1243:
showed that there was no direct sympathetic innervation to the lung, but bronchoconstriction was reversed by the release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla. An increased incidence of asthma has not been reported for adrenalectomized patients; those with a predisposition to asthma will have some protection from airway hyper-reactivity from their corticosteroid replacement therapy. Exercise induces progressive airway dilation in normal subjects that correlates with workload and is not prevented by beta-blockade. The progressive airway dilation with increasing exercise is mediated by a progressive reduction in resting vagal tone. Beta blockade with propranolol causes a rebound in airway resistance after exercise in normal subjects over the same time course as the bronchoconstriction seen with exercise-induced asthma. The reduction in airway resistance during exercise reduces the work of breathing.
1259:. These findings can be an effect in part that adrenaline elicits physiological sympathetic responses, including an increased heart rate and knee shaking, which can be attributed to the feeling of fear regardless of the actual level of fear elicited from the video. Although studies have found a definite relation between adrenaline and fear, other emotions have not had such results. In the same study, subjects did not express a greater amusement to an amusement film nor greater anger to an anger film. Similar findings were also supported in a study that involved rodent subjects that either were able or unable to produce adrenaline. Findings support the idea that adrenaline has a role in facilitating the encoding of emotionally arousing events, contributing to higher levels of arousal due to fear.
2006:
1255:. The major emotion studied in relation to adrenaline is fear. In an experiment, subjects who were injected with adrenaline expressed more negative and fewer positive facial expressions to fear films compared to a control group. These subjects also reported a more intense fear from the films and greater mean intensity of negative memories than control subjects. The findings from this study demonstrate that there are learned associations between negative feelings and levels of adrenaline. Overall, the greater amount of adrenaline is positively correlated with an aroused state of
57:
1231:
from 1950 onwards. Although much valuable work has been published using fluorimetric assays to measure total catecholamine concentrations, the method is too non-specific and insensitive to accurately determine the very small quantities of adrenaline in plasma. The development of extraction methods and enzyme–isotope derivate radio-enzymatic assays (REA) transformed the analysis down to a sensitivity of 1 pg for adrenaline. Early REA plasma assays indicated that adrenaline and total catecholamines rise late in exercise, mostly when anaerobic metabolism commences.
815:
792:
1847:
2240:
1276:. Overall, "Extensive evidence indicates that epinephrine (EPI) modulates memory consolidation for emotionally arousing tasks in animals and human subjects." Studies have also found that recognition memory involving adrenaline depends on a mechanism that depends on β adrenoceptors. Adrenaline does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, so its effects on memory consolidation are at least partly initiated by β adrenoceptors in the periphery. Studies have found that
12785:
1573:
42:
2405:(1857–1938), the father of modern pharmacology, found a natural substance produced by the adrenal glands that he named epinephrine. The first hormone to be identified, it remains a crucial, first-line treatment for cardiac arrests, severe allergic reactions, and other conditions. In 1901, Jokichi Takamine successfully isolated and purified the hormone from the adrenal glands of sheep and oxen. Adrenaline was first synthesized in the laboratory by
12797:
6331:
1309:(also known as benign, familial, or idiopathic tremor). A general increase in sympathetic neural activity is usually accompanied by increased adrenaline secretion, but there is selectivity during hypoxia and hypoglycemia, when the ratio of adrenaline to noradrenaline is considerably increased. Therefore, there must be some autonomy of the adrenal medulla from the rest of the sympathetic system.
2471:. Additionally, in 1900 Thomas Aldrich of Parke-Davis Scientific Laboratory also purified adrenaline independently. Takamine and Parke-Davis later in 1901 both got the patent for adrenaline. The fight for terminology between adrenaline and epinephrine was not ended until the first adrenaline structural discovery by Hermann Pauly (1870–1950) in 1903 and the first adrenaline synthesis by
2503:. Such an increase in the circulating concentration of adrenaline is secondary to the activation of the sympathetic nerves innervating the adrenal medulla, as it is rapid and not present in animals where the adrenal gland has been removed. Although such stress triggers adrenaline release, it also activates many other responses within the central nervous system
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1580:
1234:
During exercise, the adrenaline blood concentration rises partially from the increased secretion of the adrenal medulla and partly from the decreased metabolism of adrenaline due to reduced blood flow to the liver. Infusion of adrenaline to reproduce exercise circulating concentrations of adrenaline
1230:
One physiological stimulus to adrenaline secretion is exercise. This was first demonstrated by measuring the dilation of a (denervated) pupil of a cat on a treadmill, later confirmed using a biological assay of urine samples. Biochemical methods for measuring catecholamines in plasma were published
1271:
in humans. The release of adrenaline due to emotionally stressful events, which is endogenous adrenaline, can modulate memory consolidation of the events, ensuring memory strength that is proportional to memory importance. Post-learning adrenaline activity also interacts with the degree of arousal
2521:
Adrenaline has been implicated in feats of great strength, often occurring in times of crisis. For example, there are stories of a parent lifting part of a car when their child is trapped underneath, showcasing the insane amount of potential the body can endure under stress and highlighting the
2498:
is someone who engages in sensation-seeking behavior through "the pursuit of novel and intense experiences without regard for physical, social, legal or financial risk". Such activities include extreme and risky sports, substance abuse, unsafe sex, and crime. The term relates to the increase in
1242:
A link between the sympathetic nervous system and the lungs was shown in 1887 when
Grossman showed that stimulation of cardiac accelerator nerves reversed muscarine-induced airway constriction. In experiments in the dog, where the sympathetic chain was cut at the level of the diaphragm, Jackson
1832:
Adrenaline may be quantified in blood, plasma, or serum as a diagnostic aid, to monitor therapeutic administration, or to identify the causative agent in a potential poisoning victim. Endogenous plasma adrenaline concentrations in resting adults usually are less than 10 ng/L, but they may
1272:
associated with the initial coding. There is evidence that suggests adrenaline does have a role in long-term stress adaptation and emotional memory encoding specifically. Adrenaline may also play a role in elevating arousal and fear memory under particular pathological conditions, including
1808:
receptors. The goal of reducing peripheral circulation is to increase coronary and cerebral perfusion pressures and therefore increase oxygen exchange at the cellular level. While adrenaline does increase aortic, cerebral, and carotid circulation pressure, it lowers carotid blood flow and
1577:
1221:
being involved in the flight, fight, and fright response. But the adrenal medulla, in contrast to the adrenal cortex, is not required for survival. In adrenalectomized patients, hemodynamic and metabolic responses to stimuli such as hypoglycemia and exercise remain normal.
2507:, which drives behavioral responses; while the circulating adrenaline concentration is present, it may not drive behavior. Nevertheless, adrenaline infusion alone does increase alertness and has roles in the brain, including the augmentation of memory consolidation.
5386:
1085:
for preterm infants with clinical cardiovascular compromise. Although sufficient data strongly recommends adrenaline infusions as a viable treatment, more trials are needed to conclusively determine that these infusions will successfully reduce
1284:
that also does not readily enter the brain, blocks the enhancing effects of peripherally administered adrenaline on memory. These findings suggest that β adrenoceptors are necessary for adrenaline to have an impact on memory consolidation.
2420:
in 1902. In 1895, George Oliver (1841–1915), a general practitioner in North
Yorkshire, and Edward Albert Schäfer (1850–1935), a physiologist at University College of London published a paper about the active component of
1239:-mediated fall in diastolic blood pressure. Infusion of adrenaline well within the physiological range suppresses human airway hyper-reactivity sufficiently to antagonize the constrictor effects of inhaled histamine.
2475:(1860–1936), a German chemist in 1904. They both believed that Takamine's compound was the active principle while Abel's compound was the inactive one. Stolz synthesized adrenaline from its ketone form (adrenalone).
1097:
Epinephrine can also be used to treat open-angle glaucoma, as it has been found to increase the outflow of aqueous humor in the eye. This lowers the intraocular pressure in the eye and thus aids in treatment.
2950:
Epinephrine occurs in only a small number of central neurons, all located in the medulla. Epinephrine is involved in visceral functions, such as the control of respiration. It is also produced by the adrenal
1837:
patients often have plasma adrenaline levels of 1000–10,000 ng/L. Parenteral administration of adrenaline to acute-care cardiac patients can produce plasma concentrations of 10,000 to 100,000 ng/L.
5529:
Raymondos K, Panning B, Leuwer M, Brechelt G, Korte T, Niehaus M, et al. (May 2000). "Absorption and hemodynamic effects of airway administration of adrenaline in patients with severe cardiac disease".
1427:
was a registered trademark in the US, and in the belief that Abel's extract was the same as
Takamine's (a belief since disputed), epinephrine instead became the generic name used in the US and remains the
1183:. Sympathetic nerve receptors are classified as adrenergic, based on their responsiveness to adrenaline. The term "adrenergic" is often misinterpreted in that the main sympathetic neurotransmitter is
1576:
1251:
Every emotional response has a behavioral, an autonomic, and a hormonal component. The hormonal component includes the release of adrenaline, an adrenomedullary response to stress controlled by the
7610:
2416:
Although secretin is mentioned as the first hormone, adrenaline is the first hormone since the discovery of the activity of adrenal extract on blood pressure was observed in 1895 before that of
2321:
of chromaffin granules and, thus, the release of adrenaline (and noradrenaline) into the bloodstream. For noradrenaline to be acted upon by PNMT in the cytosol, it must first be shipped out of
2297:, which increases the expression of PNMT in chromaffin cells, enhancing adrenaline synthesis. This is most often done in response to stress. The sympathetic nervous system, acting via
3709:
Hoelzer DR, Dalsky GP, Schwartz NS, Clutter WE, Shah SD, Holloszy JO, et al. (July 1986). "Epinephrine is not critical to prevention of hypoglycemia during exercise in humans".
390:
4452:
Dornelles A, de Lima MN, Grazziotin M, Presti-Torres J, Garcia VA, Scalco FS, et al. (July 2007). "Adrenergic enhancement of consolidation of object recognition memory".
4062:
Fitzgerald GA, Barnes P, Hamilton CA, Dollery CT (October 1980). "Circulating adrenaline and blood pressure: the metabolic effects and kinetics of infused adrenaline in man".
6237:
Frankenhaeuser M, Jarpe G, Matell G (February 1961). "Effects of intravenous infusions of adrenaline and noradrenaline on certain psychological and physiological functions".
5869:
Oanca G, Stare J, Mavri J (December 2017). "How fast monoamine oxidases decompose adrenaline? Kinetics of isoenzymes A and B evaluated by empirical valence bond simulation".
1442:
The terminology is now one of the few differences between the INN and BAN systems of names. Although
European health professionals and scientists preferentially use the term
12862:
3573:
Twentyman OP, Disley A, Gribbin HR, Alberti KG, Tattersfield AE (October 1981). "Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on respiratory and metabolic responses to exercise".
2005:
7919:
11862:
3674:
Cryer PE, Tse TF, Clutter WE, Shah SD (August 1984). "Roles of glucagon and epinephrine in hypoglycemic and nonhypoglycemic glucose counterregulation in humans".
11857:
963:
which is involved in regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration). It appears as a white microcrystalline granule. Adrenaline is normally produced by the
3949:
Winder WW, Hagberg JM, Hickson RC, Ehsani AA, McLane JA (September 1978). "Time course of sympathoadrenal adaptation to endurance exercise training in man".
1706:, providing substrates for energy production within cells throughout the body. Binding of β adrenergic receptor also increases the production of cyclic AMP.
254:
12892:
2191:
2184:
1446:, the converse is true among American health professionals and scientists. Nevertheless, even among the latter, receptors for this substance are called
7996:
4793:"Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in myocardial infarction with and without cardiogenic shock"
5238:
Arnall DA, Marker JC, Conlee RK, Winder WW (June 1986). "Effect of infusing epinephrine on liver and muscle glycogenolysis during exercise in rats".
2934:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 6: Widely
Projecting Systems: Monoamines, Acetylcholine, and Orexin". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
2329:. VMAT1 is also responsible for transporting newly synthesized adrenaline from the cytosol back into chromaffin granules in preparation for release.
3460:
Von Euler US (1946). "A specific sympathomimetic ergone in adrenergic nerve fibres (sympathin) and its relations to adrenaline and nor adrenaline".
4945:
Wurtman RJ, Pohorecky LA, Baliga BS (June 1972). "Adrenocortical control of the biosynthesis of epinephrine and proteins in the adrenal medulla".
1322:
Low or absent concentrations of adrenaline can be seen in autonomic neuropathy or following adrenalectomy. Failure of the adrenal cortex, as with
12621:
5490:
Burnett AM, Segal N, Salzman JG, McKnite MS, Frascone RJ (August 2012). "Potential negative effects of epinephrine on carotid blood flow and ETCO
3608:
Richter EA, Galbo H, Christensen NJ (January 1981). "Control of exercise-induced muscular glycogenolysis by adrenal medullary hormones in rats".
5145:
4142:"Protective effect of circulating epinephrine within the physiologic range on the airway response to inhaled histamine in nonasthmatic subjects"
2459:(1876–1960), to purify a 2000 times more active principle than epinephrine from the adrenal gland, named adrenaline with the molecular formula C
12625:
8861:
8841:
5273:
Raz I, Katz A, Spencer MK (March 1991). "Epinephrine inhibits insulin-mediated glycogenesis but enhances glycolysis in human skeletal muscle".
2449:
3879:
Johnson GA, Kupiecki RM, Baker CA (November 1980). "Single isotope derivative (radioenzymatic) methods in the measurement of catecholamines".
3647:
Canon WB (1931). "Studies on the conditions of activity in endocrine organs xxvii. Evidence that medulliadrenal secretion is not continuous".
2655:
Text was copied from this source which is copyright
European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
104:
4254:
Warren JB, Jennings SJ, Clark TJ (January 1984). "Effect of adrenergic and vagal blockade on the normal human airway response to exercise".
2691:
El-Bahr SM, Kahlbacher H, Patzl M, Palme RG (May 2006). "Binding and clearance of radioactive adrenaline and noradrenaline in sheep blood".
2267:, such as physical threat, excitement, noise, bright lights, and high or low ambient temperature. All of these stimuli are processed in the
12641:
12385:
7912:
905:
12867:
12747:
12636:
10581:
7193:
6690:
6662:
6559:
3914:
Galbo H, Holst JJ, Christensen NJ (January 1975). "Glucagon and plasma catecholamine responses to graded and prolonged exercise in man".
3240:
Paradisis M, Osborn DA (2004). "Adrenaline for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with cardiovascular compromise".
2869:
11892:
11887:
3487:
Von Euler US, Hillarp NA (January 1956). "Evidence for the presence of noradrenaline in submicroscopic structures of adrenergic axons".
2642:
10940:
10890:
4597:"Basolateral amygdala noradrenergic influences on memory storage are mediated by an interaction between beta- and alpha1-adrenoceptors"
1351:
11907:
11882:
6342:
4105:
Warren JB, Dalton N (May 1983). "A comparison of the bronchodilator and vasopressor effects of exercise levels of adrenaline in man".
2425:
extract causing the increase in blood pressure and heart rate was from the medulla, but not the cortex of the adrenal gland. In 1897,
12613:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10586:
10576:
10566:
10556:
10536:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10331:
10271:
9569:
8896:
8149:
1312:
Myocardial infarction is associated with high levels of circulating adrenaline and noradrenaline, particularly in cardiogenic shock.
11902:
11897:
11877:
11872:
2433:, the first chairman of the first US department of pharmacology, found a compound called epinephrine with the molecular formula of C
12877:
12631:
10496:
10491:
10441:
10227:
5971:
12651:
10461:
10351:
10341:
10336:
7905:
6518:
4406:
Cahill L, Alkire MT (March 2003). "Epinephrine enhancement of human memory consolidation: interaction with arousal at encoding".
2608:
2340:
its own synthesis. Abnormal adrenaline levels can occur in various conditions, such as surreptitious adrenaline administration,
12847:
12661:
12501:
10910:
10209:
10200:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
1937:
1824:
levels. It appears that adrenaline improves microcirculation at the expense of the capillary beds where perfusion takes place.
1327:
1319:-stimulation is known to cause tremor. Patients with BFT were found to have increased plasma adrenaline but not noradrenaline.
1125:), though it contributes over 90% of circulating adrenaline. Little adrenaline is found in other tissues, mostly in scattered
881:
11435:
10191:
6760:
5609:
5582:
5320:
5222:
1650:. Adrenaline's binding to these receptors triggers a number of metabolic changes. Binding to α-adrenergic receptors inhibits
12656:
12473:
7311:
6442:
5123:
1717:
into the blood, acting through both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors to stimulate glycogenolysis. Adrenaline binds to β
12741:
12671:
12646:
12277:
10218:
4219:
Kagawa J, Kerr HD (February 1970). "Effects of brief graded exercise on specific airway conductance in normal subjects".
2142:
2135:
2128:
1909:
2734:
Franksson G, Anggård E (March 2009). "The plasma protein binding of amphetamine, catecholamines and related compounds".
12832:
10807:
6403:
6375:
155:
12837:
10935:
10925:
10905:
6310:
6221:
6196:
6166:
5923:
5827:
5396:
3148:
3122:
3095:
3065:
2943:
2899:
2863:
2380:
1436:
925:
12496:
12438:
12378:
11445:
11263:
10930:
10915:
10900:
10683:
6863:
2306:
4327:
Mezzacappa ES, Katkin ES, Palmer SN (1999). "Epinephrine, arousal, and emotion: A new look at two-factor theory".
12887:
12735:
12675:
12448:
11558:
11258:
11208:
10920:
7186:
6437:
537:
375:
136:
12723:
12717:
11998:
11867:
11852:
11847:
11430:
10236:
6969:
6592:
6528:
6422:
3617:
3166:"Chemical and biological evaluation on scopadulane-type diterpenoids from Scoparia dulcis of Vietnamese origin"
1754:
1273:
231:
2568:"Structural Studies of Metabolic Products of Dopamine. III. Crystal and Molecular Structure of (−)-Adrenaline"
12800:
12705:
12688:
11842:
11837:
11425:
11420:
11185:
10264:
9227:
7280:
6984:
6452:
6427:
5940:
4902:
Warren JB, O'Brien M, Dalton N, Turner CT (February 1984). "Sympathetic activity in benign familial tremor".
4027:
Warren JB, Dalton N, Turner C, Clark TJ, Toseland PA (January 1984). "Adrenaline secretion during exercise".
3376:
Cryer PE (August 1980). "Physiology and pathophysiology of the human sympathoadrenal neuroendocrine system".
2978:
2356:
2314:
1788:
Adrenaline also has significant effects on the cardiovascular system. It increases peripheral resistance via
612:
466:
362:
5843:
2915:
2351:
Its action is terminated with reuptake into nerve terminal endings, some minute dilution, and metabolism by
12897:
12729:
12711:
12694:
12443:
11799:
10802:
10182:
7630:
7605:
7245:
7041:
7036:
6778:
6493:
6335:
2214:
810:
663:
5385:
Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2002). "Epinephrine and
Glucagon Signal the Need for Glycogen Breakdown".
5023:
Coupland RE (April 1953). "On the morphology and adrenaline-nor-adrenaline content of chromaffin tissue".
2665:
12852:
12788:
12371:
12272:
11779:
11774:
10819:
9061:
8611:
8351:
7939:
6523:
6503:
2274:
1789:
1683:
1623:
1616:
1152:
1145:
771:
243:
24:
3809:
Von Euler US, Hellner S (September 1952). "Excretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline in muscular work".
1315:
Benign familial tremor (essential tremor) (BFT) is responsive to peripheral β adrenergic blockers, and β
12902:
12872:
12413:
11410:
10288:
10280:
8516:
7179:
7149:
7031:
6346:
2364:
2278:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1432:
1252:
1218:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1159:
4875:
Larsson S, Svedmyr N (1977). "Tremor caused by sympathomimetics is mediated by beta 2-adrenoceptors".
1416:
1267:
It has been found that adrenergic hormones, such as adrenaline, can produce retrograde enhancement of
1066:, and sweating. A fast heart rate and high blood pressure may occur. Occasionally it may result in an
732:
509:
12882:
11723:
11553:
7698:
7385:
7316:
7154:
6273:
3782:
Hartman FA, Waite RH, McCordock HA (1922). "The liberation of epinephrine during muscular exercise".
2572:
2398:
2286:
2228:
2221:
1921:
1863:
1081:
A case has been made for the use of adrenaline infusion in place of the widely accepted treatment of
10750:
6712:
5740:
Lindemann L, Hoener MC (May 2005). "A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family".
4289:
Jennings SJ, Warren JB, Pride NB (July 1987). "Airway caliber and the work of breathing in humans".
3844:
Lund A (1950). "Simultaneous fluorimetric determinations of adrenaline and noradrenaline in blood".
2894:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 175.
1893:
into a series of metabolic intermediates and, ultimately, adrenaline. Tyrosine is first oxidized to
12907:
12842:
10257:
8534:
7635:
6783:
4840:
Nadeau RA, de
Champlain J (November 1979). "Plasma catecholamines in acute myocardial infarction".
2546:
2430:
1726:
1022:
976:
960:
787:
20:
9182:
1596:. Its effects on various tissues depend on the type of tissue and expression of specific forms of
12857:
11789:
11748:
11472:
11340:
11335:
11325:
11253:
11243:
10997:
10987:
10970:
10829:
7748:
7640:
7306:
7012:
6001:
2454:
1777:, which leads to further activation of phosphorylase kinase. Phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates
1055:
337:
204:
82:
5819:
12428:
11949:
11917:
11826:
11465:
11233:
10870:
10779:
10771:
10763:
10755:
8947:
8639:
8629:
8200:
7957:
7753:
7620:
7600:
7565:
7465:
6858:
6835:
6587:
6368:
3272:
2268:
2084:
1778:
1770:
1750:
1364:
1214:
1059:
753:
443:
223:
5599:
3138:
3112:
3085:
3055:
2889:
2851:
712:
12769:
12540:
12513:
11784:
11728:
11601:
11586:
11575:
11228:
10965:
10945:
9146:
8922:
8565:
7743:
7660:
7275:
6604:
5913:
5543:
2634:
2244:
Epinephrine is produced in a small group of neurons in the human brain (specifically, in the
1945:
1400:
had already prepared an extract from adrenal glands as early as 1897, and he coined the name
1359:
1302:
603:
6567:
3273:"Epinephrine increases facility of outflow and cyclic AMP content in the human eye in vitro"
3003:
Brown HF, DiFrancesco D, Noble SJ (July 1979). "How does adrenaline accelerate the heart?".
1334:, depends on the high concentration of cortisol that drains from the cortex to the medulla.
12546:
12423:
12408:
12105:
11964:
11959:
11616:
11606:
11596:
11460:
11248:
11200:
11145:
11135:
10885:
9805:
7670:
7645:
7265:
7260:
6019:
Bennett MR (June 1999). "One hundred years of adrenaline: the discovery of autoreceptors".
5988:
Read before the
Section in Ophthalmology of the New York Academy of Medicine, 20 April 1896
4981:
3496:
3012:
2410:
2282:
1901:
1762:
1323:
672:
496:
342:
227:
61:
652:
8:
12822:
12525:
12519:
12507:
12267:
12013:
11816:
11763:
11415:
11330:
11320:
11268:
11238:
11174:
11061:
10992:
10982:
10865:
9484:
9350:
8826:
8732:
8129:
8035:
7928:
7144:
6750:
6745:
6717:
6680:
6513:
6498:
6462:
5775:
Wang X, Li J, Dong G, Yue J (February 2014). "The endogenous substrates of brain CYP2D".
4359:"Impaired conditioned fear response and startle reactivity in epinephrine-deficient mice"
2516:
2345:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1467:
1429:
1204:
558:
5507:
4985:
3500:
3354:
3016:
1343:
814:
791:
567:
12699:
12603:
12394:
11626:
11621:
10723:
7931:
7650:
7491:
7470:
7419:
6485:
6302:
6250:
6044:
5894:
5812:
5555:
5467:
5442:
5362:
5338:"Regulation of β-adrenergic receptor function: an emphasis on receptor resensitization"
5337:
5195:
5091:
5066:
5005:
4927:
4768:
4759:
4743:
4719:
4710:
4694:
4670:
4645:
4621:
4612:
4596:
4572:
4545:
4521:
4496:
4477:
4431:
4383:
4358:
4087:
4075:
4009:
3857:
3822:
3764:
3756:
3520:
3473:
3437:
3412:
3302:
Rizzo V, Memmi M, Moratti R, Melzi d'Eril G, Perucca E (June 1996). "Concentrations of
3036:
2800:
2747:
2716:
2397:("adrenalin"), contained adrenaline and other catecholamines. American ophthalmologist
2322:
988:
166:
19:
This article is about the natural hormone. For this substance when used as a drug, see
6124:
6107:
5682:
5661:
5494:
during active compression-decompression CPR utilizing an impedance threshold device".
5443:"Effects of epinephrine on heart rate variability and cytokines in a rat sepsis model"
4915:
4817:
4792:
4419:
3319:
2448:
In 1900, Jōkichi
Takamine (1854–1922), a Japanese chemist, worked with his assistant,
1604:
relaxation in the airways but causes contraction of the smooth muscle that lines most
1383:
12598:
12433:
12418:
11954:
11701:
11691:
11661:
11591:
11283:
11026:
10698:
9915:
9890:
9810:
8688:
8438:
8303:
7460:
7434:
6672:
6361:
6306:
6254:
6217:
6192:
6162:
6158:
6129:
6088:
6036:
5952:
5919:
5886:
5823:
5792:
5757:
5722:
5718:
5687:
5642:
5638:
5625:
Kirshner N, Goodall M (June 1957). "The formation of adrenaline from noradrenaline".
5605:
5578:
5547:
5511:
5472:
5392:
5367:
5316:
5290:
5255:
5218:
5199:
5187:
5096:
5040:
4997:
4954:
4919:
4884:
4857:
4853:
4822:
4773:
4724:
4675:
4626:
4577:
4526:
4469:
4423:
4388:
4306:
4271:
4236:
4163:
4158:
4141:
4122:
4079:
4044:
4001:
3966:
3931:
3896:
3892:
3861:
3826:
3745:
3726:
3691:
3629:
3590:
3555:
3551:
3512:
3442:
3393:
3358:
3323:
3284:
3253:
3222:
3187:
3144:
3118:
3091:
3061:
3028:
2939:
2895:
2859:
2792:
2751:
2708:
2590:
2585:
2567:
2390:
2352:
2333:
2332:
Unlike many other hormones, adrenaline (as with other catecholamines) does not exert
2264:
2245:
2121:
1879:
1875:
992:
972:
743:
462:
416:
403:
358:
219:
128:
69:
6048:
5559:
5441:
Chang YT, Huang WC, Cheng CC, Ke MW, Tsai JS, Hung YM, et al. (February 2020).
5286:
5251:
5009:
4931:
4481:
4435:
4091:
4013:
3795:
3741:
3722:
3687:
3660:
1408:
12827:
11696:
11676:
11516:
11180:
11155:
11099:
10739:
9885:
9449:
9292:
9091:
8669:
8431:
8421:
7982:
7864:
7821:
7615:
7202:
6639:
6634:
6246:
6188:
The integrative action of the autonomic nervous system: neurobiology of homeostasis
6154:
6119:
6078:
6028:
5898:
5878:
5784:
5749:
5714:
5705:
Broadley KJ (March 2010). "The vascular effects of trace amines and amphetamines".
5677:
5634:
5601:
Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators: Handbook of Receptors and Biological Effects
5539:
5503:
5462:
5454:
5357:
5349:
5282:
5247:
5179:
5131:
5086:
5078:
5032:
4989:
4911:
4849:
4812:
4804:
4763:
4755:
4714:
4706:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4616:
4608:
4567:
4557:
4516:
4508:
4461:
4415:
4378:
4370:
4336:
4298:
4263:
4228:
4153:
4114:
4071:
4036:
3993:
3958:
3923:
3888:
3853:
3818:
3791:
3737:
3718:
3683:
3656:
3621:
3582:
3547:
3524:
3504:
3469:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3385:
3350:
3315:
3249:
3245:
3214:
3177:
3040:
3020:
2825:
2804:
2782:
2743:
2720:
2700:
2580:
2500:
2341:
2298:
2094:
1834:
1833:
increase by 10-fold during exercise and by 50-fold or more during times of stress.
1797:
1758:
1746:
1730:
1547:
1306:
1294:
1268:
1256:
1134:
1126:
827:
435:
317:
307:
297:
287:
277:
267:
114:
46:
12292:
12135:
12056:
11303:
11288:
11195:
11170:
11095:
11030:
10875:
10787:
8683:
7991:
7897:
7816:
6964:
6597:
6392:
6296:
6186:
6148:
5788:
4972:
Wright A, Jones IC (June 1955). "Chromaffin tissue in the lizard adrenal gland".
4546:"Emotional enhancement of memory: how norepinephrine enables synaptic plasticity"
4374:
2489:
2472:
2426:
2406:
2402:
2401:
discovered adrenaline's usage for eye surgeries prior to 20 April 1896. In 1897,
1968:
1964:
1904:; this is the rate-limiting step. Then it is subsequently decarboxylated to give
1871:
1687:
1397:
1107:
1009:
592:
486:
453:
349:
247:
6214:
The Adrenocortical Hormones Their Origin – Chemistry Physiology and Pharmacology
4232:
3962:
3586:
3389:
2289:, two key enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. ACTH also stimulates the
1326:, can suppress adrenaline secretion as the activity of the synthesizing enzyme,
56:
12530:
12492:
12481:
12326:
12207:
12120:
11450:
11071:
10734:
9795:
9464:
9429:
9150:
8906:
8816:
8569:
8434:
8154:
8109:
7878:
7496:
7439:
7404:
7270:
7116:
7085:
7057:
7002:
6614:
6545:
6083:
6066:
5753:
4302:
3927:
3625:
2787:
2770:
2536:
2290:
2053:
1801:
1695:
1659:
1514:
1347:
1111:
1091:
1063:
1035:
1000:
996:
980:
933:
InChI=1S/C9H13NO3/c1-10-5-9(13)6-2-3-7(11)8(12)4-6/h2-4,9-13H,5H2,1H3/t9-/m0/s1
6897:
5183:
4465:
3218:
3060:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 312.
2704:
2684:
2522:
profound effects of adrenaline in unlocking extraordinary physical abilities.
2281:
stimulate the synthesis of adrenaline precursors by enhancing the activity of
1846:
1389:
12816:
12458:
12342:
12337:
12252:
12161:
12140:
12114:
12072:
11937:
11681:
11536:
11385:
11308:
11046:
10668:
10653:
9945:
9785:
9469:
9413:
9370:
9031:
8955:
8821:
8760:
8649:
8538:
8450:
8204:
8124:
8119:
8063:
8050:
7869:
7796:
7511:
7240:
7126:
6902:
5458:
5082:
2541:
2531:
2504:
2422:
2386:
2337:
2302:
2077:
2014:
1990:
1933:
1917:
1886:
1867:
1859:
1699:
1601:
1405:
1188:
1184:
1138:
1075:
1051:
964:
803:
329:
215:
5577:(8th ed.). Foster City, CA: Biomedical Publications. pp. 545–547.
4340:
1377:
33:
12453:
12332:
12247:
12125:
12080:
12028:
11969:
11927:
11666:
11313:
11091:
11086:
11036:
11017:
10693:
9970:
9955:
9900:
9395:
9217:
9162:
9154:
9126:
9086:
9005:
8971:
8786:
8581:
8573:
8554:
8542:
8426:
8295:
8271:
8231:
7850:
7830:
7685:
7552:
7475:
7377:
6909:
6845:
6830:
6793:
6740:
6707:
6447:
6414:
6258:
6133:
6092:
6040:
5956:
5890:
5796:
5761:
5726:
5691:
5646:
5551:
5515:
5476:
5371:
5353:
5191:
5100:
5044:
5001:
4777:
4728:
4679:
4630:
4581:
4562:
4530:
4473:
4427:
4392:
3865:
3830:
3516:
3446:
3257:
3226:
3191:
2796:
2712:
2368:
1675:
1551:
1298:
1281:
1122:
479:
312:
302:
292:
282:
272:
262:
7337:
6343:"U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal – Epinephrine"
5294:
5259:
5036:
4958:
4923:
4310:
4275:
4240:
4167:
4126:
4083:
4048:
4005:
3935:
3900:
3753:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
3749:
3730:
3695:
3633:
3594:
3559:
3397:
3362:
3327:
3288:
2755:
2594:
2325:
of the chromaffin cells. This may occur via the catecholamine-H exchanger
12588:
12552:
12352:
12317:
12287:
12217:
12212:
12187:
12085:
11988:
11641:
11631:
11611:
11565:
11546:
11526:
11505:
11293:
11278:
11213:
11165:
11105:
11076:
11056:
11022:
10950:
10744:
10678:
10095:
10070:
10065:
10060:
9950:
9925:
9910:
9895:
9860:
9845:
9825:
9820:
9790:
9770:
9745:
9730:
9675:
9620:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9499:
9494:
9400:
9385:
9355:
9345:
9330:
9301:
9272:
9116:
9106:
9081:
9071:
9036:
8979:
8942:
8871:
8866:
8846:
8811:
8747:
8722:
8712:
8693:
8654:
8524:
8401:
8396:
8356:
8331:
8321:
8311:
8281:
8276:
8251:
8226:
8220:
8185:
8144:
8139:
8104:
8089:
8084:
8030:
8020:
8001:
7962:
7675:
7347:
7250:
7093:
7070:
6572:
6475:
4888:
4861:
4826:
4808:
3984:
Kindermann W, Schnabel A, Schmitt WM, Biro G, Hippchen M (May 1982). "".
3970:
3032:
1998:
1994:
1929:
1810:
1355:
1031:
211:
122:
2858:(7th ed.). Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 557.
1850:
The biosynthesis of adrenaline involves a series of enzymatic reactions.
632:
12764:
12573:
12487:
12322:
12257:
12237:
12232:
12227:
12222:
12202:
12192:
12166:
12145:
12100:
12095:
12064:
12033:
12018:
12008:
11922:
11753:
11716:
11706:
11686:
11646:
11636:
11491:
11487:
11477:
11273:
11223:
11218:
11150:
11140:
11125:
11120:
11110:
11041:
11012:
11007:
10880:
10814:
10797:
10708:
10703:
10673:
10160:
10150:
10140:
10125:
10120:
10105:
10085:
10080:
10055:
10050:
10035:
10015:
10010:
10005:
9975:
9965:
9960:
9930:
9920:
9880:
9870:
9850:
9800:
9780:
9760:
9755:
9735:
9720:
9715:
9705:
9685:
9680:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9640:
9625:
9615:
9595:
9574:
9559:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9509:
9504:
9489:
9474:
9459:
9454:
9444:
9434:
9390:
9375:
9365:
9340:
9335:
9316:
9306:
9287:
9282:
9262:
9257:
9247:
9242:
9232:
9222:
9212:
9202:
9197:
9141:
9131:
9121:
9111:
9051:
9041:
9021:
9016:
9001:
8975:
8967:
8963:
8937:
8932:
8881:
8876:
8856:
8851:
8806:
8796:
8791:
8781:
8742:
8727:
8717:
8678:
8664:
8560:
8550:
8511:
8506:
8496:
8491:
8481:
8466:
8442:
8416:
8406:
8391:
8386:
8376:
8371:
8341:
8326:
8299:
8261:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8216:
8212:
8175:
8134:
8114:
8094:
8079:
8045:
8025:
7977:
7972:
7717:
7625:
7506:
7501:
7483:
7210:
7121:
7007:
6657:
6538:
6533:
6212:
Deane WH, Rubin BL (1964). "Absence of adrenal meduallary secretions".
6032:
5882:
4451:
3997:
3182:
3165:
2318:
2114:
2104:
1883:
1774:
1710:
1703:
1671:
1592:
As a hormone, adrenaline acts on nearly all body tissues by binding to
1527:
1235:
in subjects at rest has little hemodynamic effect other than a slight β
1196:
1067:
857:
643:
474:
238:
65:
7665:
4993:
4695:"Adrenaline and noradrenaline in the suprarenal medulla after insulin"
4267:
4118:
4040:
1141:, adrenaline disappears below the detection limit in the bloodstream.
12683:
12568:
12535:
12363:
12302:
12197:
12110:
12090:
12023:
11912:
11743:
11711:
11656:
11651:
11160:
11130:
11081:
11066:
11002:
10729:
10688:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10155:
10145:
10130:
10110:
10100:
10075:
10045:
10025:
10020:
10000:
9995:
9990:
9940:
9935:
9905:
9875:
9865:
9830:
9815:
9775:
9765:
9750:
9740:
9725:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9655:
9650:
9630:
9600:
9564:
9519:
9514:
9479:
9439:
9380:
9360:
9321:
9267:
9252:
9237:
9207:
9168:
9136:
9101:
9096:
9066:
9011:
8993:
8989:
8959:
8951:
8891:
8831:
8801:
8776:
8737:
8703:
8659:
8597:
8528:
8520:
8501:
8486:
8476:
8471:
8456:
8446:
8411:
8381:
8366:
8361:
8346:
8336:
8315:
8286:
8266:
8255:
8208:
8195:
8190:
8180:
8170:
8099:
8040:
8011:
7967:
7734:
7538:
7444:
7357:
6924:
6853:
6735:
6647:
6582:
6508:
4512:
3508:
3341:
Fuller RW (April 1982). "Pharmacology of brain epinephrine neurons".
3024:
2305:
released by preganglionic sympathetic fibers of these nerves acts on
1960:
1925:
1855:
1773:, inducing calcium ions to enter the cytoplasm. Calcium ions bind to
1691:
1605:
1559:
1087:
1071:
1039:
578:
519:
192:
108:
7171:
5336:
Vasudevan NT, Mohan ML, Goswami SK, Naga Prasad SV (November 2011).
2445:. Abel claimed his principle from adrenal gland extract was active.
12593:
12583:
12578:
12307:
12153:
11993:
11974:
11804:
11794:
11738:
11733:
11671:
11541:
11531:
11521:
11298:
11190:
11115:
10663:
10040:
10030:
9980:
9855:
9840:
9835:
9645:
9610:
9605:
9579:
9554:
9421:
9311:
9277:
9158:
9056:
9046:
9026:
8997:
8983:
8927:
8901:
8886:
8768:
8698:
8587:
8577:
8461:
8307:
8291:
8235:
8071:
8006:
7655:
7519:
7424:
7235:
7075:
6974:
6956:
6914:
6892:
6815:
6807:
6788:
6770:
6699:
6577:
6470:
6432:
5768:
2936:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
2417:
2294:
2070:
2060:
2024:
1905:
1890:
1782:
1679:
1655:
1082:
1078:
is unclear, the benefits to the mother must be taken into account.
1027:
As a medication, it is used to treat several conditions, including
1004:
692:
623:
150:
10249:
5412:
4357:
Toth M, Ziegler M, Sun P, Gresack J, Risbrough V (February 2013).
880:
759:
12347:
12312:
12242:
12003:
11405:
11370:
11051:
10975:
10960:
10606:
10571:
10561:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10531:
10135:
10115:
10090:
9985:
9710:
9635:
9076:
8644:
8592:
8546:
7855:
7771:
7367:
7352:
7342:
7332:
7285:
7255:
6979:
6946:
6941:
6933:
6820:
6755:
6626:
6384:
4200:
Jackson DE (1912). "The pulmonary action of the adrenal glands".
3301:
2938:(2nd ed.). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 157.
2310:
2263:
The major physiologic triggers of adrenaline release center upon
1956:
1714:
1651:
1612:
1277:
1028:
984:
968:
956:
892:
458:
354:
5597:
5335:
2239:
1721:
receptors on liver cells, which changes conformation and helps G
1584:
7x speed timelapse video of fish melanophores responding to 200μ
1458:. The history of adrenaline and epinephrine is reviewed by Rao.
12463:
12262:
12182:
12047:
12038:
11979:
11482:
11400:
11390:
11380:
11365:
11355:
11350:
10955:
10855:
10658:
10636:
10631:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10451:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
9405:
8752:
8634:
8055:
7362:
7290:
7103:
7065:
6884:
6825:
6330:
6216:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 105.
6002:"The isolation of the active principle of the suprarenal gland"
4061:
3538:
Warren J (January 1986). "The adrenal medulla and the airway".
3143:(5th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1997. p. 510.
2967:. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. p. 561.
2200:
2034:
1952:
1928:) and copper. The final step in adrenaline biosynthesis is the
1894:
1667:
1521:
1493:
Increases heart rate; contractility; conduction across AV node
1217:
originally proposed the concept of the adrenal medulla and the
1208:
1200:
1130:
1115:
1047:
723:
5528:
2301:
to the adrenal medulla, stimulates the release of adrenaline.
1729:, exchange GDP to GTP. This trimeric G protein dissociates to
1454:, and pharmaceuticals that mimic its effects are often called
41:
12297:
11455:
11375:
11345:
10895:
10845:
10840:
10713:
10641:
10466:
10431:
10371:
10356:
7584:
7390:
7136:
7111:
7022:
6994:
6727:
4901:
3983:
3572:
3205:
Everard ML (February 2009). "Acute bronchiolitis and croup".
2326:
1976:
1972:
1663:
1534:
1508:
1488:
1373:
1043:
871:
703:
3708:
2727:
776:
11809:
11440:
11395:
11360:
10860:
10850:
10646:
10471:
10456:
10446:
10436:
10426:
10421:
10381:
10376:
10366:
10361:
10346:
10326:
8836:
6353:
5067:""Where name and image meet"—the argument for "adrenaline""
2690:
1936:
of noradrenaline. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme
1498:
1094:
rates among preterm, cardiovascularly compromised infants.
683:
5489:
3948:
3057:
Medical physiology : principles for clinical medicine
1761:. Protein kinase A phosphorylates and partially activates
1615:
of all adrenergic receptors, including the major subtypes
1003:. It is found in many animals, including humans, and some
12282:
6236:
6191:. England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–146.
4140:
Warren JB, Dalton N, Turner C, Clark TJ (November 1984).
3413:"Chemical structure and sympathomimetic action of amines"
2762:
5941:"Polish thread in the history of circulatory physiology"
5237:
4744:"The hormones of the adrenal medulla and their release"
4139:
4026:
3607:
3163:
3114:
Venomous Animals and Their Venoms: Venomous Vertebrates
6153:. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
6008:. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press: xxix–xxx.
5733:
5698:
4944:
4646:"The mechanism of the nervous discharge of adrenaline"
4643:
4594:
4326:
3270:
3164:
Phan MG, Phan TS, Matsunami K, Otsuka H (April 2006).
2891:
Marks' Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach
2699:(4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 423–32.
2499:
circulating levels of adrenaline during physiological
6402:
5972:"The Use of Extract of Suprarenal Capsule in the Eye"
5591:
5413:"Guideline 11.5: Medications in Adult Cardiac Arrest"
4790:
4356:
4202:
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
3913:
3781:
3002:
2771:"Measurement of catecholamines and their metabolites"
1050:
when other treatments are not effective. It is given
95:
Epinephrine, adrenaline, adrenalin; 3,4,β-Trihydroxy-
5215:
Illustrated Pharmacology Memory Cards: PharMnemonics
5170:
Rao Y (June 2019). "The First Hormone: Adrenaline".
3878:
1982:
549:)-4-(1-Hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl)benzene-1,2-diol
12863:
Hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
5662:"Purification and properties of phenylethanolamine-
4288:
4253:
3673:
2979:"Adrenaline: physiology and pharmacology | DermNet"
2933:
1854:In chemical terms, adrenaline is one of a group of
1827:
611:
7927:
5811:
5405:
5384:
4839:
4693:Burn JH, Hutcheon DE, Parker RH (September 1950).
4692:
4322:
4320:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2887:
1971:), it has been detected at low levels in both the
1678:in muscle. β adrenergic receptor binding triggers
1042:adrenaline may be used to improve the symptoms of
7789:
5440:
4494:
4447:
4445:
3308:Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
2830:The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
1439:(though the name adrenaline is frequently used).
12814:
6298:Extreme Fear: The Science of Your Mind in Danger
6064:
4748:British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy
4699:British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy
3808:
3486:
3277:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
2733:
897:1.283±0.06 g/cm @ 20 °C, 760 Torr
591:
12622:International Federation for Emergency Medicine
7809:
7733:
7593:
5868:
5739:
5624:
5598:von Bohlen und Haibach O, Dermietzel R (2006).
5575:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man
5060:
5058:
5056:
5054:
4595:Ferry B, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL (June 1999).
4317:
4181:Grossman M (1887). "Das muscarin-lungen-odem".
3239:
3079:
3077:
2922:
2768:
2309:, causing cell depolarization and an influx of
1600:. For example, high levels of adrenaline cause
566:
12626:International Conference on Emergency Medicine
6180:
6178:
5844:"SLC18 family of vesicular amine transporters"
5306:
5304:
5272:
4874:
4644:Feldberg W, Minz B, Tsudzimura H (June 1934).
4543:
4442:
4146:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
3271:Erickson-Lamy KA, Nathanson JA (August 1992).
2856:Nancy Caroline's Emergency Care in the Streets
2601:
1293:Increased adrenaline secretion is observed in
1144:Pharmacological doses of adrenaline stimulate
12379:
10265:
7913:
7187:
6369:
5774:
4791:Benedict CR, Grahame-Smith DG (August 1979).
3140:Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment
1769:adrenergic receptors, causing an increase in
12642:Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians
6012:
5653:
5124:"Has adrenaline become a generic trademark?"
5051:
4877:Scandinavian Journal of Respiratory Diseases
4405:
4352:
4350:
4104:
3343:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
3306:-dopa in plasma and plasma ultrafiltrates".
3198:
3074:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2627:
1955:donor. While PNMT is found primarily in the
1503:Increases respiratory rate; bronchodilation
1474:Physiologic responses to adrenaline by organ
1203:, with no direct neural connection from the
1110:is a major contributor to total circulating
154:
12748:Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient
12637:Australasian College for Emergency Medicine
6175:
5938:
5818:(4th ed.). New York: Freeman. p.
5301:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5159:
4971:
3242:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2389:were first obtained by Polish physiologist
1187:, rather than adrenaline, as discovered by
1007:. It has also been isolated from the plant
12893:Chemical substances for emergency medicine
12386:
12372:
10272:
10258:
7920:
7906:
7726:
7194:
7180:
6376:
6362:
6211:
5918:. Bentham Science Publishers. p. 68.
5915:Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin Resistance
5911:
4741:
4495:Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL (December 2011).
4218:
4064:European Journal of Clinical Investigation
3767:|...|intentional=yes}}
3410:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2658:
813:
790:
651:
7843:
6146:
6123:
6082:
5809:
5681:
5466:
5447:Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
5361:
5206:
5090:
4816:
4767:
4718:
4669:
4620:
4571:
4561:
4520:
4382:
4347:
4157:
3459:
3436:
3181:
2962:
2876:
2786:
2584:
2393:in 1895. These extracts, which he called
1062:. Common side effects include shakiness,
671:
12632:American College of Emergency Physicians
5999:
5704:
5544:10.7326/0003-4819-132-10-200005160-00007
5391:(5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
5315:. Thieme Publishing Group. p. 536.
5266:
5156:
5113:European Pharmacopoeia 7.0 07/2008:2303
5022:
4180:
3540:British Journal of Diseases of the Chest
2565:
2248:) via the metabolic pathway shown above.
1845:
1571:
1101:
12652:European Society for Emergency Medicine
6018:
5659:
5064:
4199:
3204:
3110:
3083:
2811:
2769:Peaston RT, Weinkove C (January 2004).
786:
631:
127:
12815:
12662:American Academy of Emergency Medicine
12393:
6105:
5945:Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
5572:
5310:
5172:Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism
3537:
3340:
3170:Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin
2965:Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary
2872:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2849:
2478:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2196:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2119:
2112:
2102:
2092:
2075:
2068:
2058:
1785:leading to the production of glucose.
1539:Increased cerebral tissue oxygenation
1461:
1246:
804:
422:
397:
12367:
10253:
7901:
7201:
7175:
6357:
6184:
6065:Ball CM, Featherstone PJ (May 2017).
6060:
6058:
5969:
3646:
3375:
2888:Lieberman M, Marks A, Peet A (2013).
2189:
2154:
2126:
2082:
2051:
2042:
2032:
2022:
1874:and a small number of neurons in the
1682:secretion in the pancreas, increased
1346:patented a purified extract from the
1070:. While the safety of its use during
979:by increasing blood flow to muscles,
752:
731:
711:
410:
145:
113:
12657:Asian Society for Emergency Medicine
6294:
6271:
6150:Sensation seeking and risky behavior
5814:Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
5212:
3843:
3053:
2670:Union Register of medicinal products
2483:
2182:
2012:
1121:is at a higher concentration in the
975:. It plays an essential role in the
758:
316:
306:
296:
286:
276:
266:
12742:Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics
12647:Royal College of Emergency Medicine
12278:Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide
10279:
5670:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
5508:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.03.018
5169:
4454:Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
4408:Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
3846:Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica
3378:The New England Journal of Medicine
3355:10.1146/annurev.pa.22.040182.000335
2736:Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica
1862:. Adrenaline is synthesized in the
1698:. Together, these effects increase
691:
582:
13:
12868:Hormones of the suprarenal medulla
6251:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1961.tb02126.x
6055:
5742:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
5275:The American Journal of Physiology
5240:The American Journal of Physiology
4760:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1952.tb00728.x
4711:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1950.tb00591.x
4613:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-12-05119.1999
4544:Tully K, Bolshakov VY (May 2010).
4076:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1980.tb00052.x
3858:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1950.tb03460.x
3823:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1952.tb00900.x
3784:The American Journal of Physiology
3711:The American Journal of Physiology
3676:The American Journal of Physiology
3649:The American Journal of Physiology
3474:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00368.x
3411:Barger G, Dale HH (October 1910).
3207:Pediatric Clinics of North America
2781:(Pt 1). SAGE Publications: 17–38.
2748:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1970.tb00546.x
2693:Veterinary Research Communications
14:
12919:
6323:
6067:"The early history of adrenaline"
5939:Skalski JH, Kuch J (April 2006).
5146:"Naming human medicines – GOV.UK"
4183:Zeitschrift für klinische Medizin
2645:from the original on 29 June 2024
2381:History of catecholamine research
2307:nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
1916:). Dopamine is then converted to
1437:International Nonproprietary Name
384:
177:
12795:
12784:
12783:
12439:International emergency medicine
6864:5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine
6329:
6288:
6265:
6230:
6205:
6140:
6112:The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine
6099:
5777:European Journal of Pharmacology
5719:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.005
5420:Australian Resuscitation Council
3087:Essentials of Medical Physiology
2586:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.29b-0239
2238:
2004:
1924:, which utilizes ascorbic acid (
1828:Measurement in biological fluids
1195:adrenoceptor-mediated effect on
844:
838:
68:form of adrenaline found in the
55:
40:
12878:Norepinephrine releasing agents
12796:
12736:Pediatric Advanced Life Support
12449:Pre-hospital emergency medicine
11209:N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine
10228:Monoamine metabolism modulators
6274:"When Fear Makes Us Superhuman"
5993:
5963:
5932:
5905:
5862:
5836:
5803:
5707:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
5618:
5566:
5522:
5483:
5434:
5378:
5329:
5287:10.1152/ajpendo.1991.260.3.E430
5252:10.1152/ajpendo.1986.250.6.E641
5231:
5138:
5116:
5107:
5016:
4965:
4938:
4895:
4868:
4833:
4784:
4742:Outschoorn AS (December 1952).
4735:
4686:
4637:
4588:
4537:
4488:
4399:
4282:
4247:
4212:
4193:
4174:
4133:
4098:
4055:
4020:
3977:
3942:
3907:
3872:
3837:
3802:
3796:10.1152/ajplegacy.1922.62.2.225
3775:
3742:10.1152/ajpendo.1989.256.2.E338
3723:10.1152/ajpendo.1986.251.1.E104
3702:
3688:10.1152/ajpendo.1984.247.2.E198
3667:
3661:10.1152/ajplegacy.1931.98.3.447
3640:
3601:
3566:
3531:
3480:
3453:
3404:
3369:
3334:
3295:
3264:
3233:
3157:
3131:
3104:
3090:. Elsevier India. p. 460.
3047:
2996:
2971:
2956:
2908:
2775:Annals of Clinical Biochemistry
1841:
1016:
938:Key:UCTWMZQNUQWSLP-VIFPVBQESA-N
12724:Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns
12718:Neonatal Resuscitation Program
7440:Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
6239:Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
6108:"Epinephrine: a short history"
6071:Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
4662:10.1113/jphysiol.1934.sp003136
3811:Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
3618:American Physiological Society
3462:Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
3429:10.1113/jphysiol.1910.sp001392
3250:10.1002/14651858.CD003958.pub2
2843:
2666:"Eurneffy Product information"
2559:
2315:voltage-gated calcium channels
1755:cyclic adenosine monophosphate
1674:and inhibits insulin-mediated
1526:Stimulates glycogenolysis and
1337:
1274:post-traumatic stress disorder
847:
832:
1:
12848:Carbonic anhydrase activators
12706:Advanced cardiac life support
12689:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
10210:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
10183:Receptor/signaling modulators
6125:10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00087-9
5683:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)83758-4
5627:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
4916:10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91804-X
4420:10.1016/S1074-7427(02)00036-9
4291:Journal of Applied Physiology
4221:Journal of Applied Physiology
3951:Journal of Applied Physiology
3916:Journal of Applied Physiology
3610:Journal of Applied Physiology
3575:Journal of Applied Physiology
3320:10.1016/s0731-7085(96)01753-0
2552:
2258:
1611:Adrenaline is a nonselective
1305:, and to a lesser degree, in
1060:injection just under the skin
995:. It does this by binding to
12730:Pediatric basic life support
12712:Advanced trauma life support
12695:Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
12444:Pediatric emergency medicine
6383:
6159:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90173-Z
5789:10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.12.025
5639:10.1016/0006-3002(57)90271-8
5065:Aronson JK (February 2000).
5025:The Journal of Endocrinology
4854:10.1016/0002-8703(79)90278-3
4375:10.1097/FBP.0b013e32835cf408
4159:10.1016/0091-6749(84)90230-6
3893:10.1016/0026-0495(80)90018-9
3552:10.1016/0007-0971(86)90002-1
1765:. Adrenaline also binds to α
1757:(AMP). Cyclic AMP activates
1396:However, the pharmacologist
1368:term for this drug is hence
1288:
1038:, and superficial bleeding.
7:
12273:Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide
9293:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
8670:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
8517:Tetracyclic antidepressants
7983:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
6272:Wise J (28 December 2009).
6021:Clinical Autonomic Research
5532:Annals of Internal Medicine
4601:The Journal of Neuroscience
4233:10.1152/jappl.1970.28.2.138
3963:10.1152/jappl.1978.45.3.370
3587:10.1152/jappl.1981.51.4.788
3390:10.1056/nejm198008213030806
2635:"European Medicines Agency"
2525:
2510:
2275:Adrenocorticotropic hormone
1684:adrenocorticotropic hormone
1225:
1191:in 1946. Adrenaline has a β
1013:found in Northern Vietnam.
244:Adrenergic receptor agonist
87:Epipen, Adrenaclick, others
25:Adrenaline (disambiguation)
10:
12924:
12414:Emergency medical services
12283:Lysergic acid diethylamide
10219:Monoamine releasing agents
7032:Insulin-like growth factor
6301:(1st ed.). New York:
6295:Wise J (8 December 2009).
6084:10.1177/0310057X1704500301
5754:10.1016/j.tips.2005.03.007
5604:. Wiley-VCH. p. 125.
4303:10.1152/jappl.1987.63.1.20
3928:10.1152/jappl.1975.38.1.70
3626:10.1152/jappl.1981.50.1.21
2788:10.1258/000456304322664663
2609:"Neffy- epinephrine spray"
2514:
2487:
2413:, independently, in 1904.
2378:
2374:
2365:3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid
2344:, and other tumors of the
2279:sympathetic nervous system
1989:Biosynthetic pathways for
1465:
1433:United States Adopted Name
1423:), "kidney"). As the term
1253:sympathetic nervous system
1219:sympathetic nervous system
1181:sympathetic nervous system
1046:. It may also be used for
1020:
822:Chemical and physical data
18:
12833:Alpha-adrenergic agonists
12778:
12757:
12670:
12612:
12561:
12472:
12401:
12175:
11936:
11825:
11762:
11574:
11504:
10828:
10287:
10173:
9588:
9190:
9181:
8915:
8622:
8610:
8535:Tricyclic antidepressants
8163:
7950:
7938:
7782:
7770:
7716:
7693:
7684:
7583:
7560:
7551:
7531:
7453:
7412:
7403:
7376:
7325:
7299:
7246:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
7241:Aspartic acid (aspartate)
7228:
7219:
7209:
7135:
7102:
7084:
7056:
7021:
6993:
6955:
6932:
6923:
6883:
6876:
6844:
6806:
6769:
6726:
6698:
6689:
6671:
6625:
6558:
6484:
6461:
6413:
6391:
6006:The Journal of Physiology
5217:. Minireview. p. 4.
5184:10.1016/j.tem.2019.03.005
4650:The Journal of Physiology
4466:10.1016/j.nlm.2007.01.005
3887:(11 Suppl 1): 1106–1113.
3417:The Journal of Physiology
3219:10.1016/j.pcl.2008.10.007
3117:. Elsevier. p. 478.
2705:10.1007/s11259-006-3244-1
1922:dopamine beta-hydroxylase
1914:-amino acid decarboxylase
1781:, which then breaks down
1543:
1282:β adrenoceptor antagonist
1262:
1133:that use adrenaline as a
1129:and in a small number of
967:and by a small number of
921:
901:
891:
869:
856:
826:
821:
802:
770:
742:
722:
702:
682:
662:
642:
622:
602:
577:
557:
533:
528:
518:
508:
495:
485:
473:
452:
442:
434:
374:
369:
348:
336:
328:
253:
237:
203:
191:
165:
135:
121:
103:
91:
81:
76:
54:
39:
12838:Beta-adrenergic agonists
12589:Epinephrine / Adrenaline
11173:(Dextromethamphetamine,
7430:Epinephrine (adrenaline)
5976:New York Medical Journal
5970:Bates WH (16 May 1896).
5810:Nelson L, Cox M (2004).
5459:10.17305/bjbms.2018.3565
5083:10.1136/bmj.320.7233.506
4363:Behavioural Pharmacology
2547:Fight-or-flight response
2431:Johns Hopkins University
1727:heterotrimeric G protein
1686:(ACTH) secretion by the
1387:, "of the kidney", from
1023:Epinephrine (medication)
977:fight-or-flight response
21:Epinephrine (medication)
11827:Phenylalkylpyrrolidines
11749:Methylenedioxycathinone
11426:3,4-MDA (tenamfetamine)
8948:Atypical antipsychotics
8201:Atypical antipsychotics
6185:Jänig W (6 July 2006).
4947:Pharmacological Reviews
4501:Behavioral Neuroscience
4341:10.1080/026999399379320
3986:Klinische Wochenschrift
2852:"Emergency Medications"
2317:. Calcium triggers the
1944:(PNMT), which utilizes
1908:by DOPA decarboxylase (
1878:in the brain through a
1058:, by inhalation, or by
1056:injection into a muscle
1005:single-celled organisms
989:pupil dilation response
12888:Sympathomimetic amines
10751:β-Methylphenethylamine
10745:α-Methylphenethylamine
9147:Typical antipsychotics
8630:(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
8566:Typical antipsychotics
7865:Carbonyl sulfide (COS)
7466:N-Methylphenethylamine
6859:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
6836:Pancreatic polypeptide
5660:Axelrod J (May 1962).
5354:10.4161/cc.10.21.18042
4842:American Heart Journal
4563:10.1186/1756-6606-3-15
2854:. In Pollak AN (ed.).
2287:dopamine β-hydroxylase
2269:central nervous system
1851:
1779:glycogen phosphorylase
1771:inositol trisphosphate
1751:adenosine triphosphate
1741:beta/gamma subunits. G
1589:
1365:European Pharmacopoeia
1215:Walter Bradford Cannon
23:. For other uses, see
16:Hormone and medication
12770:Injury Severity Score
12541:Nasopharyngeal airway
12514:Intraosseous infusion
11942:(and close relatives)
11441:MDMA (midomafetamine)
10783:-Methylphenethylamine
10775:-Methylphenethylamine
10767:-Methylphenethylamine
10759:-Methylphenethylamine
10237:Monoamine neurotoxins
7606:2-AGE (noladin ether)
6276:. Scientific American
6106:Arthur G (May 2015).
5912:Szablewski L (2011).
5848:Guide to Pharmacology
5281:(3 Pt 1): E430–E435.
5246:(6 Pt 1): E641–E649.
5037:10.1677/joe.0.0090194
4797:British Heart Journal
4329:Cognition and Emotion
3759:|...}}
3736:(Retracted, see
3717:(1 Pt 1): E104–E110.
3682:(2 Pt 1): E198–E205.
2088:-Methylphenethylamine
1849:
1583:
1404:to describe it (from
1360:British Approved Name
1356:Parke, Davis & Co
1303:myocardial infarction
1179:adrenoceptors of the
1102:Physiological effects
1068:abnormal heart rhythm
99:-methylphenethylamine
12547:Oropharyngeal airway
12424:Emergency psychiatry
12409:Emergency department
12106:N,N-Dimethyldopamine
11764:Phenylisobutylamines
11461:Naphthylaminopropane
11146:Isopropylamphetamine
11136:4-Hydroxyamphetamine
9806:Dichloroisoprenaline
7817:Carbon monoxide (CO)
6349:on 14 December 2019.
6338:at Wikimedia Commons
6147:Zuckerman M (2007).
5666:-methyl transferase"
4809:10.1136/hrt.42.2.214
3213:(1): 119–133, x–xi.
2963:Larrañaga M (2016).
2742:(3). Wiley: 209–14.
2566:Andersen AM (1975).
2411:Henry Drysdale Dakin
2283:tyrosine hydroxylase
1949:-adenosyl methionine
1902:tyrosine hydroxylase
1763:phosphorylase kinase
1598:adrenergic receptors
1594:adrenergic receptors
1448:adrenergic receptors
913:CNC(O)c1ccc(O)c(O)c1
343:Adrenergic receptors
62:Ball-and-stick model
12898:Phenylethanolamines
12526:Tracheal intubation
12520:Intravenous therapy
12268:Lysergic acid amide
12014:Ethylnorepinephrine
11817:Phenylisobutylamine
11269:Phenylpropanolamine
11204:-Norpseudoephedrine
11175:Levomethamphetamine
11062:Dimethylamphetamine
9485:Phenylpropanolamine
9351:Ethylnorepinephrine
8827:Phenylpropanolamine
8733:Ethylnorepinephrine
8130:Phenylpropanolamine
8036:Ethylnorepinephrine
7929:Adrenergic receptor
7822:Hydrogen sulfide (H
7676:Virodhamine (O-AEA)
7145:Natriuretic peptide
6463:Posterior pituitary
6448:Somatostatin (GHIH)
6000:Takamine J (1901).
4986:1955Natur.175.1001W
4980:(4466): 1001–1002.
4497:"Memory modulation"
3501:1956Natur.177...44E
3314:(8–10): 1043–1046.
3017:1979Natur.280..235B
2517:Hysterical strength
2479:Society and culture
2361:-methyl transferase
2346:sympathetic ganglia
1938:phenylethanolamine
1566:Muscle contraction
1476:
1468:Adrenergic receptor
1462:Mechanism of action
1328:phenylethanolamine-
1247:Emotional responses
1205:sympathetic ganglia
406:(Prescription only)
393:(Prescription only)
36:
12853:Cardiac stimulants
12700:Basic life support
12604:Sodium bicarbonate
12402:Emergency medicine
12395:Emergency medicine
10724:Phenylethanolamine
7879:Sulfur dioxide (SO
7790:Cholinergic system
7492:Phenylethanolamine
7471:N-Methyltryptamine
7435:NAS (normelatonin)
7222:inhibitory systems
7220:Major excitatory /
6486:Anterior pituitary
6303:Palgrave Macmillan
6033:10.1007/BF02281628
5883:10.1002/prot.25374
5313:Medical Physiology
3998:10.1007/bf01756096
3183:10.1248/cpb.54.546
3111:Buckley E (2013).
3084:Khurana I (2008).
2850:Hummel MD (2012).
1942:-methyltransferase
1882:that converts the
1852:
1749:, thus converting
1709:Adrenaline causes
1590:
1472:
1332:-methyltransferase
510:Duration of action
459:Adrenergic synapse
355:Adrenergic synapse
32:
12903:Human metabolites
12873:Neurotransmitters
12810:
12809:
12599:Magnesium sulfate
12508:Electrocardiogram
12434:Medical emergency
12419:Emergency nursing
12361:
12360:
11702:N-Ethylpentedrone
11662:Dimethylcathinone
11284:Propylamphetamine
11027:Dextroamphetamine
10699:Methallylescaline
10247:
10246:
10240:
10231:
10222:
10213:
10204:
10195:
10186:
10169:
10168:
9916:Iodocyanopindolol
9891:Hydroxytertatolol
9811:Dihydroalprenolol
9424:
9416:
9408:
9325:
9177:
9176:
8771:
8763:
8755:
8707:
8689:Dihydroergotamine
8606:
8605:
8439:hydroxynefazodone
8304:dihydroergotamine
8074:
8066:
8058:
8015:
7895:
7894:
7891:
7890:
7839:
7838:
7831:Nitric oxide (NO)
7805:
7804:
7778:
7766:
7765:
7762:
7761:
7712:
7711:
7708:
7707:
7579:
7578:
7575:
7574:
7547:
7546:
7461:3-Iodothyronamine
7399:
7398:
7203:Neurotransmitters
7169:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7052:
7051:
6872:
6871:
6802:
6801:
6554:
6553:
6334:Media related to
5951:(Suppl 1): 5–41.
5877:(12): 2170–2178.
5611:978-3-527-31307-5
5584:978-0-9626523-7-0
5573:Baselt R (2008).
5348:(21): 3684–3691.
5322:978-3-13-144061-7
5311:Sircar S (2007).
5224:978-1-59541-101-3
5077:(7233): 506–509.
4994:10.1038/1751001b0
4910:(8374): 461–462.
4607:(12): 5119–5123.
4268:10.1042/cs0660079
4119:10.1042/cs0640475
4041:10.1042/cs0660087
3011:(5719): 235–236.
2918:. 21 August 2015.
2573:Acta Chem. Scand.
2496:adrenaline junkie
2484:Adrenaline junkie
2391:Napoleon Cybulski
2353:monoamine oxidase
2334:negative feedback
2299:splanchnic nerves
2255:
2254:
2246:medulla oblongata
2122:3-Methoxytyramine
2037:
2027:
2017:
1913:
1897:
1880:metabolic pathway
1876:medulla oblongata
1745:alpha stimulates
1670:, and stimulates
1654:secretion by the
1581:
1570:
1569:
1324:Addison's disease
1257:negative emotions
1118:
1029:allergic reaction
993:blood sugar level
983:by acting on the
973:medulla oblongata
946:
945:
882:Interactive image
772:CompTox Dashboard
426:
414:
401:
388:
181:
148:
70:crystal structure
12915:
12883:Stress (biology)
12799:
12798:
12787:
12786:
12388:
12381:
12374:
12365:
12364:
12067:
12059:
12050:
12041:
11982:
11943:
11697:N-Ethylhexedrone
11677:Hydroxybupropion
11517:Chlorphentermine
11494:
11203:
11181:Methoxyphenamine
11156:Lisdexamfetamine
11100:Levofenfluramine
10740:Phenpromethamine
10274:
10267:
10260:
10251:
10250:
10234:
10225:
10216:
10207:
10198:
10189:
10177:
9886:Hydroxycarteolol
9450:Methoxyphenamine
9422:
9414:
9409:-DOPA (levodopa)
9406:
9323:
9297:-methyldopamine)
9188:
9187:
9092:Phenoxybenzamine
8769:
8761:
8756:-DOPA (levodopa)
8753:
8705:
8674:-methyldopamine)
8620:
8619:
8432:Phenylpiperazine
8422:Phenoxybenzamine
8072:
8064:
8059:-DOPA (levodopa)
8056:
8013:
7997:Dexisometheptene
7987:-methyldopamine)
7948:
7947:
7922:
7915:
7908:
7899:
7898:
7870:Nitrous oxide (N
7841:
7840:
7810:Gasotransmitters
7807:
7806:
7787:
7786:
7777:
7731:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7691:
7690:
7626:Anandamide (AEA)
7594:Endocannabinoids
7591:
7590:
7558:
7557:
7445:Serotonin (5-HT)
7410:
7409:
7229:Glutamate system
7226:
7225:
7217:
7216:
7196:
7189:
7182:
7173:
7172:
6930:
6929:
6925:Digestive system
6881:
6880:
6696:
6695:
6635:Thyroid hormones
6411:
6410:
6400:
6399:
6378:
6371:
6364:
6355:
6354:
6350:
6345:. Archived from
6333:
6317:
6316:
6292:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6281:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6245:(2–3): 175–186.
6234:
6228:
6227:
6209:
6203:
6202:
6182:
6173:
6172:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6127:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6086:
6062:
6053:
6052:
6016:
6010:
6009:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5983:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5817:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5685:
5676:(5): 1657–1660.
5657:
5651:
5650:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5502:(8): 1021–1024.
5487:
5481:
5480:
5470:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5417:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5365:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5308:
5299:
5298:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5167:
5154:
5153:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5130:. Archived from
5120:
5114:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5094:
5062:
5049:
5048:
5020:
5014:
5013:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4820:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4771:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4722:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4673:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4624:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4575:
4565:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4524:
4513:10.1037/a0026187
4492:
4486:
4485:
4449:
4440:
4439:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4386:
4354:
4345:
4344:
4324:
4315:
4314:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4256:Clinical Science
4251:
4245:
4244:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4161:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4107:Clinical Science
4102:
4096:
4095:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4029:Clinical Science
4024:
4018:
4017:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3817:(2–3): 183–191.
3806:
3800:
3799:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3760:
3734:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3509:10.1038/177044b0
3484:
3478:
3477:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3440:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3283:(9): 2672–2678.
3268:
3262:
3261:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3054:Bell DR (2009).
3051:
3045:
3044:
3025:10.1038/280235a0
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2931:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2885:
2874:
2873:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2822:
2809:
2808:
2790:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2672:. 23 August 2024
2662:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2641:. 27 June 2024.
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2615:. 20 August 2024
2605:
2599:
2598:
2588:
2563:
2458:
2399:William H. Bates
2385:Extracts of the
2342:pheochromocytoma
2242:
2241:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2100:
2090:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2008:
1983:
1969:chromaffin cells
1911:
1895:
1864:chromaffin cells
1835:Pheochromocytoma
1798:vasoconstriction
1759:protein kinase A
1747:adenylyl cyclase
1690:, and increased
1582:
1548:Vasoconstriction
1477:
1475:
1471:
1430:pharmaceutical's
1344:Jōkichi Takamine
1307:essential tremor
1295:pheochromocytoma
1269:long-term memory
1135:neurotransmitter
1127:chromaffin cells
1116:
951:, also known as
884:
864:
849:
846:
840:
834:
817:
806:
795:
794:
780:
778:
762:
756:
735:
715:
695:
675:
655:
635:
615:
595:
585:
584:
570:
500:
424:
421:
412:
409:
399:
396:
386:
383:
320:
310:
300:
290:
280:
270:
179:
176:
158:
147:
144:
131:
117:
59:
47:Skeletal formula
44:
37:
35:
31:
12923:
12922:
12918:
12917:
12916:
12914:
12913:
12912:
12908:Stress hormones
12843:Bronchodilators
12813:
12812:
12811:
12806:
12774:
12758:Scoring systems
12753:
12666:
12608:
12557:
12468:
12397:
12392:
12362:
12357:
12293:Methoxphenidine
12171:
12136:Normetanephrine
12065:
12057:
12048:
12039:
11980:
11941:
11940:
11932:
11821:
11812:
11758:
11719:
11570:
11561:
11549:
11500:
11492:
11468:
11316:
11304:Tranylcypromine
11289:Pseudoephedrine
11201:
11196:Norfenfluramine
11171:Methamphetamine
11096:Dexfenfluramine
11031:Levoamphetamine
10978:
10876:Bromo-DragonFLY
10824:
10810:
10788:Methylphenidate
10719:
10289:Phenethylamines
10283:
10281:Phenethylamines
10278:
10248:
10243:
10165:
9584:
9173:
8911:
8684:Dexmedetomidine
8615:
8602:
8435:antidepressants
8159:
7992:Desglymidodrine
7943:
7934:
7926:
7896:
7887:
7882:
7873:
7859:
7835:
7825:
7801:
7758:
7704:
7680:
7571:
7543:
7527:
7449:
7405:Biogenic amines
7395:
7372:
7321:
7295:
7221:
7205:
7200:
7170:
7161:
7131:
7098:
7080:
7048:
7017:
6989:
6951:
6919:
6868:
6840:
6798:
6765:
6722:
6685:
6667:
6651:
6643:
6621:
6605:Adrenal medulla
6598:Androstenedione
6550:
6480:
6457:
6405:
6394:
6387:
6382:
6341:
6326:
6321:
6320:
6313:
6293:
6289:
6279:
6277:
6270:
6266:
6235:
6231:
6224:
6210:
6206:
6199:
6183:
6176:
6169:
6145:
6141:
6104:
6100:
6063:
6056:
6017:
6013:
5998:
5994:
5981:
5979:
5968:
5964:
5937:
5933:
5926:
5910:
5906:
5867:
5863:
5853:
5851:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5830:
5808:
5804:
5773:
5769:
5738:
5734:
5703:
5699:
5658:
5654:
5623:
5619:
5612:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5571:
5567:
5538:(10): 800–803.
5527:
5523:
5493:
5488:
5484:
5439:
5435:
5425:
5423:
5422:. December 2010
5415:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5399:
5383:
5379:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5309:
5302:
5271:
5267:
5236:
5232:
5225:
5213:Shen H (2008).
5211:
5207:
5168:
5157:
5150:www.mhra.gov.uk
5144:
5143:
5139:
5128:genericides.org
5122:
5121:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5063:
5052:
5021:
5017:
4970:
4966:
4943:
4939:
4900:
4896:
4873:
4869:
4838:
4834:
4789:
4785:
4740:
4736:
4691:
4687:
4642:
4638:
4593:
4589:
4550:Molecular Brain
4542:
4538:
4493:
4489:
4450:
4443:
4404:
4400:
4355:
4348:
4325:
4318:
4287:
4283:
4252:
4248:
4217:
4213:
4198:
4194:
4179:
4175:
4138:
4134:
4103:
4099:
4060:
4056:
4025:
4021:
3992:(10): 505–512.
3982:
3978:
3947:
3943:
3912:
3908:
3877:
3873:
3842:
3838:
3807:
3803:
3780:
3776:
3762:
3754:
3752:
3735:
3707:
3703:
3672:
3668:
3645:
3641:
3606:
3602:
3571:
3567:
3536:
3532:
3495:(4497): 44–45.
3485:
3481:
3458:
3454:
3409:
3405:
3374:
3370:
3339:
3335:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3269:
3265:
3244:(1): CD003958.
3238:
3234:
3203:
3199:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3052:
3048:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2985:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2961:
2957:
2946:
2932:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2886:
2877:
2866:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2824:
2823:
2812:
2767:
2763:
2732:
2728:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2648:
2646:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2528:
2519:
2513:
2492:
2490:Novelty seeking
2486:
2481:
2473:Friedrich Stolz
2470:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:(1857–1938) of
2427:John Jacob Abel
2407:Friedrich Stolz
2403:John Jacob Abel
2383:
2377:
2277:(ACTH) and the
2261:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2103:
2101:
2098:-Methyltyramine
2093:
2091:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2033:
2031:
2023:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1967:(also known as
1965:adrenal medulla
1872:adrenal medulla
1844:
1830:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1804:by binding to β
1793:
1768:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1724:
1720:
1688:pituitary gland
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1572:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1415:), "upon", and
1358:in the US. The
1340:
1318:
1291:
1265:
1249:
1238:
1228:
1194:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1108:adrenal medulla
1104:
1025:
1019:
1010:Scoparia dulcis
942:
939:
934:
929:
928:
917:
914:
909:
908:
887:
862:
852:
843:
837:
798:
774:
766:
738:
718:
698:
678:
658:
638:
618:
598:
581:
573:
553:
550:
541:
540:
498:
487:Onset of action
444:Protein binding
436:Pharmacokinetic
430:
324:
248:Sympathomimetic
206:
194:
187:
168:
161:
72:
50:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12921:
12911:
12910:
12905:
12900:
12895:
12890:
12885:
12880:
12875:
12870:
12865:
12860:
12858:Catecholamines
12855:
12850:
12845:
12840:
12835:
12830:
12825:
12808:
12807:
12805:
12804:
12792:
12779:
12776:
12775:
12773:
12772:
12767:
12761:
12759:
12755:
12754:
12752:
12751:
12745:
12739:
12733:
12727:
12721:
12715:
12709:
12703:
12697:
12692:
12686:
12680:
12678:
12668:
12667:
12665:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12629:
12618:
12616:
12610:
12609:
12607:
12606:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12586:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12565:
12563:
12559:
12558:
12556:
12555:
12550:
12544:
12538:
12533:
12531:Laryngeal tube
12528:
12523:
12517:
12511:
12505:
12499:
12493:Defibrillation
12490:
12485:
12482:Bag valve mask
12478:
12476:
12470:
12469:
12467:
12466:
12461:
12456:
12451:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12411:
12405:
12403:
12399:
12398:
12391:
12390:
12383:
12376:
12368:
12359:
12358:
12356:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12327:Levosalbutamol
12320:
12315:
12310:
12305:
12300:
12295:
12290:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12270:
12265:
12260:
12255:
12250:
12245:
12240:
12235:
12230:
12225:
12220:
12215:
12210:
12208:Desvenlafaxine
12205:
12200:
12195:
12190:
12185:
12179:
12177:
12173:
12172:
12170:
12169:
12164:
12159:
12151:
12143:
12138:
12133:
12123:
12121:Norepinephrine
12118:
12108:
12103:
12098:
12093:
12088:
12083:
12078:
12070:
12062:
12060:-Phenylalanine
12054:
12045:
12036:
12031:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12006:
12001:
11996:
11991:
11986:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11962:
11957:
11952:
11946:
11944:
11938:Catecholamines
11934:
11933:
11931:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11895:
11890:
11885:
11880:
11875:
11870:
11865:
11860:
11855:
11850:
11845:
11840:
11831:
11829:
11823:
11822:
11820:
11819:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11792:
11787:
11782:
11777:
11768:
11766:
11760:
11759:
11757:
11756:
11751:
11746:
11741:
11736:
11731:
11726:
11714:
11709:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11684:
11679:
11674:
11669:
11664:
11659:
11654:
11649:
11644:
11639:
11634:
11629:
11624:
11619:
11614:
11609:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11580:
11578:
11572:
11571:
11569:
11568:
11556:
11544:
11539:
11534:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11510:
11508:
11502:
11501:
11499:
11498:
11485:
11480:
11475:
11463:
11458:
11453:
11451:Methamnetamine
11448:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11311:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11291:
11286:
11281:
11276:
11271:
11266:
11261:
11256:
11251:
11246:
11241:
11236:
11231:
11226:
11221:
11216:
11211:
11206:
11198:
11193:
11188:
11183:
11178:
11168:
11163:
11158:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11138:
11133:
11128:
11123:
11118:
11113:
11108:
11103:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11072:Etilamfetamine
11069:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11044:
11039:
11034:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10893:
10888:
10883:
10878:
10873:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10843:
10834:
10832:
10826:
10825:
10823:
10822:
10817:
10805:
10800:
10791:
10790:
10785:
10777:
10769:
10761:
10753:
10748:
10742:
10737:
10735:Phenethylamine
10732:
10717:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10650:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10323:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10293:
10291:
10285:
10284:
10277:
10276:
10269:
10262:
10254:
10245:
10244:
10242:
10241:
10232:
10223:
10214:
10205:
10196:
10187:
10174:
10171:
10170:
10167:
10166:
10164:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9796:Dexpropranolol
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9592:
9590:
9586:
9585:
9583:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9465:Norepinephrine
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9430:Levosalbutamol
9427:
9419:
9417:-Phenylalanine
9411:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9194:
9192:
9185:
9179:
9178:
9175:
9174:
9172:
9171:
9166:
9151:chlorpromazine
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
8987:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8919:
8917:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8909:
8907:Xylometazoline
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8817:Norepinephrine
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8766:
8764:-Phenylalanine
8758:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8626:
8624:
8617:
8613:
8608:
8607:
8604:
8603:
8601:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8570:chlorpromazine
8563:
8558:
8532:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8229:
8224:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8167:
8165:
8161:
8160:
8158:
8157:
8155:Xylometazoline
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8110:Norepinephrine
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8069:
8067:-Phenylalanine
8061:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7954:
7952:
7945:
7941:
7936:
7935:
7925:
7924:
7917:
7910:
7902:
7893:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7885:
7880:
7876:
7871:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7853:
7847:
7845:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7819:
7813:
7811:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7793:
7791:
7784:
7780:
7779:
7775:
7768:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7740:
7738:
7728:
7721:
7714:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7702:
7694:
7688:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7597:
7595:
7588:
7581:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7569:
7561:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7541:
7535:
7533:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7525:
7517:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7497:Phenethylamine
7494:
7489:
7481:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7457:
7455:
7451:
7450:
7448:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7416:
7414:
7407:
7401:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7393:
7388:
7382:
7380:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7329:
7327:
7326:Glycine system
7323:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7303:
7301:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7271:Kynurenic acid
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7232:
7230:
7223:
7214:
7207:
7206:
7199:
7198:
7191:
7184:
7176:
7167:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7141:
7139:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7108:
7106:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7096:
7090:
7088:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7062:
7060:
7058:Adipose tissue
7054:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7039:
7028:
7026:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7003:Enteroglucagon
6999:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6961:
6959:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6944:
6938:
6936:
6927:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6903:Beta thymosins
6900:
6889:
6887:
6878:
6874:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6850:
6848:
6842:
6841:
6839:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6812:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6775:
6773:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6732:
6730:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6704:
6702:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6677:
6675:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6631:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6615:Norepinephrine
6612:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6568:Adrenal cortex
6564:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6548:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6490:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6473:
6467:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6419:
6417:
6408:
6397:
6389:
6388:
6381:
6380:
6373:
6366:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6339:
6325:
6324:External links
6322:
6319:
6318:
6311:
6287:
6264:
6229:
6222:
6204:
6197:
6174:
6167:
6139:
6118:(5): 350–351.
6098:
6077:(3): 279–281.
6054:
6027:(3): 145–159.
6011:
5992:
5962:
5931:
5924:
5904:
5861:
5835:
5828:
5802:
5767:
5748:(5): 274–281.
5732:
5713:(3): 363–375.
5697:
5652:
5633:(3): 658–659.
5617:
5610:
5590:
5583:
5565:
5521:
5491:
5482:
5433:
5404:
5397:
5377:
5328:
5321:
5300:
5265:
5230:
5223:
5205:
5178:(6): 331–334.
5155:
5152:. 6 June 2019.
5137:
5134:on 1 May 2021.
5115:
5106:
5050:
5031:(2): 194–203.
5015:
4964:
4953:(2): 411–426.
4937:
4894:
4867:
4848:(5): 548–554.
4832:
4803:(2): 214–220.
4783:
4754:(4): 605–615.
4734:
4705:(3): 417–423.
4685:
4656:(3): 286–304.
4636:
4587:
4536:
4507:(6): 797–824.
4487:
4460:(1): 137–142.
4441:
4414:(2): 194–198.
4398:
4346:
4335:(2): 181–199.
4316:
4281:
4246:
4227:(2): 138–144.
4211:
4192:
4173:
4152:(5): 683–686.
4132:
4113:(5): 475–479.
4097:
4070:(5): 401–406.
4054:
4019:
3976:
3957:(3): 370–374.
3941:
3906:
3871:
3852:(2): 137–146.
3836:
3801:
3790:(2): 225–241.
3774:
3701:
3666:
3639:
3600:
3581:(4): 788–793.
3565:
3530:
3479:
3452:
3423:(1–2): 19–59.
3403:
3384:(8): 436–444.
3368:
3333:
3303:
3294:
3263:
3232:
3197:
3176:(4): 546–549.
3156:
3149:
3130:
3123:
3103:
3096:
3073:
3066:
3046:
2995:
2970:
2955:
2944:
2921:
2907:
2900:
2875:
2864:
2842:
2810:
2761:
2726:
2683:
2657:
2626:
2600:
2579:(2): 239–244.
2557:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2537:Catecholamines
2534:
2527:
2524:
2515:Main article:
2512:
2509:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2379:Main article:
2376:
2373:
2291:adrenal cortex
2260:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2237:
2236:
2054:Phenethylamine
2018:-Phenylalanine
2011:
2010:
2003:
2002:
1991:catecholamines
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1951:(SAMe) as the
1860:catecholamines
1843:
1840:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1805:
1802:cardiac output
1800:and increases
1791:
1766:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1722:
1718:
1696:adipose tissue
1660:glycogenolysis
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1554:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:glycogenolysis
1511:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1463:
1460:
1348:adrenal glands
1339:
1336:
1316:
1290:
1287:
1264:
1261:
1248:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1224:
1192:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1112:catecholamines
1103:
1100:
1036:cardiac arrest
1021:Main article:
1018:
1015:
1001:beta receptors
965:adrenal glands
944:
943:
941:
940:
937:
935:
932:
924:
923:
922:
919:
918:
916:
915:
912:
904:
903:
902:
899:
898:
895:
889:
888:
886:
885:
877:
875:
867:
866:
860:
854:
853:
850:
841:
835:
830:
824:
823:
819:
818:
808:
800:
799:
797:
796:
783:
781:
768:
767:
765:
764:
748:
746:
740:
739:
737:
736:
728:
726:
720:
719:
717:
716:
708:
706:
700:
699:
697:
696:
688:
686:
680:
679:
677:
676:
668:
666:
660:
659:
657:
656:
648:
646:
640:
639:
637:
636:
628:
626:
620:
619:
617:
616:
608:
606:
600:
599:
597:
596:
588:
586:
575:
574:
572:
571:
563:
561:
555:
554:
552:
551:
544:
536:
535:
534:
531:
530:
526:
525:
522:
516:
515:
512:
506:
505:
502:
493:
492:
489:
483:
482:
477:
471:
470:
456:
450:
449:
446:
440:
439:
432:
431:
429:
428:
419:
407:
394:
380:
378:
372:
371:
367:
366:
352:
346:
345:
340:
334:
333:
326:
325:
323:
322:
259:
257:
251:
250:
241:
235:
234:
209:
207:administration
201:
200:
197:
189:
188:
186:
185:
183:
173:
171:
163:
162:
160:
159:
141:
139:
133:
132:
125:
119:
118:
111:
101:
100:
93:
89:
88:
85:
79:
78:
74:
73:
60:
52:
51:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12920:
12909:
12906:
12904:
12901:
12899:
12896:
12894:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12834:
12831:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12820:
12818:
12803:
12802:
12793:
12791:
12790:
12781:
12780:
12777:
12771:
12768:
12766:
12763:
12762:
12760:
12756:
12749:
12746:
12743:
12740:
12737:
12734:
12731:
12728:
12725:
12722:
12719:
12716:
12713:
12710:
12707:
12704:
12701:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12690:
12687:
12685:
12682:
12681:
12679:
12677:
12673:
12669:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12627:
12623:
12620:
12619:
12617:
12615:
12614:Organisations
12611:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12566:
12564:
12560:
12554:
12551:
12548:
12545:
12542:
12539:
12537:
12534:
12532:
12529:
12527:
12524:
12521:
12518:
12515:
12512:
12509:
12506:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12483:
12480:
12479:
12477:
12475:
12471:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12459:Trauma center
12457:
12455:
12452:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12435:
12432:
12430:
12427:
12425:
12422:
12420:
12417:
12415:
12412:
12410:
12407:
12406:
12404:
12400:
12396:
12389:
12384:
12382:
12377:
12375:
12370:
12369:
12366:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12346:
12344:
12343:Thiamphenicol
12341:
12339:
12338:Theodrenaline
12336:
12334:
12331:
12328:
12324:
12321:
12319:
12316:
12314:
12311:
12309:
12306:
12304:
12301:
12299:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12289:
12286:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12261:
12259:
12256:
12254:
12253:Fluorolintane
12251:
12249:
12246:
12244:
12241:
12239:
12236:
12234:
12231:
12229:
12226:
12224:
12221:
12219:
12216:
12214:
12211:
12209:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12199:
12196:
12194:
12191:
12189:
12186:
12184:
12181:
12180:
12178:
12176:Miscellaneous
12174:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12162:Phenylephrine
12160:
12158:
12156:
12152:
12150:
12148:
12144:
12142:
12141:Orciprenaline
12139:
12137:
12134:
12131:
12127:
12124:
12122:
12119:
12116:
12115:Levonordefrin
12112:
12109:
12107:
12104:
12102:
12099:
12097:
12094:
12092:
12089:
12087:
12084:
12082:
12079:
12077:
12075:
12071:
12069:
12063:
12061:
12055:
12052:
12046:
12043:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11984:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11947:
11945:
11939:
11935:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11879:
11876:
11874:
11871:
11869:
11866:
11864:
11861:
11859:
11856:
11854:
11851:
11849:
11846:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11833:
11832:
11830:
11828:
11824:
11818:
11815:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11770:
11769:
11767:
11765:
11761:
11755:
11752:
11750:
11747:
11745:
11742:
11740:
11737:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11727:
11725:
11722:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11682:Methcathinone
11680:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11670:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11582:
11581:
11579:
11577:
11573:
11567:
11564:
11560:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11537:Mephentermine
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11512:
11511:
11509:
11507:
11503:
11496:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11474:
11471:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11386:6-Chloro-MDMA
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11315:
11312:
11310:
11309:Xylopropamine
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11267:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11199:
11197:
11194:
11192:
11189:
11187:
11184:
11182:
11179:
11176:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11101:
11097:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11047:Benzphetamine
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11032:
11028:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10842:
10839:
10838:Psychedelics:
10836:
10835:
10833:
10831:
10827:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10793:
10792:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10782:
10778:
10776:
10774:
10770:
10768:
10766:
10762:
10760:
10758:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:(amphetamine)
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10727:
10726:
10725:
10722:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10669:Isoproscaline
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10654:Allylescaline
10652:
10651:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10324:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10297:Psychedelics:
10295:
10294:
10292:
10290:
10286:
10282:
10275:
10270:
10268:
10263:
10261:
10256:
10255:
10252:
10239:
10238:
10233:
10230:
10229:
10224:
10221:
10220:
10215:
10212:
10211:
10206:
10203:
10202:
10201:Serotonergics
10197:
10194:
10193:
10192:Dopaminergics
10188:
10185:
10184:
10181:
10176:
10175:
10172:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9946:Levobetaxolol
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9786:Cyanopindolol
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9593:
9591:
9587:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9470:Orciprenaline
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9420:
9418:
9412:
9410:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9371:Hexoprenaline
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9296:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9195:
9193:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9180:
9170:
9167:
9164:
9160:
9156:
9152:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9032:Esmirtazapine
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8991:
8988:
8985:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8956:brexpiprazole
8953:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8920:
8918:
8914:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8822:Oxymetazoline
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8767:
8765:
8759:
8757:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8673:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8650:Apraclonidine
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8627:
8625:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8609:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8583:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8544:
8540:
8539:amitriptyline
8536:
8533:
8530:
8526:
8522:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8452:
8451:triazoledione
8448:
8444:
8440:
8436:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8232:Beta blockers
8230:
8228:
8225:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8205:brexpiprazole
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8162:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8125:Phenylephrine
8123:
8121:
8120:Oxymetazoline
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8070:
8068:
8062:
8060:
8054:
8052:
8051:Isometheptene
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7986:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7953:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7937:
7933:
7930:
7923:
7918:
7916:
7911:
7909:
7904:
7903:
7900:
7884:
7877:
7875:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7848:
7846:
7842:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7812:
7808:
7798:
7797:Acetylcholine
7795:
7794:
7792:
7788:
7785:
7783:Miscellaneous
7781:
7776:
7773:
7769:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7732:
7729:
7725:
7722:
7719:
7715:
7700:
7696:
7695:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7686:Neurosteroids
7683:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7592:
7589:
7586:
7582:
7567:
7563:
7562:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7553:Neuropeptides
7550:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7530:
7524:
7522:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7486:
7482:
7480:
7478:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7452:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7402:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7375:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7324:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7298:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7227:
7224:
7218:
7215:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7197:
7192:
7190:
7185:
7183:
7178:
7177:
7174:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7138:
7134:
7128:
7127:Prostaglandin
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7105:
7101:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7087:
7083:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7020:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6992:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6954:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6935:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6922:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6886:
6882:
6879:
6875:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6843:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6768:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6725:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6688:
6682:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6674:
6670:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6652:
6646:
6644:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6603:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6557:
6547:
6544:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6483:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6460:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:Hypothalamic–
6401:
6398:
6396:
6390:
6386:
6379:
6374:
6372:
6367:
6365:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6337:
6332:
6328:
6327:
6314:
6312:9780230101807
6308:
6304:
6300:
6299:
6291:
6275:
6268:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6233:
6225:
6223:9783662131329
6219:
6215:
6208:
6200:
6198:9780521845182
6194:
6190:
6189:
6181:
6179:
6170:
6168:9781591477389
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6151:
6143:
6135:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6102:
6094:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6061:
6059:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6015:
6007:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5977:
5973:
5966:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5935:
5927:
5925:9781608051892
5921:
5917:
5916:
5908:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5865:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5831:
5829:0-7167-4339-6
5825:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5806:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5771:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5736:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5701:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5665:
5656:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5621:
5613:
5607:
5603:
5602:
5594:
5586:
5580:
5576:
5569:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5525:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5496:Resuscitation
5486:
5478:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5437:
5421:
5414:
5408:
5400:
5398:0-7167-3051-0
5394:
5390:
5389:
5381:
5373:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5332:
5324:
5318:
5314:
5307:
5305:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5269:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5234:
5226:
5220:
5216:
5209:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5110:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5019:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4968:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4898:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4871:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4836:
4828:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4787:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4689:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4640:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4591:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4446:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4351:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4321:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3766:
3758:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3152:
3150:9781107268500
3146:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3124:9781483262888
3120:
3116:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3097:9788131215661
3093:
3089:
3088:
3080:
3078:
3069:
3067:9780781768528
3063:
3059:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2984:
2983:dermnetnz.org
2980:
2974:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2947:
2945:9780071481274
2941:
2937:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2911:
2903:
2901:9781608315727
2897:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2871:
2867:
2865:9781449645861
2861:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2831:
2827:
2826:"Epinephrine"
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2644:
2640:
2639:Eurneffy EPAR
2636:
2630:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:Adrenal gland
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:Noradrenaline
2530:
2529:
2523:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2505:reward system
2502:
2497:
2491:
2476:
2474:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2423:adrenal gland
2419:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2387:adrenal gland
2382:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2338:down-regulate
2335:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:Acetylcholine
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2247:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2202:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2087:
2079:
2078:Noradrenaline
2072:
2065:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2029:
2019:
2007:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1963:cells of the
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1934:primary amine
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1918:noradrenaline
1915:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1887:phenylalanine
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:adrenal gland
1865:
1861:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1836:
1825:
1815:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1736:
1728:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:blood glucose
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:, stimulates
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1602:smooth muscle
1599:
1595:
1587:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1452:adrenoceptors
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1406:Ancient Greek
1403:
1399:
1394:
1393:, "kidney").
1392:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1189:Ulf von Euler
1186:
1185:noradrenaline
1182:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1142:
1140:
1139:adrenalectomy
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1076:breastfeeding
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:intravenously
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
936:
931:
930:
927:
920:
911:
910:
907:
900:
896:
894:
890:
883:
879:
878:
876:
873:
868:
861:
859:
855:
831:
829:
825:
820:
816:
812:
809:
807:
805:ECHA InfoCard
801:
793:
789:
788:DTXSID5022986
785:
784:
782:
773:
769:
761:
760:RCSB PDB
755:
750:
749:
747:
745:
741:
734:
730:
729:
727:
725:
721:
714:
710:
709:
707:
705:
701:
694:
690:
689:
687:
685:
681:
674:
670:
669:
667:
665:
661:
654:
650:
649:
647:
645:
641:
634:
630:
629:
627:
625:
621:
614:
610:
609:
607:
605:
601:
594:
590:
589:
587:
580:
576:
569:
565:
564:
562:
560:
556:
548:
543:
542:
539:
532:
527:
523:
521:
517:
513:
511:
507:
503:
501:
494:
490:
488:
484:
481:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
457:
455:
451:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
427: Rx-only
420:
418:
408:
405:
395:
392:
382:
381:
379:
377:
373:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:
351:
347:
344:
341:
339:
335:
331:
330:Physiological
327:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
261:
260:
258:
256:
252:
249:
245:
242:
240:
236:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:intramuscular
213:
210:
208:
202:
198:
196:
190:
184:
175:
174:
172:
170:
164:
157:
152:
143:
142:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
84:
80:
77:Clinical data
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
53:
49:of adrenaline
48:
43:
38:
30:
26:
22:
12794:
12782:
12676:Life support
12454:Major trauma
12333:Solriamfetol
12248:Famprofazone
12154:
12146:
12132:-Octopamine)
12129:
12126:Norfenefrine
12081:Metanephrine
12073:
12029:Isoprenaline
11985:(Dextrodopa)
11970:Adrenochrome
11928:Pyrovalerone
11834:
11813:
11772:Entactogens:
11771:
11721:Entactogens:
11720:
11667:Ethcathinone
11583:
11562:
11551:Entactogens:
11550:
11513:
11506:Phentermines
11469:
11318:Entactogens:
11317:
11314:Zylofuramine
11092:Fenfluramine
11087:Fenethylline
11037:Amphetaminil
11018:Amfepentorex
10979:
10837:
10830:Amphetamines
10811:
10795:Entactogens:
10794:
10780:
10772:
10764:
10756:
10720:
10718:
10694:Metaescaline
10296:
10235:
10226:
10217:
10208:
10199:
10190:
10179:
10178:
9971:Metipranolol
9956:Levomoprolol
9901:Idropranolol
9396:Isoprenaline
9294:
9218:Arformoterol
9163:thioridazine
9155:fluphenazine
9127:Spiroxatrine
9087:Phentolamine
9006:tandospirone
8972:paliperidone
8862:Tasipimidine
8842:Rezatomidine
8787:Medetomidine
8671:
8582:thioridazine
8574:fluphenazine
8555:trimipramine
8543:clomipramine
8427:Phentolamine
8296:acetergamine
8272:Corynanthine
7984:
7851:Acetaldehyde
7520:
7512:
7484:
7476:
7454:Trace amines
7429:
6910:Thymopoietin
6846:Pineal gland
6831:Somatostatin
6794:Progesterone
6741:Progesterone
6708:Testosterone
6691:Gonadal axis
6663:Thyroid axis
6609:
6560:Adrenal axis
6415:Hypothalamus
6347:the original
6297:
6290:
6278:. Retrieved
6267:
6242:
6238:
6232:
6213:
6207:
6187:
6149:
6142:
6115:
6111:
6101:
6074:
6070:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6005:
5995:
5987:
5980:. Retrieved
5975:
5965:
5948:
5944:
5934:
5914:
5907:
5874:
5870:
5864:
5852:. Retrieved
5850:. IUPHAR/BPS
5847:
5838:
5813:
5805:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5710:
5706:
5700:
5673:
5669:
5663:
5655:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5600:
5593:
5574:
5568:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5499:
5495:
5485:
5453:(1): 88–98.
5450:
5446:
5436:
5424:. Retrieved
5419:
5407:
5388:Biochemistry
5387:
5380:
5345:
5341:
5331:
5312:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5214:
5208:
5175:
5171:
5149:
5140:
5132:the original
5127:
5118:
5109:
5074:
5070:
5028:
5024:
5018:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4800:
4796:
4786:
4751:
4747:
4737:
4702:
4698:
4688:
4653:
4649:
4639:
4604:
4600:
4590:
4553:
4549:
4539:
4504:
4500:
4490:
4457:
4453:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4366:
4362:
4332:
4328:
4297:(1): 20–24.
4294:
4290:
4284:
4262:(1): 79–85.
4259:
4255:
4249:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4149:
4145:
4135:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4035:(1): 87–90.
4032:
4028:
4022:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3922:(1): 70–76.
3919:
3915:
3909:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3763:{{
3755:{{
3714:
3710:
3704:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3420:
3416:
3406:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3349:(1): 31–55.
3346:
3342:
3336:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3241:
3235:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3139:
3133:
3113:
3106:
3086:
3056:
3049:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2986:. Retrieved
2982:
2973:
2964:
2958:
2949:
2935:
2916:"Adrenaline"
2910:
2890:
2855:
2845:
2833:. Retrieved
2829:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2674:. Retrieved
2669:
2660:
2647:. Retrieved
2638:
2629:
2617:. Retrieved
2612:
2603:
2576:
2571:
2561:
2520:
2495:
2493:
2450:Keizo Uenaka
2447:
2415:
2394:
2384:
2369:Metanephrine
2358:
2350:
2331:
2273:
2262:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2061:
2045:
1995:trace amines
1946:
1939:
1853:
1842:Biosynthesis
1831:
1811:end-tidal CO
1787:
1708:
1676:glycogenesis
1610:
1591:
1552:vasodilation
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1402:epinephrine
1401:
1395:
1388:
1382:
1381:, "on", and
1376:
1369:
1363:
1350:, which was
1341:
1329:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1299:hypoglycemia
1292:
1266:
1250:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1213:
1143:
1137:. Following
1105:
1096:
1080:
1026:
1017:Medical uses
1008:
981:heart output
952:
948:
947:
546:
497:Elimination
480:Metanephrine
376:Legal status
370:Legal status
224:intracardiac
220:endotracheal
137:License data
96:
66:zwitterionic
29:
12553:Pocket mask
12429:Golden hour
12353:Venlafaxine
12318:Pronethalol
12288:Methoxamine
12218:Dizocilpine
12213:Diphenidine
12188:Amidephrine
12149:-Octopamine
12086:Metaraminol
12053:(Droxidopa)
11999:Epinephrine
11989:Dimetofrine
11835:Stimulants:
11814:Stimulants:
11642:Brephedrone
11632:Amfepramone
11584:Stimulants:
11566:Cericlamine
11547:Phentermine
11527:Clortermine
11514:Stimulants:
11294:Sibutramine
11279:Prenylamine
11214:Oxifentorex
11166:Metaraminol
11106:Fenproporex
11077:Fencamfamin
11057:Clobenzorex
11023:Amphetamine
10980:Stimulants:
10721:Stimulants:
10679:Macromerine
10096:Spirendolol
10071:Propranolol
10066:Propafenone
10061:Pronethalol
9951:Levobunolol
9926:Isoxaprolol
9911:Indopanolol
9896:ICI-118,551
9861:Eugenodilol
9846:Ersentilide
9826:Draquinolol
9821:Diprafenone
9791:Dalbraminol
9771:Cicloprolol
9746:Carpindolol
9731:Butofilolol
9676:Bornaprolol
9621:Alprenoxime
9589:Antagonists
9550:Tulobuterol
9545:Tretoquinol
9540:Terbutaline
9500:Ractopamine
9495:Prenalterol
9401:Isoxsuprine
9386:Indacaterol
9356:Eugenodilol
9346:Etilevodopa
9331:Epinephrine
9322:Droxidopa (
9302:Dipivefrine
9273:Clenbuterol
9117:Setiptiline
9107:Rauwolscine
9082:Pardoprunox
9072:Mirtazapine
9037:Fenmetozole
8980:risperidone
8943:Atipamezole
8916:Antagonists
8872:Tiamenidine
8867:Tetryzoline
8847:Rilmenidine
8812:Naphazoline
8748:Guanoxabenz
8723:Epinephrine
8713:Etilevodopa
8704:Droxidopa (
8694:Dipivefrine
8655:Brimonidine
8525:maprotiline
8402:Pardoprunox
8397:Niguldipine
8357:Mepiprazole
8332:Hydroxyzine
8322:Etoperidone
8312:nicergoline
8282:Domesticine
8277:Dapiprazole
8252:eugenodilol
8227:Benoxathian
8221:risperidone
8186:Anisodamine
8164:Antagonists
8145:Tiamenidine
8140:Tetryzoline
8105:Naphazoline
8090:Methoxamine
8085:Metaraminol
8031:Etilevodopa
8021:Epinephrine
8012:Droxidopa (
8002:Dipivefrine
7963:Amidephrine
7856:Ammonia (NH
7727:Nucleosides
7487:-Octopamine
7479:-Octopamine
7391:T-HCA (GHC)
7348:Hypotaurine
7300:GABA system
7251:Glutathione
7094:Osteocalcin
7071:Adiponectin
6898:Thymosin α1
6673:Parathyroid
6573:Aldosterone
6476:Vasopressin
6336:Epinephrine
5783:: 211–218.
4883:(1): 5–10.
3655:: 447–453.
2619:5 September
2453: [
2395:nadnerczyna
2293:to release
2108:-Octopamine
1999:human brain
1930:methylation
1884:amino acids
1858:called the
1796:-dependent
1713:to release
1711:liver cells
1704:fatty acids
1513:Stimulates
1456:adrenergics
1352:trademarked
1338:Terminology
1032:anaphylaxis
953:epinephrine
865: g·mol
811:100.000.090
713:CHEBI:28918
529:Identifiers
514:Few minutes
475:Metabolites
212:Intravenous
156:Epinephrine
123:MedlinePlus
92:Other names
83:Trade names
34:Epinephrine
12823:Adrenaline
12817:Categories
12765:NACA score
12574:Amiodarone
12488:Chest tube
12323:Salbutamol
12258:Hexapradol
12238:Etafedrine
12233:Ephenidine
12228:Dopexamine
12223:Dobutamine
12203:Denopamine
12193:Arbutamine
12167:Synephrine
12101:Methyldopa
12096:Metirosine
12044:(Levodopa)
12034:Isoetarine
12019:Fenclonine
12009:Etilefrine
11923:Prolintane
11754:Mephedrone
11717:Radafaxine
11707:Pentedrone
11687:Methedrone
11647:Buphedrone
11637:Benzedrone
11576:Cathinones
11488:Selegiline
11478:Amiflamine
11274:Pholedrine
11224:Ortetamine
11219:Oxilofrine
11151:Lefetamine
11141:Iofetamine
11126:Furfenorex
11121:Formetorex
11111:Flucetorex
11042:Benfluorex
11013:Amfecloral
11008:Alfetamine
10881:D-Deprenyl
10798:Lophophine
10709:Psi-2C-T-4
10704:Proscaline
10674:Jimscaline
10161:Xipranolol
10151:Toliprolol
10141:Tiprenolol
10126:Tienoxolol
10121:Tertatolol
10106:Sulfinalol
10086:Soquinolol
10081:Ronactolol
10056:Procinolol
10051:Primidolol
10036:Penbutolol
10016:Pacrinolol
10011:Oxprenolol
10006:Nipradilol
9976:Metoprolol
9966:Mepindolol
9961:Medroxalol
9931:Isamoltane
9921:Iprocrolol
9881:Flusoxolol
9871:Falintolol
9851:Esatenolol
9801:Diacetolol
9781:Cloranolol
9761:Celiprolol
9756:Carvedilol
9736:Capsinolol
9721:Butaxamine
9716:Bupranolol
9706:Bunitrolol
9686:Bucindolol
9681:Brefonalol
9671:Bopindolol
9666:Bisoprolol
9661:Bevantolol
9641:Arotinolol
9626:Amosulalol
9616:Alprenolol
9596:Acebutolol
9575:Zilpaterol
9560:Vilanterol
9535:Solabegron
9530:Salmeterol
9525:Salbutamol
9510:Reproterol
9505:Procaterol
9490:Pirbuterol
9475:Oxyfedrine
9460:Mirabegron
9455:Methyldopa
9445:Melevodopa
9435:Lubabegron
9391:Isoetarine
9376:Higenamine
9366:Formoterol
9341:Etilefrine
9336:Etafedrine
9317:Dopexamine
9307:Dobutamine
9288:Denopamine
9283:Corbadrine
9263:Carmoterol
9258:Carbuterol
9248:Broxaterol
9243:Bitolterol
9233:Bambuterol
9223:Arotinolol
9213:Arbutamine
9203:Alifedrine
9198:Abediterol
9142:Tolazoline
9132:Sunepitron
9122:Spegatrine
9112:Rotigotine
9052:Ketanserin
9042:Fluparoxan
9022:Cirazoline
9017:Buflomedil
9002:ipsapirone
8990:Azapirones
8976:quetiapine
8968:olanzapine
8964:lurasidone
8938:Aptazapine
8933:Amesergide
8882:Tolonidine
8877:Tizanidine
8857:Talipexole
8852:Romifidine
8807:Moxonidine
8797:Methyldopa
8792:Melevodopa
8782:Lofexidine
8743:Guanfacine
8728:Etilefrine
8718:Ergotamine
8679:Detomidine
8665:Corbadrine
8561:Trimazosin
8551:imipramine
8512:Tolazoline
8507:Tiodazosin
8497:Tamsulosin
8492:Talipexole
8482:Spegatrine
8467:Quinazosin
8443:nefazodone
8417:Phendioxan
8407:Pelanserin
8392:Niaprazine
8387:Neldazosin
8377:Naftopidil
8372:Moxisylyte
8342:Ketanserin
8327:Fenspiride
8300:ergotamine
8262:Buflomedil
8248:carvedilol
8244:arotinolol
8240:amosulalol
8217:quetiapine
8213:olanzapine
8176:Ajmalicine
8135:Synephrine
8115:Octopamine
8095:Methyldopa
8080:Melevodopa
8046:Indanidine
8026:Etilefrine
7978:Corbadrine
7973:Cirazoline
7932:modulators
7844:Candidates
7718:Nucleobase
7507:Tryptamine
7502:Synephrine
7413:Monoamines
7378:GHB system
7211:Amino acid
7122:Calcitriol
7008:Peptide YY
6658:Calcitonin
6610:Adrenaline
6539:Lipotropin
6534:Endorphins
5342:Cell Cycle
4369:(1): 1–9.
4189:: 550–591.
3881:Metabolism
3546:(1): 1–6.
2553:References
2488:See also:
2319:exocytosis
2259:Regulation
2115:Synephrine
2046:Adrenaline
1856:monoamines
1775:calmodulin
1672:glycolysis
1606:arterioles
1588:adrenaline
1528:glycolysis
1466:See also:
1444:adrenaline
1425:Adrenaline
1370:adrenaline
1197:metabolism
961:medication
949:Adrenaline
870:3D model (
858:Molar mass
744:PDB ligand
673:YKH834O4BH
644:ChemSpider
604:IUPHAR/BPS
559:CAS Number
538:IUPAC name
454:Metabolism
350:Metabolism
239:Drug class
12684:First aid
12569:Adenosine
12536:Combitube
12510:(ECG/EKG)
12474:Equipment
12303:PARGY-LAD
12198:Cafedrine
12157:-Tyramine
12111:Nordefrin
12091:Metaterol
12076:-Tyramine
12068:-Tyrosine
12024:Ibopamine
11913:Naphyrone
11744:Methylone
11712:Pentylone
11657:Cathinone
11652:Bupropion
11495:-Deprenyl
11161:Mefenorex
11131:Gepefrine
11082:Fencamine
11067:Ephedrine
11003:Acridorex
10730:Hordenine
10689:Mescaline
10582:2C-T-22.5
10320:25N-NBOMe
10315:25I-NBOMe
10310:25D-NBOMe
10305:25C-NBOMe
10300:25B-NBOMe
10180:See also:
10156:Xibenolol
10146:Tolamolol
10131:Tilisolol
10111:Talinolol
10101:SR 59230A
10076:Ridazolol
10046:Practolol
10026:Pamatolol
10021:Pafenolol
10001:Nifenalol
9996:Nebivolol
9991:Nadoxolol
9941:Landiolol
9936:Labetalol
9906:Indenolol
9876:Flestolol
9866:Exaprolol
9831:Ecastolol
9816:Dilevalol
9776:Cinamolol
9766:Cetamolol
9751:Carteolol
9741:Carazolol
9726:Butidrine
9701:Bufuralol
9696:Bufetolol
9691:Bucumolol
9656:Betaxolol
9651:Befunolol
9631:Ancarolol
9601:Adaprolol
9565:Xamoterol
9520:Ritodrine
9515:Rimiterol
9480:PF-610355
9440:Mabuterol
9425:-Tyrosine
9381:Ibopamine
9361:Fenoterol
9268:Cimaterol
9253:Buphenine
9238:Befunolol
9208:Amibegron
9169:Yohimbine
9137:Terguride
9102:Piribedil
9097:Piperoxan
9067:Mianserin
9012:BRL-44408
8994:buspirone
8960:clozapine
8952:asenapine
8892:Vatinoxan
8832:Piperoxan
8802:Mivazerol
8777:Ibopamine
8772:-Tyrosine
8738:Guanabenz
8660:Clonidine
8598:Zolertine
8529:mianserin
8521:amoxapine
8502:Terazosin
8487:Spiperone
8477:Silodosin
8472:Quinidine
8457:Piperoxan
8447:trazodone
8412:Perlapine
8382:Nantenine
8367:Monatepil
8362:Metazosin
8347:L-765,314
8337:Indoramin
8316:terguride
8292:Ergolines
8287:Doxazosin
8267:Bunazosin
8256:labetalol
8209:clozapine
8196:Atiprosin
8191:Anisodine
8181:Alfuzosin
8171:Abanoquil
8100:Midodrine
8075:-Tyrosine
8041:Ibopamine
7968:Buspirone
7735:Adenosine
7539:Histamine
7523:-Tyramine
7515:-Tyramine
7358:Sarcosine
7338:β-Alanine
7333:α-Alanine
6893:Thymosins
6854:Melatonin
6736:Estradiol
6583:Cortisone
6509:Prolactin
6406:pituitary
6393:Endocrine
6280:25 August
5978:: 647–650
5854:21 August
5200:144207341
4556:(1): 15.
3765:retracted
3757:retracted
3620:: 21–26.
3468:: 73–97.
2835:15 August
2676:27 August
2357:catechol-
2064:-Tyramine
2028:-Tyrosine
1961:endocrine
1926:vitamin C
1910:aromatic
1692:lipolysis
1560:lipolysis
1558:Triggers
1544:Systemic
1398:John Abel
1342:In 1901,
1289:Pathology
1092:mortality
1088:morbidity
1083:inotropes
1072:pregnancy
733:ChEMBL679
520:Excretion
504:2 minutes
499:half-life
338:Receptors
205:Routes of
195:liability
193:Addiction
167:Pregnancy
115:Monograph
109:Drugs.com
12789:Category
12750:(CCrISP)
12594:Naloxone
12584:Dopamine
12579:Atropine
12308:Phenibut
11994:Dopamine
11975:Ciladopa
11965:a-Me-TRA
11805:Eutylone
11795:Butylone
11739:Ethylone
11734:Butylone
11724:3,4-DMMC
11672:Eutylone
11622:4-MeMABP
11542:Pentorex
11532:Etolorex
11522:Cloforex
11299:Tiflorex
11191:Morforex
11116:Fludorex
10871:Beatrice
10664:Escaline
10041:Pindolol
10031:Pargolol
9981:Moprolol
9856:Esprolol
9841:Ericolol
9836:Epanolol
9646:Atenolol
9611:Afurolol
9606:Adimolol
9580:Zinterol
9555:Vibegron
9312:Dopamine
9278:Colterol
9191:Agonists
9159:loxapine
9057:Lisuride
9047:Idazoxan
9027:Efaroxan
8998:gepirone
8984:zotepine
8928:Adimolol
8902:Xylazine
8887:Urapidil
8699:Dopamine
8623:Agonists
8588:Urapidil
8578:loxapine
8462:Prazosin
8308:lisuride
8236:adimolol
8007:Dopamine
7951:Agonists
7774:-derived
7720:-derived
7701:instead.
7656:Oleamide
7587:-derived
7568:instead.
7425:Dopamine
7236:Agmatine
7213:-derived
7086:Skeleton
7076:Resistin
6975:Secretin
6957:Duodenum
6915:Thymulin
6816:Glucagon
6808:Pancreas
6789:Estrogen
6771:Placenta
6578:Cortisol
6471:Oxytocin
6433:Dopamine
6385:Hormones
6259:13701421
6134:25969360
6093:28486885
6049:20999106
6041:10454061
5957:16766800
5891:28836294
5871:Proteins
5797:24374199
5762:15860375
5727:19948186
5692:13863458
5647:13436503
5560:12713291
5552:10819703
5516:22445865
5477:29984678
5372:22041711
5192:31064696
5101:10678871
5045:13052791
5010:36742705
5002:14394091
4932:36267406
4778:13019029
4729:14777865
4680:16994544
4631:10366644
4582:20465834
4531:22122145
4482:27697668
4474:17368053
4436:12099979
4428:12591227
4393:23268986
4208:: 59–74.
4092:38894042
4014:30270788
3866:24537959
3831:12985406
3517:13288591
3447:16993040
3258:14974048
3227:19135584
3192:16595962
2988:20 March
2951:medulla.
2870:Archived
2797:14713382
2713:16502110
2643:Archived
2613:DailyMed
2526:See also
2511:Strength
2418:secretin
2323:granules
2313:through
2295:cortisol
2265:stresses
2071:Dopamine
1906:dopamine
1891:tyrosine
1794:receptor
1783:glycogen
1680:glucagon
1656:pancreas
1483:Effects
1226:Exercise
1199:and the
624:DrugBank
255:ATC code
232:eye drop
169:category
151:DailyMed
12828:Anxiety
12801:Outline
12726:(ACoRN)
12672:Courses
12348:UWA-101
12313:PRO-LAD
12243:ETH-LAD
12004:Epinine
11960:a-Me-DA
11883:4-MePPP
11878:4-MePHP
11873:4-MePBP
11785:Ariadne
11563:Others:
11473:3,4-DCA
11470:Others:
11421:2,3-MDA
11406:6-MAPDB
11371:5-MAPDB
11052:Cathine
10976:ZDCM-04
10961:Psi-DOM
10946:Ganesha
10812:Others:
10627:2C-T-33
10622:2C-T-32
10617:2C-T-31
10612:2C-T-30
10607:2C-T-28
10602:2C-T-27
10597:2C-T-25
10592:2C-T-24
10587:2C-T-23
10577:2C-T-22
10572:2C-T-21
10567:2C-T-20
10562:2C-T-19
10557:2C-T-18
10552:2C-T-17
10547:2C-T-16
10542:2C-T-15
10537:2C-T-14
10532:2C-T-13
10527:2C-T-12
10522:2C-T-11
10517:2C-T-10
10332:2C-B-AN
10136:Timolol
10116:Tazolol
10091:Sotalol
9986:Nadolol
9711:Bunolol
9636:Arnolol
9570:XP21279
9149:(e.g.,
9077:NAN-190
8992:(e.g.,
8950:(e.g.,
8897:XP21279
8645:Amitraz
8593:WB-4101
8568:(e.g.,
8547:doxepin
8537:(e.g.,
8519:(e.g.,
8437:(e.g.,
8294:(e.g.,
8234:(e.g.,
8203:(e.g.,
8150:XP21279
7772:Vitamin
7666:RVD-Hpα
7621:AA-5-HT
7368:Taurine
7353:Proline
7343:Glycine
7286:Proline
7256:Glycine
6980:Motilin
6947:Ghrelin
6942:Gastrin
6934:Stomach
6821:Insulin
6756:Relaxin
6751:Inhibin
6746:Activin
6718:Inhibin
6627:Thyroid
5982:7 March
5899:5491090
5468:7029199
5426:7 March
5363:3266006
5295:1900669
5260:3521311
5092:1127537
4982:Bibcode
4959:4117970
4924:6142198
4769:1509311
4720:1509946
4671:1394156
4622:6782651
4573:2877027
4522:3236701
4384:3558035
4311:2957350
4276:6228370
4241:5413299
4168:6389647
4127:6831836
4084:6777175
4049:6690194
4006:6124653
3936:1110246
3901:7001177
3750:2645791
3731:3524257
3696:6147094
3634:7009527
3595:6795164
3560:3004549
3525:4214745
3497:Bibcode
3438:1513032
3398:6248784
3363:6805416
3328:8818013
3289:1353486
3041:4350616
3013:Bibcode
2805:2330329
2756:5468075
2721:9054777
2649:29 June
2595:1136652
2375:History
2311:calcium
2209:pathway
2151:pathway
2149:primary
1997:in the
1959:of the
1957:cytosol
1932:of the
1866:of the
1715:glucose
1662:in the
1652:insulin
1613:agonist
1421:nephrós
1384:rēnālis
1278:sotalol
1207:to the
1131:neurons
1064:anxiety
1040:Inhaled
985:SA node
971:in the
969:neurons
957:hormone
955:, is a
893:Density
863:183.207
828:Formula
633:DB00668
579:PubChem
568:51-43-4
315: (
313:S01EA01
305: (
303:R03AA01
295: (
293:R01AA14
285: (
283:C01CA24
275: (
273:B02BC09
271:)
265: (
263:A01AD01
182: A
153::
129:a603002
64:of the
12744:(ALSO)
12738:(PALS)
12732:(PBLS)
12714:(ATLS)
12708:(ACLS)
12464:Triage
12263:IP-LAD
12183:AL-LAD
11955:6-OHDA
11490:(also
11483:DiFMDA
11401:6-MAPB
11391:6-EAPB
11381:6-APDB
11366:5-MAPB
11356:5-EAPB
11351:5-APDB
10956:MMDA-2
10856:3C-MAL
10808:MDMPEA
10659:DESOXY
10637:2C-TFM
10632:2C-TFE
10512:2C-T-9
10507:2C-T-8
10502:2C-T-7
10497:2C-T-6
10492:2C-T-5
10487:2C-T-4
10482:2C-T-3
10477:2C-T-2
10452:2C-O-4
10442:2C-NH2
10417:2C-G-N
10412:2C-G-6
10407:2C-G-5
10402:2C-G-4
10397:2C-G-3
10392:2C-G-2
10387:2C-G-1
9326:-DOPS)
8708:-DOPS)
8635:4-NEMD
8016:-DOPS)
7737:system
7611:2-ALPI
7532:Others
7363:Serine
7291:Serine
7104:Kidney
7066:Leptin
7025:/other
6885:Thymus
6826:Amylin
6700:Testis
6593:DHEA-S
6395:glands
6309:
6257:
6220:
6195:
6165:
6132:
6091:
6047:
6039:
5955:
5922:
5897:
5889:
5826:
5795:
5760:
5725:
5690:
5645:
5608:
5581:
5558:
5550:
5514:
5475:
5465:
5395:
5370:
5360:
5319:
5293:
5258:
5221:
5198:
5190:
5099:
5089:
5043:
5008:
5000:
4974:Nature
4957:
4930:
4922:
4904:Lancet
4889:190674
4887:
4862:495400
4860:
4827:486283
4825:
4818:482137
4815:
4776:
4766:
4727:
4717:
4678:
4668:
4629:
4619:
4580:
4570:
4529:
4519:
4480:
4472:
4434:
4426:
4391:
4381:
4309:
4274:
4239:
4166:
4125:
4090:
4082:
4047:
4012:
4004:
3971:701121
3969:
3934:
3899:
3864:
3829:
3748:
3744:,
3729:
3694:
3632:
3593:
3558:
3523:
3515:
3489:Nature
3445:
3435:
3396:
3361:
3326:
3287:
3256:
3225:
3190:
3147:
3121:
3094:
3064:
3039:
3033:450140
3031:
3005:Nature
2942:
2898:
2862:
2803:
2795:
2754:
2719:
2711:
2593:
2501:stress
2201:CYP2D6
1953:methyl
1668:muscle
1643:, and
1522:Muscle
1480:Organ
1417:νεφρός
1372:(from
1263:Memory
1209:airway
1201:airway
1172:, and
1123:plasma
1048:asthma
991:, and
906:SMILES
724:ChEMBL
693:D00095
448:15–20%
417:℞-only
415:
402:
389:
149:
12720:(NRP)
12702:(BLS)
12691:(CPR)
12562:Drugs
12549:(OPA)
12543:(NPA)
12484:(BVM)
12298:MT-45
12051:-DOPS
12042:-DOPA
11983:-DOPA
11950:6-FNE
11893:MOPVP
11888:MOPPP
11863:MDPPP
11858:MDPBP
11853:α-PVP
11848:α-PPP
11843:α-PHP
11838:α-PBP
11780:4-MAB
11775:4-CAB
11729:3-MMC
11627:4-MPD
11617:4-MEC
11612:4-FMC
11607:4-EMC
11602:4-CMC
11597:4-BMC
11587:3-FMC
11559:MDMPH
11456:MMDMA
11436:MDHMA
11376:6-APB
11346:5-APB
11341:4-MTA
11336:4-MMA
11326:4-FMA
10998:3-FMA
10988:2-FMA
10941:DOTFM
10896:DMMDA
10891:DMCPA
10866:Aleph
10846:3C-BZ
10841:3C-AL
10820:DMPEA
10803:MDPEA
10714:TCB-2
10684:MEPEA
10642:2C-YN
10467:2C-SE
10462:2C-Ph
10432:2C-iP
10372:2C-EF
10357:2C-CP
10352:2C-CN
10342:2C-Bu
10337:2C-Bn
8640:6-FNE
7958:6-FNE
7646:NAGly
7585:Lipid
7420:6-OHM
7312:GABOB
7137:Heart
7112:Renin
7042:IGF-2
7037:IGF-1
7023:Liver
7013:GLP-1
6995:Ileum
6877:Other
6761:GnSAF
6728:Ovary
6045:S2CID
5895:S2CID
5556:S2CID
5416:(PDF)
5196:S2CID
5006:S2CID
4928:S2CID
4478:S2CID
4432:S2CID
4088:S2CID
4010:S2CID
3761:with
3616:(1).
3521:S2CID
3037:S2CID
2801:S2CID
2717:S2CID
2457:]
2363:into
2327:VMAT1
2207:minor
2198:brain
2038:-DOPA
1977:brain
1973:heart
1898:-DOPA
1753:into
1737:and G
1735:alpha
1664:liver
1535:Brain
1509:Liver
1499:Lungs
1489:Heart
1374:Latin
1119:-DOPA
1054:, by
1044:croup
997:alpha
926:InChI
872:JSmol
751:ALE (
704:ChEBI
524:Urine
491:Rapid
228:nasal
12522:(IV)
12516:(IO)
11908:MPPP
11903:MPHP
11898:MPBP
11868:MDPV
11810:MBDB
11800:EBDB
11592:4-MC
11554:MDPH
11446:MDOH
11431:MDEA
11396:6-IT
11361:5-IT
11331:4-MA
11321:4-FA
11264:PMMA
11259:PMEA
11244:PFMA
10993:3-FA
10983:2-FA
10971:TeMA
10951:MMDA
10936:DOPR
10916:DOET
10911:DOEF
10861:3C-P
10851:3C-E
10647:2C-V
10472:2C-T
10457:2C-P
10447:2C-O
10437:2C-N
10427:2C-I
10422:2C-H
10382:2C-G
10377:2C-F
10367:2C-E
10362:2C-D
10347:2C-C
10327:2C-B
9228:BAAM
9062:mCPP
8923:1-PP
8837:PS75
8352:mCPP
7699:here
7697:See
7641:NADA
7616:2-OG
7601:2-AG
7566:here
7564:See
7307:GABA
7281:NAAG
7266:GSSG
7261:GSNO
6588:DHEA
6524:ACTH
6519:CLIP
6514:POMC
6443:GHRH
6423:GnRH
6307:ISBN
6282:2015
6255:PMID
6218:ISBN
6193:ISBN
6163:ISBN
6130:PMID
6089:PMID
6037:PMID
5984:2015
5953:PMID
5920:ISBN
5887:PMID
5856:2015
5824:ISBN
5793:PMID
5758:PMID
5723:PMID
5688:PMID
5643:PMID
5606:ISBN
5579:ISBN
5548:PMID
5512:PMID
5473:PMID
5428:2015
5393:ISBN
5368:PMID
5317:ISBN
5291:PMID
5256:PMID
5219:ISBN
5188:PMID
5097:PMID
5041:PMID
4998:PMID
4955:PMID
4920:PMID
4885:PMID
4858:PMID
4823:PMID
4774:PMID
4725:PMID
4676:PMID
4627:PMID
4578:PMID
4527:PMID
4470:PMID
4424:PMID
4389:PMID
4307:PMID
4272:PMID
4237:PMID
4164:PMID
4123:PMID
4080:PMID
4045:PMID
4002:PMID
3967:PMID
3932:PMID
3897:PMID
3862:PMID
3827:PMID
3746:PMID
3727:PMID
3692:PMID
3630:PMID
3591:PMID
3556:PMID
3513:PMID
3443:PMID
3394:PMID
3359:PMID
3324:PMID
3285:PMID
3254:PMID
3223:PMID
3188:PMID
3145:ISBN
3119:ISBN
3092:ISBN
3062:ISBN
3029:PMID
2990:2023
2940:ISBN
2896:ISBN
2860:ISBN
2837:2015
2793:PMID
2752:PMID
2709:PMID
2678:2024
2651:2024
2621:2024
2591:PMID
2409:and
2367:and
2355:and
2285:and
2215:COMT
2192:AAAH
2185:AAAH
2178:PNMT
2171:PNMT
2164:PNMT
2157:PNMT
2143:AADC
2136:AADC
2129:AADC
1993:and
1975:and
1889:and
1816:or E
1725:, a
1702:and
1666:and
1550:and
1435:and
1409:ἐπῐ́
1362:and
1280:, a
1106:The
1090:and
1074:and
999:and
959:and
754:PDBe
684:KEGG
664:UNII
653:5611
593:5816
467:COMT
465:and
438:data
363:COMT
361:and
332:data
199:None
105:AHFS
12502:ICD
12497:AED
11918:PEP
11790:BDB
11692:NEB
11466:TAP
11416:IAP
11411:EDA
11254:PMA
11249:PIA
11239:PFA
11234:PCA
11229:PBA
11186:MMA
10966:TMA
10931:DON
10926:DOM
10921:DOI
10906:DOC
10901:DOB
10886:DMA
10815:BOH
7754:ATP
7749:AMP
7744:ADP
7671:SEA
7661:PEA
7651:OEA
7636:LPI
7631:DEA
7386:GHB
7317:GHB
7276:NAA
7155:BNP
7150:ANP
7117:EPO
6985:VIP
6970:GIP
6965:CCK
6784:HPL
6779:hCG
6713:AMH
6681:PTH
6529:MSH
6504:TSH
6494:FSH
6453:MCH
6438:CRH
6428:TRH
6247:doi
6155:doi
6120:doi
6079:doi
6029:doi
5879:doi
5820:908
5785:doi
5781:724
5750:doi
5715:doi
5711:125
5678:doi
5674:237
5635:doi
5540:doi
5536:132
5504:doi
5463:PMC
5455:doi
5358:PMC
5350:doi
5283:doi
5279:260
5248:doi
5244:250
5180:doi
5087:PMC
5079:doi
5075:320
5071:BMJ
5033:doi
4990:doi
4978:175
4912:doi
4850:doi
4813:PMC
4805:doi
4764:PMC
4756:doi
4715:PMC
4707:doi
4666:PMC
4658:doi
4617:PMC
4609:doi
4568:PMC
4558:doi
4517:PMC
4509:doi
4505:125
4462:doi
4416:doi
4379:PMC
4371:doi
4337:doi
4299:doi
4264:doi
4229:doi
4154:doi
4115:doi
4072:doi
4037:doi
3994:doi
3959:doi
3924:doi
3889:doi
3854:doi
3819:doi
3792:doi
3738:doi
3719:doi
3715:251
3684:doi
3680:247
3657:doi
3622:doi
3583:doi
3548:doi
3505:doi
3493:177
3470:doi
3433:PMC
3425:doi
3386:doi
3382:303
3351:doi
3316:doi
3246:doi
3215:doi
3178:doi
3021:doi
3009:280
2783:doi
2744:doi
2701:doi
2581:doi
2577:29b
2494:An
2336:to
2229:DBH
2222:DBH
1920:by
1900:by
1870:'s
1694:by
1450:or
1413:epí
1390:ren
1354:by
777:EPA
613:479
583:CID
463:MAO
404:POM
359:MAO
318:WHO
308:WHO
298:WHO
288:WHO
278:WHO
268:WHO
12819::
12674:/
11098:,
11029:,
9161:,
9157:,
9153:,
9004:,
9000:,
8996:,
8982:,
8978:,
8974:,
8970:,
8966:,
8962:,
8958:,
8954:,
8580:,
8576:,
8572:,
8553:,
8549:,
8545:,
8541:,
8527:,
8523:,
8449:,
8445:,
8441:,
8314:,
8310:,
8306:,
8302:,
8298:,
8254:,
8250:,
8246:,
8242:,
8238:,
8219:,
8215:,
8211:,
8207:,
7874:O)
7826:S)
6546:GH
6499:LH
6305:.
6253:.
6243:51
6241:.
6177:^
6161:.
6128:.
6114:.
6110:.
6087:.
6075:45
6073:.
6069:.
6057:^
6043:.
6035:.
6023:.
6004:.
5986:.
5974:.
5949:57
5947:.
5943:.
5893:.
5885:.
5875:85
5873:.
5846:.
5822:.
5791:.
5779:.
5756:.
5746:26
5744:.
5721:.
5709:.
5686:.
5672:.
5668:.
5641:.
5631:24
5629:.
5554:.
5546:.
5534:.
5510:.
5500:83
5498:.
5471:.
5461:.
5451:20
5449:.
5445:.
5418:.
5366:.
5356:.
5346:10
5344:.
5340:.
5303:^
5289:.
5277:.
5254:.
5242:.
5194:.
5186:.
5176:30
5174:.
5158:^
5148:.
5126:.
5095:.
5085:.
5073:.
5069:.
5053:^
5039:.
5027:.
5004:.
4996:.
4988:.
4976:.
4951:24
4949:.
4926:.
4918:.
4906:.
4881:58
4879:.
4856:.
4846:98
4844:.
4821:.
4811:.
4801:42
4799:.
4795:.
4772:.
4762:.
4750:.
4746:.
4723:.
4713:.
4701:.
4697:.
4674:.
4664:.
4654:81
4652:.
4648:.
4625:.
4615:.
4605:19
4603:.
4599:.
4576:.
4566:.
4552:.
4548:.
4525:.
4515:.
4503:.
4499:.
4476:.
4468:.
4458:88
4456:.
4444:^
4430:.
4422:.
4412:79
4410:.
4387:.
4377:.
4367:24
4365:.
4361:.
4349:^
4333:13
4331:.
4319:^
4305:.
4295:63
4293:.
4270:.
4260:66
4258:.
4235:.
4225:28
4223:.
4204:.
4187:12
4185:.
4162:.
4150:74
4148:.
4144:.
4121:.
4111:64
4109:.
4086:.
4078:.
4068:10
4066:.
4043:.
4033:66
4031:.
4008:.
4000:.
3990:60
3988:.
3965:.
3955:45
3953:.
3930:.
3920:38
3918:.
3895:.
3885:29
3883:.
3860:.
3848:.
3825:.
3815:26
3813:.
3788:62
3786:.
3725:.
3713:.
3690:.
3678:.
3653:98
3651:.
3628:.
3614:50
3612:.
3589:.
3579:51
3577:.
3554:.
3544:80
3542:.
3519:.
3511:.
3503:.
3491:.
3466:12
3464:.
3441:.
3431:.
3421:41
3419:.
3415:.
3392:.
3380:.
3357:.
3347:22
3345:.
3322:.
3312:14
3310:.
3281:33
3279:.
3275:.
3252:.
3221:.
3211:56
3209:.
3186:.
3174:54
3172:.
3168:.
3076:^
3035:.
3027:.
3019:.
3007:.
2981:.
2948:.
2924:^
2878:^
2868:.
2828:.
2813:^
2799:.
2791:.
2779:41
2777:.
2773:.
2750:.
2740:28
2738:.
2715:.
2707:.
2697:30
2695:.
2668:.
2637:.
2611:.
2589:.
2570:.
2467:NO
2465:15
2461:10
2455:ja
2441:NO
2439:15
2435:17
2371:.
2348:.
2271:.
1979:.
1820:CO
1636:,
1629:,
1622:,
1608:.
1378:ad
1301:,
1297:,
1211:.
1165:,
1158:,
1151:,
1034:,
987:,
842:13
757:,
423:EU
411:US
398:UK
391:S4
385:AU
311:)
301:)
291:)
281:)
246:;
230:,
226:,
222:,
218:,
214:,
178:AU
146:US
12628:)
12624:(
12504:)
12495:(
12387:e
12380:t
12373:v
12329:)
12325:(
12155:p
12147:p
12130:m
12128:(
12117:)
12113:(
12074:m
12066:L
12058:L
12049:L
12040:L
11981:D
11497:)
11493:D
11202:L
11177:)
11102:)
11094:(
11033:)
11025:(
10781:p
10773:o
10765:N
10757:m
10273:e
10266:t
10259:v
9423:L
9415:L
9407:L
9324:L
9295:N
9183:β
9165:)
9008:)
8986:)
8770:L
8762:L
8754:L
8706:L
8672:N
8614:2
8612:α
8584:)
8557:)
8531:)
8453:)
8318:)
8258:)
8223:)
8073:L
8065:L
8057:L
8014:L
7985:N
7942:1
7940:α
7921:e
7914:t
7907:v
7883:)
7881:2
7872:2
7860:)
7858:3
7824:2
7521:p
7513:m
7485:p
7477:m
7195:e
7188:t
7181:v
6650:4
6648:T
6642:3
6640:T
6377:e
6370:t
6363:v
6315:.
6284:.
6261:.
6249::
6226:.
6201:.
6171:.
6157::
6136:.
6122::
6116:3
6095:.
6081::
6051:.
6031::
6025:9
5959:.
5928:.
5901:.
5881::
5858:.
5832:.
5799:.
5787::
5764:.
5752::
5729:.
5717::
5694:.
5680::
5664:N
5649:.
5637::
5614:.
5587:.
5562:.
5542::
5518:.
5506::
5492:2
5479:.
5457::
5430:.
5401:.
5374:.
5352::
5325:.
5297:.
5285::
5262:.
5250::
5227:.
5202:.
5182::
5103:.
5081::
5047:.
5035::
5029:9
5012:.
4992::
4984::
4961:.
4934:.
4914::
4908:1
4891:.
4864:.
4852::
4829:.
4807::
4780:.
4758::
4752:7
4731:.
4709::
4703:5
4682:.
4660::
4633:.
4611::
4584:.
4560::
4554:3
4533:.
4511::
4484:.
4464::
4438:.
4418::
4395:.
4373::
4343:.
4339::
4313:.
4301::
4278:.
4266::
4243:.
4231::
4206:4
4170:.
4156::
4129:.
4117::
4094:.
4074::
4051:.
4039::
4016:.
3996::
3973:.
3961::
3938:.
3926::
3903:.
3891::
3868:.
3856::
3850:6
3833:.
3821::
3798:.
3794::
3771:)
3769:.
3740::
3733:.
3721::
3698:.
3686::
3663:.
3659::
3636:.
3624::
3597:.
3585::
3562:.
3550::
3527:.
3507::
3499::
3476:.
3472::
3449:.
3427::
3400:.
3388::
3365:.
3353::
3330:.
3318::
3304:L
3291:.
3260:.
3248::
3229:.
3217::
3194:.
3180::
3153:.
3127:.
3100:.
3070:.
3043:.
3023::
3015::
2992:.
2904:.
2839:.
2807:.
2785::
2758:.
2746::
2723:.
2703::
2680:.
2653:.
2623:.
2597:.
2583::
2469:3
2463:H
2443:4
2437:H
2359:O
2106:p
2096:N
2086:N
2062:p
2036:L
2026:L
2016:L
1947:S
1940:N
1912:L
1896:L
1822:2
1818:T
1813:2
1806:1
1792:1
1790:α
1767:1
1743:s
1739:s
1733:s
1731:G
1723:s
1719:2
1647:3
1645:β
1640:2
1638:β
1633:1
1631:β
1626:2
1624:α
1619:1
1617:α
1586:M
1419:(
1411:(
1330:N
1317:2
1237:2
1193:2
1176:3
1174:β
1169:2
1167:β
1162:1
1160:β
1155:2
1153:α
1148:1
1146:α
1117:L
1114:(
874:)
851:3
848:O
845:N
839:H
836:9
833:C
779:)
775:(
763:)
547:R
545:(
469:)
461:(
425::
413::
400::
387::
365:)
357:(
321:)
180::
107:/
97:N
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
