Roman emperor - Knowledge

2999: 2625: 478: 85: 1718: 618: 1897: 2605: 3336: 65: 1408: 3560: 2403: 777: 3661: 2082:– or with private officials. The emperor's personal court and administration traveled alongside him, which further made the Senate's role redundant. Consuls continued to be appointed each year, but by this point, it was an office often occupied by the emperor himself, who now had complete control over the bureaucratic apparatus. Diocletian did preserve some Republican traditions, such as the 1784:, which was really the true basis of imperial power. Common methods used by emperors to assert claims of legitimacy, such as support of the army, blood connections (sometimes fictitious) to past emperors, distributing one's own coins or statues, and claims to pre-eminent virtue through propaganda, were pursued just as well by many usurpers as they were by legitimate emperors. 1341:

several people, who would each exercise them with the assistance of a colleague and for a specific period of time. Augustus held them all at once by himself, and with no time limits; even those that nominally had time limits were automatically renewed whenever they lapsed. The Republican offices endured and emperors were regularly elected to the most prominent of them: the

2234: 322:; an emperor would normally be proclaimed by his troops, or by the Senate, or both. The first emperors reigned alone; later emperors would sometimes rule with co-emperors to secure the succession or to divide the administration of the empire between them. The office of emperor was thought to be distinct from that of a 2161:

never succeeded their fathers. These co-emperors all had the same honors as their senior counterpart, but they did not share the actual government, hence why junior co-emperors are usually not counted as real emperors by modern or ancient historians. There was no title to denote the "junior" emperor;

2225: 1713:

Despite being the son of a previous emperor and having nominally shared government with him, Commodus' rule ended with his murder at the hands of his own soldiers. From his death in 192 until the 5th century, there was scarcely a single decade without succession conflicts and civil war. During this

1811:

What turns a "usurper" into a "legitimate" emperor is typically that they managed to gain the recognition of a more senior, legitimate, emperor, or that they managed to defeat a more senior, legitimate emperor and seize power. Modern historiography has not yet defined clear legitimacy criteria for

3855:

IMP CAES DIVI MARCI ANTONINI PII FILIVS / DIVI COMMODI FRATER DIVI ANTONINI PII / NEPOS DIVI HADRIANI PRONEP DIVI TRAIANI / PARTHICI ABNEPOS DIVI NERVAE ADNEPOS / L SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS PIVS PERTINAX AVG / ARABICVS ADIABENICVS PP PONTIF MAX / TRIBVNIC POTEST IIII IMP VIII COS II ET / MARCVS AVRELIVS

721:

Most modern historians use 27 BC as the start date of the Roman Empire. This is mostly a symbolic date, as the Republic had essentially disappeared many years earlier. Ancient writers often ignore the legal implications of Augustus' reforms and simply write that he "ruled" Rome following the

1340:

The legal authority of the emperor derived from an extraordinary concentration of individual powers and offices that were extant in the Republic and developed under Augustus and later rulers, rather than from a new political office. Under the Republic, these powers would have been split between

1452:

any act or proposal of any magistrate, propose laws and convoke the Senate. His sacrosanctity also made him untouchable, and any offence against him could be treated as a crime of treason. The tribunician power was arguably the most stable and important of the emperor's powers. Despite being a

1555:'s formal accession in December 69. The text, of which only the second part survives, states that Vespasian is allowed to: make treaties; hold sessions and propose motions to the Senate; hold extraordinary sessions with legislative power; endorse candidates in elections; expand the 351:, emperors ruled in an openly monarchic style. Although succession was generally hereditary, it was only hereditary if there was a suitable candidate acceptable to the army and the bureaucracy, so the principle of automatic inheritance was not adopted, which often led to several 648:

as his heir and adopted son. He inherited his property and lineage, the loyalty of most of his allies, and – again through a formal process of senatorial consent – an increasing number of the titles and offices that had accrued to Caesar. In August 43 BC, following the

573:

Julius Caesar, and then Augustus after him, accumulated offices and titles of the highest importance in the Republic, making the power attached to those offices permanent, and preventing anyone with similar aspirations from accumulating or maintaining power for themselves.

328:("king"). Augustus, the first emperor, resolutely refused recognition as a monarch. For the first three hundred years of Roman emperors, efforts were made to portray the emperors as leaders of the Republic, fearing any association with the kings who ruled Rome prior to the 1714:

period, very few emperors died of natural causes. Such problems persisted in the later Eastern Empire, where emperors had to often appoint co-emperors to secure the throne. Despite often working as a hereditary monarchy, there was no law or single principle of succession.

2558:. Despite this, emperors continued to view themselves as the rulers of an "universal empire". During the last decades of the Empire, power was once again shared between multiple emperors and colleagues, each ruling from their own capital, notably during the long reign of 1444:. By adopting the role of a tribune, Augustus was presenting himself as the representative of the common man and the protector of democracy. As always, this was not a sudden grant of power; Augustus had been receiving several powers related to the tribunes, such as 373:, in 330 AD. Roman emperors had always held high religious offices; under Constantine there arose the specifically Christian idea that the emperor was God's chosen ruler on earth, a special protector and leader of the Christian Church, a position later termed 1631:

The weakest point of the Augustan institution was its lack of a clear succession system. Formally announcing a successor would have revealed Augustus as a monarch, so he and subsequent emperors opted to adopt their best candidates as their sons and heirs.

1577:, although these powers were probably given in the earlier clauses. There is also no mention of any "imperial office", and the title of "emperor" is never used. The imperial titles are treated as inseparable of the person, which is reflected in the name 3152:, the authority based on prestige. The honorific was awarded as both a name and a title to Octavian in 27 BC and was inherited by all subsequent emperors, who placed it after their personal names. The only emperor to not immediately assume it was 2998: 4407:"From that period he held the government as sole ruler for forty-four years, for during the twelve previous years he had held it in conjunction with Antony and Lepidus. Thus from the beginning of his reign to the end were fifty-six years." 1762:

famously argued that "here has probably never been a regime in which the notion of legitimacy is as absent as that of the Augustan principate". Imperial propaganda was often used to legitimize or de-legitimize certain emperors. The

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in favor of Romulus, continued to claim the title until his murder in 480. The Eastern court recognized this claim and Odoacer minted coins in his name, although he never managed to exercise real power. The death of Nepos left

3243:, among others. It was a purely honorific title with no attached duties or powers, hence why it was never used in official titulature. The title was the most preferred by Augustus as its use implies only "primacy" (is in the " 3531:, both active shortly after the fall of the West, are referred to as "tyrants" in sources. This may imply that they claimed the imperial indignity, although there is almost no information available for these rebellions. The 694:", and gave him control over almost all Roman provinces for a tenure of ten years. This limitation was only superficial, as he could renew his powers indefinitely. In addition, the Senate awarded him the appellation of 393:

proclaimed himself as the sole emperor of a theoretically undivided Roman Empire (although in practice he had no authority in the West). The subsequent Eastern emperors ruling from Constantinople styled themselves as

2329:

The Roman Empire survived in the East for another 1000 years, but the marginalization of the former heartland of Italy to the empire had a profound cultural impact on the empire and its emperor, which adopted a more

2185:, saw themselves as the protectors of the Church. The territorial divisions of the Tetrarchy were maintained, and for most of the following century the Empire was ruled by two senior emperors, one in the West (with 539:, but he failed to create a stable system to maintain himself in power. His rise to power was the result of a long and gradual decline in which the Republic fell under the influence of powerful generals such as 3235:, meaning "first", was a republican term used to denote the leading member of the Senate, and it was used by the early emperors to emphasize the continuance of the Republic. The title had already been used by 4047:", regarding Constantinople as the "Second Rome". The evolution of the church in the no-longer imperial city of Rome and the church in Constantinople also began to follow divergent paths, culminating in the 722:

murder of Caesar, or that he "ruled alone" after the death of Mark Antony. Most Romans thus simply saw the "emperor" as the individual that ruled the state, with no specific title or office attached to him.

1957:(235–285), a 50-year period that almost saw the end of the Roman Empire. The last vestiges of Republicanism were lost in the ensuing anarchy. In 238, the Senate attempted to regain power by proclaiming 6253: 3374:(r. 336–323 BC) during his conquests. The term was applied to emperors unofficially since the beginning of the Empire, but in official records it was often used as the Greek translation of the title 2399:

in Christmas AD 800, thus ending the recognition of the Eastern emperor. Western rulers also began referring to the Empire as the "Greek Empire", regarding themselves as the true successors of Rome.

7974:

Moustakas, Konstantinos (2011). "Byzantine 'Visions' of the Ottoman Empire: Theories of Ottoman Legitimacy by Byzantine Scholars after the Fall of Constantinople". In Lymberopoulou, Angeliki (ed.).

4023:(Ῥωμαῖοι), and were still considered Romans by themselves and the populations of Eastern Europe and the Near East, although they always had a more Greek-oriented culture because of the conquests of 3025:

it once more remained as a title for heirs with no significant power attached to it. The title slowly lost importance in the following decades, as emperors started to promote their sons directly to

3207:

still remained in use in a lesser form up until the end of the Empire. In the West, the title was also used by Charlemagne and the subsequent Holy Roman Emperors as part of the formula

712:

alongside several other insignias in his honor. Augustus now held supreme and indisputable power, and even though he still received subsequent grants of powers, such as the granting of

2074:

The emperor no longer needed the Senate to ratify his powers, so he became the sole source of law. These new laws were no longer shared publicly and were often given directly to the

1996:

began a series of reforms to restore stability. Reaching back to the oldest traditions of job-sharing in the Republic, Diocletian established at the top of this new structure the

3976:, almost every other emperor ruled alongside an equal or junior co-emperor. The only two emperors of this period to rule over the entire Roman Empire for their entire reign were 12056: 2426:. The title was used since the early days of the Empire and became the common imperial title by the 3rd century, but did not appear in official documents until the 7th century. 2000:("rule of four") in an attempt to provide for smoother succession and greater continuity of government. Under the Tetrarchy, Diocletian set in place a system of two emperors ( 3922:

Consuls still maintained some privileges during the later Empire, but at times it was only an honorary office. Some emperors gave the title to their children. For instance;

665:, dividing the Roman world among them. Lepidus was sidelined in 36 BC, and relations between Octavian and Antony soon deteriorated. In September 31 BC, Octavian's 3130:, it was "not merely a new title but a more honorable one, inasmuch as sacred places too, and those in which anything is consecrated by augural rites are called "august" ( 3812:

was a twin magistracy, and earlier emperors had often had a subordinate lieutenant with many imperial offices. Many emperors had planned a joint succession in the past –

2216:

separate entities, were always considered and seen, legally and politically, as separate administrative divisions of a single, insoluble state by the Romans of the time.

2177:, reunited the empire in 324 and imposed the principle of hereditary succession which Diocletian intended to avoid. Constantine was also the first emperor to convert to 2534:. The Nicean rulers have been traditionally regarded as the "legitimate" emperors of this period, as they recovered Constantinople and restored the Empire in 1261. The 7651:

Enepekides, P. K. (1960). "Das Wiener Testament des Andreas Palaiologos vom 7. April 1502" [The Vienna Testament of Andreas Palaiologos from 7 April 1502].

3637:

records 46 emperors in the same time period. These discrepancies arise from the fact that there was never a defining distinction between "legitimate emperors" and "

2546:", accepting the Niceans as the sole Roman emperors. However, the Byzantine Empire had been reduced mostly to Constantinople, and the rise of other powers such as 1773:

as having been killed like "those who had briefly been usurpers before him". In reality, Licinius was the legitimate emperor of the West (having been appointed by

747:

in AD 4, becoming legally equal to Augustus but still subordinate to him in practice. The "imperial office" was thus not truly defined until the accession of

1754:

explicitly states that all of Vespasian's actions are considered legal even if they happened before his recognition by the Senate. Ultimately, "legitimacy was a

10214: 1748:". In reality, there was no distinction between emperors and usurpers, as many emperors started as rebels and were retroactively recognized as legitimate. The 355:. Despite this, elements of the republican institutional framework (senate, consuls, and magistrates) were preserved even after the end of the Western Empire. 7342: 614:("liberators") and the restorers of the Republic, but their rule was cut short by Caesar's supporters, who almost immediately established a new dictatorship. 2106:, who was also the last Eastern emperor to visit Rome. It's possible that later emperors also used it as an honorary title, as the office of consul was not 1935:

Beginning in the late 2nd century, the Empire began to suffer a series of political and economic crises, partially because it had overexpanded so much. The

2499:

of the 7th century, which gave Byzantine imperialism a new sense of purpose. The emperor was the subject of a series of rites and ceremonies, including a

1949:. It was during his reign that the role of the army grew even more, and the emperors' power increasingly depended on it. The murder of his last relative, 3578:

Several ancient writers tried to count the number of Roman emperors through history, but each of them gives a different count. The 4th-century historian

2511:" model, where the emperor played the role of ruler and head of the Church, but there was often a clear distinction between political and secular power. 1617:("king"), would have been utterly rejected in the West. The Eastern Greek-speaking half of the Empire had always regarded the emperors as open monarchs ( 259:

in 27 BC. The term "emperor" is a modern convention, and did not exist as such during the Empire. Often when a given Roman is described as becoming

12046: 8461: 1973:, but they were killed within two months. With the rise of the "soldier emperors", the city and Senate of Rome began to lose importance. Maximinus and 1327: 729:

to be his successor and pleaded his case to the Senate for inheritance on merit. After Augustus' death in AD 14, the Senate confirmed Tiberius as

6616: 6612: 2832: 1836:, but he held Rome for several years, and thus had the recognition of the Senate. Other "usurpers" controlled, if briefly, the city of Rome, such as 535:, as well as most of the ordinary people of the Empire, thought of Julius Caesar as the first emperor. Caesar did indeed rule the Roman state as an 6257: 3037:. After this it became a court title bestowed to prominent figures of the government, and lost even more relevance after the creation of the title 433:

for most of the period between 800 and 1806. These emperors were never recognized in Constantinople and their coronations resulted in the medieval

4184:

was originally a common way of referring to the emperor in the East. By the 6th-century, however, writers considered it to be a lower title than

3543:

shortly after 476, claiming to rule over the "Romans and Maurians." The last attempt to restore the office of emperor in the West was during the

6942:, "For ten years in succession I was one of the triumvirs for the re-establishment of the constitution. To the day of writing this I have been 751:, when all of Tiberius' powers were automatically transferred to him as a single, abstract position that was symbolized by his sacred title of 4788: 3047:. Despite this, its regular use by earlier emperors led to the name becoming synonym with "emperor" in certain regions. Several countries use 2763:

by the Senate on his accession, indicating that it was already considered an integral part of the dignity. It was not until the late reign of

10101: 2538:

continued to exist for another 200 years, but from 1282 onwards its rulers used the modified title of "Emperor and Autocrat of all the East,

10643: 3940: 10685: 10673: 6166: 3844:. All of these arrangements had ended in failure, either through premature death (Gaius and Lucius) or murder (Gemellus and Britannicus). 2810:

was known and rejected by Augustus, but ordinary men of the Empire used it regularly. It began to used in official context starting with

2495:, "the absolute power of the Roman emperor was further increased with the advent of Christian ideas". This became more evident after the 4349:, p. 285. "To describe him as the founder of the Empire is an error, for he bequeathed to Augustus rather warnings than examples"; 10732: 3520:

sent to Constantinople by Odoacer, although it appears that he only requested the purple robes and not the imperial crown nor scepter.

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emperors, resulting in some emperors being included or excluded from different lists. The year 193 has traditionally been called the "

1404:. The governors appointed to the imperial provinces only answered to the emperor himself, who could maintain or replace them at will. 477: 5917:

There is much discussion on the term "Byzantine", as well as when does exactly the "Dominate" end and the "Byzantine" period begins.

4109: 4017:) in modern scholarship, although it was still technically the same state of Antiquity. Their Greek-speaking inhabitants were called 3407: 2783:. The original meaning of the title continued to be used for a time, with emperors registering the number of times they were hailed 10648: 8720: 4429:. "2nd of the Romans, Octavianus Caesar Augustus reigned for 56 years and 6 months; from whom the kings of the Romans are called 2706:, the meaning of the title changed under the new monarchy, and came to denote "the possession of the supreme power". Both Dio and 1684:

a "public enemy", and did influence in the succession of emperors. Following the murder of Domitian in AD 96, the Senate declared

12020: 10658: 9245: 3641:". Other emperors had such uneventful or brief reigns that they are unmentioned by literary sources, like Licinius's co-emperors 3172:) equal constitutional power. Despite its use as the highest imperial title, it was generally not used to indicate the office of 2939: 84: 2071:. This divine claim was maintained after the rise of Christianity, as emperors regarded themselves as the chosen rulers of God. 1828:. Recognition by the Senate is often used to determine the legitimacy of an emperor, but this criterion is not always followed. 11965: 10653: 10387: 8454: 1941:("Roman peace") is often said to have ended with the tyrannical reign of Commodus. His murder was followed by the accession of 1320: 924: 7321: 6859: 1928:. During his rule, the emperor became an absolute ruler and the regime became even more monarchical. The emperors adopted the 1388:– despite leaving the consulship in 23 BC – and thus control over all troops. This overwhelming power was referred to as 1300: 550:

At the end of the Republic no new, and certainly no single, title indicated the individual who held supreme power. Insofar as

11935: 10760: 10287: 10039: 9907: 8327: 8306: 8274: 8249: 8228: 8209: 8131: 8095: 8066: 8047: 8009: 7985: 7964: 7943: 7922: 7901: 7880: 7860: 7835: 7808: 7737: 7704: 7679: 7642: 7618: 7597: 7562: 7534: 7502: 7475: 7454: 7420: 7288: 7228: 7199: 7170: 7141: 7109: 7080: 7051: 7022: 6981: 6914: 6885: 6834: 6757: 6752:. Byzantina et Neograeca Vindobonensia (in German). Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. 49–50. 6720: 6691: 6662: 6496: 6467: 6423: 6382: 6334: 6270: 6196: 6090: 6057: 6028: 5987: 5962: 5785: 5732: 5525: 5445: 5416: 5372: 5305: 5275: 5155: 5042: 4887: 4840: 4802: 4757: 4696: 4551: 3789: 3684: 914: 450: 10072:

Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

4401: 2831:("self-ruler"), a title that continued to be used until the end of the Empire. This is the modern Greek word for "emperor" ( 12025: 11900: 11053: 9252: 3604:

the "33rd Roman emperor". Adding the eight other emperors mentioned in the work would give a total of 41 emperors up until

1453:

perpetual title, it was always renewed each year, which often coincided with the beginning of a new regnal year (although "

7768:(1957). "Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire". 7369: 10606: 9875: 6812: 6795: 3435: 2683: 2500: 2473: 2434:). This was a response to the new line of emperors created by Charlemagne – although he was recognized as 1085: 1636:

was not relevant in the early Empire, although emperors still attempted to maintain a familiar connection between them;

10277: 8402: 5221:"Coins with power?: imperial and local messages on the coinage of the usurpers of the second half of the third century" 3483: 1509: 907: 890: 673: 7303: 1884:

is traditionally regarded as the last Western emperor, despite never receiving the recognition of the Eastern emperor

1372:) as personal qualities, separate from his public office. Originally, the powers of command where divided in consular 11945: 10705: 10272: 10267: 10243: 10094: 8493: 8447: 8345: 8169: 7260: 6594: 6533: 5933: 4876:

Epochs and Styles: Selected Writings on the New Testament, Greek Language and Greek Culture in the Post-classical Era

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of the Romans", resulting in a revival of that title. In later centuries, an emperor would typically be acclaimed as

1313: 885: 11960: 10633: 10282: 10209: 4498: 3679: 3325: 3156:, although he did use it after his recognition by the Senate. Later emperors ruled alongside one or several junior 2305: 2051:. He imitated Oriental divine kingship and encouraged the reverence of the emperor, making anything related to him 902: 680:, even though the Triumvirate itself disappeared years earlier. He announced that he would return the power to the 6939: 2090:, at the start of the 6th century. Anastasius was also the last attested emperor to use the traditional titles of 1852:

are treated as usurpers. Rival emperors who later gained recognition are not always considered legitimate either;

12071: 12051: 10226: 10159: 9841: 9824: 9651: 9639: 5220: 895: 17: 3410:, and it became the main title of the emperor afterward. After the 9th century, the full imperial title became " 10980: 10905: 10663: 9812: 9604: 9566: 9526: 9493: 7847: 6609: 3948: 3544: 3479: 597: 4135:, who styled themselves as "Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias". In Russian, the title employs the title 12066: 11476: 10027: 9853: 9680: 9646: 9610: 9499: 8673: 3952: 3699: 2527: 1696:(r. 161–180). Marcus was the first emperor to rule alongside other emperors, first with his adoptive brother 562:, then Julius Caesar had been an emperor, like several Roman generals before him. Instead, by the end of the 5827:"The So-Called Division of the Roman Empire in AD 395: Notes on a Persistent Theme in Modern Historiography" 2950:

came to denote the heir apparent, who would add the name to his own as heir and retain it upon accession as

1908:

stopped including realistic features, as the emperor began to be seen as a symbol rather than an individual.

11316: 10920: 10372: 10087: 9668: 8713: 2414:

The inhabitants of the Eastern half of the Empire always saw the emperor as an open monarch. Starting with

2145:, and several other emperors during the Crisis. This became even more common from the 4th century onwards. 472: 7751: 7573: 2028:, a division that eventually became permanent. This division had already a precedent in the joint rule of 1565:

whenever necessary. The text further states that he is "not bound by laws", and that any previous act was

12015: 11940: 11699: 10755: 10638: 10184: 9749: 9428: 8894: 8515: 8422: 7977:

Images of the Byzantine World: Visions, Messages and Meanings : Studies Presented to Leslie Brubaker

5089: 4793: 2504: 2166: 1954: 8221:

Reclaiming Byzantium: Russia, Turkey and the Archaeological Claim to the Middle East in the 19th Century

4172:, both emperors of Nicaea, but the other rival emperors are treated as entirely new lines of succession. 3092:, which also began as a family name but was later incorporated into the emperor's titles, thus becoming 11975: 11639: 11531: 11301: 11073: 10895: 10803: 10668: 10611: 10059: 10015: 9993: 9944: 9831: 9622: 9391: 8733: 8661: 8557: 7696: 6078: 3612: 3467: 2567: 1689: 1098: 438: 225: 182: 7669: 6291: 4465:"Making the emergency permanent: auctoritas, potestas and the evolution of the principate of Augustus" 2308:, although by this time there was no longer any "Empire" left, as its territory had reduced to Italy. 11995: 11088: 11043: 10970: 10890: 10838: 10828: 10780: 10127: 9966: 9934: 9759: 8939: 8698: 8563: 8545: 5107: 2278: 2154: 1946: 1813: 1750: 1659: 1547: 1163: 865: 681: 5005: 4201:

notably ruled alongside eight successive emperors of equal seniority (perhaps with the exception of

11596: 11506: 11015: 10995: 10990: 10975: 10928: 10868: 10823: 10625: 9976: 9929: 9476: 9123: 8587: 8407: 8141: 8112: 7308: 4745: 4426: 3890: 3886: 3689: 3463: 3296:

broadly symbolizes the differences in the empire's government, giving rise to the era designations

2430:(r. 811–813) was the first emperor to actually use the title of "Roman emperor" (βασιλεύς Ῥωμαίων, 2117:

During the Dominate it became increasingly common for emperors to raise their children directly to

1435: 1401: 767: 700:("elevated"). The honorific itself held no legal meaning, but it denoted that Octavian (henceforth 637: 229: 7069:

Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection

2125:(heir), probably because of the failure of the Tetrarchy. This practice had first been applied by 385:

barbarian tribes, with no recognised claimant to Emperor of the West remaining after the death of

12061: 12005: 11985: 11925: 11915: 11905: 11311: 11000: 10900: 10880: 10795: 10785: 10490: 10430: 10410: 10122: 9784: 9764: 9538: 9418: 8706: 8414:

Decadence, Rome and Romania, and the Emperors Who Weren't, and Other Reflections on Roman History

7852: 6935: 4485: 4113: 3674: 3627: 3257: 2551: 1901: 1780:

There were no true objective legal criteria for being acclaimed emperor beyond acceptance by the

1717: 1201: 434: 377:. In practice, an emperor's authority on Church matters was frequently subject to challenge. The 8040:

The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans

617: 463:

until its conquest by the Ottomans in 1461, although they had used a modified title since 1282.

425:

in 797. After this, the papacy created a rival lineage of Roman emperors in western Europe, the

12010: 12000: 11950: 11930: 11744: 11719: 11684: 11566: 11291: 10938: 10700: 10231: 10054: 10033: 9939: 8729: 8679: 8539: 8483: 3694: 3611:

A few writers also attempted to make their own lists of emperors. The 4th-century calligrapher

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became once more part of the emperor's nomenclature. Virtually all emperors after him used the

2571: 2563: 2531: 2515: 2496: 2365:

in the early 7th century, and Rome eventually fell to the Lombards in 751, during the reign of

2362: 1655: 563: 489: 442: 31: 7586:: Disdain, Negligence and Appropriation of Byzantine Imperial Titulature in the Ottoman World" 7252: 7162: 7101: 7014: 6973: 6877: 6826: 6683: 6488: 6374: 6366: 6326: 6188: 6082: 6020: 5724: 5517: 5437: 5408: 5191: 5034: 4879: 2468:, there were two distinct ceremonies for the accession of an emperor: first an acclamation as 11980: 11910: 11734: 11486: 11286: 11281: 11078: 10985: 10910: 10873: 10858: 10833: 10813: 10715: 9988: 9983: 9959: 9954: 9870: 9707: 9695: 9466: 9091: 8637: 8631: 7729: 7280: 7220: 7191: 7133: 7072: 7043: 6906: 6777: 6712: 6654: 6459: 6411: 6158: 6049: 5954: 5777: 5267: 5147: 4543: 4504: 4397: 4356: 4101: 3781: 3622: 3079: 2893:, which was then inherited by Augustus and his relatives. Augustus used it as a family name ( 2839:

in official documents as late as the 9th century. Its last known use was on 866–867 coins of

2407: 2170: 2079: 2048: 1805: 358: 4830: 4688: 11990: 11955: 11644: 11511: 11411: 11336: 11201: 11164: 10540: 10204: 9971: 9919: 9779: 9754: 9719: 9634: 9548: 9398: 9229: 8655: 8529: 8525: 7494: 5321: 2354: 2270: 2260: 2087: 2025: 2021: 1896: 1598: 1591: 1427: 843: 378: 344: 176: 126: 11634: 6358: 2273:, the office of emperor soon degenerated into being little more than a puppet of Germanic 8: 11920: 11769: 11571: 11441: 11391: 10710: 10307: 9902: 9887: 9865: 9800: 9789: 9744: 9690: 9180: 9118: 9081: 8338:

Chronicle of the Roman Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial Rome

4218:

There is one inscription (erected by a senator and not Theoderic himself) that calls him

4206: 4024: 3704: 3666: 3646: 3493: 3371: 3329: 3269: 2924: 2535: 2423: 2353:(r. 527–565), but this was reverted by the end of the century. Rome technically remained 2174: 2060: 1562: 1502: 1492: 1368: 978: 714: 653:, Octavian marched to Rome and forced the Senate to elect him consul. He then formed the 605: 570:, but that the period when several officials would fight one another had come to an end. 460: 2666:, that is, military authority. The Senate could then award the extraordinary honor of a 11970: 11694: 11501: 11356: 11296: 11216: 11159: 11023: 10259: 10238: 9949: 9892: 9836: 9818: 9807: 9769: 9739: 9617: 9335: 9239: 8989: 8958: 8951: 8643: 8384: 8376: 8187: 8106: 7785: 7722: 7554: 6234: 5124: 5085: 4421: 4161: 3988:, who succeeded Jovian, immediately divided the empire between himself and his brother 3927: 3729: 3633: 3616: 3596: 3579: 3572: 3459: 3309: 3244: 3044: 3034: 2747:. From this the title slowly became a synonym of the office, hence the word "emperor". 2559: 2492: 2387: 2338: 2293: 2252: 2205: 2075: 2029: 1932:

crown as their supreme symbol of power, abandoning the subtleties of the early Empire.

1881: 1765: 1680:

still exercised some power during this period, as evidenced by his decision to declare

1236: 875: 691: 654: 633: 426: 407: 11609: 7637:, translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider (2nd ed.), Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 6217:

Ostrogorsky, George (1956). "The Byzantine Emperor and the Hierarchical World Order".

3496:

is sometimes said to have been an emperor in all but name, despite using the title of

2480:(which also included being raised on a shield). These rites could happen years apart. 2452:

of the Romans", usually translated as "Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans". The title

11604: 11456: 11211: 11171: 11149: 10357: 9914: 9860: 9701: 9599: 9574: 9423: 9285: 9021: 9006: 8884: 8852: 8599: 8388: 8368: 8341: 8323: 8302: 8270: 8245: 8224: 8205: 8165: 8127: 8091: 8072: 8062: 8043: 8005: 7981: 7960: 7939: 7918: 7897: 7876: 7856: 7831: 7804: 7757: 7733: 7700: 7675: 7656: 7638: 7614: 7593: 7558: 7530: 7498: 7471: 7450: 7416: 7375: 7348: 7284: 7256: 7224: 7195: 7166: 7137: 7105: 7076: 7047: 7018: 6977: 6910: 6881: 6830: 6753: 6716: 6687: 6658: 6590: 6492: 6463: 6419: 6378: 6330: 6266: 6226: 6192: 6086: 6053: 6024: 5983: 5958: 5929: 5881: 5838: 5781: 5728: 5521: 5441: 5412: 5368: 5301: 5271: 5232: 5151: 5128: 5038: 4883: 4836: 4798: 4753: 4692: 4547: 4165: 4132: 4036: 3898: 3829: 3785: 3396:

with "king" as opposed to "emperor", despite this distinction not existing in Greek.

2908: 2895: 2864: 2811: 2604: 2575: 2539: 2484: 2427: 2126: 1950: 1942: 1785: 1725: 1566: 1518: 1155: 1148: 951: 593: 524: 430: 418: 7825: 3743:

continued to be recognized in the Eastern court as the legitimate ruler of the West.

2938:, thus making it part of the imperial title. Five days before his murder he adopted 1777:), while Constantine was the real "usurper" (having been proclaimed by his troops). 1407: 11669: 11629: 11561: 11496: 11421: 11416: 11188: 11111: 11058: 10853: 10848: 10737: 10596: 10545: 10505: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10455: 10377: 10324: 10317: 10302: 10297: 10221: 10149: 10044: 10021: 9924: 9897: 9882: 9848: 9774: 9734: 9724: 9449: 9376: 9346: 9209: 9164: 9159: 9031: 8667: 8613: 8581: 8360: 7995: 7777: 7408: 6944: 6854: 6370: 5873: 5116: 5011: 4169: 4056: 4006: 3981: 3977: 3894: 3587: 3263: 3121: 2671: 2523: 2274: 1821: 1706: 1497: 1360:

The most important bases of the emperor's power were his supreme power of command (

1277: 1271: 1264: 1250: 1079: 1058: 1003: 988: 983: 968: 852: 696: 666: 580: 485: 382: 348: 307: 267: 251: 186: 7412: 4085: 3516:, actively trying to imitate the old emperors. He even requested and received the 3450:), but the Eastern emperors were eventually forced to recognize other monarchs as 3251:, which implies dominance. It was the title used by early writers before the term 1491:

The emperor also had power over religious affairs, which led to the creation of a

11764: 11576: 11556: 11516: 11451: 11401: 11396: 11271: 11221: 11129: 10963: 10943: 10863: 10312: 10137: 9685: 9675: 9584: 9371: 9279: 9267: 9261: 9113: 8934: 8904: 8847: 8827: 8593: 8569: 8551: 8317: 8260: 8239: 8199: 8159: 8145: 8121: 8085: 7999: 7975: 7954: 7933: 7912: 7891: 7870: 7798: 7690: 7608: 7548: 7524: 7516: 7486: 7465: 7444: 6286: 5923: 5358: 5295: 5103:"From Usurper to Emperor: The Politics of Legitimation in the Age of Constantine" 4202: 4093: 4081: 3859: 3642: 3528: 3502:

and recognizing the emperor in Constantinople. He also used the ancient title of

3340: 3107: 2374: 2370: 2342: 2285:; the last emperors of the West being known as the "shadow emperor". In 476, the 2111: 1970: 1841: 1817: 1789: 1759: 1693: 1641: 1535: 993: 718:

in 23 BC, these were only ratifications of the powers he already possessed.

621: 8439: 7371:

Origo civitatum Italie seu Venetiarum (Chronicon Altinate et Chronicon Gradense)

455: 64: 11819: 11461: 11196: 11144: 11116: 11063: 11048: 11028: 10843: 10818: 10775: 10765: 10591: 10565: 10495: 10480: 10445: 10405: 10166: 9579: 9543: 9488: 9381: 9304: 9202: 9196: 9128: 9108: 8862: 8822: 8155: 7827:

Caesar rules : the Emperor in the changing Roman world (c. 50 BC – AD 565)

7747: 7520: 7512: 5826: 4052: 4048: 4014: 3944: 3923: 3867: 3809: 3564: 3003: 2975: 2878: 2723: 2657: 2547: 2318: 2247: 2194: 2150: 1885: 1877: 1861: 1857: 1845: 1672: 1381: 1282: 1229: 1073: 1048: 957: 805: 589: 508: 504: 446: 403: 390: 366: 329: 285: 122: 8351:

Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew (1982). "Civilis Princeps: Between Citizen and King".

5144:

The Ludi Saeculares of Septimius Severus: The Ideologies of a New Roman Empire

5007:

Christ the Emperor: Roman Emperor and Christian Theology in the 4th Century AD

3335: 2930:

Following the suicide of Nero, the last descendant of Caesar, the new emperor

1744:" in modern scholarship. Ancient historians refer to these rival emperors as " 669:

put an end to any effective opposition and confirmed his supremacy over Rome.

604:

sole ruler of Rome in 48 BC, when he defeated his last opposition at the

12040: 11351: 11321: 11236: 10770: 10747: 10560: 10400: 10347: 10154: 10049: 10009: 9553: 9361: 9169: 8607: 8372: 7765: 7660: 7526:

The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume X: The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.–A.D. 69

7365: 6230: 6159:"Chapter Six On the Title of His Imperial Majesty and the State Coat of Arms" 5885: 5842: 5236: 4198: 4157: 4035:" (Rome) when referring to the Eastern Empire. After the fall of Empire, the 4028: 3985: 3821: 3709: 3638: 3605: 3455: 3240: 3058: 3039: 3022: 2890: 2699: 2667: 2508: 2366: 2346: 2297: 2098: 1741: 1633: 1445: 1028: 796: 650: 575: 500: 422: 374: 352: 242: 94: 8076: 3759:

imp(erator) caesari aug(ustus) co(n)s(ul) xi tri(bunicia) pot(estas) vi

2020:. Each pair ruled over a half of the Empire, which led to the creation of a 1611:. This was probably a later construct, as its very name, which derives from 1545:

The only surviving document to directly refer to the emperor's power is the

11829: 11689: 11134: 11083: 11038: 11033: 10885: 10695: 10581: 10525: 10520: 10292: 10176: 10110: 9794: 9589: 9521: 9516: 9506: 9329: 9191: 8832: 8488: 8035: 8019: 7379: 5509: 4222:, which may indicate that some of his subjects regarded him as an emperor. 3993: 3817: 3805: 3740: 3559: 3030: 2991: 2726:

in AD 22, after which it became a title reserved solely for the sovereign.

2522:

in 1204. This led to the creation of three lines of emperors in exile: the

2519: 2396: 2378: 2309: 2301: 2256: 2201: 2182: 2178: 1865: 1825: 1733: 1697: 1677: 1465: 1439: 1430:

without having to actually hold the office – a tribune was by definition a

1384:. This division became obsolete in 19 BC, when Augustus was given consular 1346: 1342: 1091: 1043: 1013: 939: 814: 585: 567: 540: 386: 319: 301: 246: 172: 166: 162: 39: 35: 7352: 7098:

The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228)

5877: 5031:

People and Power in Byzantium: An Introduction to Modern Byzantine Studies

3761:; meaning "consul for the 11th time, tribunician power for the 6th time". 3392:) reserved for the emperor. As a result, Western writers often associated 3029:. In the East, the title finally lost its imperial character in 705, when 2165:

Despite having a successful reign himself, Diocletian's tetrarchic system

1832:

is sometimes called an usurper because he did not have the recognition of

704:) now approached divinity, and its adoption by his successors made it the 11624: 11246: 11068: 10958: 10352: 9658: 9533: 9483: 9408: 8982: 8929: 8872: 8179: 7590:

Frontiers of the Ottoman Imagination: Studies in Honour of Rhoads Murphey

6680:

The Art of Forgetting: Disgrace & Oblivion in Roman Political Culture

6586:

Catalogue of Byzantine Coins, vol. 3: Leo III to Nicephorus III, 717–1081

5919: 3841: 3524: 3498: 3376: 2860: 2840: 2719: 2703: 2465: 2382: 2350: 2331: 2242: 2233: 2158: 2142: 2103: 1801: 1613: 1604: 1531: 1458: 1454: 1134: 709: 658: 610: 520: 324: 6584: 6545: 6287:"Caesaropapism | Byzantine Empire, Autocracy & Ecclesiastical Power" 3739:

475–476) is often regarded as the last Western emperor, his predecessor

2402: 1426:), first assumed by Augustus in 23 BC, gave him authority over the 672:

In January 27 BC, Octavian and the Senate concluded the so-called "

11849: 11789: 11754: 11546: 11481: 11471: 11366: 11251: 11139: 10722: 10690: 10435: 10362: 10194: 10189: 9714: 9629: 9594: 9559: 9471: 9386: 9146: 9139: 9086: 9066: 9011: 8976: 8969: 8914: 8879: 8742: 8510: 8413: 8191: 8161:

The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century

7789: 7628: 7544: 7326: 6529: 6238: 6185:

Pseudo-Kodinos and the Constantinopolitan Court: Offices and Ceremonies

5120: 5015: 4680: 4097: 4077: 4044: 3973: 3601: 3548: 3382: 3297: 3148: 2920: 2827: 2448: 2149:

was proclaimed emperor at the age of 8, and his co-ruler and successor

1993: 1937: 1925: 1913: 1869: 1837: 1781: 1740:

Individuals who claimed imperial power "illegally" are referred to as "

1434:, whereas Augustus, although born into a plebeian family, had become a 1350: 1215: 945: 825: 340: 336: 315: 134: 10079: 8728: 8380: 6553: 5699: 4941:"Nero, the Senate and People of Rome: Reactions to an Emperor's Image" 4750:

The Early Reception and Appropriation of the Apostle Peter (60–800 CE)

11879: 11874: 11834: 11759: 11729: 11709: 11586: 11526: 11436: 11386: 11381: 11306: 11266: 11154: 11124: 10933: 10808: 10601: 10485: 10460: 10339: 9461: 9413: 9323: 9310: 9097: 9026: 8999: 8994: 8963: 8909: 8857: 8792: 8787: 8625: 8299:

Imagining the Roman Emperor: perceptions of rulers in the high empire

8266: 4223: 4137: 4010: 3910: 3902: 3878: 3621:, records 58 emperors from Augustus to Constantine. His contemporary 3568: 3403: 3388: 3274: 3194: 3153: 3127: 3014: 2955: 2795: 2788: 2780: 2759:

avoided using the title, but it is recorded that Caligula was hailed

2735: 2707: 2634: 2594: 2488: 2415: 2181:, and emperors after him, especially after its officialization under 2130: 2092: 2047:

Diocletian justified his rule not by military power, but by claiming

2033: 1997: 1905: 1849: 1833: 1829: 1793: 1729: 1651: 1580: 1552: 1481: 1397: 1287: 1257: 1123: 1105: 1068: 566:, it became clear that there was certainly no consensus to return to 557: 536: 528: 421:

of the West acknowledged the Eastern emperors until the accession of

370: 279: 118: 7781: 7632: 5861: 5405:

The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity: A Political and Military History

4436: 3304:. The title is still found in some later sources, however. The poet 3273:("first of the youth"), a term that continued to be used during the 2787:. The title became the main appellation of the ruler by the time of 2660:

and was given to victorious commanders by their soldiers. They held

2422:", the traditional title for Greek monarchs used since the times of 2153:

was proclaimed emperor at the age of 4. Many child emperors such as

1977:, for example, did not even set foot on the city. Carus' successors 776: 676:". Until then Octavian had been ruling the state with his powers as 11839: 11824: 11814: 11799: 11714: 11704: 11674: 11664: 11659: 11649: 11551: 11466: 11346: 11331: 11261: 11241: 11231: 11226: 11206: 11005: 10586: 10550: 10440: 10367: 10199: 9729: 9511: 9403: 9356: 9316: 9298: 9218: 9153: 9133: 9103: 9076: 9071: 9056: 9046: 9016: 8924: 8919: 8867: 8842: 8837: 8802: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8520: 8364: 6552:

once, but he also uses the term when writing about other generals (

5172: 4940: 4464: 4118: 4073: 3863: 3833: 3825: 3813: 3778:

Princes and Political Cultures: The New Tiberian Senatorial Decrees

3583: 3504: 3370:

was the traditional Greek title for monarchs. It was first used by

3362: 3305: 3301: 3226: 3199: 3185: 3168: 3102: 2916: 2912: 2885: 2815: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2662: 2610: 2543: 2419: 2358: 2313: 2209: 2138: 2107: 2068: 2009: 1982: 1962: 1958: 1917: 1873: 1853: 1774: 1770: 1701: 1667: 1645: 1637: 1619: 1557: 1477: 1469: 1468:

was not fully absorbed into the imperial office until the reign of

1431: 1415: 1411: 1362: 1222: 1112: 1023: 934: 832: 748: 726: 701: 686: 645: 627: 512: 496: 481: 395: 314:

The legitimacy of an emperor's rule depended on his control of the

295: 290: 273: 256: 149: 138: 130: 90: 70: 7671:

Bramante's Tempietto, the Roman Renaissance, and the Spanish Crown

6540:, but the English text translates the word directly as "emperor". 5900: 5102: 3138:) in dignity". It was also connected to the religious practice of 2224: 2078:– originally the emperor's bodyguard, but now the head of the new 1848:

was the essential element of legitimacy, yet some figures such as

1788:

notably declared himself as the adoptive son of the long-deceased

11859: 11854: 11844: 11809: 11804: 11794: 11739: 11724: 11541: 11536: 11521: 11491: 11446: 11426: 11406: 11361: 11093: 10948: 10727: 10535: 10530: 10420: 9663: 9366: 9273: 9186: 9041: 8817: 6954: 6849: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5434:

Emperors and Emperorship in Late Antiquity: Images and Narratives

5010:(Doctoral thesis). University of North Carolina. pp. 22–23. 4574: 4572: 4019: 3871: 3536: 3532: 3517: 3489: 3162: 3143: 3088: 2844: 2675: 2289: 2282: 2190: 2146: 2041: 1978: 1539: 1513: 1208: 1187: 1038: 1018: 662: 516: 261: 7427:

Literary sources explicitly style him Caesar, the coins Augustus

7344:

Epiphanius' Treatise on Weights and Measures: The Syriac Version

6566: 6564: 6562: 4197:

Initially the number of co-emperors was often no more than one.

3176:

itself, as ordinary people and writers had become accustomed to

2304:

in Constantinople. Historians mark this date as the date of the

1985:, the last of the Crisis emperors, did not bother to assume the 34:. For the ruler of the Roman Kingdom in the archaic period, see 11869: 11749: 11679: 11619: 11614: 11581: 11341: 11326: 11276: 11256: 10678: 10555: 10450: 9435: 9292: 9174: 8946: 8812: 7157:

Fouracre, Paul; McKitterick, Rosamond; Abulafia, David (1995).

5562: 5190: 4951: 4416: 4070:ΒΑCΙΛΕΥC ΚΑΙ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ ΡΩΜΑΙΩΝ Ο ΠΑΛΑΙΟΛΟΓΟC ΚΑΙ ΑΕΙ ΑΥΓΟΥCΤΟC 4040: 3989: 3906: 3875: 3236: 3139: 3072: 3053: 2687: 2630: 2514:

The line of Eastern emperors continued uninterrupted until the

2439: 2286: 1929: 1797: 1745: 1608: 1243: 1033: 532: 414: 38:. For the dual chief magistrate during the Roman Republic, see 7322:

Chronography of 354 AD. Part 16: Chronicle of the City of Rome

6357:

Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2012).

5653: 5454: 5432:

Ruiz, María Pilar García; Puertas, Alberto J. Quiroga (2021).

4569: 4032: 3267:. The title was also sometimes given to heirs, in the form of 2321:

as the sole emperor of a (technically) reunited Roman Empire.

2162:

writers used the vague terms of "second" or "little emperor".

381:

collapsed in the late 5th century after multiple invasions by

11654: 11376: 11103: 10395: 9036: 8807: 8797: 8777: 8426: 8417: 8059:

The Fall of Constantinople: The Ottoman Conquest of Byzantium

7893:

Visions of Empire: How Five Imperial Regimes Shaped the World

6559: 6321:

Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Haldon, John F.; Cormack, Robin (2008).

5721:

Leo VI and the Transformation of Byzantine Christian Identity

3882: 2931: 2919:

was proclaimed emperor. He was not an official member of the

2776: 2695: 2670:; the commander then retained the title until the end of his 2186: 2037: 1974: 1966: 1721: 1685: 1663: 1485: 684:, but this was only an act. The Senate confirmed Octavian as 544: 11864: 11431: 11371: 10953: 10329: 8782: 8772: 8434: 8430: 7159:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 1, c. 500–c. 700

7156: 6990: 6630: 6541: 6189:

https://books.google.com/books?id=I9UYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302

4143: 3837: 3755: 3063: 2995:("most noble"), which later evolved into a separate title. 2907:. However, the nomen was still inherited by women (such as 2764: 2212:. The two halves of the Empire, while later functioning as 2102:. The last attested emperor to use the title of consul was 1688:, one of their own, as the new emperor. His "dynasty", the 1681: 1527: 1449: 362: 8423:

Chronology of Roman emperors and other rulers (30 BC–1461)

6356: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 3100:(Αὐτοκράτωρ καῖσαρ Φλάβιος αὐγουστος) in Greek, is in the 2349:. The Italian heartland was recovered during the reign of 1860:

yet he is still often regarded as a usurper, similarly to

10425: 7467:

A History of Western Public Law: Between Nation and State

6183:

Macrides, Ruth; Munitiz, J. A.; Angelov, Dimiter (2016).

6017:

Late Merovingian France: History and Hagiography, 640–720

5534: 5381: 3426:. In later centuries, the title was shortened simply as " 3008:

d(ominus) n(oster) constantinus p(ius) f(elix) aug(ustus)

1796:

after him. Later Eastern imperial dynasties, such as the

1700:, who succeeded jointly with him, and later with his son 1476:) in AD 85. Before this, the title had been only used by 1194: 1141: 459:). A Byzantine group of claimant emperors existed in the 299:("first one") alongside other Republican titles, notably 8057:

Nicolle, David; Haldon, John; Turnbull, Stephen (2007).

7249:. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire – Volume 2 6299: 5682: 5680: 5629: 5591: 5589: 4854: 4852: 4328: 4316: 4280: 3824:

as joint emperors on his death; Tiberius wished to have

2722:. The last ordinary general to be awarded the title was 2507:. The Byzantine state is often said to have followed a " 7610:

The Making of a Christian Empire: Lactantius & Rome

7384: 6729: 6709:

The Imperial Administrative System in the Ninth Century

6510: 6508: 6256:. In Kaldellis, Anthony; Siniossoglou, Niketas (eds.). 6254:"Basileia: The Idea of Monarchy in Byzantium, 600–1200" 6132: 6120: 5905:

Studia Numismatica Labacensia Alexandro Jeločnik Oblata

5063: 5051: 5029:

Kazhdan, Aleksandr Petrovich; Constable, Giles (1982).

4363: 3418:

of the Romans" (βασιλεύς καὶ αὐτοκράτωρ Ῥωμαίων), with

3126:

Originally the main title of the emperor. According to

3021:

increased considerably, but following the accession of

2927:, Augustus' sister, and thus still part of the family. 2337:

The Eastern emperors continued to be recognized in the

523:. Conversely, the majority of Roman writers, including 12057:

15th-century disestablishments in the Byzantine Empire

7875:. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6182: 5996: 5364:

of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228)

5243: 4292: 3211:. Both Eastern and Western rulers also used the style 2911:) and appear in some inscriptions. After the death of 554:

could be seen as the English translation of the Latin

361:, the first Christian emperor, moved the capital from 8182:(1958), "Imperator Caesar: A Study in Nomenclature", 8056: 7956:

The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law

7914:

Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455

7653:

Akten des 11. Internat. Byzantinisten-Kongresses 1958

7511: 6903:

A History of the Roman World from 30 B.C. to A.D. 138

6589:. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 456–467. 6320: 6316: 6314: 6212: 6210: 6208: 5862:"Shadow emperors and the choice of Rome (455–476 AD)" 5741: 5677: 5665: 5601: 5586: 5338: 4849: 4810: 4765: 4517: 4454: 4442: 4381: 4258: 4256: 3594:, 43 in number, through 407 years ". The 6th-century 2678:, the founder of Rome, but the first attested use of 2442:. By the 9th century the full imperial title became " 1607:(r. 527–565), who cites the early 3rd-century writer 406:) but are often referred to in modern scholarship as 343:

reforms divided the position into one emperor in the

8164:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. 7935:

Roman Law and the Origins of the Civil Law Tradition

7067:

Bellinger, Alfred Raymond; Grierson, Philip (1973).

6948:

for forty years." Augustus thus dates his tenure as

6505: 6437: 6435: 5806: 5794: 5641: 5574: 5297:

Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric

5289: 5287: 5198:. Asia Minor: Foundation of the Hellenic World. 2008 4304: 3858:. "Dedicated to Imperator Caesar, son of the divine 3656: 2674:. In Roman tradition, the first triumph was that of 2570:, dying in battle. The last vestiges of the empire, 1824:

as usurpers because they were not recognized by the

1662:, was the first emperor to openly declare his sons, 27:

Ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period

7347:. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 28–39. 6352: 6350: 6348: 6346: 5753: 5357:Van Tricht, Filip (2011). "The Imperial Ideology". 4268: 2554:forced the Byzantines to recognize their rulers as 1692:, continued the adoptive system until the reign of 1400:of the few senatorial provinces and allies such as 1349:. This early period of the Empire is known as the " 7872:The Roman Emperor and his Court c. 30 BC–c. AD 300 7721: 7655:(in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. pp. 138–143. 7008: 6311: 6205: 6014: 5471: 4253: 4131:A variation of the title was later adopted by the 3492:never claimed the imperial dignity. His successor 3183:In the East the title was initially translated as 2775:, with only a few variations under his successors 2456:was also used to distinguish a junior co-emperor ( 2004:) and two subordinates that also served as heirs ( 8469: 8197: 7130:People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554 7066: 7040:Politics and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russia 6677: 6432: 6416:Mapping European Empire: Tabulae imperii Europaei 6396: 6394: 5982:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 490. 5901:"The Mint in Salona: Nepos and Ovida (474–481/2)" 5568: 5489: 5284: 4969: 4957: 4922: 4832:A History of Medieval Political Thought: 300–1450 4090:ΑΥΓΟΥCΤΑ ΚΑΙ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΙCΑ ΡΩΜΑΙΩΝ Η ΠΑΛΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΝΑ 3926:assumed the consulate of 376 at the age of 5 and 2978:, when it permanently became part of the formula 2814:, and was first officially adopted in coinage by 12038: 8022:(1967). "The Byzantine View of Western Europe". 7463: 6970:Layers of Loyalty in Latin Panegyric, AD 289–307 6525: 6523: 6343: 6265:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 575–598. 6178: 6176: 6163:The Fundamental State Laws of the Russian Empire 6046:Byzantine Art and Diplomacy in an Age of Decline 5980:The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity 5774:The Cambridge Companion to the Council of Nicaea 5659: 5465: 5214: 5212: 5028: 3473: 3422:distinguishing the senior emperor of the junior 3142:, which was itself linked to Rome's founding by 3051:as the origin of their word for "emperor", like 1534:. The last known emperors to use the title were 1392:to indicate its superiority to other holders of 708:main title of the emperor. He also received the 265:in English, it reflects his taking of the title 8350: 8087:Emperors and Usurpers in the Later Roman Empire 7487:"The first Emperor: the view of late antiquity" 6874:A Companion to Byzantium and the West, 900–1204 6259:The Cambridge Intellectual History of Byzantium 6015:Fouracre, Paul; Gerberding, Richard A. (1996). 5177:Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor 4999: 4997: 3887:Lucius Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax Augustus 3261:, Augustus explicitly refers to himself as the 2200:This division became permanent on the death of 1448:, since 36 BC. With this powers, he could 592:five times since 59 BC, and was appointed 8241:An Historical Introduction to Modern Civil Law 7692:The Cambridge companion to the Age of Augustus 6391: 5504: 5502: 3992:. After this the empire was again reunited by 3193:eventually became more common. Emperors after 2008:). When an emperor retired (as Diocletian and 1670:, as his sole heirs, giving them the title of 1569:considered legitimate. There is no mention of 758: 644:In his will, Caesar appointed his grandnephew 10095: 8714: 8455: 8186:, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 175–188, 8111:. Translated by Hussey, Joan. New Brunswick: 6520: 6173: 5209: 4945:Studies in latin Literature and Roman History 4782: 4780: 4005:The Eastern Empire is often referred as the " 3442:. Foreign rulers were usually referred to as 2086:. The last known emperor to have used it was 1321: 511:, a view that is shared by the Roman writers 8319:The Emperor in the Roman World, 31 BC–AD 337 8296: 7405:The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine 7188:Theoderic and the Roman Imperial Restoration 5977: 5514:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine 5398: 5396: 4994: 4100:of the Romans, wise Palaiologina"); his son 2859:was transformed into a monarchical title by 2016:would succeed him and in turn appoint a new 1965:as their own emperors (the first time since 1626: 8150:(3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 8104: 8004:. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhof. 7994: 7952: 7931: 7869:Kelly, Benjamin; Hug, Angela, eds. (2022). 7719: 6996: 6789: 6636: 6216: 5540: 5499: 5431: 5300:. Cambridge University Press. p. 199. 4906: 4731: 4678: 4662: 4638: 4626: 4622: 4590: 4578: 4559: 4500:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 3881:, great-great-great-grandson of the divine 3096:. The last use of the formula, rendered as 2863:, becoming the official Latin title of the 2710:refer to Caesar as the first one to assume 2141:, who did the same with his 9-year-old son 1654:, who took power after the collapse of the 1596: 1472:, who declared himself "perpetual censor" ( 730: 725:Augustus actively prepared his adopted son 625: 608:. His killers proclaimed themselves as the 555: 466: 10102: 10088: 8721: 8707: 8462: 8448: 8090:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–33. 7650: 7243: 7009:Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2010). 6793: 6482: 5356: 5293: 5179:. Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World 5170: 4777: 2418:in 629, Roman emperors styled themselves " 2204:in 395, when he was succeeded by his sons 2193:as capital) and another in the East (with 1505:) in 12 BC, after the death of the former 1328: 1314: 453:adopted the title "Caesar of the Romans" ( 249:, starting with the granting of the title 12047:20s BC establishments in the Roman Empire 8301:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8042:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7973: 7896:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 7746: 7627: 7529:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7449:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 7037: 6952:from 27 BC. He also only counts his 6922: 6794:Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) (2006-10-01). 6570: 6251: 5978:Parry, Ken; Melling, David, eds. (1999). 5948: 5700:The Last Consul: Basilius and His Diptych 5393: 5100: 4938: 4873: 4458: 4385: 3984:, both of which only ruled about a year. 3780:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 2806:continued to be used. The appellation of 2640:imp(erator) caesar vespasianus aug(ustus) 2373:defeated them and received the favour of 1992:After reuniting the Roman Empire in 285, 1816:", but modern scholarship now identifies 8258: 7868: 7688: 7674:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 7667: 7274: 6871: 6820: 6682:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 6582: 6323:The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies 6043: 5824: 5508: 5171:Krsmanović, Bojana (11 September 2003). 4973: 4926: 4685:Chronological Systems of Byzantine Egypt 4298: 4286: 3804:There was, however, much precedent. The 3558: 3350: 3334: 2997: 2962:instead. Most emperors used it as their 2954:. The only emperor not to assume it was 2686:. It was a title held with great pride: 2401: 2300:and shipped the imperial regalia to the 2063:, and his partner Maximian was declared 1895: 1716: 1406: 616: 495:Modern historians conventionally regard 476: 10109: 7844: 7823: 7796: 7770:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 7764: 7606: 7442: 7214: 7190:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7132:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7123: 7121: 6735: 6514: 6453: 6375:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3268 6305: 6145: 6126: 6114: 6098: 6048:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6019:. Manchester University Press. p. 6002: 5776:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5723:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5698:Cameron, A., & Schauer, D. (1982). 5686: 5635: 5607: 5595: 5556: 5552: 5493: 5261: 5141: 4828: 4771: 4542:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4310: 4141:(император) instead of the traditional 3947:(r. 668–686) alongside his co-emperors 3284:fell into disuse and was replaced with 2395:was used as an actual regnal title) by 2357:, but was completely surrounded by the 283:, originally a military honorific, and 14: 12039: 8315: 8237: 8154: 8140: 8083: 7910: 7484: 7402: 7390: 7374:. Tipografia del senato. pp. 102–104. 7251:, Cambridge University Press, p. 7185: 7161:. Cambridge University Press. p. 7095: 6900: 6711:. Cambridge University Press. p. 6409: 5903:. In Kos, Peter; Demo, Željko (eds.). 5859: 5812: 5800: 5747: 5718: 5671: 5647: 5619: 5580: 5407:. Cambridge University Press. p. 5387: 5344: 5249: 5069: 5057: 5003: 4990:. Routledge. pp. 117, 153 n. 157. 4985: 4869: 4867: 4816: 4743: 4711: 4674: 4654: 4642: 4610: 4594: 4537: 4525: 4496: 4369: 4350: 4346: 4334: 4322: 4274: 4230:) despite being "in name an usurper" ( 4226:refers to him as a "genuine emperor" ( 3996:, but he died only a few months later. 3098:Autokrator Kaisar Flabios... Augoustos 2915:, Augustus' great-grandson, his uncle 2483:The Eastern Empire became not only an 584:since 64 BC; held the offices of 10083: 8702: 8443: 8340:. London: Thames & Hudson, 1995. 8119: 8034: 8018: 7889: 7571: 7127: 6747: 6648: 6219:The Slavonic and East European Review 6072: 5953:. Harvard University Press. pp. 5918: 5402: 5322:"Collections Online | British Museum" 5218: 5080: 5078: 4918: 4902: 4786: 4727: 4715: 4658: 4606: 4563: 4521: 4353:The Imperial Families of Ancient Rome 3874:, great-great grandson of the divine 3685:List of Roman imperial victory titles 3554: 3280:In the era of Diocletian and beyond, 2942:as his son and heir, renaming him as 2835:). There are still some instances of 2312:, who was overthrown and expelled to 2129:, who proclaimed his 10-year-old son 1891: 293:. Early emperors also used the title 8178: 7724:How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower 7543: 7340: 7118: 6972:. Oxford University Press. pp. 6967: 6706: 6487:. Vol. 1. Spink Books. p. 6441: 6325:. Oxford University Press. pp. 6110: 5898: 5847: 5759: 5623: 5477: 4858: 4462: 4262: 3959:, Heraclius and Tiberius being only 3930:did the same in 386 at the age of 2. 3889:, conqueror of Arabia and Adiabene, 3775: 2798:, emperors began to be addressed as 1969:). They managed to usurp power from 1522:("honorable pontiff"). The title of 1457:" were not officially adopted until 449:in 1453. After conquering the city, 389:in 480. Instead the Eastern emperor 30:For the list of Roman emperors, see 8218: 7607:Digeser, Elizabeth DePalma (2000). 7588:. In Hadjianastasis, Marios (ed.). 5771: 5225:Jaarboek voor Munt- en Penningkunde 5196:Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World 4864: 4518:Bowman, Champlin & Lintott 1996 4455:Bowman, Champlin & Lintott 1996 4443:Bowman, Champlin & Lintott 1996 4382:Bowman, Champlin & Lintott 1996 4147:(царь), which had the same meaning. 4080:of the Romans, Palaiologos, always 3328:, as it was used by rulers such as 2656:, "to command" – dates back to the 2324: 1880:are sometimes called usurpers, but 1516:(r. 375–383) onward used the style 24: 8290: 8126:. University of California Press. 8024:Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 7219:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 6653:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 6169:from the original on Oct 22, 2023. 5075: 4947:. Vol. XVI. pp. 472–491. 3484:Succession to the Byzantine Empire 398:of the Romans" (βασιλεύς Ῥωμαίων, 25: 12083: 8396: 8297:Christoforou, Panayiotis (2023). 8262:Diocletian and the Roman recovery 7550:History of the Later Roman Empire 7013:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 6456:Caligula: The Corruption of Power 5192:"Palaeologan Dynasty (1259–1453)" 4746:"From Petrus to Pontifex Maximus" 3774:and the role of the Senate, see: 3488:Despite overthrowing Roman rule, 2682:was in 189 BC, on the triumph of 1844:. In the East, the possession of 651:death of both consuls of the year 8680:Emperors/Despots of Thessalonica 8662:Eastern Roman/Byzantine emperors 8198:Tellegen-Couperus, Olga (2002). 7845:Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991), 7464:Aguilera-Barchet, Bruno (2014). 7396: 7359: 7334: 7315: 7297: 7268: 7237: 7208: 7179: 7150: 7089: 7060: 7031: 7011:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia 7002: 6961: 6928: 6894: 6865: 6843: 6806: 6783: 6766: 6741: 6700: 6671: 6642: 6603: 6576: 6476: 6447: 6279: 6245: 6151: 6104: 6066: 5146:. Taylor & Francis. p. 4212: 4191: 4175: 4150: 4125: 4062: 3911:Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caesar 3770:For a further discussion of the 3680:List of condemned Roman emperors 3659: 3625:records 44 emperors in his work 3326:fall of the Western Roman Empire 2623: 2603: 2306:fall of the Western Roman Empire 2232: 2223: 1864:, who was briefly recognized by 775: 739:. Tiberius had already received 83: 63: 6619:. Tiberius is sometimes called 6363:The Oxford Classical Dictionary 6075:Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium 6037: 6008: 5971: 5949:El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004). 5942: 5925:The Oxford History of Byzantium 5911: 5892: 5853: 5818: 5765: 5712: 5692: 5613: 5546: 5483: 5425: 5350: 5314: 5255: 5164: 5135: 5094: 5022: 4979: 4963: 4932: 4912: 4896: 4822: 4737: 4721: 4705: 4668: 4648: 4632: 4616: 4600: 4584: 4531: 4511: 4490: 4475: 4448: 4410: 4391: 4375: 3999: 3966: 3933: 3916: 3870:, great-grandson of the divine 3856:ANTONINVS CAESAR / DEDICAVERVNT 3847: 3798: 3764: 3746: 3734: 3345:leon en cristo basileus romaeon 2989:also received the honorific of 2110:until 892, during the reign of 1595:("royal law") mentioned in the 437:. The last Eastern emperor was 8108:History of the Byzantine State 7848:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 7830:. Cambridge University Press. 4340: 3722: 3551:the throne, which he refused. 3480:Succession of the Roman Empire 2944:Servius Sulpicius Galba Caesar 2169:as soon as he retired in 305. 2055:(sacred). He declared himself 1856:had the formal recognition by 1526:was eventually adopted by the 735:and proclaimed him as the new 596:in 44 BC, shortly before 499:as the first emperor, whereas 241:was the ruler and monarchical 13: 1: 7631:; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007), 7413:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670 7038:Madariaga, Isabel De (2014). 6649:Pagán, Victoria Emma (2017). 6418:. Routledge. pp. 11–52. 5951:Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 4241: 3700:Family tree of Roman emperors 3474:Later assertions to the title 3402:was first officially used by 2936:Servius Galba Caesar Augustus 2923:, but he was the grandson of 2889:(third name) of the dictator 2518:and the establishment of the 2460:) from his senior colleague ( 2377:, who became the head of the 1512:. Emperors from the reign of 1438:when he was adopted into the 10674:Frontiers and fortifications 8353:The Journal of Roman Studies 8322:. Cornell University Press. 8238:Watkin, Thomas Glyn (2017). 8201:A Short History of Roman Law 8147:A Companion to Latin Studies 8105:Ostrogorsky, George (1957). 7953:Mousourakis, George (2017). 7932:Mousourakis, George (2014). 7800:The Fall of the Roman Empire 7720:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2010). 7613:. Cornell University Press. 7491:A Companion to Julius Caesar 7489:. In Griffin, Miriam (ed.). 7244:Martindale, John R. (1980), 7186:Arnold, Jonathan J. (2014). 6905:. Psychology Press. p. 6901:Salmon, Edward Togo (1968). 6454:Barrett, Anthony A. (2002). 6044:Hilsdale, Cecily J. (2014). 5928:. OUP Oxford. pp. 1–5. 5704:The Journal of Roman Studies 5294:Kulikowski, Michael (2006). 4246: 3312:as having been raised from " 2586: 2292:overthrew the child-emperor 1623:), and called them as such. 1357:used by the early emperors. 473:Crisis of the Roman Republic 7: 10733:Decorations and punishments 8516:Crisis of the Third Century 8259:Williams, Stephen (1997) . 7917:. Oxford University Press. 7403:Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). 6821:Southern, Patricia (2013). 6623:instead of the more common 6483:Sutherland, C.H.V. (2018). 5907:. Ljubljana: Narodni muzej. 5772:Kim, Young Richard (2021). 4939:Overmeire, Sam Van (2012). 4794:Oxford Classical Dictionary 4789:"lex de imperio Vespasiani" 4355:. Fonthill Media. pp. 3652: 3218: 3113: 2855:respectively. In the West, 2733:instead of his first name ( 2718:), but this seems to be an 2566:in 1453; its last emperor, 2505:Patriarch of Constantinople 2259:, the last emperors of the 1955:Crisis of the Third Century 1868:. Western emperors such as 759:Powers under the Principate 10: 12088: 11640:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 10215:historiography of the fall 9994:Constantine XI Palaiologos 9945:Andronikos III Palaiologos 9832:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 7697:Cambridge University Press 7436: 7341:Dean, James Elmer (1935). 7096:Tricht, Filip Van (2011). 7071:. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 6872:Drocourt, Nicolas (2021). 6678:Harriet I. Flower (2006). 6536:), for example, only uses 6165:. Russian Imperial House. 6079:Cambridge University Press 5033:. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 5004:Smolin, Nathan I. (2021). 4874:Wifstrand, Albert (2005). 3545:Siege of Ravenna (539–540) 3477: 3360: 3324:). The title survived the 3224: 3119: 2876: 2592: 2568:Constantine XI Palaiologos 1353:", derived from the title 470: 439:Constantine XI Palaiologos 29: 12021:External wars and battles 11888: 11782: 11595: 11187: 11180: 11102: 11014: 10919: 10794: 10746: 10624: 10574: 10513: 10504: 10386: 10338: 10258: 10175: 10145: 10136: 10118: 10070: 10002: 9967:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 9935:Andronikos II Palaiologos 9760:Constantine IX Monomachos 9448: 9345: 9228: 9055: 8893: 8741: 8503: 8478: 8084:Omissi, Adrastos (2018). 7824:Hekster, Olivier (2022). 6583:Grierson, Philip (1973). 6073:Kaegi, Walter E. (2003). 5719:Riedel, Meredith (2018). 5108:Journal of Late Antiquity 4943:. In Deroux, Carl (ed.). 4878:. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 4752:, Brill, pp. 43–57, 4469:Des réformes augustéennes 4156:This is reflected in the 3909:for the second time, and 3866:, grandson of the divine 3547:, when the Goths offered 3408:victory over the Persians 3386:(the Greek equivalent to 3308:, for example, describes 2870: 2581: 2564:fell to the Ottoman Turks 2562:. Constantinople finally 2012:did in 305) or died, his 1947:Year of the Five Emperors 1920:, derived from the title 1814:Year of the Five Emperors 1769:, for example, describes 1751:Lex de imperio Vespasiani 1724:inscription dedicated to 1660:Year of the Four Emperors 1627:Succession and legitimacy 1589:sometimes related to the 1548:Lex de imperio Vespasiani 1501:(the chief priest of the 1376:for Rome and proconsular 1366:) and tribunician power ( 1164:Senatus consultum ultimum 1059:Extraordinary magistrates 682:Senate and People of Rome 600:. He had also become the 277:. Another title used was 221: 204: 196: 155: 145: 114: 109: 105: 101: 82: 78: 62: 55: 47: 9930:Michael VIII Palaiologos 8408:De Imperatoribus Romanis 8244:. Taylor & Francis. 8223:. London: I. B. Tauris. 8113:Rutgers University Press 7911:McEvoy, Meaghan (2013). 7485:Barnes, Timothy (2009). 7446:The Last Muslim Conquest 7309:De Imperatoribus Romanis 7217:Visigothic Spain 409–711 6412:"All roads lead to Rome" 6410:Foster, Russell (2015). 6252:Magdalino, Paul (2017). 5860:McEvoy, Meaghan (2017). 5264:Trajan: Optimus Princeps 5262:Bennett, Julian (2003). 5219:Claes, Liesbeth (2015). 5101:Humphries, Mark (2008). 4986:Birley, Anthony (2000). 4829:Canning, Joseph (2014). 4744:Curran, John R. (2020), 4351:Craven, Maxwell (2019). 3955:. Constantine is called 3891:father of the fatherland 3862:, brother of the divine 3715: 3690:List of Italian monarchs 3584:Octavian Caesar Augustus 3436:crowned by the Patriarch 3094:Imperator Caesar Flavius 2613:of Julius Caesar marked 2532:emperors of Thessalonica 2345:(r. 797–802), the first 1704:, who was proclaimed co- 1551:, written shortly after 768:Politics of ancient Rome 638:Kunsthistorisches Museum 467:Background and beginning 12016:Roman–Iranian relations 10491:Optimates and populares 9785:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 9419:Tiberius II Constantine 8542:(27 BC–AD 68) 8316:Millar, Fergus (1977). 7890:Kumar, Krishan (2017). 7853:Oxford University Press 7797:Heather, Peter (2005). 7689:Galinsky, Karl (2005). 7668:Freiberg, Jack (2014). 7443:Ágoston, Gábor (2021). 7275:Moorhead, John (2013). 7215:Collins, Roger (2008). 7128:Amory, Patrick (2003). 6748:Rösch, Gerhard (1978). 6292:Encyclopædia Britannica 5142:Rantala, Jussi (2017). 4679:Bagnall, Roger Shaler; 4540:Roman Political Thought 4538:Atkins, Jed W. (2018). 4486:Encyclopedia Britannica 4013:, the original name of 3675:List of Roman empresses 3628:On Weights and Measures 3255:became popular. In his 2958:, who adopted the name 2847:, who are addressed as 2802:("our Lord"), although 2702:. However, as noted by 2694:more than once, as was 2464:). By the times of the 2341:until the accession of 1902:Colossus of Constantine 1804:, claimed descent from 1640:, for example, married 1422:The tribunician power ( 503:is considered the last 435:problem of two emperors 353:claimants to the throne 318:and recognition by the 71:Vexillum of the emperor 12072:Positions of authority 12052:1453 disestablishments 12026:Civil wars and revolts 11292:Sextus Pompeius Festus 10939:Conflict of the Orders 10298:Legislative assemblies 9940:Michael IX Palaiologos 8656:Western Roman emperors 8588:Year of the 6 Emperors 8564:Year of the 5 Emperors 8558:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 8546:Year of the 4 Emperors 8540:Julio-Claudian dynasty 8484:List of Roman emperors 8001:The Governance of Rome 7042:. Routledge. pp. 6796:"Augustus [2]" 6621:Tiberius Julius Caesar 6485:Roman Imperial Coinage 6187:. Routledge. pp. 5825:Sandberg, Kaj (2008). 5569:Tellegen-Couperus 2002 5490:Tellegen-Couperus 2002 4970:Tellegen-Couperus 2002 4958:Tellegen-Couperus 2002 4923:Tellegen-Couperus 2002 4068:Manuel is referred as 3695:List of Roman usurpers 3575: 3446:(a Greek rendition of 3434:as an infant and then 3347: 3215:("forever augustus"). 3134:), from the increase ( 3010: 2985:. In the 3rd century, 2899:), styling himself as 2530:, and the short-lived 2516:sack of Constantinople 2411: 2355:under imperial control 2173:, the son of tetrarch 2080:praetorian prefectures 1909: 1904:. Portraits after the 1737: 1656:Julio-Claudian dynasty 1597: 1542:, in the 5th century. 1419: 925:Political institutions 731: 641: 626: 594:dictator in perpetuity 568:the old-style monarchy 556: 492: 490:Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek 443:Fall of Constantinople 441:, who died during the 211:9 May 480 AD (Western) 32:List of Roman emperors 11735:Simplicius of Cilicia 11487:Quintus Curtius Rufus 10716:Siege in Ancient Rome 10325:Executive magistrates 10034:Thessalonian emperors 10028:Trapezuntine emperors 9989:John VIII Palaiologos 9984:Manuel II Palaiologos 9955:John VI Kantakouzenos 9871:Andronikos I Komnenos 9708:Constantine Lekapenos 8736:and empresses regnant 8674:Emperors of Trebizond 8638:Valentinianic dynasty 8632:Constantinian dynasty 8416:, by Kelley L. Ross, 8061:. Osprey Publishing. 7730:Yale University Press 7572:Çolak, Hasan (2014). 7495:John Wiley & Sons 7279:. Routledge. p. 6825:. Routledge. p. 6458:. Routledge. p. 5899:Demo, Željko (1988). 5878:10.1484/J.AT.5.114852 5660:Aguilera-Barchet 2014 5516:. Routledge. p. 5466:Aguilera-Barchet 2014 5266:. Routledge. p. 4787:Tuori, Kaius (2019), 4505:University of Chicago 4497:Murray, John (1875). 4459:Eck & Takács 2007 4386:Eck & Takács 2007 4031:still used the term " 3905:for the eighth time, 3901:for the fourth time, 3860:Marcus Antoninus Pius 3562: 3539:assumed the title of 3343:(r. 886–912) marked: 3338: 3288:("lord"); the use of 3197:styled themselves as 3080:Constantinian dynasty 3001: 2974:– until the reign of 2773:praenomen imperatoris 2716:praenomen imperatoris 2528:emperors of Trebizond 2410:and his family, 1404. 2408:Manuel II Palaiologos 2405: 2137:. He was followed by 2121:(emperor) instead of 1912:The period after the 1899: 1806:Constantine the Great 1792:, hence why he named 1720: 1410: 620: 480: 359:Constantine the Great 214:29 May 1453 (Eastern) 141:(depending on period) 12067:Ancient Roman titles 11745:Stephanus Byzantinus 11650:Eusebius of Caesaria 11512:Sidonius Apollinaris 11202:Ammianus Marcellinus 10541:Tribune of the plebs 9972:John VII Palaiologos 9920:Theodore II Laskaris 9780:Constantine X Doukas 9720:Nikephoros II Phokas 8530:Eastern Roman Empire 8526:Western Roman Empire 8120:Petit, Paul (2022). 7980:. Farnham: Ashgate. 6968:Rees, Roger (2002). 6707:Bury, J. B. (2015). 6400:For a discussion of 5403:Elton, Hugh (2018). 4974:Kelly & Hug 2022 4927:Kelly & Hug 2022 4562:, pp. 238–239; 4520:, pp. 117–118; 3879:conqueror of Parthia 3082:, emperors followed 2934:adopted the name of 2714:as a proper name (a 2406:Miniature depicting 2369:. The Frankish king 2261:Western Roman Empire 2026:Eastern Roman Empire 1945:, the victor of the 1924:("lord") adopted by 1599:Corpus Juris Civilis 1428:tribune of the plebs 1004:Ordinary magistrates 379:Western Roman Empire 369:, formerly known as 228:(officially) and/or 11921:Distinguished women 11572:Velleius Paterculus 11412:Nicolaus Damascenus 11392:Marcellus Empiricus 10781:Republican currency 9903:Theodore I Laskaris 9888:Alexios III Angelos 9866:Alexios II Komnenos 9790:Romanos IV Diogenes 9745:Romanos III Argyros 9691:Romanos I Lekapenos 8219:Üre, Pinar (2020). 7748:Greenidge, A. H. J. 7634:The Age of Augustus 6958:tenure as triumvir. 6925:, pp. 352–355. 6573:, pp. 352–355. 5390:, pp. 185–186. 4734:, pp. 238–239. 4681:Worp, Klaas Anthony 4645:, pp. 287–288. 4629:, pp. 238–239. 4597:, pp. 287–288. 4581:, pp. 238–239. 4528:, pp. 287–288. 4507:. pp. 260–266. 4463:Rich, John (2012). 4337:, pp. 279–282. 4325:, pp. 278–279. 4025:Alexander the Great 3776:Rowe, Greg (2002). 3772:tribunicia potestas 3705:Roman imperial cult 3667:Ancient Rome portal 3631:. The 13th-century 3494:Theodoric the Great 3372:Alexander the Great 3330:Theodoric the Great 3270:princeps iuventutis 2891:Gaius Julius Caesar 2843:and his co-emperor 2536:Empire of Trebizond 2462:basileus autokrator 2424:Alexander the Great 2388:Imperator Romanorum 2084:tribunicia potestas 2076:praetorian prefects 1987:tribunicia potestas 1658:and the tumultuous 1603:of Eastern emperor 1575:tribunicia potestas 1563:discretionary power 1503:College of Pontiffs 1424:tribunicia potestas 1369:tribunicia potestas 745:tribunicia potestas 715:tribunicia potestas 606:Battle of Pharsalus 564:Caesar's civil wars 461:Empire of Trebizond 427:Holy Roman Emperors 11695:Phlegon of Tralles 11502:Seneca the Younger 10976:Naming conventions 10706:Personal equipment 10239:Later Roman Empire 10022:Britannic emperors 10016:Palmyrene emperors 9950:John V Palaiologos 9893:Alexios IV Angelos 9842:Constantine Doukas 9837:Alexios I Komnenos 9825:Constantine Doukas 9808:Michael VII Doukas 9770:Michael VI Bringas 9336:Romulus Augustulus 8959:Trebonianus Gallus 8952:Herennius Etruscus 8734:Byzantine emperors 8668:Emperors of Nicaea 8644:Theodosian dynasty 8614:Britannic emperors 8156:Setton, Kenneth M. 7758:Macmillan & Co 7555:Dover Publications 7100:. Brill. pp. 6774:Jus Graeco-Romanum 6113:, pp. 15–16; 5436:. Brill. pp. 5121:10.1353/jla.0.0009 5086:Chronicon Paschale 5016:10.17615/wg7y-3h07 4921:, pp. 52–54; 4905:, pp. 52–54; 4730:, pp. 46–47; 4687:. Brill. pp. 4613:, pp. 287–288 4609:, pp. 46–47; 4524:, pp. 46–47; 4461:, pp. 50–58; 4384:, pp. 76–87; 4164:is numbered after 4162:John V Palaiologos 4160:used by scholars: 3832:do so as well; as 3752:The legend reads: 3730:Romulus Augustulus 3634:Chronicon Altinate 3597:Chronicon Paschale 3582:states that "From 3576: 3573:Chronograph of 354 3555:Number of emperors 3468:Bulgarian emperors 3406:in 629, after his 3348: 3247:"), as opposed to 3245:first among equals 3209:Imperator Augustus 3045:Alexios I Komnenos 3035:Tervel of Bulgaria 3017:the powers of the 3011: 2905:Imp. Julius Caesar 2825:was translated as 2615:caesar imp(erator) 2524:emperors of Nicaea 2493:George Ostrogorsky 2412: 2294:Romulus Augustulus 2253:Romulus Augustulus 1910: 1892:Later developments 1882:Romulus Augustulus 1766:Chronicon Paschale 1738: 1495:. Augustus became 1420: 1237:Triumvir monetalis 1171:Titles and honours 692:first among equals 655:Second Triumvirate 642: 493: 429:, which ruled the 408:Byzantine emperors 146:First monarch 133:, Dominus Noster, 12034: 12033: 11996:Pontifices maximi 11778: 11777: 11635:Diogenes Laërtius 11457:Pliny the Younger 11212:Asconius Pedianus 11172:Romance languages 11044:Civil engineering 10786:Imperial currency 10659:Political control 10620: 10619: 10254: 10253: 10077: 10076: 9915:John III Vatatzes 9861:Manuel I Komnenos 9600:Michael I Rangabe 9444: 9443: 9286:Petronius Maximus 8885:Severus Alexander 8853:Septimius Severus 8696: 8695: 8691: 8690: 8600:Illyrian emperors 8582:Barracks emperors 8329:978-0-8014-1058-1 8308:978-1-0093-6249-8 8276:978-0-4159-1827-5 8251:978-1-3519-5891-2 8230:978-1-7883-1012-3 8211:978-1-1349-0801-1 8133:978-0-5203-7110-1 8097:978-0-1988-2482-4 8068:978-1-8460-3200-4 8049:978-0-5115-8369-8 8011:978-9-0247-1458-2 7996:Loewenstein, Karl 7987:978-1-4094-0776-8 7966:978-1-3518-8841-7 7945:978-3-3191-2268-7 7924:978-0-1996-6481-8 7903:978-0-6911-9280-2 7882:978-1-0090-8151-1 7862:978-0-1950-4652-6 7837:978-1-0092-2679-0 7810:978-0-3304-9136-5 7803:. Pan Macmillan. 7753:Roman Public Life 7739:978-0-3001-6426-8 7706:978-0-5218-0796-8 7681:978-1-1070-4297-1 7644:978-1-4051-5149-8 7620:978-0-8014-3594-2 7599:978-9-0042-8351-0 7592:. Leiden: Brill. 7564:978-0-4861-4338-5 7536:978-0-5212-6430-3 7504:978-1-4443-0845-7 7477:978-3-3191-1803-1 7456:978-0-6911-5932-4 7422:978-0-6742-8066-3 7290:978-1-3178-9879-5 7230:978-0-4707-5456-6 7201:978-1-1070-5440-0 7172:978-0-5213-6291-7 7143:978-0-5215-2635-7 7111:978-9-0042-0392-1 7082:978-0-8840-2261-9 7053:978-1-3178-8190-2 7024:978-1-4051-7936-2 6983:978-0-1992-4918-3 6916:978-0-4150-4504-9 6887:978-9-0044-9924-9 6876:. Brill. p. 6836:978-1-1345-8949-4 6800:Brill's New Pauly 6759:978-3-7001-0260-1 6722:978-1-1080-8150-4 6693:978-0-8078-3063-5 6664:978-1-7867-3132-6 6548:) calls Augustus 6498:978-1-9126-6736-9 6469:978-1-1346-0988-8 6425:978-1-3175-9307-2 6384:978-0-1995-4556-8 6336:978-0-1992-5246-6 6272:978-1-1070-4181-3 6198:978-1-3170-7395-6 6092:978-0-5218-1459-1 6059:978-1-1070-3330-6 6030:978-0-7190-4791-6 5989:978-0-6312-3203-2 5964:978-0-9328-8530-2 5866:Antiquité Tardive 5787:978-1-1084-2774-6 5734:978-1-1070-5307-6 5638:, pp. 27–30. 5527:978-1-1345-5381-5 5496:, pp. 20–24. 5447:978-9-0044-4692-2 5418:978-0-5218-9931-4 5374:978-90-04-20323-5 5367:. Leiden: Brill. 5326:britishmuseum.org 5307:978-1-1394-5809-2 5277:978-1-1347-0914-4 5157:978-1-3519-7039-6 5090:Olympiads 266–276 5072:, pp. 33–34. 5060:, pp. 36–41. 5044:978-0-8840-2103-2 4889:978-3-1614-8627-2 4861:, pp. 15–16. 4842:978-1-1366-2342-4 4804:978-0-1993-8113-5 4759:978-9-0044-2568-2 4698:978-9-0041-3654-0 4566:, pp. 46–47. 4553:978-1-1071-0700-7 4388:, pp. 50–58. 4372:, pp. 33–37. 4289:, pp. 13–14. 4166:John III Vatatzes 4037:Tsardom of Russia 3899:tribunician power 3830:Tiberius Gemellus 3816:planned to leave 3791:978-0-4721-1230-2 2909:Julia the Younger 2865:Holy Roman Empire 2812:Septimius Severus 2767:, in AD 66, that 2503:performed by the 2501:formal coronation 2485:absolute monarchy 2428:Michael I Rangabe 2363:lost to the Arabs 2127:Septimius Severus 1951:Severus Alexander 1943:Septimius Severus 1786:Septimius Severus 1726:Septimius Severus 1579:Imperator Caesar 1519:pontifex inclytus 1338: 1337: 1156:Quaestio perpetua 1149:Senatus consultum 952:Roman citizenship 667:victory at Actium 624:of Augustus in a 598:his assassination 525:Pliny the Younger 431:Holy Roman Empire 419:Germanic kingdoms 235: 234: 156:Last monarch 16:(Redirected from 12079: 11986:Magistri equitum 11901:Cities and towns 11894: 11820:Constantinopolis 11630:Diodorus Siculus 11562:Valerius Maximus 11497:Seneca the Elder 11417:Nonius Marcellus 11185: 11184: 10738:Hippika gymnasia 10701:Infantry tactics 10607:Consular tribune 10597:Magister equitum 10546:Military tribune 10511: 10510: 10471:Pontifex maximus 10466:Princeps senatus 10456:Magister militum 10222:Byzantine Empire 10143: 10142: 10104: 10097: 10090: 10081: 10080: 9925:John IV Laskaris 9898:Alexios V Doukas 9883:Isaac II Angelos 9849:John II Komnenos 9775:Isaac I Komnenos 9735:Constantine VIII 9725:John I Tzimiskes 9452:Byzantine Empire 9226: 9225: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8700: 8699: 8506: 8505: 8464: 8457: 8450: 8441: 8440: 8425:by Ian Mladjov, 8392: 8333: 8312: 8286: 8284: 8283: 8255: 8234: 8215: 8194: 8175: 8151: 8137: 8116: 8101: 8080: 8053: 8036:Nicol, Donald M. 8031: 8020:Nicol, Donald M. 8015: 7991: 7970: 7949: 7928: 7907: 7886: 7865: 7841: 7820: 7818: 7817: 7793: 7761: 7743: 7727: 7716: 7714: 7713: 7685: 7664: 7647: 7624: 7603: 7568: 7540: 7517:Champlin, Edward 7508: 7481: 7460: 7430: 7429: 7400: 7394: 7393:, pp. 3–33. 7388: 7382: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7338: 7332: 7319: 7313: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7241: 7235: 7234: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7125: 7116: 7115: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7006: 7000: 6997:Goldsworthy 2010 6994: 6988: 6987: 6965: 6959: 6945:princeps senatus 6932: 6926: 6920: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6869: 6863: 6847: 6841: 6840: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6790:Loewenstein 1973 6787: 6781: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6646: 6640: 6637:Loewenstein 1973 6634: 6628: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6557: 6527: 6518: 6512: 6503: 6502: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6430: 6429: 6398: 6389: 6388: 6354: 6341: 6340: 6318: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6264: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6214: 6203: 6202: 6180: 6171: 6170: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5857: 5851: 5846: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5716: 5710: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5550: 5544: 5541:Mousourakis 2014 5538: 5532: 5531: 5506: 5497: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5452: 5451: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5400: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5291: 5282: 5281: 5259: 5253: 5252:, pp. 17ff. 5247: 5241: 5240: 5216: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5098: 5092: 5082: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5001: 4992: 4991: 4983: 4977: 4976:, pp. 60–62 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4936: 4930: 4929:, pp. 60–62 4916: 4910: 4907:Mousourakis 2014 4900: 4894: 4893: 4871: 4862: 4856: 4847: 4846: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4784: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4741: 4735: 4732:Mousourakis 2017 4725: 4719: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4672: 4666: 4663:Mousourakis 2017 4652: 4646: 4639:Mousourakis 2014 4636: 4630: 4627:Mousourakis 2017 4623:Mousourakis 2014 4620: 4614: 4604: 4598: 4591:Mousourakis 2014 4588: 4582: 4579:Mousourakis 2017 4576: 4567: 4560:Mousourakis 2017 4557: 4535: 4529: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4494: 4488: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4414: 4408: 4395: 4389: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4235: 4216: 4210: 4195: 4189: 4179: 4173: 4170:John IV Laskaris 4154: 4148: 4133:Russian emperors 4129: 4123: 4091: 4071: 4066: 4060: 4057:Eastern Orthodox 4007:Byzantine Empire 4003: 3997: 3970: 3964: 3937: 3931: 3920: 3914: 3857: 3853:The text reads: 3851: 3845: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3768: 3762: 3760: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3736: 3726: 3669: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3510:princeps Romanus 3346: 3264:princeps senatus 3122:Augustus (title) 3084:Imperator Caesar 3009: 2980:Imperator Caesar 2745:Caesar Imperator 2741:Imperator Caesar 2641: 2627: 2616: 2607: 2578:, fell in 1461. 2497:Muslim conquests 2432:Basileus Romaíon 2391:(the first time 2339:Western kingdoms 2325:Byzantine period 2236: 2227: 1916:is known as the 1822:Pescennius Niger 1602: 1524:pontifex maximus 1498:pontifex maximus 1474:censor perpetuus 1330: 1323: 1316: 1272:Pontifex maximus 1265:Princeps senatus 1251:Magister militum 1086:Consular tribune 1080:Magister equitum 908:Augustan reforms 779: 763: 762: 734: 674:First settlement 631: 581:pontifex maximus 561: 400:Basileus Romaíon 308:Pontifex maximus 200:16 January 27 BC 87: 67: 51: 50:the Roman Empire 45: 44: 21: 12087: 12086: 12082: 12081: 12080: 12078: 12077: 12076: 12037: 12036: 12035: 12030: 11892: 11890: 11884: 11774: 11610:Aëtius of Amida 11591: 11577:Verrius Flaccus 11557:Valerius Antias 11517:Silius Italicus 11452:Pliny the Elder 11397:Marcus Aurelius 11272:Cornelius Nepos 11222:Aurelius Victor 11176: 11098: 11010: 10944:Secessio plebis 10915: 10790: 10742: 10616: 10570: 10500: 10382: 10334: 10250: 10171: 10132: 10114: 10108: 10078: 10073: 10066: 10010:Gallic emperors 9998: 9686:Constantine VII 9467:Constantine III 9454: 9451: 9440: 9349: 9341: 9280:Valentinian III 9268:Constantius III 9262:Priscus Attalus 9246:Constantine III 9232: 9224: 9114:Valerius Valens 9059: 9051: 8897: 8889: 8848:Didius Julianus 8828:Marcus Aurelius 8745: 8737: 8727: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8649: 8619: 8608:Gallic emperors 8594:Gordian dynasty 8575: 8570:Severan dynasty 8552:Flavian dynasty 8499: 8498: 8474: 8468: 8399: 8336:Scarre, Chris. 8330: 8309: 8293: 8291:Further reading 8281: 8279: 8277: 8252: 8231: 8212: 8172: 8134: 8098: 8069: 8050: 8012: 7988: 7967: 7946: 7925: 7904: 7883: 7863: 7838: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7782:10.2307/4238646 7740: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7682: 7645: 7621: 7600: 7565: 7553:. Vol. 1. 7537: 7523:, eds. (1996). 7521:Lintott, Andrew 7513:Bowman, Alan K. 7505: 7478: 7457: 7439: 7434: 7433: 7423: 7401: 7397: 7389: 7385: 7364: 7360: 7339: 7335: 7320: 7316: 7302: 7298: 7291: 7273: 7269: 7263: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7213: 7209: 7202: 7184: 7180: 7173: 7155: 7151: 7144: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7094: 7090: 7083: 7065: 7061: 7054: 7036: 7032: 7025: 7007: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6966: 6962: 6933: 6929: 6917: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6870: 6866: 6860:Book II, 62, 90 6848: 6844: 6837: 6811: 6807: 6792:, p. 349; 6788: 6784: 6771: 6767: 6760: 6750:Onoma Basileias 6746: 6742: 6734: 6730: 6723: 6705: 6701: 6694: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6647: 6643: 6635: 6631: 6625:Tiberius Caesar 6608: 6604: 6597: 6581: 6577: 6569: 6560: 6528: 6521: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6452: 6448: 6440: 6433: 6426: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6355: 6344: 6337: 6319: 6312: 6308:, p. 1047. 6304: 6300: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6273: 6262: 6250: 6246: 6215: 6206: 6199: 6181: 6174: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6144: 6133: 6125: 6121: 6109: 6105: 6093: 6071: 6067: 6060: 6042: 6038: 6031: 6013: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5990: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5947: 5943: 5936: 5916: 5912: 5897: 5893: 5858: 5854: 5823: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5770: 5766: 5762:, pp. 5–6. 5758: 5754: 5750:, pp. 1–8. 5746: 5742: 5735: 5717: 5713: 5697: 5693: 5685: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5618: 5614: 5606: 5602: 5594: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5555:, p. 189; 5551: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5507: 5500: 5488: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5464: 5455: 5448: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5401: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5355: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5330: 5328: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5308: 5292: 5285: 5278: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5217: 5210: 5201: 5199: 5182: 5180: 5173:"Doukas family" 5169: 5165: 5158: 5140: 5136: 5099: 5095: 5083: 5076: 5068: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5027: 5023: 5002: 4995: 4988:Marcus Aurelius 4984: 4980: 4968: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4937: 4933: 4917: 4913: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4872: 4865: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4827: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4742: 4738: 4726: 4722: 4714:, p. 231; 4710: 4706: 4699: 4677:, p. 231; 4673: 4669: 4661:, p. 145; 4657:, p. 231; 4653: 4649: 4637: 4633: 4621: 4617: 4605: 4601: 4589: 4585: 4577: 4570: 4554: 4536: 4532: 4516: 4512: 4495: 4491: 4480: 4476: 4457:, p. 119; 4453: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4415: 4411: 4396: 4392: 4380: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4238: 4217: 4213: 4203:Valerius Valens 4196: 4192: 4180: 4176: 4155: 4151: 4130: 4126: 4089: 4088:is referred as 4069: 4067: 4063: 4004: 4000: 3971: 3967: 3957:maior imperator 3941:mosaic in Italy 3938: 3934: 3921: 3917: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3769: 3765: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3733: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3665: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3643:Valerius Valens 3557: 3486: 3478:Main articles: 3476: 3365: 3359: 3344: 3229: 3223: 3213:semper augustus 3189:, but the form 3124: 3118: 3108:Leo VI the Wise 3007: 2940:Piso Licinianus 2883:Originally the 2881: 2875: 2684:Aemilius Paulus 2646: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2628: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2608: 2597: 2591: 2584: 2491:. According to 2381:. Pepin's son, 2375:Pope Stephen II 2371:Pepin the Short 2347:empress regnant 2327: 2296:, made himself 2267: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2229: 2228: 1971:Maximinus Thrax 1894: 1842:Priscus Attalus 1818:Clodius Albinus 1790:Marcus Aurelius 1760:Theodor Mommsen 1694:Marcus Aurelius 1642:Julia the Elder 1629: 1536:Valentinian III 1528:bishops of Rome 1334: 1305: 1301:Other countries 1292: 1161: 1118: 1053: 998: 963: 919: 896:Sullan republic 861: 857: 848: 839: 835: 828: 818: 809: 800: 770: 761: 475: 469: 451:Ottoman sultans 347:and one in the 289:, originally a 217: 192: 97: 74: 58: 49: 43: 28: 23: 22: 18:Emperor of Rome 15: 12: 11: 5: 12085: 12075: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12062:Roman emperors 12059: 12054: 12049: 12032: 12031: 12029: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11897: 11895: 11886: 11885: 11883: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11786: 11784: 11780: 11779: 11776: 11775: 11773: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11601: 11599: 11593: 11592: 11590: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11462:Pomponius Mela 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11197:Aelius Donatus 11193: 11191: 11182: 11178: 11177: 11175: 11174: 11169: 11168: 11167: 11165:Ecclesiastical 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11119: 11114: 11108: 11106: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11020: 11018: 11012: 11011: 11009: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10967: 10966: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10925: 10923: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10913: 10908: 10906:Toys and games 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10877: 10876: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10800: 10798: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10752: 10750: 10744: 10743: 10741: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10719: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10688: 10683: 10682: 10681: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10630: 10628: 10622: 10621: 10618: 10617: 10615: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10578: 10576: 10572: 10571: 10569: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10517: 10515: 10508: 10502: 10501: 10499: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10446:Vigintisexviri 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10406:Cursus honorum 10403: 10398: 10392: 10390: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10344: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10321: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10264: 10262: 10256: 10255: 10252: 10251: 10249: 10248: 10247: 10246: 10236: 10235: 10234: 10229: 10219: 10218: 10217: 10212: 10205:Western Empire 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10181: 10179: 10173: 10172: 10170: 10169: 10164: 10163: 10162: 10152: 10146: 10140: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10130: 10125: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10107: 10106: 10099: 10092: 10084: 10075: 10074: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10064: 10063: 10062: 10057: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10031: 10025: 10019: 10013: 10006: 10004: 10000: 9999: 9997: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9969: 9964: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9846: 9834: 9829: 9805: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9765:Theodora (III) 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9661: 9656: 9644: 9632: 9627: 9615: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9580:Constantine VI 9577: 9572: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9544:Theodosius III 9541: 9536: 9531: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9489:Constantine IV 9486: 9481: 9469: 9464: 9458: 9456: 9446: 9445: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9438: 9433: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9353: 9351: 9347:Eastern Empire 9343: 9342: 9340: 9339: 9332: 9327: 9320: 9313: 9308: 9301: 9296: 9289: 9282: 9277: 9270: 9265: 9258: 9242: 9236: 9234: 9230:Western Empire 9223: 9222: 9215: 9203:Magnus Maximus 9199: 9197:Valentinian II 9194: 9189: 9184: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9150: 9143: 9136: 9131: 9129:Constantius II 9126: 9124:Constantine II 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9063: 9061: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8992: 8987: 8979: 8974: 8956: 8944: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8901: 8899: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8823:Antoninus Pius 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8749: 8747: 8746:27 BC – AD 235 8739: 8738: 8726: 8725: 8718: 8711: 8703: 8694: 8693: 8689: 8688: 8686: 8685: 8684: 8683: 8677: 8671: 8659: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8647: 8641: 8635: 8629: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8617: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8603: 8597: 8591: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8567: 8561: 8555: 8549: 8543: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8497: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8480: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8473:by time period 8471:Roman emperors 8467: 8466: 8459: 8452: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8420: 8411: 8398: 8397:External links 8395: 8394: 8393: 8365:10.2307/299114 8348: 8334: 8328: 8313: 8307: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8275: 8256: 8250: 8235: 8229: 8216: 8210: 8195: 8176: 8170: 8152: 8138: 8132: 8117: 8102: 8096: 8081: 8067: 8054: 8048: 8032: 8016: 8010: 7992: 7986: 7971: 7965: 7950: 7944: 7929: 7923: 7908: 7902: 7887: 7881: 7866: 7861: 7842: 7836: 7821: 7809: 7794: 7766:Hammond, Mason 7762: 7744: 7738: 7717: 7705: 7686: 7680: 7665: 7648: 7643: 7625: 7619: 7604: 7598: 7569: 7563: 7541: 7535: 7509: 7503: 7482: 7476: 7461: 7455: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7421: 7407:. p. 15. 7395: 7383: 7368:, ed. (1993). 7366:Cessi, Roberto 7358: 7333: 7314: 7296: 7289: 7267: 7261: 7236: 7229: 7207: 7200: 7178: 7171: 7149: 7142: 7117: 7110: 7088: 7081: 7059: 7052: 7030: 7023: 7001: 6999:, p. 443. 6989: 6982: 6960: 6927: 6923:Greenidge 1901 6915: 6893: 6886: 6864: 6842: 6835: 6805: 6782: 6765: 6758: 6740: 6738:, p. 363. 6728: 6721: 6699: 6692: 6670: 6663: 6641: 6639:, p. 349. 6629: 6602: 6595: 6575: 6571:Greenidge 1901 6558: 6519: 6504: 6497: 6475: 6468: 6446: 6431: 6424: 6390: 6383: 6342: 6335: 6310: 6298: 6278: 6271: 6244: 6204: 6197: 6172: 6150: 6148:, p. 235. 6131: 6129:, p. 264. 6119: 6117:, p. 264. 6103: 6101:, p. 264. 6091: 6065: 6058: 6036: 6029: 6007: 6005:, p. 413. 5995: 5988: 5970: 5963: 5941: 5934: 5910: 5891: 5852: 5850:, p. 408. 5817: 5805: 5793: 5786: 5764: 5752: 5740: 5733: 5711: 5691: 5676: 5674:, p. 231. 5664: 5652: 5640: 5628: 5622:, p. 56; 5612: 5600: 5585: 5573: 5561: 5545: 5533: 5526: 5498: 5492:, p. 77; 5482: 5470: 5453: 5446: 5424: 5417: 5392: 5380: 5373: 5349: 5347:, p. 131. 5337: 5313: 5306: 5283: 5276: 5254: 5242: 5208: 5163: 5156: 5134: 5093: 5074: 5062: 5050: 5043: 5021: 4993: 4978: 4972:, p. 76; 4962: 4950: 4931: 4925:, p. 76; 4911: 4895: 4888: 4863: 4848: 4841: 4821: 4819:, p. 280. 4809: 4803: 4776: 4764: 4758: 4736: 4720: 4718:, p. 145. 4704: 4697: 4667: 4665:, p. 242. 4647: 4641:, p. 18; 4631: 4625:, p. 18; 4615: 4599: 4593:, p. 18; 4583: 4568: 4552: 4530: 4510: 4489: 4474: 4447: 4445:, p. 201. 4435: 4427:184th Olympiad 4409: 4390: 4374: 4362: 4339: 4327: 4315: 4303: 4301:, p. 147. 4291: 4279: 4267: 4265:, p. 408. 4251: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4211: 4190: 4174: 4149: 4124: 4061: 4053:Roman Catholic 4049:schism of 1054 4015:Constantinople 3998: 3972:Starting with 3965: 3945:Constantine IV 3932: 3924:Valentinian II 3915: 3895:supreme priest 3868:Antoninus Pius 3846: 3797: 3790: 3763: 3745: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3654: 3651: 3565:Constantius II 3556: 3553: 3514:dominus noster 3475: 3472: 3361:Main article: 3358: 3349: 3320:" (instead of 3225:Main article: 3222: 3217: 3120:Main article: 3117: 3112: 3110:(r. 886–912). 3033:awarded it to 3004:Constantius II 2976:Antoninus Pius 2879:Caesar (title) 2877:Main article: 2874: 2869: 2800:dominus noster 2729:Augustus used 2724:Junius Blaesus 2658:Roman Republic 2629: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2609: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2593:Main article: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2472:, and later a 2385:, was crowned 2326: 2323: 2241: 2240: 2231: 2230: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2195:Constantinople 2151:Valentinian II 1893: 1890: 1878:Magnus Maximus 1862:Magnus Maximus 1858:Constantius II 1846:Constantinople 1648:' son-in-law. 1628: 1625: 1488:(both in 73). 1464:The office of 1396:, such as the 1390:imperium maius 1363:imperium maius 1336: 1335: 1333: 1332: 1325: 1318: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1304: 1303: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1268: 1261: 1254: 1247: 1240: 1233: 1230:Vigintisexviri 1226: 1219: 1212: 1205: 1198: 1191: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1160: 1159: 1152: 1145: 1138: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1117: 1116: 1109: 1102: 1095: 1088: 1083: 1076: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1000: 999: 997: 996: 991: 986: 981: 975: 972: 971: 965: 964: 962: 961: 958:Cursus honorum 954: 949: 942: 937: 931: 928: 927: 921: 920: 918: 917: 912: 911: 910: 900: 899: 898: 888: 882: 879: 878: 872: 871: 870: 869: 860: 859: 850: 840: 838: 837: 830: 829:27 BC – AD 284 822: 821: 820: 819:27 BC – AD 395 811: 806:Roman Republic 802: 790: 789: 785: 784: 781: 780: 772: 771: 766: 760: 757: 741:imperium maius 509:Roman Republic 484:depicted as a 468: 465: 447:Ottoman Empire 367:Constantinople 233: 232: 230:Roman military 223: 219: 218: 216: 215: 212: 208: 206: 202: 201: 198: 194: 193: 191: 190: 183:Constantine XI 180: 170: 159: 157: 153: 152: 147: 143: 142: 116: 112: 111: 107: 106: 103: 102: 99: 98: 88: 80: 79: 76: 75: 68: 60: 59: 56: 53: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12084: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11898: 11896: 11887: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11787: 11785: 11781: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11602: 11600: 11598: 11594: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11352:Julius Paulus 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11287:Fabius Pictor 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11194: 11192: 11190: 11186: 11183: 11179: 11173: 11170: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11122: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11107: 11105: 11101: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11024:Amphitheatres 11022: 11021: 11019: 11017: 11013: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10965: 10962: 10961: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10926: 10924: 10922: 10918: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10875: 10872: 10871: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10797: 10793: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10761:Deforestation 10759: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10751: 10749: 10745: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10711:Siege engines 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10693: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10680: 10677: 10676: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10644:Establishment 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10627: 10623: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10579: 10577: 10575:Extraordinary 10573: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10561:Promagistrate 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10503: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10389: 10385: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10348:Twelve Tables 10346: 10345: 10343: 10341: 10337: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10300: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10261: 10257: 10245: 10242: 10241: 10240: 10237: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10224: 10223: 10220: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10182: 10180: 10178: 10174: 10168: 10165: 10161: 10158: 10157: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10147: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10135: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10120: 10117: 10112: 10105: 10100: 10098: 10093: 10091: 10086: 10085: 10082: 10069: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10052: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10035: 10032: 10029: 10026: 10023: 10020: 10017: 10014: 10011: 10008: 10007: 10005: 10001: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9979: 9978: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9910: 9909: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9878: 9877: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9856: 9855: 9850: 9847: 9844: 9843: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9827: 9826: 9821: 9820: 9815: 9814: 9809: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9797: 9796: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9710: 9709: 9704: 9703: 9698: 9697: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9654: 9653: 9648: 9647:Theodora (II) 9645: 9642: 9641: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9625: 9624: 9619: 9616: 9613: 9612: 9607: 9606: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9568: 9562: 9561: 9557: 9555: 9554:Constantine V 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9539:Anastasius II 9537: 9535: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9502: 9501: 9496: 9495: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9479: 9478: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9453: 9447: 9437: 9434: 9431: 9430: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9394: 9393: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9362:Theodosius II 9360: 9358: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9338: 9337: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9325: 9321: 9319: 9318: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9306: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9294: 9290: 9288: 9287: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9275: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9263: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9254: 9248: 9247: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9221: 9220: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9182: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9170:Valentinian I 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9155: 9151: 9149: 9148: 9144: 9142: 9141: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9099: 9095: 9093: 9092:Constantine I 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9082:Constantius I 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8966: 8965: 8960: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8948: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8875: 8874: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8735: 8731: 8724: 8719: 8717: 8712: 8710: 8705: 8704: 8701: 8681: 8678: 8675: 8672: 8669: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8645: 8642: 8639: 8636: 8633: 8630: 8627: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8615: 8612: 8609: 8606: 8601: 8598: 8595: 8592: 8589: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8571: 8568: 8565: 8562: 8559: 8556: 8553: 8550: 8547: 8544: 8541: 8538: 8537: 8535: 8534: 8531: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8508: 8507: 8502: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8477: 8472: 8465: 8460: 8458: 8453: 8451: 8446: 8445: 8442: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8409: 8404: 8401: 8400: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8349: 8347: 8346:0-5000-5077-5 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8325: 8321: 8320: 8314: 8310: 8304: 8300: 8295: 8294: 8278: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8263: 8257: 8253: 8247: 8243: 8242: 8236: 8232: 8226: 8222: 8217: 8213: 8207: 8204:. Routledge. 8203: 8202: 8196: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8171:0-87169-127-2 8167: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8148: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8129: 8125: 8124: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8109: 8103: 8099: 8093: 8089: 8088: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8060: 8055: 8051: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8030:(4): 315–339. 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8007: 8003: 8002: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7983: 7979: 7978: 7972: 7968: 7962: 7959:. Routledge. 7958: 7957: 7951: 7947: 7941: 7937: 7936: 7930: 7926: 7920: 7916: 7915: 7909: 7905: 7899: 7895: 7894: 7888: 7884: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7867: 7864: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7849: 7843: 7839: 7833: 7829: 7828: 7822: 7812: 7806: 7802: 7801: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7735: 7731: 7726: 7725: 7718: 7708: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7693: 7687: 7683: 7677: 7673: 7672: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7649: 7646: 7640: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7616: 7612: 7611: 7605: 7601: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7570: 7566: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7551: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7532: 7528: 7527: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7448: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7387: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7345: 7337: 7330: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7292: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7271: 7264: 7262:0-5212-0159-4 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7240: 7232: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7211: 7203: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7182: 7174: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7153: 7145: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7124: 7122: 7113: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7092: 7084: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7063: 7055: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7034: 7026: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6993: 6985: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6931: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6897: 6889: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6868: 6861: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6838: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6816: 6809: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6786: 6779: 6775: 6772:Novela 1, in 6769: 6761: 6755: 6751: 6744: 6737: 6732: 6724: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6703: 6695: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6674: 6666: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6633: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6606: 6598: 6596:0-8840-2012-6 6592: 6588: 6587: 6579: 6572: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6526: 6524: 6516: 6511: 6509: 6500: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6479: 6471: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6438: 6436: 6427: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6395: 6386: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6338: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6315: 6307: 6302: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6282: 6274: 6268: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6248: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6200: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6177: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6147: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6128: 6123: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6069: 6061: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6040: 6032: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5999: 5991: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5966: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5945: 5937: 5935:0-1981-4098-3 5931: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5914: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5815:, p. 61. 5814: 5809: 5803:, p. 62. 5802: 5797: 5789: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5756: 5749: 5744: 5736: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5689:, p. 42. 5688: 5683: 5681: 5673: 5668: 5662:, p. 55. 5661: 5656: 5650:, p. 56. 5649: 5644: 5637: 5632: 5626:, p. 12. 5625: 5621: 5616: 5610:, p. 25. 5609: 5604: 5598:, p. 26. 5597: 5592: 5590: 5583:, p. 53. 5582: 5577: 5571:, p. 77. 5570: 5565: 5559:, p. 25. 5558: 5554: 5549: 5543:, p. 20. 5542: 5537: 5529: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5510:Southern, Pat 5505: 5503: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5480:, p. 10. 5479: 5474: 5468:, p. 54. 5467: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5449: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5420: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5397: 5389: 5384: 5376: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5353: 5346: 5341: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5309: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5290: 5288: 5279: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5251: 5246: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5213: 5197: 5193: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5159: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5097: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5081: 5079: 5071: 5066: 5059: 5054: 5046: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5000: 4998: 4989: 4982: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4960:, p. 76. 4959: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4909:, p. 20. 4908: 4904: 4899: 4891: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4868: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4844: 4838: 4835:. Routledge. 4834: 4833: 4825: 4818: 4813: 4806: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4783: 4781: 4774:, p. 36. 4773: 4768: 4761: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4700: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4671: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4580: 4575: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4493: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4444: 4439: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4406: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4371: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4348: 4343: 4336: 4331: 4324: 4319: 4313:, p. 28. 4312: 4307: 4300: 4299:Williams 1997 4295: 4288: 4287:Galinsky 2005 4283: 4277:, p. 37. 4276: 4271: 4264: 4259: 4257: 4252: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4199:Constantine I 4194: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4128: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4086:Helena Dragaš 4084:"). His wife 4083: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4029:Ottoman Turks 4026: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3986:Valentinian I 3983: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3897:, having the 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3850: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3822:Lucius Caesar 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3793: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3749: 3742: 3731: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3710:Roman usurper 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3657: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3618:Chronographia 3614: 3609: 3607: 3606:Constantine I 3603: 3599: 3598: 3593: 3590:, there were 3589: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3454:, mainly the 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3384: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3357: 3353: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3241:Julius Caesar 3238: 3234: 3228: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3187: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3040:sebastokrator 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3023:Constantine I 3020: 3016: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2946:. After this 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2880: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2821:In the East, 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2700:Julius Caesar 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2612: 2606: 2596: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2509:Caesaropapist 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2367:Constantine V 2364: 2361:. Africa was 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2322: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2298:king of Italy 2295: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2235: 2226: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2197:as capital). 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2175:Constantius I 2172: 2171:Constantine I 2168: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2099:pater patriae 2095: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2059:, the son of 2058: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1953:, led to the 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1761: 1758:phenomenon." 1757: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1644:, making him 1643: 1639: 1635: 1634:Primogeniture 1624: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1582: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1567:retroactively 1564: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1446:sacrosanctity 1443: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1418:(18 BC). 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1364: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1308: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1296: 1295: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1143: 1139: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1029:Promagistrate 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1002: 1001: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 976: 974: 973: 970: 967: 966: 960: 959: 955: 953: 950: 948: 947: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 932: 930: 929: 926: 923: 922: 916: 913: 909: 906: 905: 904: 901: 897: 894: 893: 892: 889: 887: 884: 883: 881: 880: 877: 874: 873: 868: 867: 863: 862: 856: 855: 851: 847: 846: 842: 841: 834: 831: 827: 824: 823: 817: 816: 812: 808: 807: 803: 799: 798: 797:Roman Kingdom 794: 793: 792: 791: 787: 786: 783: 782: 778: 774: 773: 769: 765: 764: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 733: 728: 723: 719: 717: 716: 711: 707: 703: 699: 698: 693: 689: 688: 683: 679: 675: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 639: 635: 630: 629: 623: 619: 615: 613: 612: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 582: 577: 576:Julius Caesar 571: 569: 565: 560: 559: 553: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 501:Julius Caesar 498: 491: 487: 483: 479: 474: 464: 462: 458: 457: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 423:Empress Irene 420: 416: 411: 409: 405: 401: 397: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 375:Caesaropapism 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 333: 331: 327: 326: 321: 317: 312: 310: 309: 304: 303: 298: 297: 292: 288: 287: 282: 281: 276: 275: 270: 269: 264: 263: 258: 254: 253: 248: 244: 243:head of state 240: 239:Roman emperor 231: 227: 224: 220: 213: 210: 209: 207: 203: 199: 195: 188: 184: 181: 178: 174: 171: 168: 164: 161: 160: 158: 154: 151: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 117: 113: 108: 104: 100: 96: 95:corona civica 92: 86: 81: 77: 73: 72: 66: 61: 54: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 11966:Institutions 11830:Leptis Magna 11783:Major cities 11690:Philostratus 11477:Quadrigarius 11297:Rufus Festus 11160:Contemporary 10881:Romanization 10804:Architecture 10415: 10411:Collegiality 10260:Constitution 10111:Ancient Rome 9977:Andronikos V 9975: 9958: 9906: 9874: 9852: 9840: 9823: 9817: 9811: 9799: 9793: 9706: 9700: 9694: 9667: 9650: 9638: 9621: 9609: 9603: 9590:Nikephoros I 9565: 9564: 9558: 9525: 9522:Justinian II 9517:Tiberius III 9507:Justinian II 9498: 9492: 9475: 9427: 9399:Anastasius I 9390: 9334: 9330:Julius Nepos 9322: 9315: 9303: 9291: 9284: 9272: 9260: 9251: 9250: 9244: 9217: 9208: 9207: 9201: 9192:Theodosius I 9179: 9152: 9145: 9138: 9109:Maximinus II 9096: 8998: 8981: 8968: 8962: 8950: 8938: 8871: 8833:Lucius Verus 8489:Roman Empire 8470: 8406: 8356: 8352: 8337: 8318: 8298: 8280:. Retrieved 8265:. New York: 8261: 8240: 8220: 8200: 8183: 8180:Syme, Ronald 8160: 8146: 8142:Sandys, John 8122: 8107: 8086: 8058: 8039: 8027: 8023: 8000: 7976: 7955: 7938:. Springer. 7934: 7913: 7892: 7871: 7846: 7826: 7814:. Retrieved 7799: 7773: 7769: 7752: 7723: 7710:. Retrieved 7691: 7670: 7652: 7633: 7609: 7589: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7549: 7525: 7490: 7470:. Springer. 7466: 7445: 7426: 7404: 7398: 7386: 7370: 7361: 7343: 7336: 7325: 7317: 7307: 7299: 7276: 7270: 7248: 7245: 7239: 7216: 7210: 7187: 7181: 7158: 7152: 7129: 7097: 7091: 7068: 7062: 7039: 7033: 7010: 7004: 6992: 6969: 6963: 6953: 6949: 6943: 6934: 6930: 6902: 6896: 6873: 6867: 6853: 6845: 6822: 6814: 6808: 6799: 6785: 6773: 6768: 6749: 6743: 6736:Kazhdan 1991 6731: 6708: 6702: 6679: 6673: 6650: 6644: 6632: 6624: 6620: 6605: 6585: 6578: 6549: 6537: 6515:Hammond 1957 6484: 6478: 6455: 6449: 6415: 6405: 6401: 6362: 6322: 6306:Kazhdan 1991 6301: 6290: 6281: 6258: 6247: 6225:(84): 1–14. 6222: 6218: 6184: 6162: 6153: 6146:Kazhdan 1991 6127:Kazhdan 1991 6122: 6115:Kazhdan 1991 6106: 6099:Kazhdan 1991 6074: 6068: 6045: 6039: 6016: 6010: 6003:Kazhdan 1991 5998: 5979: 5973: 5950: 5944: 5924: 5920:Mango, Cyril 5913: 5904: 5894: 5869: 5865: 5855: 5834: 5830: 5820: 5808: 5796: 5773: 5767: 5755: 5743: 5720: 5714: 5706: 5703: 5694: 5687:Hekster 2022 5667: 5655: 5643: 5636:Digeser 2000 5631: 5615: 5608:Digeser 2000 5603: 5596:Digeser 2000 5576: 5564: 5557:Digeser 2000 5553:Hekster 2022 5548: 5536: 5513: 5494:Digeser 2000 5485: 5473: 5433: 5427: 5404: 5383: 5363: 5359: 5352: 5340: 5329:. 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Retrieved 5176: 5166: 5143: 5137: 5112: 5106: 5096: 5084: 5065: 5053: 5030: 5024: 5006: 4987: 4981: 4965: 4953: 4944: 4934: 4914: 4898: 4875: 4831: 4824: 4812: 4792: 4772:Hekster 2022 4767: 4749: 4739: 4723: 4707: 4684: 4670: 4650: 4634: 4618: 4602: 4586: 4539: 4533: 4513: 4499: 4492: 4482:Ancient Rome 4477: 4468: 4450: 4438: 4430: 4420: 4412: 4402: 4393: 4377: 4365: 4352: 4342: 4330: 4318: 4311:Heather 2005 4306: 4294: 4282: 4270: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4214: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4152: 4142: 4136: 4127: 4117: 4105: 4064: 4051:between the 4018: 4001: 3994:Theodosius I 3968: 3960: 3956: 3935: 3918: 3849: 3800: 3777: 3771: 3766: 3754: 3748: 3741:Julius Nepos 3724: 3632: 3626: 3617: 3610: 3595: 3591: 3577: 3563:Portrait of 3540: 3522: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3487: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3367: 3366: 3355: 3351: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3279: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3232: 3230: 3219: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3190: 3184: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3157: 3147: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3114: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3062: 3052: 3048: 3038: 3031:Justinian II 3026: 3018: 3012: 2992:nobilissimus 2990: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2929: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2871: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2836: 2826: 2822: 2820: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2784: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2744: 2740: 2739:), becoming 2734: 2730: 2728: 2715: 2711: 2691: 2679: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2647: 2587: 2555: 2540:the Iberians 2520:Latin Empire 2513: 2482: 2477: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2413: 2397:Pope Leo III 2392: 2386: 2379:Papal States 2336: 2328: 2310:Julius Nepos 2302:Emperor Zeno 2268: 2257:Julius Nepos 2246: 2213: 2202:Theodosius I 2199: 2183:Theodosius I 2179:Christianity 2164: 2134: 2122: 2118: 2116: 2097: 2091: 2088:Anastasius I 2083: 2073: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2049:divine right 2046: 2017: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1991: 1986: 1936: 1934: 1921: 1911: 1866:Theodosius I 1826:Roman Senate 1810: 1779: 1764: 1755: 1749: 1739: 1734:Ostia Antica 1712: 1705: 1698:Lucius Verus 1671: 1650: 1630: 1618: 1612: 1590: 1586: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1556: 1546: 1544: 1523: 1517: 1506: 1496: 1493:worship cult 1490: 1473: 1463: 1455:regnal years 1440: 1423: 1421: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1377: 1373: 1367: 1361: 1359: 1354: 1339: 1270: 1263: 1256: 1249: 1242: 1235: 1228: 1221: 1214: 1207: 1200: 1193: 1186: 1178: 1162: 1154: 1147: 1140: 1133: 1111: 1104: 1097: 1090: 1078: 956: 944: 940:Collegiality 876:Constitution 864: 853: 844: 815:Roman Empire 813: 804: 795: 752: 744: 740: 736: 724: 720: 713: 705: 695: 685: 677: 671: 643: 609: 601: 579: 572: 551: 549: 494: 456:kayser-i Rûm 454: 412: 399: 387:Julius Nepos 357: 334: 323: 313: 306: 300: 294: 284: 278: 272: 266: 260: 250: 247:Roman Empire 238: 236: 226:Roman Senate 173:Julius Nepos 163:Theodosius I 93:wearing the 69: 40:Roman consul 36:King of Rome 11961:Geographers 11645:Dioscorides 11625:Cassius Dio 11247:Cassiodorus 11150:Renaissance 10756:Agriculture 10728:Auxiliaries 10669:Engineering 10506:Magistrates 10358:Citizenship 10353:Mos maiorum 10288:Late Empire 10036:(1224–1242) 10030:(1204–1461) 9819:Konstantios 9696:Christopher 9669:Constantine 9659:Michael III 9640:Constantine 9623:Constantine 9605:Theophylact 9534:Philippicus 9484:Constans II 9409:Justinian I 9305:Severus III 9253:Constans II 9007:Claudius II 8983:Silbannacus 8930:Gordian III 8905:Maximinus I 8873:Diadumenian 8682:(1224–1246) 8676:(1204–1461) 8670:(1204–1261) 8664:(395–1453) 8626:Tetrarchies 8494:Family tree 7629:Eck, Werner 7391:Omissi 2018 7194:, 100–104. 6813:Suetonius, 6365:. pp. 6359:"Imperator" 5837:: 199–213. 5813:Watkin 2017 5801:Watkin 2017 5748:McEvoy 2013 5672:Sandys 1921 5648:Watkin 2017 5620:Watkin 2017 5581:Watkin 2017 5388:Omissi 2018 5345:Omissi 2018 5250:Omissi 2018 5070:Omissi 2018 5058:McEvoy 2013 4817:Sandys 1921 4712:Sandys 1921 4675:Sandys 1921 4655:Sandys 1921 4643:Sandys 1921 4611:Sandys 1921 4595:Sandys 1921 4526:Sandys 1921 4370:Watkin 2017 4347:Sandys 1921 4335:Barnes 2009 4323:Barnes 2009 4275:Watkin 2017 4116:are called 4098:autokratora 4039:proclaimed 3842:Britannicus 3592:imperatores 3525:Burdunellus 3523:The rebels 3013:During the 2903:instead of 2901:Imp. Caesar 2861:Charlemagne 2841:Michael III 2833:υτοκράτορας 2743:instead of 2720:anachronism 2704:Cassius Dio 2690:was hailed 2487:but also a 2466:Palaiologos 2383:Charlemagne 2351:Justinian I 2334:character. 2332:Hellenistic 2243:Roman coins 2159:Diadumenian 2143:Diadumenian 2104:Constans II 1802:Palaiologoi 1756:post factum 1605:Justinian I 1581:Vespasianus 1532:Renaissance 1530:during the 1459:Justinian I 1135:Mos maiorum 915:Late Empire 858:AD 395–1453 710:civic crown 659:Mark Antony 611:liberatores 521:Cassius Dio 48:Emperor of 12041:Categories 11850:Mediolanum 11790:Alexandria 11755:Themistius 11720:Porphyrius 11547:Tertullian 11482:Quintilian 11472:Propertius 11367:Lactantius 11317:Fulgentius 11252:Censorinus 11074:Sanitation 11059:Metallurgy 11016:Technology 10981:Demography 10929:Patricians 10896:Spectacles 10854:Literature 10849:Hairstyles 10686:Technology 10436:Praefectus 10388:Government 10378:Litigation 10363:Auctoritas 10308:Centuriate 10195:Principate 10190:Pax Romana 10150:Foundation 9813:Andronikos 9801:Nikephoros 9750:Michael IV 9715:Romanos II 9635:Theophilos 9630:Michael II 9611:Staurakios 9595:Staurakios 9567:Nikephoros 9560:Artabasdos 9472:Heraclonas 9429:Theodosius 9387:Basiliscus 9147:Nepotianus 9140:Magnentius 9134:Constans I 9087:Severus II 9067:Diocletian 9012:Quintillus 8977:Aemilianus 8970:Volusianus 8915:Gordian II 8880:Elagabalus 8743:Principate 8584:(235–284) 8511:Principate 8282:2011-08-03 8123:Pax Romana 7816:2011-08-03 7756:. London: 7712:2011-08-03 7545:Bury, . B. 7380:1067434891 7327:Tertullian 6936:Res Gestae 6530:Paterculus 6191:302]–305. 6081:. p. 5872:: 95–112. 5709:: 126–145. 5360:The Latin 5331:2023-08-09 5202:2020-06-17 5115:: 82–100. 4919:Petit 2022 4903:Petit 2022 4728:Petit 2022 4716:Petit 2022 4659:Petit 2022 4607:Petit 2022 4564:Petit 2022 4522:Petit 2022 4422:Chronichon 4403:Breviarium 4242:References 4110:Andronikos 4104:is called 4078:autokrator 4045:Third Rome 3974:Diocletian 3623:Epiphanius 3602:Diocletian 3549:Belisarius 3508:(in full, 3460:Holy Roman 3440:autokrator 3428:autokrator 3420:autokrator 3416:autokrator 3383:autokrator 3356:autokrator 3298:Principate 3258:Res Gestae 3149:auctoritas 3078:After the 2960:Germanicus 2921:Julia gens 2828:autokrator 2794:After the 2672:magistracy 2648:The title 2542:, and the 2478:autokrator 2474:coronation 2454:autokrator 2449:autokrator 2189:and later 1994:Diocletian 1938:Pax Romana 1926:Diocletian 1914:Principate 1870:Magnentius 1838:Nepotianus 1782:Roman army 1561:; and use 1441:gens Julia 1398:proconsuls 1351:Principate 1347:censorship 1343:consulship 1216:Praefectus 1124:Public law 979:Centuriate 969:Assemblies 946:Auctoritas 849:AD 395–476 836:AD 284–641 826:Principate 801:753–509 BC 657:alongside 486:magistrate 471:See also: 341:tetrarchic 337:Diocletian 316:Roman army 271:and later 135:Autokrator 12006:Quaestors 11936:Empresses 11926:Dynasties 11916:Dictators 11891:and other 11880:Volubilis 11875:Vindobona 11835:Londinium 11760:Theodoret 11730:Procopius 11710:Polyaenus 11685:Pausanias 11587:Vitruvius 11532:Symmachus 11527:Suetonius 11437:Petronius 11422:Obsequens 11387:Macrobius 11382:Lucretius 11307:Frontinus 11282:Eutropius 11267:Columella 11217:Augustine 11207:Appuleius 11155:Neo-Latin 11130:Classical 11121:Versions 11029:Aqueducts 10971:Patronage 10891:Sexuality 10864:Mythology 10839:Education 10829:Cosmetics 10654:Campaigns 10649:Structure 10602:Decemviri 10461:Imperator 10160:overthrow 10055:Classical 10040:Empresses 10024:(286–296) 10018:(267–273) 10012:(260–274) 9755:Michael V 9681:Alexander 9494:Heraclius 9462:Heraclius 9414:Justin II 9324:Glycerius 9311:Anthemius 9181:Procopius 9119:Martinian 9098:Maxentius 9027:Florianus 9000:Saloninus 8995:Gallienus 8964:Hostilian 8940:Philip II 8910:Gordian I 8858:Caracalla 8793:Vespasian 8788:Vitellius 8658:(395–476) 8646:(378–455) 8640:(364–392) 8634:(305–363) 8628:(293–313) 8616:(286–297) 8610:(260–274) 8602:(268–284) 8596:(238–244) 8572:(193–235) 8566:(192–193) 8389:162347650 8373:0075-4358 8359:: 32–48. 8267:Routledge 7776:: 19–64. 7661:761003148 7580:fasiliyus 7547:(2012) . 7304:Breviarum 7277:Justinian 6550:imperator 6534:II, 80–90 6442:Syme 1958 6406:imperator 6231:0037-6795 6111:Bury 2012 5886:1250-7334 5848:Bury 2012 5843:0570-734X 5760:Bury 2012 5624:Bury 2012 5478:Bury 2012 5362:Renovatio 5237:948592865 5231:: 15–60. 5129:154368576 4859:Bury 2012 4398:Eutropius 4263:Bury 2012 4247:Citations 4224:Procopius 4207:Martinain 4158:numbering 4138:imperator 4102:John VIII 4082:augoustos 4011:Byzantium 3978:Julian II 3961:imperator 3903:imperator 3806:consulate 3728:Although 3647:Martinian 3615:, in his 3613:Filocalus 3569:Filocalus 3541:imperator 3535:governor 3404:Heraclius 3389:imperator 3275:Tetrarchy 3253:imperator 3231:The word 3205:Augoustos 3195:Heraclius 3191:Augoustos 3178:Imperator 3166:(but not 3160:who held 3154:Vitellius 3146:, and to 3128:Suetonius 3015:Tetrarchy 2972:praenomen 2970:as their 2968:Imperator 2956:Vitellius 2857:imperator 2849:imperator 2837:imperator 2823:imperator 2804:imperator 2796:Tetrarchy 2789:Vespasian 2785:imperator 2781:Vitellius 2769:imperator 2761:imperator 2736:praenomen 2731:Imperator 2712:imperator 2708:Suetonius 2692:imperator 2680:imperator 2650:imperator 2635:Vespasian 2595:Imperator 2588:Imperator 2576:Trebizond 2489:theocracy 2416:Heraclius 2393:Imperator 2248:tremissis 2167:collapsed 2155:Philip II 2131:Caracalla 2108:abolished 2093:proconsul 2067:, son of 2065:Herculius 2034:Gallienus 1998:Tetrarchy 1906:Tetrarchy 1850:Procopius 1834:Tetrarchs 1830:Maxentius 1794:Caracalla 1736:, AD 196. 1730:Caracalla 1652:Vespasian 1592:Lex regia 1553:Vespasian 1482:Vespasian 1436:patrician 1382:provinces 1258:Imperator 1106:Decemviri 1099:Triumviri 1069:Corrector 810:509–27 BC 632:drawn by 578:had been 558:imperator 529:Suetonius 371:Byzantium 280:Imperator 222:Appointer 205:Abolition 197:Formation 119:Imperator 12011:Tribunes 12001:Praetors 11951:Generals 11931:Emperors 11840:Lugdunum 11825:Eboracum 11815:Carthage 11800:Aquileia 11715:Polybius 11705:Plutarch 11675:Libanius 11665:Josephus 11660:Herodian 11552:Tibullus 11467:Priscian 11442:Phaedrus 11402:Manilius 11347:Jordanes 11332:Hydatius 11262:Claudian 11242:Catullus 11232:Boëthius 11227:Ausonius 11145:Medieval 11117:Alphabet 11089:Theatres 11064:Numerals 11049:Concrete 11039:Circuses 11006:Bagaudae 10996:Adoption 10991:Marriage 10964:Assembly 10869:Religion 10844:Folklore 10824:Clothing 10819:Calendar 10776:Currency 10766:Commerce 10664:Strategy 10626:Military 10612:Triumvir 10592:Dictator 10587:Interrex 10566:Governor 10551:Quaestor 10514:Ordinary 10496:Province 10486:Tetrarch 10476:Augustus 10441:Vicarius 10431:Officium 10368:Imperium 10318:Plebeian 10278:Republic 10200:Dominate 10167:Republic 10128:Timeline 10050:Usurpers 10045:Augustae 10003:See also 9908:Nicholas 9730:Basil II 9527:Tiberius 9512:Leontius 9500:Tiberius 9477:Tiberius 9455:610–1453 9450:Eastern/ 9404:Justin I 9357:Arcadius 9317:Olybrius 9299:Majorian 9240:Honorius 9219:Eugenius 9154:Vetranio 9104:Licinius 9077:Galerius 9072:Maximian 9057:Dominate 9047:Numerian 9017:Aurelian 8990:Valerian 8935:Philip I 8925:Balbinus 8920:Pupienus 8868:Macrinus 8843:Pertinax 8838:Commodus 8803:Domitian 8768:Claudius 8763:Caligula 8758:Tiberius 8753:Augustus 8560:(96–192) 8521:Dominate 8184:Historia 8158:(1978). 8144:(1921). 8077:78989635 8038:(1992). 7998:(1973). 7750:(1901). 6950:princeps 6823:Augustus 6815:Augustus 6776:III, p. 6554:II. 39ff 6538:princeps 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2544:Perateia 2470:basileus 2458:basileus 2444:basileus 2436:basileus 2420:basileus 2359:Lombards 2314:Dalmatia 2277:such as 2275:generals 2214:de facto 2210:Arcadius 2206:Honorius 2139:Macrinus 2135:augustus 2119:augustus 2069:Hercules 2030:Valerian 2010:Maximian 2006:caesares 1989:either. 1983:Numerian 1963:Balbinus 1959:Pupienus 1918:Dominate 1874:Eugenius 1854:Vetranio 1775:Galerius 1771:Licinius 1710:in 177. 1707:augustus 1702:Commodus 1690:Antonine 1668:Domitian 1646:Augustus 1638:Tiberius 1620:basileis 1583:Augustus 1571:imperium 1558:pomerium 1507:triumvir 1478:Claudius 1470:Domitian 1432:plebeian 1416:Augustus 1412:Denarius 1394:imperium 1386:imperium 1380:for the 1378:imperium 1374:imperium 1355:princeps 1288:Tetrarch 1278:Augustus 1223:Vicarius 1202:Officium 1113:Interrex 1074:Dictator 1049:Governor 1024:Quaestor 989:Plebeian 935:Imperium 891:Republic 866:Timeline 833:Dominate 753:augustus 749:Caligula 737:augustus 732:princeps 727:Tiberius 706:de facto 702:Augustus 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10531:Praetor 10421:Legatus 10416:Emperor 10303:Curiate 10273:Kingdom 10268:History 10244:History 10227:decline 10185:History 10155:Kingdom 10138:History 10123:Outline 10060:Eastern 9960:Matthew 9854:Alexios 9702:Stephen 9664:Basil I 9549:Leo III 9424:Maurice 9367:Marcian 9350:395–610 9274:Joannes 9233:395–480 9187:Gratian 9060:284–610 9042:Carinus 9022:Tacitus 8898:235–285 8818:Hadrian 8554:(69–96) 8548:(68–69) 8403:Website 8192:4434568 7790:4238646 7437:Sources 7247:Masties 6955:de jure 6850:Tacitus 6651:Tacitus 6613:2, 1660 6239:4204790 4431:Augusti 4094:augusta 4059:faiths. 4020:Romaioi 3872:Hadrian 3808:of the 3737: 3537:Masties 3518:regalia 3490:Odoacer 3464:Serbian 3380:, with 3294:dominus 3286:dominus 3249:dominus 3174:Emperor 3163:de jure 3158:augusti 3144:Romulus 3132:augusta 3089:Flavius 3059:Germany 2987:caesars 2966:– with 2925:Octavia 2845:Basil I 2808:dominus 2676:Romulus 2668:triumph 2652:– from 2438:of the 2290:Odoacer 2283:Ricimer 2269:In the 2191:Ravenna 2147:Gratian 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