519:
623:
2258:
2290:
37:
2624:
847:
477:
743:
734:(which means "the Senate and People of Rome") in yellow on it, however "it is difficult to find any evidence that they were ever on military flags carried by the army." This is simply the appearance of the only vexillum discovered so far, and it may not be consistent across other vexilla.
674:
was a treasured symbol of the military unit that it represented and it was closely defended in combat. It was the main standard of some types of units, especially cavalry; however, it was regarded as less important than a legion's
649:, the cloth was draped from a horizontal crossbar suspended from a staff. That is unlike most modern flags in which the "hoist" of the cloth is attached directly to a vertical staff. The bearer of a
829:
as the term for its standards. A small version is used on the altar and a larger one leads processions. In the Middle Ages, the type of banner draped from a horizontal crossbar became known as a
505:
498:
283:
179:
1012:
95:
2656:
71:
1314:
237:
681:, or eagle, and may have represented a subdivision of a legion. However, that is not entirely clear from surviving sources (see
1656:
491:
157:
1620:
1086:
45:
383:
61:
139:
1372:
1044:
253:
214:
165:
2633:
369:
302:
90:
1894:
1889:
699:
1759:
188:
2661:
766:, used as a standard in battle, and may be considered the offensive equivalent of the more defensive
2453:
1949:
1476:
617:
398:
53:
1059:
2616:
2578:
1970:
1909:
1849:
1236:
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1146:
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2266:
1352:
1329:
1285:
1224:
1079:
265:
114:
2248:
1357:
1307:
1302:
1280:
1164:
767:
364:
100:
865:– early Christian hymn whose first line uses this word, referring to the cross as a standard
2476:
1263:
1229:
1121:
900:
703:
354:
296:
24:
742:
8:
2334:
2132:
2114:
1904:
1487:
1439:
1414:
1116:
965:
918:
852:
641:, meaning a sail, which confirms the historical evidence (from coins and sculpture) that
481:
205:
2528:
2501:
1829:
1774:
1724:
1635:
1625:
1562:
1537:
1472:
1447:
1419:
1319:
1106:
993:
985:
518:
450:
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1990:
1595:
1467:
1406:
1384:
1362:
1246:
1198:
1072:
1040:
997:
890:
667:
457:
323:
312:
710:
was once attached to a piece of reed wood. It is unknown to which military unit the
622:
2257:
2213:
2201:
2122:
1924:
1729:
1676:
1671:
1605:
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1347:
1342:
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1241:
1169:
977:
702:. It is an almost square piece of coarse linen cloth with the image of the goddess
543:
434:
423:
338:
57:
718:
was found in Egypt shortly before 1911, but its exact provenance is also unclear.
2628:
2540:
2225:
2070:
2055:
2050:
1985:
1666:
1630:
1557:
1552:
1547:
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1457:
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1126:
1037:
The
Bathhouse at Midnight: An Historical Survey of Magic and Divination in Russia
428:
406:
349:
2289:
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20:
941:
134:
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2600:
2535:
2506:
2166:
2090:
2022:
1111:
861:
806:
418:
390:
318:
1975:
706:
and measures 47×50 cm. The lower edge has the remains of a fringe. The
2613:
Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)
2590:
2568:
2523:
2401:
2060:
1965:
1600:
1527:
1492:
1337:
1270:
1193:
1131:
2002:
1719:
1698:
2595:
2437:
1934:
1914:
1782:
1661:
1424:
773:
655:
328:
219:
2410:
2007:
1482:
2095:
2085:
2045:
2040:
2035:
1980:
1854:
1812:
1792:
1764:
1754:
1141:
695:
683:
594:
359:
124:
80:
2429:
989:
2496:
2100:
2080:
2075:
1884:
1869:
1686:
1391:
878:
777:
344:
1739:
1615:
1013:"The Misuse of an Ancient Roman Acronym by White Nationalist Groups"
2585:
2127:
2012:
1939:
1919:
1864:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1367:
1095:
981:
868:
831:
783:
Nearly all of the present-day regions of Italy preserve the use of
590:
2346:
2298:
805:) after the standard adopted by the first Christian Roman emperor
2237:
1995:
1929:
1899:
1879:
1874:
1859:
1839:
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1651:
1610:
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1507:
1462:
1258:
1219:
810:
793:
109:
2573:
2547:
2322:
2154:
1944:
1834:
1817:
1787:
1567:
1522:
1512:
1253:
1136:
873:
776:, or the study of flags, derives its name from this word and a
199:
2189:
1844:
1517:
1396:
1379:
908:
904:
816:
759:
567:
2293:
1502:
1064:
763:
731:
645:
were literally "little sails": flag-like standards. In the
586:
549:
561:
780:
is a standard that is not of conventional flag form.
558:
552:
842:
564:
546:
758:) is used more generally for any object, such as a
555:
726:It is sometimes reported that the vexillum of the
787:. Many Christian processional banners are in the
2648:
670:or flags of early modern Western regiments, the
694:is dated to the first half of the 3rd century
1080:
960:
958:
956:
954:
499:
964:
16:Military standard of the ancient Roman army
1087:
1073:
951:
937:
935:
506:
492:
809:replaced the usual spear point with the "
741:
737:
621:
517:
1039:, pp. 237-239, 1999, Penn State Press,
932:
746:Roman ensigns, standards, trumpets etc.
626:Modern reproduction of a Roman cavalry
2649:
730:was red in colour and had the letters
1068:
1010:
611:
791:; usually these banners are termed
637:is a derivative of the Latin word,
576:
13:
14:
2673:
1053:
690:The only existent Roman military
2657:Ancient Roman military standards
2622:
2288:
2256:
968:(1942). "Vexillum and Victory".
845:
542:
475:
35:
1029:
1011:Bond, Sarah (30 August 2018).
1004:
884:
1:
926:
893:– the large upper petal of a
721:
370:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
2379:(metal in the United States)
1094:
970:The Journal of Roman Studies
284:Frontiers and fortifications
7:
838:
700:Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts
666:Just as in the case of the
528:Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts
96:Decorations and punishments
10:
2678:
948:, retrieved March 18, 2011
615:
18:
2609:
2561:
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2355:
2309:
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2176:
2141:
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1958:
1773:
1707:
1644:
1583:
1438:
1405:
1328:
1212:
1157:
1102:
802:
601:displayed imagery of the
618:Roman military standards
399:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
384:Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes
54:Military of ancient Rome
2617:List of oldest heraldry
608:on a reddish backdrop.
589:-like object used as a
482:Ancient Rome portal
1035:Ryan, William Francis,
922:– a sea snail species
747:
728:Ancient Roman Republic
630:
531:
522:The only extant Roman
745:
738:General and later use
698:and is housed in the
625:
616:Further information:
521:
365:Neckar-Odenwald Limes
180:Technological history
19:For the gastropod of
966:Rostovtzeff, Michael
901:Vexillum (gastropod)
355:Lower Germanic Limes
254:Strategy and tactics
189:Military engineering
91:Unit types and ranks
25:Vexillum (gastropod)
2629:Heraldry portal
2056:Hastings/Hungerford
1343:Crowns and coronets
1315:National traditions
919:Inquisitor vexillum
853:Ancient Rome portal
350:Lauter Valley Limes
2013:Waterlily/Seeblatt
1237:Ancient and modern
807:Constantine I
748:
631:
532:
526:, 3rd century CE.
451:Limes Tripolitanus
72:Structural history
2644:
2643:
2485:
2484:
2423:(color in Canada)
2109:
2108:
891:Vexillum (botany)
821:. For example, a
770:in this context.
668:regimental colors
612:Use in Roman army
591:military standard
516:
515:
467:
466:
458:Limes Mauretaniae
313:Limes Britannicus
274:
273:
238:Political history
228:
227:
148:
147:
2669:
2662:History of flags
2627:
2626:
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2465:
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2418:
2408:
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2366:
2358:
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2333:
2330:
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2318:
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2260:
2236:
2233:
2224:
2221:
2212:
2209:
2200:
2197:
2188:
2185:
2165:
2162:
2153:
2150:
2139:
2138:
2123:Rule of tincture
1840:Griffin/Keythong
1436:
1435:
1127:Officers of arms
1089:
1082:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1048:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1008:
1002:
1001:
962:
949:
939:
855:
850:
849:
848:
804:
593:by units in the
578:
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
508:
501:
494:
480:
479:
478:
339:Limes Germanicus
289:
288:
266:Infantry tactics
259:
258:
215:Triumphal arches
185:
184:
166:Wars and battles
158:Campaign history
77:
76:
39:
38:
32:
31:
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2676:
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2222:
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2198:
2195:
2186:
2183:
2172:
2163:
2160:
2151:
2148:
2137:
2105:
2071:Hungerford knot
2041:Cavendish/Savoy
2017:
1954:
1769:
1703:
1640:
1579:
1434:
1401:
1324:
1208:
1153:
1098:
1093:
1056:
1051:
1047:, 9780271019673
1034:
1030:
1021:
1019:
1009:
1005:
963:
952:
940:
933:
929:
887:
851:
846:
844:
841:
825:is used by the
820:
819:
740:
724:
653:was known as a
620:
614:
545:
541:
512:
476:
474:
469:
468:
463:
435:Limes Sarmatiae
429:Anastasian Wall
407:Pannonian Limes
286:
276:
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256:
246:
245:
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64:
36:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2588:
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2582:
2581:
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2558:
2556:
2555:
2553:Trophy of arms
2550:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2512:banner of arms
2504:
2499:
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2170:
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2130:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2096:Tristram/Bowen
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
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1922:
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1912:
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1216:
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1206:
1201:
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1191:
1190:
1189:
1182:Ecclesiastical
1179:
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1177:
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1159:
1155:
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1152:
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1114:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:Luca's Fabrica
1055:
1054:External links
1052:
1050:
1049:
1028:
1003:
982:10.2307/296463
950:
930:
928:
925:
924:
923:
915:
913:Costellariidae
911:in the family
898:
895:papilionaceous
886:
883:
882:
881:
876:
871:
866:
857:
856:
840:
837:
827:Legion of Mary
815:
814:
739:
736:
723:
720:
714:belonged. The
613:
610:
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511:
510:
503:
496:
488:
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484:
471:
470:
465:
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462:
461:
454:
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444:Limes Arabicus
439:
438:
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414:Limes Alutanus
410:
409:
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393:
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375:Wetterau Limes
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324:Hadrian's Wall
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21:Costellariidae
15:
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6:
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3:
2:
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2601:Sigillography
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1112:Grant of arms
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862:Vexilla Regis
859:
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789:vexillum form
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424:Trajan's Wall
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419:Limes Moesiae
417:
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391:Norican Limes
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319:Antonine Wall
317:
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206:Siege engines
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30:
26:
22:
2591:Phaleristics
2524:Roll of arms
2490:Applications
2402:Bleu celeste
2388:Rare colours
2081:Ormonde/Wake
1966:Fleur-de-lis
1528:Inescutcheon
1493:Crozier head
1338:Coat of arms
1225:Augmentation
1132:King of Arms
1036:
1031:
1020:. Retrieved
1017:Hyperallergc
1016:
1006:
973:
969:
946:Flagspot.net
945:
917:
860:
830:
822:
792:
788:
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749:
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691:
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598:
581:
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536:
535:
533:
523:
456:
449:
442:
433:
397:
337:
311:
295:
198:
29:
23:family, see
2596:Vexillology
2357:Rare metals
2337:(blood red)
1935:Winged lion
1915:Sea-griffin
1850:Hippocampus
1783:Allocamelus
1425:Fimbriation
1353:Compartment
1330:Achievement
1298:Marshalling
1264:distinction
1122:Law of arms
1107:Authorities
885:In taxonomy
774:Vexillology
656:vexillarius
597:. A common
329:Saxon Shore
2651:Categories
2541:equestrian
2325:(mulberry)
2051:Harrington
1981:Quatrefoil
1910:Salamander
1855:Hippogriff
1813:Cockatrice
1793:Amphiptere
1765:Wolfsangel
1745:Portcullis
1657:Black swan
1611:Camelopard
1440:Ordinaries
1358:Escutcheon
1308:impalement
1303:quartering
1286:variations
1204:Attributed
1142:pursuivant
1045:0271019670
1022:2020-08-13
976:: 92–106.
927:References
722:Appearance
684:vexillatio
661:vexillifer
595:Roman army
360:Main Limes
2634:resources
2579:socialist
2502:Hatchment
2497:Bookplate
2477:Carnation
2464:Realistic
2277:Erminites
2115:Tinctures
2066:Hinckaert
2031:Bourchier
1885:Ouroboros
1870:Manticore
1775:Legendary
1750:Reremouse
1687:Przepaska
1616:Hind/stag
1606:Dog/hound
1415:Attitudes
1392:Supporter
1320:Societies
1281:divisions
1230:abatement
998:162063284
879:Vexilloid
813:" symbol
778:vexilloid
768:palladium
750:The term
633:The word
530:, Russia.
345:Alb Limes
2586:Logotype
2529:Illyrian
2411:Brunâtre
2335:Sanguine
2272:Erminois
2240:(purple)
2133:Hatching
2128:Tricking
2091:Stafford
1991:Shamrock
1940:Woodwose
1920:Sea-lion
1890:Pantheon
1865:Lindworm
1808:Chollima
1803:Biscione
1798:Basilisk
1720:Crapaudy
1621:Kangaroo
1483:Componée
1477:Łękawica
1373:pavilion
1368:Mantling
1247:courtesy
1242:Alliance
1170:dominion
1165:National
1096:Heraldry
942:Vexillum
869:Gonfalon
839:See also
832:gonfalon
823:vexillum
754:(plural
752:vexillum
716:vexillum
712:vexillum
708:vexillum
704:Victoria
692:vexillum
672:vexillum
651:vexillum
647:vexillum
635:vexillum
628:vexillum
599:vexillum
585:) was a
537:vexillum
524:vexillum
140:Admirals
115:Generals
46:a series
44:Part of
2562:Related
2430:Cendrée
2413:(brown)
2267:Ermines
2238:Purpure
2228:(green)
2204:(black)
2177:Colours
2157:(white)
2061:Heneage
2003:Thistle
1996:Trefoil
1930:Unicorn
1905:Phoenix
1900:Pegasus
1895:Panther
1880:Musimon
1875:Mermaid
1860:Lampago
1830:Enfield
1823:Chinese
1760:Serpent
1755:Scallop
1725:Dolphin
1699:Pelican
1694:Martlet
1682:Szaszor
1652:Alerion
1626:Leopard
1601:Bull/ox
1575:Saltire
1563:Roundel
1538:Lozenge
1508:Flaunch
1473:Chevron
1463:Bordure
1448:Annulet
1420:Erasure
1407:Charges
1271:Canting
1259:Cadency
1220:Armiger
1194:Burgher
1147:private
1117:History
811:Chi-Rho
803:λάβαρον
785:vexilla
756:vexilla
643:vexilla
582:vexilla
110:Auxilia
101:Legions
2574:Emblem
2548:Tabard
2472:Proper
2451:
2446:Orange
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2417:
2409:
2407:
2399:
2396:
2375:
2373:
2368:Copper
2365:
2344:
2341:
2332:
2329:
2323:Murrey
2320:
2317:
2310:Stains
2299:Potent
2262:Ermine
2235:
2232:
2223:
2220:
2216:(blue)
2211:
2208:
2199:
2196:
2187:
2184:
2169:(gold)
2164:
2161:
2155:Argent
2152:
2149:
2142:Metals
2008:Turnip
1959:Plants
1945:Wyvern
1835:Garuda
1818:Dragon
1788:Alphyn
1584:Beasts
1568:Bezant
1523:Hamade
1513:Goutte
1468:Canton
1385:slogan
1363:Helmet
1254:Blazon
1213:Topics
1137:herald
1043:
996:
990:296463
988:
909:snails
897:flower
874:Banner
794:labara
678:aquila
605:aquila
603:Roman
243:
200:Castra
135:Fleets
62:AD 476
58:753 BC
48:on the
2519:Badge
2438:Ochre
2347:Tenné
2214:Azure
2202:Sable
2192:(red)
2190:Gules
2086:Savoy
2046:Dacre
2036:Bowen
2023:Knots
1925:Tyger
1845:Harpy
1730:Emmet
1708:Other
1677:Eagle
1645:Birds
1533:Label
1518:Gyron
1498:Chief
1488:Cross
1430:Lines
1397:Torse
1380:Motto
1348:Crest
1293:Fraud
1276:Field
1199:Women
1187:papal
1175:civic
1158:Types
994:S2CID
986:JSTOR
905:genus
799:Greek
760:relic
639:velum
303:Walls
297:Limes
220:Roads
2536:Seal
2507:Flag
2454:Rose
2421:Buff
2377:Buff
2294:Vair
2282:Pean
2249:Furs
2226:Vert
2101:Wake
2076:Lacy
1986:Rose
1950:Yale
1740:Lucy
1672:Dove
1667:Crow
1662:Cock
1636:Wolf
1631:Lion
1596:Boar
1591:Bear
1558:Pile
1553:Pall
1548:Pale
1543:Orle
1503:Fess
1458:Bend
1041:ISBN
903:– a
764:icon
732:SPQR
587:flag
534:The
125:Navy
81:Army
2569:Mon
1976:Oak
1735:Ged
1715:Bee
1453:Bar
978:doi
907:of
762:or
687:).
659:or
577:pl.
2653::
2167:Or
1015:.
992:.
984:.
974:32
972:.
953:^
944:.
934:^
835:.
801::
696:CE
663:.
579::
575:;
568:əm
60:–
1479:)
1475:(
1088:e
1081:t
1074:v
1025:.
1000:.
980::
817:☧
797:(
571:/
565:l
562:ɪ
559:s
556:ˈ
553:k
550:ɛ
547:v
544:/
540:(
507:e
500:t
493:v
27:.
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