilberforce himself thought he had done quite well. In the absence of a verbatim report, differing perceptions are difficult to

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theory of transmutation, on the basis that there was insufficient evidence to support it. All this scepticism was brought together in a lecture to the Royal Institution, which made Darwin anxious enough to set about an effort to change young Huxley's mind. It was the kind of thing Darwin did with his

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Marsh's and Huxley's conclusions were initially quite different. However, Marsh carefully showed Huxley his complete sequence of fossils. As Marsh put it, Huxley "then informed me that all this was new to him and that my facts demonstrated the evolution of the horse beyond question, and for the first

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to species more like the modern horse. By looking at their teeth he could see that, as the size grew larger and the toes reduced, the teeth changed from those of a browser to those of a grazer. All such changes could be explained by a general alteration in habitat from forest to grassland. And, it is

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in the Phanerozoic as low as 7%, and he did not estimate the number of new orders which evolved. Persistent types sat rather uncomfortably next to Darwin's more fluid ideas; despite his intelligence, it took Huxley a surprisingly long time to appreciate some of the implications of evolution. However,

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The thirty-one years during which Huxley occupied the chair of natural history at the Royal School of Mines included work on vertebrate palaeontology and on many projects to advance the place of science in British life. Huxley retired in 1885, after a bout of depressive illness which started in 1884.

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My dear Julian — I could never make sure about that Water Baby ... My friend who wrote the story of the Water Baby was a very kind man and very clever. Perhaps he thought I could see as much in the water as he did — There are some people who see a great deal, and some who see very little in the same

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Darwin's ideas and Huxley's controversies gave rise to many cartoons and satires. It was the debate about man's place in nature that roused such widespread comment: cartoons are so numerous as to be almost impossible to count; Darwin's head on a monkey's body is one of the visual clichés of the age.

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Huxley's interest in education went still further than school and university classrooms; he made a great effort to reach interested adults of all kinds: after all, he himself was largely self-educated. There were his lecture courses for working men, many of which were published afterwards, and there

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of the Bible, shorn of "shortcomings and errors... statements to which men of science absolutely and entirely demur... These tender children not be taught that which you do not yourselves believe". The Board voted against his idea, but it also voted against the idea that public money should be used

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in its first elections. In primary schooling, he advocated a wide range of disciplines, similar to what is taught today: reading, writing, arithmetic, art, science, music, etc. In secondary education he recommended two years of basic liberal studies followed by two years of some upper-division work,

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said "Darwin's later works all dealt with living organisms, yet our obsession was with the dead, with bodies preserved, and cut into the most refined slices". E.W MacBride said "Huxley... would persist in looking at animals as material structures and not as living, active beings; in a word... he was

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The extended argument on the ape brain, partly in debate and partly in print, backed by dissections and demonstrations, was a landmark in Huxley's career. It was highly important in asserting his dominance of comparative anatomy, and in the long run more influential in establishing evolution amongst

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The horse series also strongly suggested that the process was gradual, and that the origin of the modern horse lay in North America, not in Eurasia. If so, then something must have happened to horses in North America, since none were there when Europeans arrived. The experience with Marsh was enough

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Despite his many achievements, he was given no award by the British state until late in life. In this, he did better than Darwin, who got no award of any kind from the state. (Darwin's proposed knighthood was vetoed by ecclesiastical advisers, including Wilberforce.) Perhaps Huxley had commented too

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Following a lecture at the Royal Institution on 30 April 1852 Huxley indicated that it remained difficult to earn a living as a scientist alone. This was demonstrated in a letter written on 3 May 1852, where he states "Science in England does everything—but PAY. You may earn praise but not pudding".

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About Huxley himself, we have a more complete record. As a young apprentice to a medical practitioner, aged thirteen or fourteen, Huxley was taken to watch a post-mortem dissection. Afterwards, he sank into a "deep lethargy" and, though Huxley ascribed this to dissection poisoning, Bibby and others

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When Huxley himself was young there were virtually no degrees in British universities in the biological sciences and few courses. Most biologists of his day either were self-taught or took medical degrees. When he retired there were established chairs in biological disciplines in most universities,

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Huxley's reservations on natural selection were of the type "until selection and breeding can be seen to give rise to varieties which are infertile with each other, natural selection cannot be proved". Huxley's position on selection was agnostic; yet he gave no credence to any other theory. Despite

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From 1860 to 1863 Huxley developed his ideas, presenting them in lectures to working men, students and the general public, followed by publication. Also in 1862 a series of talks to working men was printed lecture by lecture as pamphlets, later bound up as a little green book; the first copies went

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One effect of the debate was to hugely increase Huxley's visibility amongst educated people, through the accounts in newspapers and periodicals. Another consequence was to alert him to the importance of public debate: a lesson he never forgot. A third effect was to serve notice that Darwinian ideas

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who wrote "the most complete demonstration of the specific diversity of the types of mankind will nowise constrain science to spread her ægis over their atrocities" and "the North is justified in any expenditure of blood or of money, which shall eradicate a system hopelessly inconsistent with the

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Huxley's method of argumentation (his strategy and tactics of persuasion in speech and print) is itself much studied. His career included controversial debates with scientists, clerics and politicians; persuasive discussions with Royal Commissions and other public bodies; lectures and articles for

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in plant cells, which is indeed a sensational sight. For these audiences, Huxley's claim that this activity should not be explained by words such as vitality, but by the working of its constituent chemicals, was surprising and shocking. Today we would perhaps emphasise the extraordinary structural

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Huxley supported the reading of the Bible in schools. This may seem out of step with his agnostic convictions, but he believed that the Bible's significant moral teachings and superb use of language were relevant to English life. "I do not advocate burning your ship to get rid of the cockroaches".

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Huxley's relationships with his relatives and children were genial by the standards of the day—so long as they lived their lives in an honourable manner, which some did not. After his mother, his eldest sister Lizzie was the most important person in his life until his own marriage. He remained on

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Agnosticism, in fact, is not a creed, but a method, the essence of which lies in the rigorous application of a single principle... the fundamental axiom of modern science... In matters of the intellect, follow your reason as far as it will take you, without regard to any other consideration... In

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The technique of printing his more popular lectures in periodicals which were sold to the general public was extremely effective. A good example was "The Physical Basis of Life", a lecture given in Edinburgh on 8 November 1868. Its theme—that vital action is nothing more than "the result of the

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Huxley was comfortable with comparative anatomy, at which he was the greatest master of the day. He was not an all-round naturalist like Darwin, who had shown clearly enough how to weave together detailed factual information and subtle arguments across the vast web of life. Huxley chose, in his

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remained at the core of most biological education for a hundred years until the advent of cell and molecular biology and interest in evolutionary ecology forced a fundamental rethink. It is an interesting fact that the methods of the field naturalists who led the way in developing the theory of

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Though he had many admirers and disciples, his retirement and later death left British zoology somewhat bereft of leadership. He had, directly or indirectly, guided the careers and appointments of the next generation. Huxley thought he was "the only man who can carry out my work": The deaths of

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Policeman X — Huxley, your Worship, I take to be a young hand, but very vicious; but Owen I have seen before. He got into trouble with an old bone man, called Mantell, who never could be off complaining as Owen prigged his bones. People did say that the old man never got over it, and Owen

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suggests that " had to be simple, synthetic and assimilable it was to train teachers and had no other heuristic function". That must be part of the reason; indeed it does help to explain the stultifying nature of much school biology. But zoology as taught at all levels became far too much the

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of the untruth of the three assertions, that the posterior lobe of the cerebrum, the posterior cornu of the lateral ventricle, and the hippocampus minor, are peculiar to man and do not exist in the apes. I shall be obliged if you will read this letter to the Section" Yours faithfully, Thos. H.

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Huxley was certainly not slavish in his dealings with Darwin. As shown in every biography, they had quite different and rather complementary characters. Important also, Darwin was a field naturalist, but Huxley was an anatomist, so there was a difference in their experience of nature. Lastly,

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Since Darwin, Wallace and Bates did not hold teaching posts at any stage of their adult careers (and Műller never returned from Brazil) the imbalance in Huxley's program went uncorrected. It is surely strange that Huxley's courses did not contain an account of the evidence collected by those

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article (written but not yet published), then ventured onto slippery ground. His famous jibe at Huxley (as to whether Huxley was descended from an ape on his mother's side or his father's side) was probably unplanned, and certainly unwise. Huxley's reply to the effect that he would rather be

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Collected essays. 9 vols. Vol 1: Methods and results; vol 2: Darwiniana; vol 3: Science and education; vol 4: Science and Hebrew tradition; vol 5: Science and Christian tradition; vol 6 :Hume, with helps to the study of Berkeley; vol 7:Man's place in nature; vol 8: Discourses biological and

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you call for is both impossible in practical terms, and in any event unnecessary. It's the same as asking to see every step in the transformation (or the splitting) of one species into another. My way so many issues are clarified and problems solved; no other theory does nearly so well".

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in 1848. Huxley had further periods of depression at the end of 1871, and again in 1873. Finally, in 1884 he sank into another depression, and this time it precipitated his decision to retire in 1885, at the age of 60. This is enough to indicate the way depression (or perhaps a moderate

1892:"My dear Rolleston... The obstinate reiteration of erroneous assertions can only be nullified by as persistent an appeal to facts; and I greatly regret that my engagements do not permit me to be present at the British Association in order to assist personally at what, I believe, will be 1625:

Since his death, Huxley has become known as "Darwin's Bulldog", taken to refer to his pluck and courage in debate, and to his perceived role in protecting the older man. The sobriquet appears to be Huxley's own invention, although of unknown date, and it was not current in his lifetime.

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The tendency has been for this fine anatomical work to be overshadowed by his energetic and controversial activity in favour of evolution, and by his extensive public work on scientific education, both of which had significant effects on society in Britain and elsewhere. Huxley's 1893

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The subject was raised at the 1860 BA Oxford meeting, when Huxley flatly contradicted Owen, and promised a later demonstration of the facts. In fact, a number of demonstrations were held in London and the provinces. In 1862 at the Cambridge meeting of the B.A. Huxley's friend

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The typical day would start with Huxley lecturing at 9 am, followed by a program of laboratory work supervised by his demonstrators. Huxley's demonstrators were picked men—all became leaders of biology in Britain in later life, spreading Huxley's ideas as well as their own.

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While the second half of Darwin's life was lived mainly within his family, the younger and combative Huxley operated mainly out in the world at large. A letter from Huxley to Ernst Haeckel (2 November 1871) states: "The dogs have been snapping at heels too much of late."

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Apart from his interest in persuading the world that man was a primate and had descended from the same stock as the apes, Huxley did little work on mammals, with one exception. On his tour of America Huxley was shown the remarkable series of fossil horses, discovered by

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was devoted. Its publication in 1859 completely convinced Huxley of evolution and it was this and no doubt his admiration of Darwin's way of amassing and using evidence that formed the basis of his support for Darwin in the debates that followed the book's publication.

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They would dine early on first Thursdays at a hotel, planning what to do; high on the agenda was to change the way the Royal Society Council did business. It was no coincidence that the Council met later that same evening. The first item for the Xs was to get the

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The value of Huxley's work was recognised and, on returning to England in 1850, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In the following year, at the age of twenty-six, he not only received the Royal Society Medal but was also elected to the Council. He met

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The first half of Huxley's career as a palaeontologist is marked by a rather strange predilection for 'persistent types', in which he seemed to argue that evolutionary advancement (in the sense of major new groups of animals and plants) was rare or absent in the

2435:. At sixpence for a course and a penny for a lecture by Huxley, this was some bargain; and so was the free library organised by the college, an idea which was widely copied. Huxley thought, and said, that the men who attended were as good as any country squire. 1981:, composed of like-minded people working to advance the cause of science; not surprisingly, the club consisted of most of his closest friends. There were nine members, who decided at their first meeting that there should be no more. The members were: Huxley, 2198:

Huxley's courses for students were so much narrower than the man himself that many were bewildered by the contrast: "The teaching of zoology by use of selected animal types has come in for much criticism"; Looking back in 1914 to his time as a student, Sir

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Huxley's reservation, as Helena Cronin has so aptly remarked, was contagious: "it spread itself for years among all kinds of doubters of Darwinism". One reason for this doubt was that comparative anatomy could address the question of descent,

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Livingstone, David. "Myth 17. That Huxley Defeated Wilberforce in Their Debate over Evolution and Religion," in Numbers, Ronald L., ed. Galileo goes to jail and other myths about science and religion. No. 74. Harvard University Press, 2009,

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time indicated the direct line of descent of an existing animal. With the generosity of true greatness, he gave up his own opinions in the face of new truth, and took my conclusions as the basis of his famous New York lecture on the horse."

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left England on 3 December 1846 and, once it arrived in the southern hemisphere, Huxley devoted his time to the study of marine invertebrates. He began to send details of his discoveries back to England, where publication was arranged by

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became Jodrell Professor of Zoology at University College London (1875–91), Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Oxford (1891–98) and Director of the Natural History Museum (1898–1907); S.H. Vines became Professor of Botany at Cambridge;

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German universities. In the main, the method was based on the use of carefully chosen types, and depended on the dissection of anatomy, supplemented by microscopy, museum specimens and some elementary physiology at the hands of Foster.

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That Huxley and Wilberforce remained on courteous terms after the debate (and able to work together on projects such as the Metropolitan Board of Education) says something about both men, whereas Huxley and Owen were never reconciled.

1231:: they could wear the insignia but not use the title in Britain. Huxley collected many honorary memberships of foreign societies, academic awards and honorary doctorates from Britain and Germany. He also became a foreign member of the 1917:

into nine categories, along with placing them under four general categorisations as Australoid, Negroid, Xanthochroic and Mongoloid. Such classifications depended mainly on physical appearance and certain anatomical characteristics.

2028:. Tyndall was a particularly close friend; for many years they met regularly and discussed issues of the day. On more than one occasion Huxley joined Tyndall in the latter's trips into the Alps and helped with his investigations in 1859:

Owen conceded that there was something that could be called a hippocampus minor in the apes, but stated that it was much less developed and that such a presence did not detract from the overall distinction of simple brain size.

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of human values and ethics are not inherited: they are partly determined by human culture, and partly chosen on an individual basis. Morality and duty are often at war with natural instincts; ethics cannot be derived from the

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The problems continued sporadically into the third generation. Two of Leonard's sons suffered serious depression: Trevennen committed suicide in 1914 and Julian suffered a breakdown in 1913, and five more later in life.

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worritted him to death; but I don't think it was so bad as that. Hears as Owen takes the chair at a crib in Bloomsbury. I don't think it will be a harmonic meeting altogether. And Huxley hangs out in Jermyn Street.

857:. He compared this feature to the serous and mucous structures of embryos of higher animals. When at last he got a grant from the Royal Society for the printing of plates, Huxley was able to summarise this work in 2416:. Germany was still ahead in formal science education, but interested people in Victorian Britain could use their initiative and find out what was going on by reading periodicals and using the lending libraries. 2086:

bolstered by the support of Lubbock, Rolleston, Busk and Carpenter (X-clubbers and satellites). The journal was switched to pro-Darwinian lines and relaunched in January 1861. After a stream of good articles the

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judge fairly; Huxley wrote a detailed account for Darwin, a letter which does not survive; however, a letter to his friend Frederick Daniel Dyster does survive with an account just three months after the event.

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were worth the trip by themselves, but the horse fossils were really special. After a week with Marsh and his fossils, Huxley wrote excitedly, "The collection of fossils is the most wonderful thing I ever saw."

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Huxley's low set included Hooker "in the green and vegetable line" and "Charlie Darwin, the pigeon-fancier"; Owen's "crib in Bloomsbury" was the British Museum, of which Natural History was but one department.

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gave a public dissection to show that the same structures (the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle and hippocampus minor) were indeed present in apes. The debate was widely publicised, and parodied as the

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in succession. Spencer resigned in 1889 after a dispute with Huxley over state support for science. After 1892 it was just an excuse for the surviving members to meet. Hooker died in 1911, and Lubbock (now

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meeting, on Saturday 30 June 1860 at the Oxford University Museum. Huxley's presence there had been encouraged on the previous evening when he met Robert Chambers, the Scottish publisher and author of

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from 1877 to 1879. He was the leading person amongst those who reformed the Royal Society, persuaded government about science, and established scientific education in British schools and universities.

6832: 10580: 885:, who remained his lifelong friends. The Admiralty retained him as a nominal assistant-surgeon, so he might work on the specimens he collected and the observations he made during the voyage of the 978:

He resigned the presidency of the Royal Society in mid-term, the Inspectorship of Fisheries, and his chair (as soon as he decently could) and took six months' leave. His pension was £1200 a year.

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He was apprenticed for short periods to several medical practitioners: at 13 to his brother-in-law John Cooke in Coventry, who passed him on to Thomas Chandler, notable for his experiments using

2232:) were scarcely represented at all in Huxley's program. Ecological investigation of life in its environment was virtually non-existent, and theory, evolutionary or otherwise, was at a discount. 1004:, where he had purchased land in the Staveley Road upon which a house was built, 'Hodeslea', under the supervision of his son-in-law F. Waller. Here Huxley edited the nine volumes of his 10665: 5778: 1342:) have paired appendages whose internal skeleton is attached to the shoulder or pelvis by a single bone, the humerus or femur. His interest in these fish brought him close to the origin of 2290:

said "It can hardly be doubted that has helped to undermine traditional beliefs and value systems"—and Huxley more than anyone else was responsible for this trend in Britain. Some modern

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include one to his brother giving an eyewitness account of the debate, and written less than a month afterwards. Other eyewitnesses, with one or two exceptions (Hooker especially thought

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often on his dislike of honours, or perhaps his many assaults on the traditional beliefs of organised religion made enemies in the establishment – he had vigorous debates in print with

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for February 1869. John Morley, the editor, said "No article that had appeared in any periodical for a generation had caused such a sensation". The issue was reprinted seven times and

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shows his distinctive approach: Whereas pre-Darwinian naturalists collected, identified, and classified, Huxley worked mainly to reveal the evolutionary relationships between groups.

5715: 10128: 2543:: "Of moral purpose I see not a trace in nature. That is an article of exclusively human manufacture." It is therefore an individual's responsibility to make ethical choices (see 2183:; and William Rutherford became the Professor of Physiology at Edinburgh. William Flower, Conservator to the Hunterian Museum, and THH's assistant in many dissections, became Sir 1825:, he wrote: "In the distant future... light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history". Not so distant, as it turned out. A key event had already occurred in 1857 when 10635: 10233: 1381:. An Easterner, Marsh was America's first professor of palaeontology, but also one who had come west into hostile Indian territory in search of fossils, hunted buffalo, and met 8665: 4339:. 2 vols, Murray, London. I, 156-7 Darwin to Huxley: "It is of enormous importance the showing the world that a few first-rate men are not afraid of expressing their opinion." 2841:

Biographers have sometimes noted the occurrence of mental illness in the Huxley family. His father became "sunk in worse than childish imbecility of mind", and later died in

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that, because Huxley "might now be called racist", it should remove a bust of him and rename its Huxley Building. The group of 21 academics had been launched in the wake of

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in London later that year. The piece reconstructs the geological history of Britain from a simple piece of chalk and demonstrates science as "organized common sense".

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descended from an ape than a man who misused his great talents to suppress debate—the exact wording is not certain—was widely recounted in pamphlets and a spoof play.

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the general public, and a mass of detailed letter-writing to friends and other correspondents. A large number of textbooks have excerpted his prose for anthologies.

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the next year (1852), a year before Charles Darwin got the same award. He was the youngest biologist to receive such recognition. Then later in life he received the

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Huxley, Thomas Henry (2007), "Preliminary essay upon the systematic arrangement of the fishes of the Devonian epoch", in Foster, Michael; Lankester, E. Ray (eds.),

4183: 1516:). The first publication by Darwin of his ideas came when Wallace sent Darwin his famous paper on natural selection, which was presented by Lyell and Hooker to the 9262: 6335:

Huxley, Thomas Henry (1855), "On certain zoological arguments commonly adduced in favour of the hypothesis of the progressive development of animal life in time",

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naturalists of life in the tropics; evidence which they had found so convincing, and which caused their views on evolution by natural selection to be so similar.

847:. The connection he made was that all the members of the class consisted of two cell layers, enclosing a central cavity or stomach. This is characteristic of the 10680: 3164: 2388:

was the use he made of journalism, partly to earn money but mostly to reach out to the literate public. For most of his adult life, he wrote for periodicals—the

1760:, a man widely disliked for his behaviour whilst also being admired for his capability. The struggle was to culminate in some severe defeats for Owen. Huxley's 441:, "Evolution and Ethics", is exceedingly influential in China; the Chinese translation of Huxley's lecture even transformed the Chinese translation of Darwin's 10096: 3773: 2768:

good terms with his children, more than can be said of many Victorian fathers. This excerpt from a letter to Jessie, his eldest daughter is full of affection:

1505:

closest scientific friends, but he must have had some particular intuition about Huxley, who was by all accounts a most impressive person even as a young man.

618:. He was the second youngest of eight children of George Huxley and Rachel Withers. His parents were members of the Church of England, but he sympathized with 6816: 3487:

The cut-price anatomy schools and Robert Knox are well treated in Desmond's account of materialist medical dissidents of the 1820s and 30s: Desmond A. 1989.

630:

until it closed, putting the family into financial difficulties. As a result, Thomas left school at the age of 10, after only two years of formal schooling.

2336:). Much of Huxley's agnosticism is influenced by Kantian views on human perception and the ability to rely on rational evidence rather than belief systems. 2286:

It may be right to see Huxley's life and work as contributing to the secularisation of British society which gradually occurred over the following century.

2236:

finds no mention of evolution or Darwinism in any of the exams set by Huxley, and confirms the lecture content based on two complete sets of lecture notes.

3025:

When you grow up I dare say you will be one of the great-deal seers, and see things more wonderful than the Water Babies where other folks can see nothing.

938:

However, Huxley effectively resigned from the navy by refusing to return to active service, and in July 1854 he became professor of natural history at the

3015:

Dear Grandpater — Have you seen a Waterbaby? Did you put it in a bottle? Did it wonder if it could get out? Could I see it some day? — Your loving Julian.

10226: 967: 10300: 8069: 2136:, which ran from 1869 to 1880. It was formed around a nucleus of clergy and expanded to include all kinds of opinions. Tyndall and Huxley later joined 1829:

presented (to the Linnean Society) his theory that man was marked off from all other mammals by possessing features of the brain peculiar to the genus

955: 361:

and in his own career, although some historians think that the surviving story of the debate is a later fabrication. Huxley had been planning to leave

10625: 10520: 5051:

Huxley, T. H. (Feb, 1889). II. Agnosticism. In Christianity and Agnosticism: A controversy. New York, NY: The Humboldt Publishing Co. Retrieved from

2347:, describing its doctrines as 'popular illusions', and the teachings they replaced 'faulty as they are, appear to me to be vastly nearer the truth'. 314: 5770: 780:. He had references on character and certificates showing the time spent on his apprenticeship and on requirements such as dissection and pharmacy. 1728:. Many of the liberal clergy at the meeting were quite pleased with the outcome of the debate; they were supporters, perhaps, of the controversial 1310:

gradually Huxley moved away from this conservative style of thinking as his understanding of palaeontology, and the discipline itself, developed.

1305:

Much paper has been consumed by historians of science ruminating on this strange and somewhat unclear idea. Huxley was wrong to pitch the loss of

711:), a cut-price anatomy school. All this time Huxley continued his programme of reading, which more than made up for his lack of formal schooling. 707:

poor. Afterward, another brother-in-law took him on: John Salt, his eldest sister's husband. Now aged 16, Huxley entered Sydenham College (behind

10650: 10535: 3259:'Huxley in perspective', 235–261, an outstanding summary of Huxley in his social & historical context, scarcely mentions his zoological work. 3044:

protests in 2020 to address Imperial's "links to the British Empire" and build a "fully inclusive organisation". It reported that Huxley's paper

2179:

became Hooker's successor at Kew (he was already Hooker's son-in-law!); T. Jeffery Parker became Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at

10695: 10585: 10219: 6765: 6626: 6449: 6199: 5911: 4663: 3769: 2974: 1232: 10530: 10510: 10335: 10040: 7613: 1652:, who was walking the streets of Oxford in a dispirited state, and begged for assistance. The debate followed the presentation of a paper by 1195:

in 1890. There were many other elections and appointments to eminent scientific bodies; these and his many academic awards are listed in the

5706: 3415: 1909:

discovery of a fossil man, and it was immediately clear to him that the brain case was surprisingly large. Huxley also started to dabble in

10540: 10340: 10305: 9255: 8722: 8319: 1591: 1501: 2298:, though he himself maintained that he was an agnostic, not an atheist. He was, however, a lifelong and determined opponent of almost all 10655: 10640: 10390: 5818: 4929:

Said of those who wished to abolish all religious teaching, when really all they wanted was to free education from the Church. THH 1873.

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The study of fossil reptiles led to his demonstrating the fundamental affinity of birds and reptiles, which he united under the title of

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156). A later version was " sheer Popery with M. Comte in the chair of St Peter, and with the names of the saints changed". (lecture on

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moral elevation, the political freedom, or the economical progress of the American people"; a major opponent of the racist position of

2515:, which deals with the question of whether biology has anything particular to say about moral philosophy. Both Huxley and his grandson 1617:

to a twelvemonth, or thereabouts, from the time of its publication, I do not recollect anything quite so foolish and unmannerly as the

3652: 3389: 3346: 10525: 10056: 8311: 8097: 5747: 4449: 1813:

until 1871, the general debate on this topic had started years before (there was even a precursor debate in the 18th century between

3052:

responded that Imperial would "confront, not cover up, uncomfortable or awkward aspects of our past" and this was "very much not a '

1881:

biologists than was the debate with Wilberforce. It also marked the start of Owen's decline in the esteem of his fellow biologists.

1687:

Wilberforce had a track record against evolution as far back as the previous Oxford B.A. meeting in 1847 when he attacked Chambers'

1490:

Huxley was originally not persuaded by "development theory", as evolution was once called. This can be seen in his savage review of

997:. The house was extended in the early 1870s to include a large drawing and dining room at which he held informal Sunday gatherings. 784:, the Physician General of the Navy, interviewed him and arranged for the College of Surgeons to test his competence (by means of a 10685: 10560: 10515: 10280: 9486: 8672: 8343: 7606: 2986:

1862–1863, published in book form, with additions, in 1863). Kingsley had been among first to give a favourable review to Darwin's

1673: 5409: 4504:

Brantlinger, Patrick. Dark vanishings: discourse on the extinction of primitive races, 1800–1930. Cornell University Press, 2003.

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arrangement of those chemicals as the key to understanding what cells do, but little of that was known in the nineteenth century.

1527:

Logically speaking, the prior question was whether evolution had taken place at all. It is to this question that much of Darwin's

1136:

From 1870 onwards, Huxley was to some extent drawn away from scientific research by the claims of public duty. He served on eight

626:, Huxley was brought up in a literate middle-class family which had fallen on hard times. His father was a mathematics teacher at 578: 10690: 10295: 9513: 9248: 8434: 8220: 8078: 8026: 5084: 4314:

Alfred Newton's letter to his brother. Many of Lucas's points are treated adversely in Jensen 1991, for example, note 77, p. 209.

3610: 3169: 2121: 1756:

For nearly a decade his work was directed mainly to the relationship of man to the apes. This led him directly into a clash with

1478: 318: 45: 5692: 2869:) interfered with his life, yet unlike some of the other family members, he was able to function extremely well at other times. 2508:

During his life, and especially in the last ten years after retirement, Huxley wrote on many issues relating to the humanities.

1856:. It was seen as one of Owen's greatest blunders, revealing Huxley as not only dangerous in debate but also a better anatomist. 550: 10413: 9648: 9475: 8105: 8062: 2742:

Rachel Huxley (1862–1934) married civil engineer Alfred Eckersley in 1884; he died in 1895. They were parents of the physicist

1818: 5987:"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection" 5957: 2249:

teaching (and to some extent in his research) to take a more straightforward course, concentrating on his personal strengths.

841:. Huxley united the Hydroid and Sertularian polyps with the Medusae to form a class to which he subsequently gave the name of 10630: 10330: 8335: 6602: 6172: 5607: 5466: 5440: 4488: 4401: 3367:

Bibby, amongst others, queried this account, which owes its origin to Leonard Huxley's biography (1900). Bibby, Cyril. 1959.

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and a broad consensus on the curricula to be followed. Huxley was the single most influential person in this transformation.

1734:. Thus, both on the side of science and on that of religion, the debate was important and its outcome significant. (see also 1467: 5022: 4908: 4352:. 2 vols, Murray, London. II, 204 Leonard Huxley: "The importance... lay in the open resistance that was made to authority". 3320: 10290: 10242: 8169: 8153: 7340: 7328: 6008: 2640: 2190: 1443: 951: 773: 557: 531: 234: 55: 20: 7350: 5117: 3412:"The Project Gutenberg eBook of Thomas Henry Huxley - A Sketch of His Life and Work by P. Chalmers Mitchell, M.A. (Oxon.)" 477: 469: 10355: 10345: 10200: 9491: 8857: 6891:

Evolution and Ethics: T. H. Huxley's 'Evolution and Ethics', with New Essays on Its Victorian and Sociobiological Context

5314:

Evolution and Ethics: T. H. Huxley's 'Evolution and Ethics', with new essays on its Victorian and sociobiological context

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Huxley was therefore one of the small group who knew about Darwin's ideas before they were published (the group included

1033:

He died of a heart attack (after contracting influenza and pneumonia) in 1895 in Eastbourne, and was buried in London at

776:

for a licence to practise, yet he was "deep in debt". So, at a friend's suggestion, he applied for an appointment in the

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The next episode we know of in Huxley's life when he suffered a debilitating depression was on the third voyage of HMS

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On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life

2427:. The moving spirit was a portmanteau worker, Wm. Rossiter, who did most of the work; the funds were put up mainly by 830:

FRS (who had also been a pupil of Knox). Both before and after the voyage Forbes was something of a mentor to Huxley.

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which displays it"—shocked the audience, though that was nothing compared to the uproar when it was published in the

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Huxley was also a major influence in the direction taken by British schools: in November 1870, he was elected to the

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in his life: Huxley took on too many ventures, and was not as astute as Darwin at getting others to do work for him.

1454:

for Huxley to give credence to Darwin's gradualism, and to introduce the story of the horse into his lecture series.

1378: 650: 597: 564: 495: 3765: 2478:, Huxley corrected him: "Comte's philosophy Catholicism minus Christianity" (Huxley 1893 vol 1 of Collected Essays 1863:

Huxley's ideas on this topic were summed up in January 1861 in the first issue (new series) of his own journal, the

1450:

has many other members, and the overall appearance of the tree of descent is more like a bush than a straight line.

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pp. 338–339, 359, 379–383, 406. "During the summer of 1857, he carefully experimented with coloured liquids on the

1699:—Owen stayed with him the night before the debate. On the day, Wilberforce repeated some of the arguments from his 398:" in 1869 and elaborated on it in 1889 to frame the nature of claims in terms of what is knowable and what is not. 193: 5052: 4553:

chapter 18 gives detailed quotations from Huxley and discussion—Darwin's letters to Huxley being not yet published

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matters of the intellect, do not pretend that conclusions are certain which are not demonstrated or demonstrable.

10555: 8605: 8161: 1990: 1669: 1586: 1054: 7563: 6977: 5814: 5771:"Creationists and advocates of social justice unite to take down T.H. Huxley, a leader in educational inclusion" 2992:, having "long since ... learnt to disbelieve the dogma of the permanence of species", and the story includes a 546: 10260: 10255: 10064: 9928: 9878: 9863: 9501: 9301: 8998: 8514: 8391: 7978: 7450: 7052: 6512: 3618: 2997: 1199:. He turned down many other appointments, notably the Linacre chair in zoology at Oxford and the Mastership of 971: 535: 390:, but despite this, he was wholehearted in his public support of Darwin. Instrumental in developing scientific 306: 2492:

p. 149). Huxley's dismissal of positivism damaged it so severely that Comte's ideas withered in Britain.

10545: 10088: 9306: 9209: 8727: 8177: 8121: 7417: 6156: 3076:; and a political radical who believed in granting equal rights and the vote to both Black people and women. 3073: 2176: 2167: 1867:: "the most violent scientific paper he had ever composed". This paper was reprinted in 1863 as chapter 2 of 619: 268: 6962:

Prum, R (2003), "Are current critiques of the theropod origin of birds science? Rebuttal To Feduccia 2002",

633:

Despite this lack of formal schooling, Huxley was determined to educate himself. He became one of the great

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in 1869. This time no mistakes were made: above all, there was a permanent editor (though not full-time),

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During those years there was also work on human fossil anatomy and anthropology. In 1862 he examined the

1500:, a book which contained some quite pertinent arguments in favour of evolution. Huxley had also rejected 1298:. In the same vein, he tended to push the origin of major groups such as birds and mammals back into the 833:

Huxley's paper "On the anatomy and the affinities of the family of Medusae" was published in 1849 by the

708: 310: 41: 6844:. (despite its chaotic organisation, this little book contains some nuggets that are well worth sifting) 2262:

focusing on a more specific area of study. A practical example of the latter is his famous 1868 lecture

2204:

a necrologist. To put it simply, Huxley preferred to teach what he had actually seen with his own eyes.

394:

in Britain, he fought against the more extreme versions of religious tradition. Huxley coined the term "

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Huxley, Thomas Henry (1887), "On the reception of the 'Origin of Species'", in Darwin, Francis (ed.),

5804: 5707:"Imperial College told to remove bust of slavery abolitionist because he 'might now be called racist'" 4231: 2700:. They kept correspondence until he was able to send for her. They had five daughters and three sons: 2091:

failed after four years; but it had helped at a critical time for the establishment of evolution. The

10610: 9798: 9748: 9520: 9108: 9098: 9048: 8842: 8832: 8822: 8707: 8482: 8466: 6326:

Huxley, Thomas Henry (1854), "Review of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, tenth edition",

3084: 2428: 943: 727: 7690: 4660: 10670: 10469: 10170: 9938: 9763: 9451: 9331: 9271: 9219: 9158: 9093: 8737: 8522: 8260: 6691: 2988: 2683: 2607: 2323:" in 1889 to frame the nature of claims in terms of what is knowable and what is not. Huxley states 2137: 1869: 1751: 1605: 1529: 1282: 7666: 1545:

for 26 December 1859, and continued with articles in several periodicals, and in a lecture at the

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The peak of the X Club's influence was from 1873 to 1885 as Hooker, Spottiswoode and Huxley were

1873:, with an addendum giving his account of the Owen/Huxley controversy about the ape brain. In his 1768:

was the start. In this, he rejected Owen's theory that the bones of the skull and the spine were

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Huxley was for about thirty years evolution's most effective advocate, and for some Huxley was "

1067: 10645: 10479: 10275: 9973: 9728: 9588: 9173: 9128: 9123: 9043: 8958: 8287: 8244: 7874: 7650: 6941: 6868:(1858), "On the characters, principles of division, and primary groups of the Class Mammalia", 6345: 4699: 4234:: late Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge University 1866–1907, with a Preface by Sir 3149:

is Prof. Quincy Adams Wagstaff, Dean of Huxley College, while its rival team is Darwin College.

2753:

Henrietta (Nettie) Huxley (1863–1940), married Harold Roller, and travelled Europe as a singer.

2696:

In 1855, he married Henrietta Anne Heathorn (1825–1914), an English émigrée whom he had met in

2082: 2052: 2018: 1938:

Darwin's part in the discussion came mostly in letters, as was his wont, along the lines: "The

1447: 1106: 1080: 1037:. No invitations were sent out but two hundred people turned up for the funeral; they included 1034: 815: 797: 719: 401:

Huxley had little formal schooling and was virtually self-taught. He became perhaps the finest

119: 8010: 6995:(1997), "Thomas Henry Huxley and the Status of Evolution as Science", in Barr, Alan P. (ed.), 5808: 5637: 4147: 3056:' approach". Students would be consulted before management decided on any action to be taken. 10400: 10112: 9968: 9948: 9893: 9525: 9083: 9033: 9003: 8973: 7882: 7818: 7786: 7658: 5982: 2571: 2463: 2221: 2110: 2060: 1910: 939: 623: 238: 9753: 7248: 1438:

now known, that is what did happen over large areas of North America from the Eocene to the

821:, about to set sail on a voyage of discovery and surveying to New Guinea and Australia. The 409:, clarifying relationships between groups previously little understood. Later, he worked on 10505: 10500: 10165: 9883: 9848: 9663: 9178: 9148: 9018: 8988: 8887: 8742: 8375: 8367: 7962: 7930: 7794: 7706: 7573: 7546: 7432: 7373: 7093: 7034: 6488: 6287: 6230: 6129: 3860: 3644: 3381: 3342: 3116: 2432: 2353:

remarked that for Huxley "agnosticism serves as a fig-leaf for materialism". (See also the

2291: 2208: 2184: 2133: 2044: 1998: 1986: 1846: 1665: 1657: 1509: 1121:

Henrietta (Nettie) Huxley (1863–1940), married Harold Roller, travelled Europe as a singer.

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Huxley, Thomas Henry (1864), "Further remarks on the human remains from the Neanderthal",

5739: 2483: 2080:, which they bought, revamped and redirected. Huxley had already become part-owner of the 1277:

premier advocate of science in the nineteenth century the whole English-speaking world".

868: 8: 9828: 9723: 9603: 9339: 9168: 9163: 9058: 9008: 8872: 8867: 8490: 8359: 8034: 7922: 7770: 7682: 7266: 2854: 2548: 2264: 2258: 2212: 2076: 2006: 1653: 1645: 1313:

Huxley's detailed anatomical work was, as always, first-rate and productive. His work on

1153: 1149: 627: 402: 331: 220: 10211: 9873: 9608: 7810: 7097: 7038: 6492: 6291: 6234: 6133: 3584: 1061:. The family plot had been purchased upon the death of his eldest son Noel, who died of 10385: 9993: 9923: 9783: 9738: 9638: 9414: 9073: 9063: 8777: 8752: 8629: 8546: 8498: 7778: 7355: 7112: 6981: 6727: 6659: 6620: 6504: 6360: 6303: 6264: 6145: 6091: 5999: 4588: 3294: 3269:

Jin, Xiaoxing (2019). "Translation and transmutation: the Origin of Species in China".

3179: 3041: 2849:, was troubled by mental illness for years. She died of pneumonia in her mid-twenties. 2586:

Huxley worked on ten Royal and other commissions (titles somewhat shortened here). The

2445: 2390: 2365: 2299: 2229: 2113:, who served until 1919, a year before his death. In 1925, to celebrate his centenary, 1939: 1769: 1730: 1695:, and the implication that man descended from apes, he had been assiduously coached by 1661: 1564: 1180: 1145: 426: 354: 379:, against whom Huxley also debated about whether humans were closely related to apes. 10325: 10136: 10024: 9983: 9908: 9823: 9793: 9693: 9562: 9535: 9508: 9409: 9280: 9214: 9133: 9068: 9028: 8792: 8702: 8554: 8474: 7850: 7292: 6918: 6822: 6782: 6759: 6719: 6651: 6598: 6443: 6367: 6256: 6248: 6207: 6193: 6168: 6098: 6049: 5905: 5107: 5031: 4580: 4495:". The Journal of the Ethnological Society of London (1869–1870) 2.4 (1870): 404–412. 3802: 3286: 3092: 2697: 2404: 2313: 1546: 1400: 1255: 1214: 1046: 994: 990: 947: 739: 387: 242: 136: 9708: 7762: 6985: 6731: 6663: 6307: 3298: 684:

Later on, as a young adult, he made himself an expert, first teaching himself about

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Chapter 26 'Knight takes Bishop?' is Gould's take on the Huxley-Wilberforce debate.

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debate. In this argument, Huxley is diametrically opposed to his long-time friend

2074:

The next step was to acquire a journal to spread their ideas. This was the weekly

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at Liverpool and, in the same year was elected a member of the newly constituted

1127:

Ethel Huxley (1866–1941) married artist John Collier (widower of sister) in 1889.

1050: 781: 704: 658: 438: 375:, he changed his mind and decided to join the debate. Wilberforce was coached by 161: 7598: 2225: 1472: 10474: 10436: 10370: 9943: 9903: 9853: 9838: 9818: 9768: 9733: 9718: 9698: 9683: 9555: 9496: 9349: 9229: 9224: 9143: 9118: 9088: 8968: 8827: 8787: 8578: 8303: 8002: 7970: 7842: 7754: 7746: 7553: 7519: 7482: 7465: 7261: 6041: 6029: 5978: 5953: 5949: 5101: 5053:

https://archive.org/stream/agnosticism00variuoft/agnosticism00variuoft_djvu.txt

3137: 3053: 2842: 2350: 2241: 2217: 2200: 2141: 2056: 1960: 1802: 1797: 1677: 1386: 1267: 1263: 804: 735: 670: 666: 662: 638: 339: 327: 7288: 6715: 6647: 5401: 4576: 3282: 3247:, 6 July. Lankester commented that Huxley was "only accidentally a zoologist". 3123:

Huxley is referred to as the tutor of the main character, Edward Prendick, in

2953:

is known for its shops of men's clothing, possibly implying that Huxley was a

1124:

Henry Huxley (1865–1946), became a fashionable general practitioner in London.

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Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds

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The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter

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The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter

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Report of a sad case recently tried before the Lord Mayor, Owen versus Huxley

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Jensen, J. Vernon (1970), "The X Club: Fraternity of Victorian Scientists",

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The politics of evolution: morphology, medicine and reform in radical London

2763:

Ethel Huxley (1866–1941), married her sister's widower John Collier in 1889.

2103:

was put to good use when the X Club put their weight behind the founding of

1163:

He was awarded the highest honours then open to British men of science. The

722:, where he obtained a small scholarship. At Charing Cross, he was taught by 10461: 10350: 10155: 9858: 9643: 9429: 9384: 9379: 9321: 9296: 9153: 8938: 8295: 8268: 8252: 8236: 8196: 8137: 7642: 7629: 7580: 7526: 7390: 7254: 7176:

Scientist Extraordinary: the life and work of Thomas Henry Huxley 1825–1895

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The Ant and the Peacock: Altruism and Sexual Selection from Darwin to Today

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Scientist Extraordinary: the life and work of Thomas Henry Huxley 1825–1895

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The Origins of Agnosticism: Victorian Unbelief and the Limits of Knowledge.

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Huxley appears alongside Charles Darwin and Samuel Wilberforce in the play

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in 1963. He was the second Huxley to become President of the Royal Society.

2233: 2068: 1982: 1826: 1757: 1696: 1550: 1176: 1172: 1118:

Rachel Huxley (1862–1934), married civil engineer Alfred Eckersley in 1884.

1018: 882: 642: 376: 177: 169: 60: 9567: 6597:, vol. 2, London: Macmillan (published 1898–1903), pp. 421–460, 2616:

1876: The practice of subjugating live animals to scientific experiments (

2500: 1421:

The collection at that time went from the small four-toed forest-dwelling

1227:

In 1873 the King of Sweden made Huxley, Hooker and Tyndall Knights of the

714:

A year later, buoyed by excellent results and a silver medal prize in the

413:, especially on the relationship between apes and humans. After comparing 10431: 10395: 10195: 10185: 9788: 9598: 9545: 9419: 9359: 9354: 9193: 8399: 8204: 8129: 7906: 7898: 7472: 7228: 5854: 5842: 5606: 5165:

Note: articles are listed, and some are available, in The Huxley File at

4656: 3124: 3088: 3060: 2711:

Jessie Oriana Huxley (1858 −1927), married architect Fred Waller in 1877.

2617: 2560: 2320: 2014: 1902: 1777: 1520:

in 1858 alongside excerpts from Darwin's notebook and a Darwin letter to

1439: 1395: 1370: 1314: 1295: 1168: 1058: 989:

Huxley's London home, in which he wrote many of his works, was at 4

862: 731: 700: 689: 410: 395: 273: 153: 140: 6380:

Huxley, Thomas Henry (1860a), "On species, and races and their origin",

1792:

on sale in December. Other lectures grew into Huxley's most famous work

1099:

Jessie Oriana Huxley (1856–1927), married architect Fred Waller in 1877.

10423: 10408: 10190: 10180: 9898: 9803: 9633: 9623: 9593: 9436: 9404: 9369: 9311: 8882: 8621: 8586: 6803: 6580: 6413: 5081: 3111: 3069: 2756:

Henry Huxley (1865–1946), became a fashionable general practitioner in

2475: 2470:

When the Archbishop of York thought this 'new philosophy' was based on

2450: 2440: 2295: 2287: 2029: 1664:, and those supporting Darwin included Huxley and their mutual friends 1390: 1351: 1335: 1299: 1167:, who had elected him as Fellow when he was 25 (1851), awarded him the 1001: 922: 918: 900: 777: 758: 754: 634: 622:. Like some other British scientists of the nineteenth century such as 538: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 383: 230: 101: 6343:

Huxley, Thomas Henry (1857), "untitled letter on theory of glaciers",

4563:

Huxley, T. H. (1880). "The coming of age of 'The origin of species'".

4486:

On the geographical distribution of the chief modifications of mankind

1407: 1075: 946:

in the following year. In addition, he was Fullerian Professor at the

9441: 7332: 7278: 7265: 7105: 6500: 6299: 6141: 5408:. No. 1227. New South Wales, Australia. 3 June 1914. p. 4. 3887:

Archetypes and Ancestors: Palaeontology in Victorian London 1850–1875

3231:

Poulton E. B. 1909. Charles Darwin and the origin of species. London.

2556: 2523:

on this theme. For a start, Huxley dismisses religion as a source of

1537:

Huxley's support started with his anonymous favourable review of the

1442:: The ultimate causative agent was global temperature reduction (see 1433: 1423: 1382: 1236: 1025: 904: 786: 615: 430: 391: 358: 343: 323: 132: 7020: 6997:

Thomas Henry Huxley's place in science and letters: centenary essays

6476: 6243: 6165:

The scientific memoirs of Thomas Henry Huxley. 4 vols and supplement

5991:

Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology

5835:

Thomas Henry Huxley's Place in Science and Letters: Centenary Essays

3343:"Thomas Henry Huxley | Biography & Facts | Britannica" 1580: 981: 907:, today regarded as a sister group to the vertebrates in the phylum 513: 10160: 9540: 7316: 7312: 6818:

John Tyndall: 'X'emplar of Scientific & Technological Education

6586: 2528: 1977:

In November 1864, Huxley succeeded in launching a dining club, the

1905:

skull-cap, which had been discovered in 1857. It was the first pre-

1814: 1521: 1413: 1343: 1339: 1206: 909: 891: 853: 843: 8680: 6398: 6120:

Eve, A.S.; Creasey, C.H. (1945), "Life and work of John Tyndall",

5993:, vol. 3, no. 9, London, pp. (Read 1 July): 45–62, 2671: 1783: 966:

1883–1885; Inspector of Fisheries 1881–1885; and president of the

676: 10581:

Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences

10130:

An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus

9463: 9458: 9424: 9399: 9316: 7077: 6964: 6436:

On our knowledge of the causes of the phenomena of organic nature

5933:

Owen's Ape and Darwin's Bulldog: Beyond Darwinism and Creationism

2960: 2663: 2613:

1870–1875: Scientific instruction and the advancement of science.

2043:

There were also some quite significant X-Club satellites such as

1302:

era, and to claim that no order of plants had ever gone extinct.

1140:, from 1862 to 1884. From 1871 to 1880 he was a Secretary of the 926: 811: 750: 216: 6278:(1935), "T.H. Huxley's Diary of the Voyage of HMS Rattlesnake", 1144:

and from 1883 to 1885 he was president. He was president of the

742:. Later in life, Huxley organised a pension for his old mentor. 19:"Thomas Huxley" redirects here. For the Lieutenant-Colonel, see 9530: 9344: 4310:

p. 313–330. A pro-Wilberforce account; lists many sources, but

4262:

Huxley to Dr FD Dyster, 9 September 1860, Huxley Papers 15.117.

3036:

In October 2021, a history group reviewing colonial links told

2993: 2784: 2757: 2544: 1978: 1972: 1644:

Famously, Huxley responded to Wilberforce in the debate at the

1483: 1428: 1346:, one of the most important areas of vertebrate palaeontology. 848: 793: 611: 362: 82: 6421:

Huxley, Thomas Henry (1862a), "On the fossil remains of Man",

5803: 3210: 2938:. Lord Mayor asks whether either side is known to the police: 2853:

may be right to suspect that emotional shock precipitated the

2013:(the new Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution) and 1894:

the seventh public demonstration during the past twelve months

1553:, whilst writing an extremely hostile anonymous review of the 10666:

Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

6229:(447/7141, pp. 153–155), UK: Nature Publishing Group: 153–5, 5882:, vol. 2: The Power of Place, Cambridge University Press 3000:, with the main scientific participants appearing, including 2954: 2343:, Huxley expressed his disappointment at the shortcomings of 1246:

As recognition of his many public services, he was appointed

665:

as a translator of scientific material in German. He learned

7274:. Vol. 3. London: Duckworth & Co. pp. 188–219. 5080:. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved from 1821:). Darwin had dropped a hint when, in the conclusion to the 10016:

An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People

7015: 6978:

10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0550:ACCOTT]2.0.CO;2

4712: 2319:

Originally coining the term in 1869, Huxley elaborated on "

1932: 1374: 3672: 3670: 3382:"Thomas Henry Huxley | Biography & Facts | Britannica" 2964:

Huxley (right) and Richard Owen inspect a "water baby" in

1836: 699:

for medical purposes. Chandler's practice was in London's

382:

Huxley was slow to accept some of Darwin's ideas, such as

10241: 6547:

geological; vol 9: Evolution and ethics, and other essays

6412:. 2. Vol. 1, no. 1. pp. 67–84 – via 6406:

On the zoological relations of man with the lower animals

6219:

Holland, Linda Z (2007), "A chordate with a difference",

3991:

The Dinosaur Hunters: Othniel C. Marsh and Edward D. Cope

3861:"Geological Contemporaneity and Persistent Types of Life" 2776:

Huxley's descendants include children of Leonard Huxley:

814:('surgeon's mate', but in practice marine naturalist) to 3199:

Huxley: From Devil's Disciple to Evolution's High Priest

6681:

E. Ray Lankester: The Making of Modern British Biology

6389:

Huxley, Thomas Henry (1860b), "The origin of species",

5143:(4 ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. p. 195. 3667: 3165:

European and American voyages of scientific exploration

2890:"Monkeyana" signed 'Gorilla'. this turned out to be by 2459:

added 'Professor Protoplasm' to his other soubriquets.

2332:

Use of that term has continued to the present day (see

2144:) when they could be sure that Owen would not turn up. 2071:

for Darwin, which they managed after quite a struggle.

1660:. Darwin's theory was opposed by the Bishop of Oxford, 1389:, Marsh had made some remarkable discoveries: the huge 1092:

Huxley and his wife had five daughters and three sons:

16:

English biologist and comparative anatomist (1825–1895)

10636:

Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences

10098:

The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy

7257:—Lists his publications, contains much of his writing. 6913:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 5065:

Collected Essays vol 5 Science and Christian tradition

2857:. Huxley recuperated on a farm, looking thin and ill. 2017:, zoologist and palaeontologist (formerly surgeon for 1997:(social philosopher and sub-editor of the Economist), 899:

had found himself wholly unable to assign. It and the

745:

At twenty he passed his First M.B. examination at the

6950:.(Chapter 18 deals with Huxley and natural selection) 5325:

Reed J. R. 'Huxley and the question of morality'. In

3004:

and Huxley. In 1892, Huxley's five-year-old grandson

2825:

Other significant descendants of Huxley, such as Sir

2600:

1862: Trawling for herrings on the coast of Scotland.

2009:(Professor of Physics at University College London), 1796:(1863) where he addressed the key issues long before 4977: 4975: 3585:"Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley — Volume 1" 1148:

from 1868 to 1870. In 1870, he was president of the

950:

1855–1858 and 1865–1867; Hunterian Professor at the

718:

yearly competition, Huxley was admitted to study at

8077: 6821:, Dublin: National Council for Educational Awards, 6319:

Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley. 2 vols 8vo

5873:, vol. 1: Voyaging, Cambridge University Press 3478:. Temple Smith, London; Pelican 1972, pp. 105, 421. 3012:(right) and wrote his grandfather a letter asking: 2462:The topic had been stimulated by Huxley seeing the 1613:If I confine my retrospect of the reception of the 1285:were "the greatest losses to science in our time". 10661:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom 9270: 7225:Thomas Henry Huxley: a sketch of his life and work 6946:Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection 6794:Mackenzie, Norman; Mackenzie, Jenne, eds. (1982), 6793: 6787:Narrative of the Voyage of HMS Rattlesnake. 2 vols 6359: 6090: 5705: 5349:Huxley T. H. 1890. The natural inequality of man. 2787:and a notable evolutionary biologist and humanist. 1656:, and was chaired by Darwin's former botany tutor 956:British Association for the Advancement of Science 726:, Professor of Ophthalmic Medicine and Surgery at 365:on the previous day, but, after an encounter with 7628: 7218:Thomas Henry Huxley: The Evolution of a Scientist 6752:Thomas Henry Huxley: The Evolution of a Scientist 5642:. British Periodicals Limited. 1861. p. 498. 4972: 4049: 4047: 3831: 3829: 3726: 3724: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3437: 3435: 3433: 10492: 6337:Proceedings of the Royal Institution 2 (1854–58) 5487:letter THH to eldest sister Lizzie 1853 HP 31.21 5063:Huxley T. H. 1889. Agnosticism: a rejoinder. In 4208:. U. of Delaware Press, Newark. p. 209, note 67. 3801:. Harrison, NY: Harbor Hill Books. p. 137. 2836: 2667:Pencil drawing of Huxley by his daughter, Marian 2646:1868: On science and art instruction in Ireland. 1764:, delivered before the Royal Society in 1858 on 1691:. For the more challenging task of opposing the 7341:Time and life: Mr Darwin's "Origin of species." 7300:Huxley's papers in the Royal Society's archives 6888: 6796:The Diaries of Beatrice Webb, vol. 1, 1873–1892 6696:"Wilberforce and Huxley: A Legendary Encounter" 6672:Thomas Henry Huxley: Communicating for Science. 6155: 4374: 4099: 3922: 3718:, Chapter: Buttered Angels & Bellowing Apes 3706:, p. 230, Chapter: The Nature of the Beast 3572: 2603:1863–1865: Sea fisheries of the United Kingdom. 2278:However, what Huxley proposed was to create an 1935:theory put forward by Richard Dawkins in 1976. 1411:Huxley's sketch of then hypothetical five-toed 10681:Presidents of the Geological Society of London 8683:Presidents of the Geological Society of London 7211:Thomas Henry Huxley: Communicating for Science 6814: 6423:Proceedings of the Royal Institution (1858–62) 5312:Paradis, James & Williams, George C 1989. 4363:Thomas Henry Huxley: communicating for science 4251:Thomas Henry Huxley: communicating for science 4206:Thomas Henry Huxley: communicating for science 4168: 4158:"'I am Darwin's bull-dog,' he once said ...": 4044: 3826: 3770:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 3721: 3446: 3430: 3369:T. H. Huxley: scientist, humanist and educator 3271:The British Journal for the History of Science 2975:The Water Babies: A fairy tale for a land baby 2581: 2156: 1684:during Darwin's voyage, spoke against Darwin. 1233:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 772:Aged 20, Huxley was too young to apply to the 10227: 10042:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 9256: 8666: 8063: 7614: 7169:T.H. Huxley: scientist, humanist and educator 6956:A directory of London photographers 1891–1908 6595:The scientific memoirs of Thomas Henry Huxley 6565:Collected essays: vol 3 Science and education 6328:British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review 5977: 5847:T.H. Huxley: scientist, humanist and educator 5240:. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln 1978. 5106:. Vol. 3. Wentworth Press. p. 118. 4624:vol 1, pp. 137–8, 225–6, 230–2, 274, 277, 287 4064: 3988: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3568: 3566: 2170:became Professor of Physiology at Cambridge; 1993:(banker, biologist and neighbour of Darwin), 1482:(1863) compares ape and human skeletons. The 970:1884–1890. He was elected as a member to the 357:were a key moment in the wider acceptance of 7084:Webb, Beatrice (1926), "My Apprenticeship", 6893:, Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press 6889:Paradis, James; Williams, George C. (1989), 6781: 6683:(edited, with additions, by Peter J. Bowler) 6583:: Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism 6562: 6553: 6286:(3454), London: Chatto & Windus: 48–49, 6079: 6028: 4942: 4820: 4621: 4217: 4087: 3821: 3063:said that Huxley was a public, longstanding 2495: 2354: 764: 734:'s assistant when Knox bought cadavers from 637:of the nineteenth century. At first he read 7111: 6880:(1860), "Darwin on the Origin of Species", 6167:, London: Macmillan (published 1898–1903), 6113:Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer. 2 vols 6088: 4122: 3884: 3523: 2339:In 1893, during preparation for the second 2051:, (Huxley protegés), and liberal clergyman 1497:Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation 1365:were of great interest then and still are. 1288: 1131: 322:(4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895) was an English 10234: 10220: 10034:Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question 9263: 9249: 8673: 8659: 8070: 8056: 7621: 7607: 7134:Thomas Huxley: Making the 'Man of Science' 6764:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6636:British Journal for the History of Science 6625:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6448:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6198:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6119: 5910:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5887:Burkhardt, F.; et al., eds. (1984) , 5703: 5420:– via National Library of Australia. 3975: 3563: 3201:, Addison-Wesley, 1994, 1915, p. 651 n. 8. 2925:"The Gorilla's dilemma": First two lines: 2511:Perhaps the best known of these topics is 2055:, the Dean of Westminster. Guests such as 1959:Huxley was a pallbearer at the funeral of 1735: 1633: 1096:Noel Huxley (1856–1860), died aged 3. 872:Australian woman: Pencil drawing by Huxley 54: 10058:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century 7123: 7046: 7021:"On the Structure and Motion of Glaciers" 6953: 6543: 6242: 5998: 5886: 5276:Hume, with helps to the study of Berkeley 4844: 4425: 4365:. U. of Delaware Press, Newark. p. 83-86. 2268:which was first published as an essay in 661:, eventually becoming fluent and used by 598:Learn how and when to remove this message 496:Learn how and when to remove this message 10626:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London 10521:19th-century English non-fiction writers 6930: 6772: 5740:"Professor Huxley on the Negro Question" 5040:Scientific and pseudo-scientific realism 4856: 4450:s:The cerebral structure of man and apes 4174: 4146:A more complete version is available in 3794: 3681:. Vol. 107. 6 July 1895. p. 3. 3083: 2959: 2682: 2670: 2662: 2629:1884: Trawl, net and beam trawl fishing. 2623:1876–1878: The universities of Scotland. 2499: 2375: 2364: 2252: 2189: 2147: 2132:Huxley was also an active member of the 2099:However, the experience gained with the 2034: 1840:Huxley c.1870; sketch is a gorilla skull 1835: 1782: 1745: 1579: 1471: 1406: 1399:, and the dinosaur footprints along the 1319: 1243:was named in his honor (Huxley Avenue). 1205: 1074: 1024: 980: 867: 792: 675: 433:, a view now held by modern biologists. 405:of the later 19th century. He worked on 7425:Professional and academic associations 7359:, 17 (n.s.) April 1860 p. 541–570. 7260: 7197:Thomas Henry Huxley: a character sketch 7066: 7003: 6940: 6902:, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln 6897: 6433: 6420: 6388: 6379: 6218: 6070: 6061: 6040: 5935:, Bloomington: Indiana University Press 5898:Gaining Ground: The Origin of Tetrapods 5769:Matzke, Nicholas J. (3 November 2021). 5744:Ladies London Emancipation Society 1864 5624: 5583: 5571: 5559: 5523: 5201: 5189: 4891: 4879: 4807: 4784: 4760: 4736: 4690: 4605: 4550: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4472: 4386: 4295: 4038: 3958: 3835: 3752: 3715: 3703: 3691: 3557: 3545: 3500: 3441: 3256: 3170:List of presidents of the Royal Society 2419:In 1868 Huxley became Principal of the 2117:issued a supplement devoted to Huxley. 1884:The following was written by Huxley to 10651:Knights of the Order of the Polar Star 10536:Alumni of Charing Cross Medical School 10493: 9649:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 7915:Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz 7213:. University of Delaware, Newark 1991. 7115:(1860), "Darwin's Origin of Species", 6856: 6847: 6678: 6669: 6633: 6610: 6592: 6571: 6534: 6526: 6474: 6465: 6456: 6403: 6357: 6342: 6334: 6325: 6313: 6274: 6180: 6110: 6093:T.H. Huxley's Place in Natural Science 6080:Desmond, Adrian; Moore, James (1991), 6034:More Letters of Charles Darwin. 2 vols 6006: 5948: 5939: 5930: 5877: 5865: 5768: 5737: 5688: 5550:Chapter 5 'Wanderings of a human soul' 5547: 5389: 5377: 5366: 5337: 5284:Evolution and ethics, and other essays 5213: 5099: 4832: 4796: 4772: 4724: 4678: 4633: 4562: 4539: 4531: 4448:For the full text of the addendum see 4436: 4397: 4348:Darwin F. and A.C. Seward (eds) 1903. 4283: 4271: 4159: 4075: 4053: 4027: 4015: 4003: 3970: 3910: 3534: 3512: 3463: 3079: 1065:in 1860; Huxley's wife Henrietta Anne 1012:' discovery in Java of the remains of 349:The stories regarding Huxley's famous 10696:Rectors of the University of Aberdeen 10586:Deans of the Royal College of Science 10244:Rectors of the University of Aberdeen 10215: 9244: 8654: 8051: 7602: 7304:Works by or about Thomas Henry Huxley 7131: 6749: 6690: 6206: 6064:Huxley: vol 2 Evolution's High Priest 6013:(1st ed.), London: John Murray, 5918: 5895: 5853: 5841: 5821:from the original on 26 November 2010 5781:from the original on 14 November 2021 5595: 5535: 5463:"T. H. Huxley Letters and Diary 1878" 5443:from the original on 20 February 2014 5177: 5153: 5138: 4981: 4954: 4323: 4307: 4301: 4180:"Why there was no "Darwin's bulldog"" 3899: 3846: 3741: 3730: 3323:from the original on 26 February 2023 2819:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2687:Marian (Mady) Huxley, by her husband 2369:Thomas Henry Huxley, c. 1885, from a 2302:throughout his life, especially the " 1468:Reactions to On the Origin of Species 1066: 10531:Academics of Imperial College London 10511:19th-century British anthropologists 7236:The teachings of Thomas Henry Huxley 7083: 6991: 6961: 6906: 6876: 6864: 6835:from the original on 3 November 2022 6802: 6537:Life & Letters of Charles Darwin 6477:"Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews" 6459:Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature 6128:(3955), London: Macmillan: 189–190, 6097:, New Haven: Yale University Press, 5962:, vol. 2, London: John Murray, 5889:The Correspondence of Charles Darwin 5832: 5718:from the original on 12 January 2022 5704:Somerville, Ewan (26 October 2021). 5326: 5225: 5082:https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/94.2.444 4993: 4868: 4748: 4645: 4413: 4111: 3993:. New York, NY: David McKay Company. 3946: 3934: 3655:from the original on 22 January 2019 3418:from the original on 11 January 2023 3392:from the original on 22 January 2019 3349:from the original on 22 January 2019 2641:Royal College of Science for Ireland 2633: 2594: 2485:The scientific aspects of positivism 2063:were entertained from time to time. 1921: 1809:Although Darwin did not publish his 1794:Evidence as to Man's place in Nature 1549:in February 1860. At the same time, 1479:Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature 1461: 1072:and son Noel are also buried there. 895:, whose place in the animal kingdom 536:adding citations to reliable sources 507: 452: 21:Thomas Huxley (British Army officer) 10541:Alumni of University College London 10201:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness 7255:The Huxley File at Clark University 6576:, New York: D. Appleton and Company 6563:Huxley, Thomas Henry (1893–1894b), 6554:Huxley, Thomas Henry (1893–1894a), 6017:from the original on 5 October 2008 5750:from the original on 10 August 2022 5671:. London, UK: George Pycraft. 1863. 5238:T. H. Huxley: Man's place in nature 5120:from the original on 4 October 2018 4819:Charles Darwin to Asa Gray 1860 in 3268: 3243:1895. The Right Hon. T. H. Huxley. 3211:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2006 2334:Thomas Henry Huxley and agnosticism 1431:through three-toed species such as 1029:Hodeslea, Staveley Road, Eastbourne 673:to read Aristotle in the original. 13: 10656:Members of the London School Board 10641:Fullerian Professors of Physiology 7251:on the Embryo Project Encyclopedia 7142: 7076:(Original edition 1860 ed.), 7055:from the original on 22 March 2020 6900:T.H. Huxley: Man's Place in Nature 6815:McMillan, N.D.; Meehan, J (1980), 6556:Collected essays: vol 2 Darwiniana 6515:from the original on 22 March 2020 6046:Huxley: vol 1 The Devil's Disciple 6000:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02500.x 5966:from the original on 1 August 2011 5657:. Vol. 43. 1862. p. 164. 5469:from the original on 8 August 2011 5430: 5412:from the original on 31 March 2023 4337:Life and letters of Charles Darwin 4186:from the original on 15 April 2021 3858: 3625:from the original on 26 April 2021 2914:(Thus HUXLEY concludes his review) 2886:" attracted particular attention: 2490:Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews 2421:South London Working Men's College 2360: 1766:The Theory of the Vertebrate Skull 1115:(1860–1933), married Julia Arnold. 703:amidst the squalor endured by the 657:. In his teens, he taught himself 468:tone or style may not reflect the 14: 10727: 10566:Burials at East Finchley Cemetery 10106:The Myth of the Twentieth Century 10026:The Outline of History of Mankind 7408:Fullerian Professor of Physiology 7381:Fullerian Professor of Physiology 7242: 5608:Egerton, P. (pseudonym='Gorilla') 5141:Materialism and Empirio-criticism 4911:from the original on 29 June 2011 4182:. The Linnean Society of London. 3776:from the original on 21 July 2015 3175:Huxley Memorial Medal and Lecture 2746:and the first BBC Chief Engineer 2551:). This seems to put Huxley as a 2129:) was the last surviving member. 1949:but not the question of mechanism 1000:In 1890, he moved from London to 63:print of Huxley (1880 or earlier) 10526:19th-century English translators 10301:Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal 10074:Heredity in Relation to Eugenics 7336:, 26 December 1859, p. 8–9. 7320: 7279:Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825–1895) 7011:, London: Williams & Norgate 6859:Impressions of Great Naturalists 6857:Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1924), 6808:The Growth of Biological Thought 6674:, Newark: University of Delaware 6544:Huxley, Thomas Henry (1893–94), 6461:, London: Williams & Norwood 6397: 5762: 5731: 5697: 5682: 5661: 5646: 5630: 5618: 5600: 5589: 5577: 5565: 5553: 5541: 5529: 5517: 5508: 5499: 5490: 5481: 5455: 5424: 5394: 5383: 5371: 5360: 5343: 5331: 5319: 5306: 5295:Huxley T.H. and Huxley J. 1947. 5289: 5256: 5243: 5230: 5219: 5207: 5195: 5183: 5171: 5159: 5147: 5132: 5093: 5070: 5057: 5045: 5011: 4999: 4987: 4960: 4948: 4936: 4923: 4897: 4885: 4873: 4862: 4850: 4838: 4826: 4813: 4801: 4790: 4778: 4766: 4754: 4742: 4730: 4713:TyndallHuxley,_Thomas_Henry 1857 4253:. U. of Delaware Press, Newark. 3031: 2901:And garbles his Latin quotation; 2727:, (1860–1933) author, father of 1772:, an opinion previously held by 1444:Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum 610:Thomas Henry Huxley was born in 512: 478:guide to writing better articles 457: 292: 194:Hayden Memorial Geological Award 10686:Presidents of the Royal Society 10561:British evolutionary biologists 10516:19th-century British zoologists 7351:Darwin on the origin of Species 7329:Darwin on the origin of species 7281:National Library of Australia, 7126:Life of Alfred Newton 1829–1907 7092:(2980), London: Longmans: 831, 7019:; Huxley, Thomas Henry (1857), 6429:, London: The Royal Institution 5272:Science and Christian tradition 4718: 4706: 4684: 4672: 4650: 4639: 4627: 4614: 4599: 4556: 4544: 4516: 4498: 4478: 4466: 4454: 4442: 4430: 4419: 4407: 4391: 4380: 4368: 4355: 4342: 4329: 4317: 4289: 4277: 4265: 4256: 4243: 4223: 4211: 4198: 4152: 4140: 4127: 4116: 4105: 4093: 4081: 4069: 4058: 4032: 4021: 4009: 3997: 3964: 3952: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3904: 3893: 3878: 3852: 3840: 3815: 3788: 3758: 3746: 3735: 3709: 3697: 3685: 3637: 3603: 3577: 3551: 3539: 3528: 3517: 3506: 3494: 3481: 3468: 3404: 3374: 3361: 2920:And so I shall bid you "Adieu"! 2704:Noel Huxley (1856–60), died of 2122:Presidents of the Royal Society 1888:before the BA meeting in 1861: 1385:(in 1874). Funded by his uncle 523:needs additional citations for 429:evolved from small carnivorous 10691:Recipients of the Copley Medal 10386:Admiral Sir Rhoderick McGrigor 10066:Race Life of the Aryan Peoples 9272:Historical definitions of race 7441:President of the Royal Society 7283:Trove, People and Organisation 6434:Huxley, Thomas Henry (1862b), 6404:Huxley, Thomas Henry (1861). " 5805:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5297:Evolution and ethics 1893–1943 5103:Life and Letters of T H Huxley 4350:More letters of Charles Darwin 3619:American Philosophical Society 3335: 3305: 3262: 3250: 3234: 3225: 3215: 3204: 3191: 3046:Emancipation – Black and White 2907:Detrimental to his reputation. 2783:FRS was the first Director of 2294:consider Huxley the father of 2194:Photograph of Huxley (c. 1890) 2039:From the portrait of A. Legros 1680:, who had been captain of HMS 1235:in 1892. In 1916, a street in 972:American Philosophical Society 1: 10090:The Passing of the Great Race 6870:Proc Linnean Society: Zoology 6572:Huxley, Thomas Henry (1898), 6527:Huxley, Thomas Henry (1877), 6475:Huxley, Thomas Henry (1870), 6457:Huxley, Thomas Henry (1863), 6358:Huxley, Thomas Henry (1859), 6089:Di Gregorio, Mario A (1984), 6084:, London: Penguin Books, Ltd. 5758:– via Clark University. 5738:Huxley, Thomas Henry (1864). 5030:April 1887, Vol. 30, No. 46. 3923:Foster & Lankester (2007) 3185: 2837:Mental problems in the family 2626:1881–1882: The Medical Acts. 1966: 1954: 1476:The frontispiece to Huxley's 1446:). The modern account of the 1217: 968:Marine Biological Association 932: 749:, winning the gold medal for 448: 10631:Fellows of the Royal Society 9989:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer 7313:Works by Thomas Henry Huxley 7289:Works by Thomas Henry Huxley 7185:. Blackwood, Edinburgh 1902. 7136:, Cambridge University Press 5944:, Cambridge University Press 5931:Cosans, Christopher (2009), 5891:, Cambridge University Press 5815:Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 5610:(18 May 1861). "Monkeyana". 5268:Science and Hebrew tradition 4905:"On a Piece of Chalk (1868)" 3677:"Professor Huxley's homes". 2928:Say am I a man or a brother, 2026:Fellows of the Royal Society 1640:1860 Oxford evolution debate 1266:, and his relationship with 1105:(1859–1887), married artist 958:1869–1870; president of the 954:1863–1869; president of the 903:are both, as Huxley showed, 351:1860 Oxford evolution debate 7: 9704:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt 9669:Houston Stewart Chamberlain 9619:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 7319:(public domain audiobooks) 7267:"Thomas Henry Huxley" 6613:Apes, Angels and Victorians 6366:, London: The Ray Society, 5833:Barr, Alan P., ed. (1997), 5496:THH to Lizzie 1858 HP 31.24 5433:"To Lizzie, March 27, 1858" 5299:. Pilot, London. In USA as 4463:21 September 1861, p. 498. 4375:Foster & Lankester 2007 4137:. Murray, London, volume 2. 4133:Darwin, Francis (ed) 1887. 4100:Foster & Lankester 2007 3679:The Illustrated London News 3573:Foster & Lankester 2007 3153: 2998:reaction to Darwin's theory 2903:That his facts are not new, 2650: 2582:Royal and other commissions 2181:University College, Cardiff 2157:School of Mines and Zoology 2024:). All except Spencer were 1913:, and classified the human 1877:this addendum was removed. 985:4 Marlborough Place, London 889:. He solved the problem of 709:University College Hospital 10: 10732: 10341:Viscount Cecil of Chelwood 7859:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault 7835:August Wilhelm von Hofmann 7238:. Broadway, New York 1907. 7227:London 1901. Available at 7124:Wollaston, A.F.R. (1921), 7026:Philosophical Transactions 6933:Huxley: Prophet of Science 6931:Peterson, Houston (1932), 6898:Paradis, James G. (1978), 6810:, Harvard University Press 6750:Lyons, Sherrie L. (1999), 6708:Cambridge University Press 6670:Jensen, J. Vernon (1991), 6048:, London: Michael Joseph, 5796: 5251:Huxley: prophet of science 4610:. Oxford University Press. 4240:. Dutton, NY. pp. 118–120. 3822:Desmond & Moore (1991) 2930:Or only an anthropoid ape? 2884:Great Hippocampus Question 2876: 2717:(1859–87), married artist 2654: 2504:Collected essays of Huxley 2005:and the Queen's Printer), 1970: 1853:Great Hippocampus Question 1749: 1637: 1465: 1326:a drawing in pencil (1882) 1201:University College, Oxford 1158:Quekett Microscopical Club 1156:. He was president of the 960:Quekett Microscopical Club 839:Philosophical Transactions 386:, and was undecided about 334:. He has become known as " 18: 10251: 10148: 10007: 9799:Georges Vacher de Lapouge 9576: 9474: 9330: 9287: 9278: 9202: 8931: 8843:Warington Wilkinson Smyth 8690: 8597: 8483:Frederick Gowland Hopkins 8467:Charles Scott Sherrington 8418: 8279: 8188: 8089: 7637: 7587: 7578: 7570: 7560: 7551: 7543: 7533: 7524: 7516: 7506: 7497: 7489: 7479: 7470: 7462: 7457: 7447: 7437: 7429: 7424: 7414: 7405: 7397: 7387: 7378: 7370: 7365: 7234:Voorhees, Irving Wilson. 6935:, London: Longmans, Green 6716:10.1017/S0018246X00016848 6648:10.1017/S0007087400010621 5653:"The Gorilla's dilemma". 5253:. Longmans Green, London. 4606:Dawkins, Richard (1976). 4577:10.1126/science.os-1.2.15 4065:Darwin & Wallace 1858 3766:"T.H. Huxley (1825–1895)" 3283:10.1017/S0007087418000808 2675:Huxley with his grandson 2591:administrative practice. 2496:Huxley and the humanities 2453:became a household word; 1676:and Professor Beale, and 1087: 952:Royal College of Surgeons 944:British Geological Survey 810:Finally, Huxley was made 774:Royal College of Surgeons 728:University College London 291: 286: 282: 261: 251: 235:Royal College of Surgeons 226: 212: 205: 146: 128: 109: 90: 68: 53: 30: 10606:English palaeontologists 10361:Admiral Sir Edward Evans 10171:History of anthropometry 9939:Charles Gabriel Seligman 9764:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman 9452:Sinodonty and Sundadonty 8523:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood 7458:Awards and achievements 7346:1: 1859 p. 142–148. 7285:record for Thomas Huxley 7206:. Longmans, London 1960. 7178:. Pergamon, Oxford 1972. 7164:. Norton, New York 1932. 7157:. Twayne, New York 1969. 7073:The Glaciers of the Alps 6611:Irvine, William (1955). 6578:Not to be confused with 6382:Proc. Roy. Inst. 1858–62 6181:Galton, Francis (1892), 6071:Desmond, Adrian (1998), 6066:, London: Michael Joseph 6062:Desmond, Adrian (1997), 6007:Darwin, Charles (1859), 5249:Peterson, Houston 1932. 5100:Huxley, Leonard (2016). 4821:Darwin & Seward 1903 4697:and its tributaries..." 4666:24 February 2015 at the 4622:Darwin & Seward 1903 4491:12 December 2010 at the 4361:Jensen, J. Vernon 1991. 4335:Darwin F. (ed) 1897–99. 4249:Jensen, J. Vernon 1991. 4218:Desmond & Moore 1991 4204:Jensen, J. Vernon 1991. 3476:The Victorian underworld 3127:' science fiction novel 3091:commemorating Huxley in 3008:saw the illustration by 2989:On the Origin of Species 2608:Contagious Diseases Acts 2439:molecular forces of the 1672:. The platform featured 1530:On the Origin of Species 1417:being ridden by "Eohomo" 1289:Vertebrate palaeontology 1270:was less than tranquil. 1132:Public duties and awards 116:Sydenham College, London 10716:Wollaston Medal winners 10706:Translators from German 10601:English anthropologists 10551:British anthropologists 10457:Clarissa Dickson Wright 10401:Brigadier Sir John Hunt 10306:Charles Thomson Ritchie 9629:Daniel Garrison Brinton 8858:George Douglas Campbell 8818:Joseph Ellison Portlock 8758:George Bellas Greenough 8718:George Bellas Greenough 8698:George Bellas Greenough 8344:Benjamin Collins Brodie 8320:Marquess of Northampton 7803:Julius Robert von Mayer 7272:Studies of a Biographer 7223:Mitchell, P. Chalmers. 7192:. Penguin, London 1998. 7078:Longmans, Green and Co. 6942:Poulton, Edward Bagnall 6773:MacBride, E.W. (1934), 6032:; Seward, A.C. (1903), 5940:Cronin, Helena (1991), 5514:THH to JT 1887 HP 9.164 5437:Letters and Diary: 1858 4931:Critiques and Addresses 4484:Huxley, Thomas Henry. " 3795:McNamara, John (1991). 3649:Encyclopedia Britannica 3371:. Watts, London. p. 3–4 3130:The Island of Dr Moreau 3059:A critical response by 3038:Imperial College London 2968:'s illustration (1881). 2966:Edward Linley Sambourne 2910:To twice slay the slain 2905:His mistakes not a few, 2808:The Doors of Perception 2570:Huxley's dissection of 2355:Debate with Wilberforce 1634:Debate with Wilberforce 1584:Caricature of Huxley by 1260:William Ewart Gladstone 1229:Order of the Polar Star 1014:Pithecanthropus erectus 962:1878; president of the 10556:British carcinologists 10480:Martina Chukwuma-Ezike 9974:Thomas Griffith Taylor 9729:Reginald Ruggles Gates 9124:William Alexander Deer 9044:Herbert Leader Hawkins 8288:William Hyde Wollaston 7875:James Joseph Sylvester 7691:Michel Eugène Chevreul 7651:Alexander von Humboldt 7048:10.1098/rstl.1857.0016 6954:Pritchard, M. (1994), 6700:The Historical Journal 6468:Natural History Review 6410:Natural History Review 6346:Philosophical Magazine 6212:Bully for Brontosaurus 6188:, London, pp. xix 6111:Duncan, David (1908), 5983:Wallace, Alfred Russel 5878:Browne, Janet (2002), 5505:THH to Lizzie HP 31.44 5353:January; reprinted in 5139:Lenin, V. I. (1964) . 5006:School Board Chronicle 4967:School Board Chronicle 4703:1857, vol xiv, p. 241. 4700:Philosophical Magazine 3989:Plate, Robert (1964). 3859:Huxley, Thomas Henry. 3474:Chesney, Kellow 1970. 3110:, and is portrayed by 3096: 3027: 3017: 2969: 2944: 2932: 2922: 2916:Is but labour in vain, 2691: 2680: 2668: 2541:struggle for existence 2505: 2384: 2373: 2330: 2195: 2083:Natural History Review 2040: 1865:Natural History Review 1841: 1788: 1623: 1610: 1596: 1487: 1486:(left) is double size. 1448:evolution of the horse 1418: 1327: 1224: 1084: 1081:East Finchley Cemetery 1035:East Finchley Cemetery 1030: 1008:. In 1894 he heard of 986: 942:and naturalist to the 913:. Other papers on the 873: 807: 720:Charing Cross Hospital 681: 338:" for his advocacy of 120:Charing Cross Hospital 10114:Annihilation of Caste 10018:in Different Climates 9969:William Graham Sumner 9949:Samuel Stanhope Smith 9894:James Cowles Prichard 9526:Racial discrimination 9084:Walter Campbell Smith 9034:Henry Hurd Swinnerton 8974:Arthur Smith Woodward 8833:Andrew Crombie Ramsay 8392:George Gabriel Stokes 7979:George Gabriel Stokes 7883:Charles Adolphe Wurtz 7819:Hermann von Helmholtz 7787:Henri Victor Regnault 7667:Johannes Peter Müller 7659:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove 7298:Science in the Making 7199:. Watts, London 1920. 7171:. Watts, London 1959. 7009:Autobiography. 2 vols 6850:Recollections. 2 vols 6848:Morley, John (1917), 6539:, London: John Murray 6487:(54), London: 22–23, 6036:, London: John Murray 5896:Clack, Jenny (2002), 5402:"Death of Mrs Huxley" 5301:Touchstone for ethics 5280:Man's place in nature 5262:Huxley T. H. 1893-4. 5025:31 March 2023 at the 5017:Bonnier Corporation. 4620:Letters CD to THH in 4510:31 March 2023 at the 4232:Life of Alfred Newton 3889:. London, UK: Muller. 3651:. British biologist. 3645:"Thomas Henry Huxley" 3087: 3019: 3013: 2963: 2939: 2926: 2918:unproductive of gain, 2895: 2892:Sir Philip Egerton MP 2829:, are treated in the 2793:was a famous author ( 2686: 2674: 2666: 2503: 2480:Methods & Results 2464:cytoplasmic streaming 2379: 2368: 2325: 2253:Schools and the Bible 2193: 2148:Educational influence 2061:Hermann von Helmholtz 2038: 1911:physical anthropology 1870:Man's Place in Nature 1839: 1786: 1752:Man's Place in Nature 1746:Man's place in nature 1611: 1598: 1583: 1567:who wrote one in the 1475: 1410: 1323: 1209: 1078: 1028: 984: 940:Royal School of Mines 929:are also noteworthy. 897:Johannes Peter Müller 871: 803:by the ship's artist 796: 679: 624:Alfred Russel Wallace 547:"Thomas Henry Huxley" 403:comparative anatomist 239:Royal School of Mines 10546:Biological evolution 10405:Frank George Thomson 10311:Sir Frederick Treves 10166:Great chain of being 9884:Ludwig Hermann Plate 9849:Samuel George Morton 9664:Samuel A. Cartwright 9514:in the United States 8376:William Spottiswoode 8368:Joseph Dalton Hooker 8221:Earl of Macclesfield 7963:Stanislao Cannizzaro 7931:Joseph Dalton Hooker 7795:James Prescott Joule 7707:Wilhelm Eduard Weber 7574:Joseph Dalton Hooker 7564:Jean-Baptiste Bornet 7547:Alphonse de Candolle 7433:William Spottiswoode 7374:Thomas Wharton Jones 7344:Macmillan's Magazine 7132:White, Paul (2003), 6679:Lester, Joe (1995), 6362:The Oceanic Hydrozoa 5439:. Clark University. 5286:. Macmillan, London. 5087:8 March 2021 at the 5076:Lightman, B. (1987) 5067:. Macmillan, London. 4522:Variously worded in 4229:Wollaston AFR 1921. 3885:Desmond, A. (1982). 3611:"APS Member History" 3133:, published in 1896. 2984:Macmillan's Magazine 2912:By dint of the Brain 2513:Evolution and Ethics 2433:Christian Socialists 2410:Macmillan's Magazine 2292:Christian apologists 2271:Macmillan's Magazine 2245:product of one man. 2134:Metaphysical Society 1999:William Spottiswoode 1658:John Stevens Henslow 1510:Joseph Dalton Hooker 1043:William Henry Flower 1039:Joseph Dalton Hooker 879:Joseph Dalton Hooker 859:The Oceanic Hydrozoa 747:University of London 724:Thomas Wharton Jones 614:, then a village in 532:improve this article 425:, he concluded that 256:Thomas Wharton Jones 246:University of London 33:The Right Honourable 10701:Royal Medal winners 10616:English taxonomists 10576:Comparative anatomy 10366:Sir Stafford Cripps 10271:Thomas Henry Huxley 10122:The Races of Europe 10050:The Races of Europe 9829:Dominick McCausland 9779:Thomas Henry Huxley 9724:Stanley Marion Garn 9604:Robert Bennett Bean 9332:Historical concepts 9099:Sydney Hollingworth 9059:Herbert Harold Read 8883:John Whitaker Hulke 8873:Henry Clifton Sorby 8868:Peter Martin Duncan 8848:Thomas Henry Huxley 8491:William Henry Bragg 8384:Thomas Henry Huxley 8360:George Biddell Airy 8035:Marcellin Berthelot 8027:John William Strutt 8011:Albert von Kölliker 7939:Thomas Henry Huxley 7923:Franz Ernst Neumann 7771:Karl Ernst von Baer 7683:Henri Milne-Edwards 7209:Jensen, J. Vernon. 7204:Thomas Henry Huxley 7190:Huxley: vol 1 and 2 7183:Thomas Henry Huxley 7155:Thomas Henry Huxley 7113:Wilberforce, Samuel 7098:1926Natur.118..831C 7039:1857RSPT..147..327T 6777:, London: Duckworth 6686:, BSHS Monograph #9 6567:, London: Macmillan 6558:, London: Macmillan 6549:, London: Macmillan 6529:American Addresses. 6493:1870Natur...3...22G 6470:(4), London: 429–46 6321:, London: Macmillan 6292:1936Natur.137...48Y 6235:2007Natur.447..153H 6134:1945Natur.156..189R 6073:Huxley: vol 1 and 2 5926:, London: Heinemann 5810:Thomas Henry Huxley 5357:vol. 1, p. 290–335. 3197:Adrian J. Desmond, 3080:Cultural references 3018:Huxley wrote back: 2897:Next HUXLEY replies 2549:Evolutionary ethics 2414:Contemporary Review 2265:On a Piece of Chalk 2259:London School Board 2213:comparative anatomy 2177:W.T. Thiselton-Dyer 1654:John William Draper 1646:British Association 1154:London School Board 1150:British Association 861:, published by the 628:Great Ealing School 332:comparative anatomy 330:who specialized in 303:Thomas Henry Huxley 221:comparative anatomy 37:Thomas Henry Huxley 10676:People from Ealing 10621:English zoologists 10596:English anatomists 10346:Earl of Birkenhead 10296:Marquess of Huntly 9994:Alexander Winchell 9924:Henric Sanielevici 9784:Calvin Ira Kephart 9754:Hans F. K. Günther 9739:Arthur de Gobineau 9639:Alice Mossie Brues 9536:Racial stereotypes 9094:James Stubblefield 9049:William Fearnsides 8778:Roderick Murchison 8753:Roderick Murchison 8630:Venki Ramakrishnan 8579:Sir Michael Atiyah 8547:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin 8499:Henry Hallett Dale 8098:Viscount Brouncker 7779:Charles Wheatstone 7356:Westminster Review 7216:Lyons, Sherrie L. 7153:Ashforth, Albert. 6783:MacGillivray, John 6574:Darwiniana: Essays 6391:Westminster Review 6208:Gould, Stephen Jay 6183:Hereditary Genius 5861:, Oxford: Pergamon 5351:Nineteenth Century 5236:Paradis, James G. 3949:, pp. 550–561 3937:, pp. 171–224 3925:, pp. 163–187 3798:History in Asphalt 3386:www.britannica.com 3180:The Huxley Lecture 3097: 3042:Black Lives Matter 2970: 2692: 2681: 2669: 2534:Despite this, the 2506: 2446:Fortnightly Review 2391:Westminster Review 2385: 2381:Method and results 2374: 2345:'liberal' theology 2300:organised religion 2196: 2041: 1963:on 26 April 1882. 1940:empirical evidence 1842: 1789: 1731:Essays and Reviews 1662:Samuel Wilberforce 1597: 1565:Samuel Wilberforce 1488: 1419: 1328: 1225: 1181:Geological Society 1146:Geological Society 1085: 1079:Huxley's grave in 1031: 987: 874: 808: 682: 355:Samuel Wilberforce 10711:Victorian writers 10591:English agnostics 10488: 10487: 10466:Stephen Robertson 10428:Robert Perryment 10326:Winston Churchill 10209: 10208: 10138:The Race Question 9984:John H. Van Evrie 9909:William Z. Ripley 9879:Charles Pickering 9824:Felix von Luschan 9794:Robert E. Kuttner 9694:Charles Davenport 9563:Whiteness studies 9289:Color terminology 9281:Scientific racism 9238: 9237: 9215:Mark Moody-Stuart 9109:Frederick Shotton 9069:Owen Thomas Jones 9029:Owen Thomas Jones 8908:Wilfred Hudleston 8793:Henry De la Beche 8728:William Babington 8703:Henry Grey Bennet 8648: 8647: 8475:Ernest Rutherford 8106:Joseph Williamson 8045: 8044: 7851:James Dwight Dana 7630:Copley Medallists 7597: 7596: 7588:Succeeded by 7561:Succeeded by 7534:Succeeded by 7507:Succeeded by 7480:Succeeded by 7448:Succeeded by 7415:Succeeded by 7388:Succeeded by 7366:Academic offices 7293:Project Gutenberg 7229:Project Gutenberg 7202:Irvine, William. 7195:Huxley, Leonard. 7188:Desmond, Adrian. 7160:Ayres, Clarence. 6999:, Georgia: Athens 6948:, London: Cassell 6907:Paul, G. (2002), 6604:978-1-4326-4011-8 6174:978-1-4326-4011-8 6161:Lankester, E. Ray 6075:, London: Penguin 5837:, Georgia: Athens 5775:The Panda's Thumb 5316:. Princeton, N.J. 4943:Huxley 1893–1894b 4739:pp. 284, 289–290. 4088:Huxley 1893–1894a 3865:Project Gutenberg 3591:. 7 December 2023 3589:Project Gutenberg 3548:pp. 7, 9, 66, 71. 3317:ucmp.berkeley.edu 3114:in the 2009 film 3093:Marlborough Place 2899:That OWEN he lies 2815:Sir Andrew Huxley 2781:Sir Julian Huxley 2698:Sydney, Australia 2634:Other commissions 2595:Royal Commissions 2405:Pall Mall Gazette 2314:Jesus of Nazareth 1922:Natural selection 1724:, especially the 1615:Origin of Species 1547:Royal Institution 1462:Support of Darwin 1401:Connecticut River 1324:Huxley by Wirgman 1256:Benjamin Disraeli 1138:Royal Commissions 1057:, and apparently 1047:Mulford B. Foster 991:Marlborough Place 948:Royal Institution 812:Assistant Surgeon 730:. Jones had been 608: 607: 600: 582: 506: 505: 498: 472:used on Knowledge 470:encyclopedic tone 443:Origin of Species 388:natural selection 300: 299: 252:Academic advisors 243:Royal Institution 207:Scientific career 137:science education 104:, Sussex, England 85:, London, England 10723: 10611:English sceptics 10419:Iain Cuthbertson 10376:Baron Tweedsmuir 10351:Sir Arthur Keith 10336:Sir Robert Horne 10331:Viscount Cowdray 10291:Viscount Goschen 10281:Earl of Rosebery 10266:M. E. Grant Duff 10245: 10236: 10229: 10222: 10213: 10212: 10017: 9964:Lothrop Stoddard 9959:Morris Steggerda 9934:Ilse Schwidetzky 9929:Heinrich Schmidt 9914:Alfred Rosenberg 9874:Isaac La Peyrère 9679:Carleton S. Coon 9654:Charles Caldwell 9609:François Bernier 9492:in Latin America 9265: 9258: 9251: 9242: 9241: 8954:Archibald Geikie 8944:Charles Lapworth 8923:William Whitaker 8903:Archibald Geikie 8898:William Blanford 8893:John Wesley Judd 8878:Robert Etheridge 8853:Joseph Prestwich 8838:William Hamilton 8808:William Hamilton 8773:William Buckland 8733:William Buckland 8684: 8675: 8668: 8661: 8652: 8651: 8641: 8633: 8625: 8617: 8609: 8590: 8582: 8574: 8566: 8558: 8550: 8542: 8539:Patrick Blackett 8534: 8526: 8518: 8510: 8502: 8494: 8486: 8478: 8470: 8462: 8454: 8446: 8443:Archibald Geikie 8438: 8430: 8411: 8403: 8395: 8387: 8379: 8371: 8363: 8355: 8347: 8339: 8331: 8323: 8315: 8307: 8299: 8291: 8272: 8264: 8256: 8248: 8240: 8232: 8224: 8216: 8208: 8200: 8181: 8173: 8165: 8162:Robert Southwell 8157: 8154:Earl of Pembroke 8149: 8141: 8133: 8125: 8117: 8114:Christopher Wren 8109: 8101: 8072: 8065: 8058: 8049: 8048: 8038: 8030: 8022: 8014: 8006: 7998: 7995:Karl Weierstrass 7990: 7987:Edward Frankland 7982: 7974: 7966: 7958: 7950: 7942: 7934: 7926: 7918: 7910: 7902: 7894: 7886: 7878: 7870: 7862: 7854: 7846: 7838: 7830: 7822: 7814: 7811:Friedrich Wöhler 7806: 7798: 7790: 7782: 7774: 7766: 7758: 7750: 7742: 7734: 7726: 7718: 7710: 7702: 7694: 7686: 7678: 7670: 7662: 7654: 7646: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7600: 7599: 7571:Preceded by 7544:Preceded by 7517:Preceded by 7490:Preceded by 7463:Preceded by 7430:Preceded by 7398:Preceded by 7371:Preceded by 7363: 7362: 7324: 7323: 7308:Internet Archive 7275: 7269: 7249:Thomas H. Huxley 7220:. New York 1999. 7137: 7128: 7120: 7117:Quarterly Review 7108: 7106:10.1038/118831a0 7080: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7050: 7012: 7005:Spencer, Herbert 7000: 6988: 6958: 6949: 6936: 6927: 6903: 6894: 6885: 6882:Edinburgh Review 6873: 6861: 6853: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6811: 6799: 6798:, London: Virago 6790: 6778: 6769: 6763: 6755: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6734:, archived from 6687: 6675: 6666: 6630: 6624: 6616: 6607: 6577: 6568: 6559: 6550: 6540: 6531: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6501:10.1038/003022a0 6471: 6462: 6453: 6447: 6439: 6430: 6417: 6401: 6394: 6385: 6376: 6365: 6354: 6339: 6331: 6322: 6310: 6300:10.1038/137048a0 6271: 6246: 6215: 6203: 6197: 6189: 6177: 6152: 6142:10.1038/156189a0 6116: 6115:, Michael Joseph 6107: 6096: 6085: 6076: 6067: 6058: 6037: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6003: 6002: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5945: 5936: 5927: 5920:Clark, Ronald W. 5915: 5909: 5901: 5892: 5883: 5874: 5862: 5850: 5838: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5735: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5709: 5701: 5695: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5604: 5598: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5512: 5506: 5503: 5497: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5398: 5392: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5364: 5358: 5355:Collected Essays 5347: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5310: 5304: 5293: 5287: 5264:Collected essays 5260: 5254: 5247: 5241: 5234: 5228: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5167:Clark University 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5097: 5091: 5074: 5068: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4882:p. 273, note 20. 4877: 4871: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4654: 4648: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4608:The Selfish Gene 4603: 4597: 4596: 4571:(2): 15–17, 20. 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4520: 4514: 4502: 4496: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4395: 4389: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4359: 4353: 4346: 4340: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4260: 4254: 4247: 4241: 4236:Archibald Geikie 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4172: 4166: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4131: 4125: 4123:Wilberforce 1860 4120: 4114: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4062: 4056: 4051: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3986: 3973: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3913:, pp. 67–84 3908: 3902: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3833: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3739: 3733: 3728: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3674: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3581: 3575: 3570: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3532: 3526: 3524:Di Gregorio 1984 3521: 3515: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3485: 3479: 3472: 3466: 3461: 3444: 3439: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3378: 3372: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3208: 3202: 3195: 3160:Epiphenomenalism 3108:Crispin Whittell 3103:Darwin in Malibu 2980:Charles Kingsley 2867:bipolar disorder 2744:Thomas Eckersley 2588:Royal Commission 2521:Romanes Lectures 2425:Blackfriars Road 2049:George Rolleston 2011:Edward Frankland 1875:Collected Essays 1762:Croonian Lecture 1701:Quarterly Review 1619:Quarterly Review 1587:Carlo Pellegrini 1570:Quarterly Review 1560:Edinburgh Review 1355:. His papers on 1332:lobe-finned fish 1248:Privy Councillor 1222: 1219: 1197:Life and Letters 1191:awarded him the 1183:awarded him the 1175:in 1888 and the 1071: 1006:Collected Essays 603: 596: 592: 589: 583: 581: 540: 516: 508: 501: 494: 490: 487: 481: 480:for suggestions. 476:See Knowledge's 461: 460: 453: 369:, the author of 336:Darwin's Bulldog 321: 296: 262:Notable students 198: 190: 182: 174: 166: 158: 97: 78: 76: 58: 48: 28: 27: 10731: 10730: 10726: 10725: 10724: 10722: 10721: 10720: 10671:Paleozoologists 10491: 10490: 10489: 10484: 10470:Maitland Mackie 10452:Allan Macartney 10414:Michael Barratt 10321:Andrew Carnegie 10256:Edward Maitland 10247: 10243: 10240: 10210: 10205: 10144: 10082:Castes in India 10003: 9999:Ludwig Woltmann 9954:Herbert Spencer 9844:Lewis H. Morgan 9814:Cesare Lombroso 9689:Jan Czekanowski 9674:Sonia Mary Cole 9614:Renato Biasutti 9572: 9551:Nazism and race 9470: 9447:Proto-Mongoloid 9326: 9283: 9274: 9269: 9239: 9234: 9198: 9189:Richard Hardman 9184:R. S. J. Sparks 9159:Charles Holland 9139:Wallace Pitcher 9114:Kingsley Dunham 8984:George Lamplugh 8927: 8798:William Hopkins 8783:Henry Warburton 8768:William Whewell 8713:John MacCulloch 8686: 8682: 8679: 8649: 8644: 8636: 8628: 8620: 8612: 8604: 8593: 8585: 8577: 8569: 8561: 8553: 8545: 8537: 8529: 8521: 8513: 8507:Robert Robinson 8505: 8497: 8489: 8481: 8473: 8465: 8457: 8451:William Crookes 8449: 8441: 8433: 8427:William Huggins 8425: 8414: 8406: 8398: 8390: 8382: 8374: 8366: 8358: 8350: 8342: 8336:Lord Wrottesley 8334: 8326: 8318: 8310: 8302: 8294: 8286: 8275: 8267: 8259: 8251: 8243: 8235: 8227: 8219: 8211: 8203: 8195: 8184: 8176: 8170:Charles Montagu 8168: 8160: 8152: 8146:Earl of Carbery 8144: 8136: 8128: 8120: 8112: 8104: 8096: 8085: 8076: 8046: 8041: 8033: 8025: 8019:William Huggins 8017: 8009: 8001: 7993: 7985: 7977: 7969: 7961: 7953: 7945: 7937: 7929: 7921: 7913: 7905: 7899:William Thomson 7897: 7889: 7881: 7873: 7867:Rudolf Clausius 7865: 7857: 7849: 7841: 7833: 7825: 7817: 7809: 7801: 7793: 7785: 7777: 7769: 7761: 7753: 7745: 7737: 7729: 7721: 7713: 7705: 7697: 7689: 7681: 7673: 7665: 7657: 7649: 7641: 7633: 7627: 7593: 7591:Giovanni Grassi 7584: 7576: 7566: 7557: 7549: 7539: 7537:Frederick McCoy 7530: 7522: 7512: 7503: 7500:Wollaston Medal 7495: 7485: 7476: 7468: 7453: 7444: 7435: 7420: 7411: 7403: 7393: 7384: 7376: 7349:Huxley review: 7339:Huxley review: 7327:Huxley review: 7321: 7262:Stephen, Leslie 7245: 7181:Clodd, Edward. 7145: 7143:Further reading 7140: 7058: 7056: 6925: 6838: 6836: 6829: 6789:, London: Boone 6757: 6756: 6741: 6739: 6738:on 27 June 2020 6618: 6617: 6605: 6518: 6516: 6441: 6440: 6374: 6315:Huxley, Leonard 6244:10.1038/447153a 6191: 6190: 6175: 6157:Foster, Michael 6105: 6056: 6042:Desmond, Adrian 6030:Darwin, Francis 6020: 6018: 5979:Darwin, Charles 5969: 5967: 5954:Darwin, Francis 5950:Darwin, Charles 5903: 5902: 5849:, London: Watts 5824: 5822: 5799: 5794: 5784: 5782: 5767: 5763: 5753: 5751: 5736: 5732: 5721: 5719: 5702: 5698: 5687: 5683: 5674: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5614:. Vol. 40. 5605: 5601: 5594: 5590: 5582: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5558: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5482: 5472: 5470: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5429: 5425: 5415: 5413: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5365: 5361: 5348: 5344: 5340:vol. 2, p. 285. 5336: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5311: 5307: 5303:, Harper, N.Y. 5294: 5290: 5261: 5257: 5248: 5244: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5137: 5133: 5123: 5121: 5114: 5098: 5094: 5089:Wayback Machine 5075: 5071: 5062: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5027:Wayback Machine 5020:Popular Science 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4973: 4969:vol. 2, p. 326. 4965: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4818: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4689: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4668:Wayback Machine 4661:"Thomas Huxley" 4655: 4651: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4619: 4615: 4604: 4600: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4521: 4517: 4512:Wayback Machine 4503: 4499: 4493:Wayback Machine 4483: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4360: 4356: 4347: 4343: 4334: 4330: 4322: 4318: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4248: 4244: 4228: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4178:(1 July 2019). 4173: 4169: 4162:, Volume 1, p. 4157: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4090:, pp. 1–20 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3987: 3976: 3969: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3894: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3675: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3594: 3592: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3447: 3440: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3313:"Thomas Huxley" 3311: 3310: 3306: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3205: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3156: 3082: 3034: 3024: 3023: 2982:(serialised in 2929: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2879: 2839: 2827:Crispin Tickell 2817:OM PRS won the 2802:Eyeless in Gaza 2796:Brave New World 2748:Peter Eckersley 2694: 2693: 2659: 2653: 2636: 2606:1870–1871: The 2597: 2584: 2565:Herbert Spencer 2525:moral authority 2498: 2396:Saturday Review 2371:carte de visite 2363: 2361:Adult education 2341:Romanes Lecture 2309:Popular Science 2255: 2159: 2150: 1995:Herbert Spencer 1975: 1969: 1957: 1924: 1754: 1748: 1726:Book of Genesis 1707:The letters of 1642: 1636: 1585: 1518:Linnean Society 1492:Robert Chambers 1470: 1464: 1363:origin of birds 1325: 1291: 1223: 1220: 1212: 1189:Linnean Society 1185:Wollaston Medal 1134: 1090: 1083:in north London 1051:Edwin Lankester 935: 851:now called the 782:William Burnett 770: 688:, and later on 680:Huxley, aged 21 604: 593: 587: 584: 541: 539: 529: 517: 502: 491: 485: 482: 475: 466:This section's 462: 458: 451: 439:Romanes Lecture 367:Robert Chambers 305: 278: 201: 196: 188: 180: 172: 164: 162:Wollaston Medal 156: 124: 105: 99: 95: 86: 80: 74: 72: 64: 49: 40: 38: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10729: 10719: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10571:Charles Darwin 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10486: 10485: 10483: 10482: 10477: 10475:Maggie Chapman 10472: 10467: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10437:Willis Pickard 10434: 10429: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10391:John Bannerman 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10371:Eric Linklater 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10286:Alexander Bain 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10252: 10249: 10248: 10239: 10238: 10231: 10224: 10216: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10152: 10150: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10142: 10134: 10126: 10118: 10110: 10102: 10094: 10086: 10078: 10070: 10062: 10054: 10052:(Ripley, 1899) 10046: 10038: 10030: 10022: 10011: 10009: 10005: 10004: 10002: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9944:Giuseppe Sergi 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9904:Gustaf Retzius 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 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Nott 9851: 9846: 9841: 9839:Ashley Montagu 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9819:Bertil Lundman 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9769:Earnest Hooton 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9734:George Gliddon 9731: 9726: 9721: 9719:Francis Galton 9716: 9711: 9709:Anténor Firmin 9706: 9701: 9699:Joseph Deniker 9696: 9691: 9686: 9684:Georges Cuvier 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9580: 9578: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9559: 9558: 9556:Racial hygiene 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9523: 9518: 9517: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9505: 9504: 9499: 9489: 9480: 9478: 9472: 9471: 9469: 9468: 9467: 9466: 9456: 9455: 9454: 9449: 9439: 9434: 9433: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9347: 9342: 9336: 9334: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9293: 9291: 9285: 9284: 9279: 9276: 9275: 9268: 9267: 9260: 9253: 9245: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9232: 9230:Lynne Frostick 9227: 9225:Richard Fortey 9222: 9217: 9212: 9210:Ronald Oxburgh 9206: 9204: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9179:Charles Curtis 9176: 9174:Anthony Harris 9171: 9169:Derek Blundell 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9144:Percival Allen 9141: 9136: 9131: 9129:Thomas Westoll 9126: 9121: 9119:Neville George 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9089:Leonard Hawkes 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9054:Arthur Trueman 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9019:Thomas Holland 9016: 9014:Edmund Garwood 9011: 9006: 9004:Francis Bather 9001: 8996: 8991: 8989:Richard Oldham 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8969:Aubrey Strahan 8966: 8961: 8959:William Sollas 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8935: 8933: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8913:Henry Woodward 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8828:Leonard Horner 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8788:Leonard Horner 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8743:William Fitton 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8694: 8692: 8688: 8687: 8678: 8677: 8670: 8663: 8655: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8642: 8634: 8626: 8622:Sir Paul Nurse 8618: 8610: 8601: 8599: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8591: 8587:Sir Aaron Klug 8583: 8575: 8567: 8559: 8551: 8543: 8535: 8527: 8519: 8511: 8503: 8495: 8487: 8479: 8471: 8463: 8455: 8447: 8439: 8431: 8422: 8420: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8412: 8404: 8396: 8388: 8380: 8372: 8364: 8356: 8348: 8340: 8332: 8324: 8316: 8312:Duke of Sussex 8308: 8304:Davies Gilbert 8300: 8292: 8283: 8281: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8265: 8257: 8249: 8241: 8233: 8229:Earl of Morton 8225: 8217: 8209: 8201: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8182: 8174: 8166: 8158: 8150: 8142: 8134: 8126: 8118: 8110: 8102: 8093: 8091: 8087: 8086: 8075: 8074: 8067: 8060: 8052: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8039: 8031: 8023: 8015: 8007: 8003:Carl Gegenbaur 7999: 7991: 7983: 7975: 7971:Rudolf Virchow 7967: 7959: 7951: 7943: 7935: 7927: 7919: 7911: 7903: 7895: 7887: 7879: 7871: 7863: 7855: 7847: 7843:Claude Bernard 7839: 7831: 7823: 7815: 7807: 7799: 7791: 7783: 7775: 7767: 7763:Julius Plücker 7759: 7755:Michel Chasles 7751: 7747:Charles Darwin 7743: 7735: 7727: 7719: 7711: 7703: 7695: 7687: 7679: 7671: 7663: 7655: 7647: 7638: 7635: 7634: 7626: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7603: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7586: 7577: 7572: 7568: 7567: 7562: 7559: 7554:Linnaean Medal 7550: 7545: 7541: 7540: 7535: 7532: 7523: 7520:George Bentham 7518: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7505: 7496: 7493:L-G de Koninck 7491: 7487: 7486: 7483:Charles Darwin 7481: 7478: 7469: 7466:George Newport 7464: 7460: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7446: 7436: 7431: 7427: 7426: 7422: 7421: 7418:Michael Foster 7416: 7413: 7404: 7399: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7386: 7377: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7347: 7337: 7325: 7310: 7301: 7295: 7286: 7276: 7258: 7252: 7244: 7243:External links 7241: 7240: 7239: 7232: 7221: 7214: 7207: 7200: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7174:Bibby, Cyril. 7172: 7167:Bibby, Cyril. 7165: 7158: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7129: 7121: 7109: 7081: 7064: 7013: 7001: 6989: 6972:(2): 550–561, 6959: 6951: 6938: 6928: 6923: 6904: 6895: 6886: 6884:(111): 487–532 6874: 6862: 6854: 6845: 6827: 6812: 6800: 6791: 6779: 6770: 6747: 6692:Lucas, John R. 6688: 6676: 6667: 6631: 6608: 6603: 6590: 6569: 6560: 6551: 6541: 6532: 6524: 6472: 6463: 6454: 6431: 6418: 6395: 6386: 6377: 6372: 6355: 6340: 6332: 6323: 6311: 6276:Huxley, Julian 6272: 6216: 6214:, Random House 6204: 6178: 6173: 6153: 6117: 6108: 6103: 6086: 6077: 6068: 6059: 6054: 6038: 6026: 6004: 5975: 5946: 5937: 5928: 5916: 5893: 5884: 5880:Charles Darwin 5875: 5871:Charles Darwin 5863: 5851: 5839: 5830: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5761: 5730: 5696: 5681: 5660: 5645: 5629: 5625:Desmond (1994) 5617: 5599: 5588: 5576: 5564: 5552: 5540: 5528: 5516: 5507: 5498: 5489: 5480: 5454: 5423: 5393: 5382: 5370: 5359: 5342: 5330: 5318: 5305: 5288: 5255: 5242: 5229: 5218: 5206: 5194: 5182: 5170: 5158: 5146: 5131: 5112: 5092: 5069: 5056: 5044: 5010: 5008:vol 2, p. 360. 4998: 4986: 4971: 4959: 4947: 4935: 4922: 4896: 4884: 4872: 4861: 4849: 4845:Wollaston 1921 4837: 4825: 4812: 4800: 4789: 4777: 4765: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4717: 4705: 4683: 4671: 4649: 4638: 4626: 4613: 4598: 4555: 4543: 4515: 4497: 4477: 4465: 4453: 4441: 4429: 4426:Burkhardt 1984 4418: 4406: 4390: 4379: 4367: 4354: 4341: 4328: 4316: 4300: 4288: 4276: 4264: 4255: 4242: 4222: 4210: 4197: 4176:van Wyhe, John 4167: 4151: 4139: 4126: 4115: 4104: 4092: 4080: 4078:vol. 1, p.189. 4068: 4057: 4043: 4031: 4020: 4008: 3996: 3974: 3963: 3959:Desmond (1997) 3951: 3939: 3927: 3915: 3903: 3892: 3877: 3851: 3839: 3836:Desmond (1997) 3825: 3814: 3807: 3787: 3757: 3753:Desmond (1998) 3745: 3734: 3720: 3716:Desmond (1994) 3708: 3704:Desmond (1994) 3696: 3692:Desmond (1997) 3684: 3666: 3636: 3602: 3576: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3527: 3516: 3505: 3493: 3480: 3467: 3445: 3429: 3403: 3373: 3360: 3334: 3304: 3277:(1): 117–141. 3261: 3249: 3241:Lankester, Ray 3233: 3224: 3214: 3203: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3138:Horse Feathers 3134: 3121: 3081: 3078: 3054:cancel culture 3033: 3030: 3029: 3028: 2946: 2945: 2933: 2923: 2878: 2875: 2843:Barming Asylum 2838: 2835: 2823: 2822: 2812: 2788: 2774: 2773: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2754: 2751: 2740: 2725:Leonard Huxley 2722: 2712: 2709: 2661: 2660: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2614: 2611: 2604: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2583: 2580: 2497: 2494: 2362: 2359: 2351:Vladimir Lenin 2280:edited version 2254: 2251: 2242:Adrian Desmond 2201:Arthur Shipley 2185:William Flower 2168:Michael Foster 2158: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2111:Norman Lockyer 2057:Charles Darwin 2053:Arthur Stanley 2045:William Flower 1971:Main article: 1968: 1965: 1961:Charles Darwin 1956: 1953: 1923: 1920: 1899: 1898: 1847:William Flower 1811:Descent of Man 1803:Descent of Man 1800:published his 1798:Charles Darwin 1747: 1744: 1678:Robert FitzRoy 1638:Main article: 1635: 1632: 1563:, also primed 1463: 1460: 1387:George Peabody 1379:Peabody Museum 1290: 1287: 1268:Lord Salisbury 1264:Arthur Balfour 1210: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113:Leonard Huxley 1110: 1100: 1097: 1089: 1086: 1070: Heathorn 1016:(now known as 995:St John's Wood 934: 931: 892:Appendicularia 805:Oswald Brierly 769: 765:Voyage of the 763: 740:Huxley's layer 736:Burke and Hare 663:Charles Darwin 639:Thomas Carlyle 620:nonconformists 606: 605: 520: 518: 511: 504: 503: 465: 463: 456: 450: 447: 340:Charles Darwin 328:anthropologist 298: 297: 289: 288: 284: 283: 280: 279: 277: 276: 271: 269:Michael Foster 265: 263: 259: 258: 253: 249: 248: 228: 224: 223: 214: 210: 209: 203: 202: 200: 199: 191: 183: 175: 167: 159: 150: 148: 144: 143: 130: 129:Known for 126: 125: 123: 122: 117: 113: 111: 107: 106: 100: 98:(aged 70) 92: 88: 87: 81: 70: 66: 65: 59: 51: 50: 39: 36: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10728: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 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H. Asquith 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10276:W. E. Forster 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10253: 10250: 10246: 10237: 10232: 10230: 10225: 10223: 10218: 10217: 10214: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10176:Miscegenation 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10153: 10151: 10147: 10141: 10139: 10135: 10133: 10131: 10127: 10125: 10123: 10119: 10117: 10115: 10111: 10109: 10107: 10103: 10101: 10099: 10095: 10093: 10091: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10079: 10077: 10075: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10055: 10053: 10051: 10047: 10045: 10043: 10039: 10037: 10035: 10031: 10029: 10027: 10023: 10021: 10019: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10006: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9979:Paul Topinard 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9919:Benjamin Rush 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9889:Alfred Ploetz 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9869:Oscar Peschel 9867: 9865: 9864:Roger Pearson 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9834:John Mitchell 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9809:Carl Linnaeus 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9774:Julian Huxley 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9759:Ernst Haeckel 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9744:Madison Grant 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9714:Eugen Fischer 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9659:Petrus Camper 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9584:Louis Agassiz 9582: 9581: 9579: 9575: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9494: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9477: 9473: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9460: 9457: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9415:Mediterranean 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9329: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9277: 9273: 9266: 9261: 9259: 9254: 9252: 9247: 9246: 9243: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9201: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9164:Bernard Leake 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9149:Howel Francis 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9104:Oliver Bulman 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9039:Percy Boswell 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8994:Albert Seward 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8979:Alfred Harker 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8964:William Watts 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8934: 8930: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8888:Thomas Bonney 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8823:John Phillips 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8813:Daniel Sharpe 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8803:Edward Forbes 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8763:Charles Lyell 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8748:Adam Sedgwick 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8708:William Blake 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8676: 8671: 8669: 8664: 8662: 8657: 8656: 8653: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8596: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8571:George Porter 8568: 8564: 8563:Andrew Huxley 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8531:Howard Florey 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8459:J. J. Thomson 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8435:Lord Rayleigh 8432: 8428: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8417: 8409: 8408:Joseph Lister 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8352:Edward Sabine 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8328:Earl of Rosse 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8278: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8213:Martin Folkes 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8187: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8083:Royal Society 8080: 8073: 8068: 8066: 8061: 8059: 8054: 8053: 8050: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7955:Simon Newcomb 7952: 7948: 7947:George Salmon 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7891:Arthur Cayley 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7827:Louis Pasteur 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7739:Adam Sedgwick 7736: 7732: 7731:Thomas Graham 7728: 7724: 7723:Louis Agassiz 7720: 7716: 7715:Robert Bunsen 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7699:Charles Lyell 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7675:Léon Foucault 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7636: 7631: 7624: 7619: 7617: 7612: 7610: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7592: 7583: 7582: 7575: 7569: 7565: 7556: 7555: 7548: 7542: 7538: 7529: 7528: 7521: 7515: 7511: 7510:Robert Mallet 7502: 7501: 7494: 7488: 7484: 7475: 7474: 7467: 7461: 7456: 7452: 7451:George Stokes 7443: 7442: 7434: 7428: 7423: 7419: 7410: 7409: 7402: 7401:John Marshall 7396: 7392: 7383: 7382: 7375: 7369: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7318: 7314: 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6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6016: 6012: 6011: 6005: 6001: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5899: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5867:Browne, Janet 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5765: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5734: 5717: 5713: 5712:The Telegraph 5708: 5700: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5677: 5676:Huxley Papers 5670: 5664: 5656: 5649: 5641: 5640: 5639:The Athenaeum 5633: 5627:, p. 296 5626: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5592: 5585: 5580: 5573: 5568: 5561: 5556: 5549: 5544: 5537: 5532: 5525: 5520: 5511: 5502: 5493: 5484: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5431:Huxley, T.H. 5427: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5386: 5379: 5374: 5368: 5363: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5339: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5315: 5309: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5252: 5246: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5222: 5215: 5210: 5203: 5198: 5191: 5186: 5179: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5155: 5150: 5142: 5135: 5119: 5115: 5113:9781371175252 5109: 5105: 5104: 5096: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5014: 5007: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4983: 4978: 4976: 4968: 4963: 4956: 4951: 4945:, p. 397 4944: 4939: 4932: 4926: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4893: 4888: 4881: 4876: 4870: 4865: 4858: 4857:MacBride 1934 4853: 4846: 4841: 4834: 4829: 4822: 4816: 4809: 4804: 4798: 4793: 4786: 4781: 4774: 4769: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4745: 4738: 4733: 4726: 4721: 4714: 4709: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4642: 4635: 4630: 4623: 4617: 4609: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4547: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4509: 4506: 4501: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4481: 4475:, pp. 420–422 4474: 4469: 4462: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4438: 4433: 4427: 4422: 4415: 4410: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4388: 4383: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4358: 4351: 4345: 4338: 4332: 4325: 4320: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4297: 4292: 4285: 4280: 4273: 4268: 4259: 4252: 4246: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4214: 4207: 4201: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4119: 4113: 4108: 4101: 4096: 4089: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4066: 4061: 4055: 4050: 4048: 4040: 4035: 4029: 4024: 4017: 4012: 4005: 4000: 3992: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3972: 3971:Huxley (1877) 3967: 3960: 3955: 3948: 3943: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3919: 3912: 3911:Huxley (1861) 3907: 3901: 3896: 3888: 3881: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3832: 3830: 3823: 3818: 3810: 3808:0-941980-15-4 3804: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3755:, p. 431 3754: 3749: 3743: 3738: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3694:, p. 230 3693: 3688: 3680: 3673: 3671: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3615:amphilsoc.org 3612: 3606: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3569: 3567: 3559: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3536: 3531: 3525: 3520: 3514: 3509: 3502: 3497: 3490: 3484: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3443: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3370: 3364: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3228: 3218: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3194: 3190: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3148: 3144: 3143:Marx Brothers 3140: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3106:, written by 3105: 3104: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3032:Racism debate 3026: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2951:Jermyn Street 2943: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2924: 2921: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2874: 2870: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2831:Huxley family 2828: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2791:Aldous Huxley 2789: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2769: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2737:Andrew Huxley 2734: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2715:Marian Huxley 2713: 2710: 2707: 2706:scarlet fever 2703: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2690: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2665: 2658: 2657:Huxley family 2645: 2642: 2639:1866: On the 2638: 2637: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2579: 2575: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2553:compatibilist 2550: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2517:Julian Huxley 2514: 2509: 2502: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2472:Auguste Comte 2468: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2367: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2275: 2273: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2260: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2209:morphological 2207:This largely 2205: 2202: 2192: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2172:Ray Lankester 2169: 2163: 2154: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2078: 2072: 2070: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2037: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2022: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003:mathematician 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1974: 1964: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1928: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1855: 1854: 1848: 1838: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1785: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1743: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1722:Old Testament 1717: 1714: 1710: 1709:Alfred Newton 1705: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1641: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1602:Lord Brougham 1594: 1593: 1588: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1514:Charles Lyell 1511: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1474: 1469: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1416: 1415: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1393:aquatic bird 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1359: 1358:Archaeopteryx 1354: 1353: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1311: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1286: 1284: 1283:W.K. Clifford 1278: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1251: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1216: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1193:Linnean Medal 1190: 1187:in 1876; the 1186: 1182: 1179:in 1894; the 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165:Royal Society 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1142:Royal Society 1139: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1103:Marian Huxley 1101: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1063:scarlet fever 1060: 1056: 1055:Joseph Lister 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1027: 1023: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1010:Eugene Dubois 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 983: 979: 975: 973: 969: 965: 964:Royal Society 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 911: 906: 902: 898: 894: 893: 888: 884: 880: 870: 866: 864: 860: 856: 855: 850: 846: 845: 840: 836: 835:Royal Society 831: 829: 828:Edward Forbes 824: 820: 819: 813: 806: 802: 801: 795: 791: 789: 788: 783: 779: 775: 768: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 743: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 716:Apothecaries' 712: 710: 706: 702: 698: 693: 691: 687: 686:invertebrates 678: 674: 672: 669:, and enough 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 602: 599: 591: 580: 577: 573: 570: 566: 563: 559: 556: 552: 549: – 548: 544: 543:Find sources: 537: 533: 527: 526: 521:This section 519: 515: 510: 509: 500: 497: 489: 479: 473: 471: 464: 455: 454: 446: 444: 440: 434: 432: 428: 424: 423: 422:Compsognathus 418: 417: 416:Archaeopteryx 412: 408: 407:invertebrates 404: 399: 397: 393: 389: 385: 380: 378: 374: 373: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 347: 345: 342:'s theory of 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 295: 290: 285: 281: 275: 272: 270: 267: 266: 264: 260: 257: 254: 250: 247: 244: 240: 236: 232: 229: 225: 222: 218: 215: 211: 208: 204: 195: 192: 187: 186:Linnean Medal 184: 179: 176: 171: 168: 163: 160: 155: 152: 151: 149: 145: 142: 138: 134: 131: 127: 121: 118: 115: 114: 112: 108: 103: 93: 89: 84: 71: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 43: 34: 29: 26: 22: 10462:Robin Harper 10447:Ian Hamilton 10270: 10261:Earl Russell 10156:Ethnogenesis 10137: 10129: 10124:(Coon, 1939) 10121: 10113: 10105: 10097: 10089: 10081: 10073: 10065: 10057: 10049: 10041: 10033: 10025: 10015: 10008:Publications 9859:Karl Pearson 9778: 9749:John Grattan 9644:Halfdan Bryn 9509:in Singapore 9476:Sociological 9220:Peter Styles 9203:21st century 9154:Janet Watson 9079:William King 9064:Cecil Tilley 9009:John Gregory 8939:Jethro Teall 8932:20th century 8847: 8738:John Bostock 8723:Earl Compton 8691:19th century 8638:Adrian Smith 8598:21st century 8419:20th century 8383: 8296:Humphry Davy 8280:19th century 8269:Joseph Banks 8261:John Pringle 8253:James Burrow 8237:James Burrow 8197:Isaac Newton 8189:18th century 8138:Samuel Pepys 8122:John Hoskyns 8090:17th century 7938: 7643:Richard Owen 7581:Darwin Medal 7579: 7552: 7527:Clarke Medal 7525: 7498: 7471: 7438: 7406: 7391:Richard Owen 7379: 7354: 7343: 7331: 7282: 7271: 7235: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7203: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7146: 7133: 7125: 7116: 7089: 7085: 7072: 7059:11 September 7057:, retrieved 7030: 7024: 7008: 6996: 6969: 6963: 6955: 6945: 6932: 6909: 6899: 6890: 6881: 6869: 6858: 6849: 6837:, retrieved 6817: 6807: 6795: 6786: 6774: 6751: 6740:, retrieved 6736:the original 6703: 6699: 6684: 6680: 6671: 6642:(1): 63–72, 6639: 6635: 6612: 6594: 6579: 6573: 6564: 6555: 6545: 6536: 6528: 6517:, retrieved 6484: 6480: 6467: 6458: 6435: 6426: 6422: 6409: 6390: 6381: 6361: 6350: 6344: 6336: 6327: 6318: 6283: 6279: 6226: 6220: 6211: 6186: 6182: 6164: 6125: 6121: 6112: 6092: 6081: 6072: 6063: 6045: 6033: 6019:, retrieved 6009: 5990: 5968:, retrieved 5958: 5941: 5932: 5923: 5897: 5888: 5879: 5870: 5858: 5855:Bibby, Cyril 5846: 5843:Bibby, Cyril 5834: 5825:16 September 5823:, retrieved 5809: 5783:. Retrieved 5774: 5764: 5752:. Retrieved 5743: 5733: 5720:. Retrieved 5711: 5699: 5684: 5675: 5668: 5663: 5654: 5648: 5638: 5632: 5620: 5611: 5602: 5591: 5584:Desmond 1997 5579: 5572:Desmond 1997 5567: 5560:Desmond 1997 5555: 5543: 5531: 5524:Desmond 1997 5519: 5510: 5501: 5492: 5483: 5471:. Retrieved 5457: 5445:. Retrieved 5436: 5426: 5414:. Retrieved 5405: 5396: 5385: 5373: 5362: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5333: 5321: 5313: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5250: 5245: 5237: 5232: 5221: 5209: 5202:Desmond 1994 5197: 5190:Desmond 1994 5185: 5173: 5161: 5149: 5140: 5134: 5122:. Retrieved 5102: 5095: 5077: 5072: 5064: 5059: 5047: 5039: 5018: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4989: 4966: 4962: 4950: 4938: 4930: 4925: 4913:. Retrieved 4899: 4892:Desmond 1997 4887: 4880:Desmond 1997 4875: 4864: 4852: 4840: 4828: 4815: 4808:Desmond 1997 4803: 4792: 4785:Desmond 1997 4780: 4768: 4761:Desmond 1997 4756: 4744: 4737:Desmond 1994 4732: 4720: 4708: 4698: 4695:Mer de Glace 4691:Tyndall 1896 4686: 4674: 4657:Linder, Doug 4652: 4641: 4629: 4616: 4607: 4601: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4551:Poulton 1896 4546: 4536:Huxley 1862b 4528:Huxley 1860b 4524:Huxley 1860a 4518: 4500: 4480: 4473:Huxley 1862a 4468: 4460: 4456: 4444: 4432: 4421: 4409: 4393: 4387:Huxley 1862b 4382: 4370: 4362: 4357: 4349: 4344: 4336: 4331: 4319: 4311: 4303: 4298:pp. 276–281. 4296:Desmond 1994 4291: 4279: 4267: 4258: 4250: 4245: 4230: 4225: 4213: 4205: 4200: 4188:. Retrieved 4170: 4154: 4142: 4134: 4129: 4118: 4107: 4095: 4083: 4071: 4060: 4039:Desmond 1994 4034: 4023: 4011: 3999: 3990: 3966: 3961:, p. 88 3954: 3942: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3900:Clack (2002) 3895: 3886: 3880: 3868:. Retrieved 3864: 3854: 3849:, p. 11 3847:Lyons (1999) 3842: 3817: 3799: 3796: 3790: 3778:. Retrieved 3760: 3748: 3742:Bibby (1972) 3737: 3731:Bibby (1959) 3711: 3699: 3687: 3678: 3657:. Retrieved 3648: 3639: 3627:. Retrieved 3614: 3605: 3593:. Retrieved 3588: 3579: 3558:Holland 2007 3553: 3546:Tyndall 1896 3541: 3530: 3519: 3508: 3503:, p. 35 3501:Desmond 1994 3496: 3488: 3483: 3475: 3470: 3442:Desmond 1994 3420:. Retrieved 3406: 3394:. Retrieved 3385: 3376: 3368: 3363: 3351:. Retrieved 3337: 3325:. Retrieved 3316: 3307: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3257:Desmond 1997 3252: 3244: 3236: 3227: 3217: 3206: 3198: 3193: 3147:Groucho Marx 3136: 3128: 3115: 3101: 3065:abolitionist 3058: 3050:Ian Walmsley 3045: 3035: 3020: 3014: 3002:Richard Owen 2987: 2983: 2973: 2947: 2940: 2935: 2927: 2896: 2880: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2851: 2847:John Collier 2840: 2824: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2775: 2766: 2719:John Collier 2695: 2689:John Collier 2585: 2576: 2569: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2489: 2488:Huxley 1870 2484: 2479: 2469: 2461: 2454: 2444: 2437: 2429:F.D. Maurice 2418: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2349: 2338: 2331: 2326: 2318: 2307: 2304:Roman Church 2285: 2279: 2276: 2269: 2263: 2256: 2247: 2238: 2234:Michael Ruse 2226:Fritz Müller 2206: 2197: 2164: 2160: 2151: 2140:(founded by 2131: 2127:Lord Avebury 2119: 2114: 2104: 2100: 2098: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2075: 2073: 2069:Copley Medal 2065: 2042: 2020: 2007:Thomas Hirst 1991:John Lubbock 1987:J. D. Hooker 1983:John Tyndall 1976: 1958: 1948: 1945: 1937: 1929: 1925: 1906: 1900: 1893: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1851: 1843: 1830: 1827:Richard Owen 1822: 1810: 1808: 1801: 1793: 1790: 1787:Huxley at 32 1765: 1758:Richard Owen 1755: 1740: 1729: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1700: 1697:Richard Owen 1692: 1688: 1686: 1681: 1649: 1643: 1628: 1624: 1618: 1614: 1612: 1604:assailed Dr 1599: 1590: 1574: 1568: 1558: 1554: 1551:Richard Owen 1542: 1538: 1536: 1528: 1526: 1507: 1495: 1489: 1477: 1456: 1452: 1432: 1422: 1420: 1412: 1394: 1367: 1356: 1350: 1348: 1329: 1312: 1304: 1292: 1281:Balfour and 1279: 1274: 1272: 1252: 1245: 1226: 1196: 1177:Darwin Medal 1173:Copley Medal 1162: 1135: 1107:John Collier 1091: 1032: 1019:Homo erectus 1017: 1013: 1005: 999: 988: 976: 936: 908: 890: 886: 883:John Tyndall 875: 858: 852: 842: 838: 832: 822: 817: 809: 799: 785: 771: 766: 744: 713: 694: 683: 654: 646: 643:James Hutton 632: 609: 594: 585: 575: 568: 561: 554: 542: 530:Please help 525:verification 522: 492: 483: 467: 442: 435: 420: 414: 400: 381: 377:Richard Owen 370: 348: 335: 302: 301: 227:Institutions 206: 178:Copley Medal 170:Clarke Medal 96:(1895-06-29) 94:29 June 1895 61:Woodburytype 25: 10506:1895 deaths 10501:1825 births 10432:Hamish Watt 10396:Peter Scott 10196:Pre-Adamite 10186:Multiracial 9789:Robert Knox 9599:John Beddoe 9546:Master race 9502:in Colombia 9390:East Baltic 9194:Robin Cocks 9074:George Lees 8918:Henry Hicks 8515:Lord Adrian 8400:Lord Kelvin 8205:Hans Sloane 8178:Lord Somers 8130:Cyril Wyche 7907:Carl Ludwig 7632:(1851–1900) 7473:Royal Medal 7148:Biographies 7033:: 327–346, 6852:, Macmillan 6839:14 February 6804:Mayr, Ernst 6615:. New York. 5924:The Huxleys 5785:18 November 5754:18 November 5689:Darwin 1887 5548:Huxley 1935 5526:pp. 175–176 5390:Huxley 1900 5378:Jensen 1991 5367:Jensen 1991 5338:Huxley 1900 5214:Morley 1917 5192:p. 361–362. 5042:pp. 789–803 4833:Lester 1995 4797:Osborn 1924 4773:Irvine 1955 4725:Jensen 1970 4715:p. 327–346. 4679:Huxley 1857 4634:Cronin 1991 4532:Huxley 1861 4439:pp. 109–111 4437:Cosans 2009 4398:Darwin 1859 4377:p. 538–606. 4284:Huxley 1900 4272:Browne 2002 4160:Huxley 1900 4076:Huxley 1900 4054:Browne 2002 4028:Browne 1995 4016:Huxley 1855 4004:Huxley 1854 3947:Prum (2003) 3935:Paul (2002) 3535:Huxley 1859 3513:Huxley 1935 3464:Huxley 1900 3396:26 February 3327:26 February 3125:H. G. Wells 3089:Blue plaque 3061:Nick Matzke 2862:Rattlesnake 2618:vivisection 2561:Determinism 2321:agnosticism 2230:Henry Bates 2216:evolution ( 2211:program of 2142:Dr. Johnson 2021:Dreadnought 2015:George Busk 1903:Neanderthal 1778:Lorenz Oken 1592:Vanity Fair 1440:Pleistocene 1396:Hesperornis 1371:O. C. Marsh 1336:coelacanths 1315:fossil fish 1296:Phanerozoic 1221: 1883 1169:Royal Medal 1059:Henry James 923:brachiopods 919:cephalopods 887:Rattlesnake 863:Ray Society 823:Rattlesnake 818:Rattlesnake 800:Rattlesnake 767:Rattlesnake 732:Robert Knox 701:Rotherhithe 690:vertebrates 635:autodidacts 411:vertebrates 396:agnosticism 274:H. G. Wells 154:Royal Medal 141:agnosticism 10495:Categories 10442:Colin Bell 10424:Sandy Gall 10409:Jo Grimond 10191:Polygenism 10181:Monogenism 9899:Otto Reche 9804:Fritz Lenz 9634:Paul Broca 9624:Franz Boas 9594:Erwin Baur 9589:John Baker 9483:By region 9340:Australoid 9134:Percy Kent 9024:John Green 8999:John Evans 8863:John Evans 8245:James West 8079:Presidents 7445:1883–1885 7412:1865–1869 7385:1855–1858 6754:, New York 6710:: 313–30, 6581:Darwiniana 6414:Wikisource 6384:(III): 195 5722:28 October 5714:. London. 5691:, p. 5596:Clark 1968 5536:Bibby 1972 5473:15 January 5447:6 February 5204:Chapter 19 5178:Bibby 1959 5154:White 2003 4982:Bibby 1959 4955:Bibby 1959 4915:8 December 4810:p. 14, 60. 4775:Chapter 15 4540:Huxley1887 4324:Gould 1991 4308:Lucas 1979 4286:Chapter 14 4006:p.425–439. 3870:23 January 3659:4 February 3595:7 December 3491:. Chicago. 3422:11 January 3353:4 February 3186:References 3112:Toby Jones 3074:James Hunt 3070:polygenism 2855:depression 2655:See also: 2476:positivism 2451:protoplasm 2441:protoplasm 2296:antitheism 2288:Ernst Mayr 2030:glaciology 1967:The X Club 1955:Pallbearer 1770:homologous 1750:See also: 1621:article... 1466:See also: 1391:Cretaceous 1352:Sauropsida 1300:Palaeozoic 1002:Eastbourne 933:Later life 915:morphology 778:Royal Navy 759:Royal Navy 755:physiology 705:Dickensian 558:newspapers 449:Early life 384:gradualism 231:Royal Navy 102:Eastbourne 79:4 May 1825 75:1825-05-04 9568:Négritude 9497:in Brazil 9442:Mongoloid 9350:Caucasoid 8949:John Marr 8614:Lord Rees 8555:Lord Todd 7333:The Times 6872:(2): 1–37 6621:cite book 6253:0028-0836 6185:(2nd ed.) 5900:, Indiana 5673:cited in 5380:, p. 196. 5327:Barr 1997 5282:; vol 9: 5226:Barr 1997 5124:4 October 5036:0161-7370 4994:Mayr 1982 4894:p. 19–20. 4869:Ruse 1997 4749:Barr 1997 4727:pp. 63–72 4646:Mayr 1982 4461:Athenaeum 4414:Owen 1858 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9400:Hamites 9385:Dinaric 9380:Caspian 8081:of the 7306:at the 7094:Bibcode 7035:Bibcode 6965:The Auk 6915:171–224 6509:4071308 6489:Bibcode 6393:(April) 6288:Bibcode 6269:5549210 6231:Bibcode 6150:4031321 6130:Bibcode 6021:1 March 5970:23 July 5956:(ed.), 5797:Sources 5678:. 79.6. 5416:2 March 5406:The Sun 4984:p. 155. 4957:p. 153. 4847:p. 102. 4823:p. 153. 4787:p. 123. 4763:p. 191. 4681:p. 241. 4659:(2004) 4636:p. 397. 4593:4061790 4565:Science 4274:p. 118. 4102:p. 400. 4041:p. 222. 3780:19 July 3022:things. 2996:on the 2877:Satires 2679:in 1893 2555:in the 2536:details 2222:Wallace 1907:sapiens 1897:Huxley. 1670:Lubbock 1557:in the 1541:in the 1215:Bassano 1211:Huxley 921:and on 917:of the 837:in its 751:anatomy 647:Geology 572:scholar 315:HonFRSE 217:Zoology 10140:(1950) 10132:(1943) 10116:(1936) 10108:(1930) 10100:(1920) 10092:(1916) 10084:(1916) 10076:(1911) 10068:(1907) 10060:(1899) 10044:(1855) 10036:(1849) 10028:(1785) 10020:(1744) 9531:Racism 9420:Nordic 9410:Iranid 9360:Arabid 9355:Alpine 9345:Capoid 9302:Bronze 8640:(2020) 8632:(2015) 8624:(2010) 8616:(2005) 8608:(2000) 8589:(1995) 8581:(1990) 8573:(1985) 8565:(1980) 8557:(1975) 8549:(1970) 8541:(1965) 8533:(1960) 8525:(1955) 8517:(1950) 8509:(1945) 8501:(1940) 8493:(1935) 8485:(1930) 8477:(1925) 8469:(1920) 8461:(1915) 8453:(1913) 8445:(1908) 8437:(1905) 8429:(1900) 8410:(1895) 8402:(1890) 8394:(1885) 8386:(1883) 8378:(1878) 8370:(1873) 8362:(1871) 8354:(1861) 8346:(1858) 8338:(1854) 8330:(1848) 8322:(1838) 8314:(1830) 8306:(1827) 8298:(1820) 8290:(1820) 8271:(1778) 8263:(1772) 8255:(1772) 8247:(1768) 8239:(1768) 8231:(1764) 8223:(1752) 8215:(1741) 8207:(1727) 8199:(1703) 8180:(1698) 8172:(1695) 8164:(1690) 8156:(1689) 8148:(1686) 8140:(1684) 8132:(1683) 8124:(1682) 8116:(1680) 8108:(1677) 8100:(1662) 8037:(1900) 8029:(1899) 8021:(1898) 8013:(1897) 8005:(1896) 7997:(1895) 7989:(1894) 7981:(1893) 7973:(1892) 7965:(1891) 7957:(1890) 7949:(1889) 7941:(1888) 7933:(1887) 7925:(1886) 7917:(1885) 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2400:Reader 2398:, the 2394:, the 2383:, 1893 2218:Darwin 2115:Nature 2106:Nature 2101:Reader 2093:Reader 2077:Reader 1979:X Club 1973:X Club 1823:Origin 1819:Buffon 1774:Goethe 1693:Origin 1682:Beagle 1674:Brodie 1666:Hooker 1600:Since 1555:Origin 1539:Origin 1484:gibbon 1429:Eocene 1307:orders 1262:, and 1088:Family 849:phylum 659:German 649:, and 612:Ealing 574: 567: 560: 553: 545: 363:Oxford 213:Fields 197:(1893) 189:(1890) 181:(1888) 173:(1880) 165:(1876) 157:(1852) 147:Awards 83:Ealing 9437:Malay 9405:Indid 9370:Aryan 9322:White 9312:Olive 9307:Brown 9297:Black 7585:1894 7558:1890 7531:1880 7504:1876 7477:1852 7439:34th 6982:S2CID 6728:S2CID 6706:(2), 6660:S2CID 6585:, by 6505:S2CID 6353:: 241 6304:S2CID 6265:S2CID 6146:S2CID 5655:Punch 5612:Punch 5574:p. 49 5562:p. 27 4751:p. 1. 4589:S2CID 3295:S2CID 2955:dandy 2882:The " 2519:gave 2456:Punch 1915:races 1736:below 1606:Young 1543:Times 1373:, in 671:Greek 667:Latin 655:Logic 579:JSTOR 565:books 427:birds 419:with 353:with 317: 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