Embedded system - Knowledge

605: 33: 874: 355: 1073:, buses and software behavior flow as a state diagram or flow diagram using configurable library blocks. Simulation is conducted to select the right components by performing power vs. performance trade-offs, reliability analysis and bottleneck analysis. Typical reports that help a designer to make architecture decisions include application latency, device throughput, device utilization, power consumption of the full system as well as device-level power consumption. 80:(i.e. microprocessors with integrated memory and peripheral interfaces), but ordinary microprocessors (using external chips for memory and peripheral interface circuits) are also common, especially in more complex systems. In either case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from general purpose to those specialized in a certain class of computations, or even custom designed for the application at hand. A common standard class of dedicated processors is the 4139: 3145: 629: 1252:

software system and gives a good understanding of the high-level system behaviors. Trace recording in embedded systems can be achieved using hardware or software solutions. Software-based trace recording does not require specialized debugging hardware and can be used to record traces in deployed devices, but it can have an impact on CPU and RAM usage. One example of a software-based tracing method used in RTOS environments is the use of empty

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divide-by-zero and buffer index validity checks, default cases in logic checks), loop bounding, production of human-readable, well commented and well structured code, and avoiding language ambiguities which may lead to compiler-induced inconsistencies or side-effects (expression evaluation ordering, recursion, certain types of macro). These rules can often be used in conjunction with code

578:(IC) design to couple full wireless subsystems to sophisticated sensors, enabling people and companies to measure a myriad of things in the physical world and act on this information through monitoring and control systems. These motes are completely self-contained and will typically run off a battery source for years before the batteries need to be changed or charged. 846:(SoC) contains a complete system - consisting of multiple processors, multipliers, caches, even different types of memory and commonly various peripherals like interfaces for wired or wireless communication on a single chip. Often graphics processing units (GPU) and DSPs are included such chips. SoCs can be implemented as an 1459:

Because of these complexities, it is common for organizations to use an off-the-shelf RTOS, allowing the application programmers to concentrate on device functionality rather than operating system services. The choice to include an RTOS brings in its own issues, however, as the selection must be made

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For SoC designs, the typical approach is to verify and debug the design on an FPGA prototype board. Tools such as Certus are used to insert probes in the FPGA implementation that make signals available for observation. This is used to debug hardware, firmware and software interactions across multiple

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range help to bridge the gap by being PC-compatible but highly integrated, physically smaller or have other attributes making them attractive to embedded engineers. The advantage of this approach is that low-cost commodity components may be used along with the same software development tools used for

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In this type of system, a low-level piece of code switches between tasks or threads based on a timer invoking an interrupt. This is the level at which the system is generally considered to have an operating system kernel. Depending on how much functionality is required, it introduces more or less of

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This architecture is used if event handlers need low latency, and the event handlers are short and simple. These systems run a simple task in a main loop also, but this task is not very sensitive to unexpected delays. Sometimes the interrupt handler will add longer tasks to a queue structure. Later,

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and other small systems but still required external memory and support chips. By the early 1980s, memory, input and output system components had been integrated into the same chip as the processor forming a microcontroller. Microcontrollers find applications where a general-purpose computer would be

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of operating system events. A graphical view is presented by a host PC tool, based on a recording of the system behavior. The trace recording can be performed in software, by the RTOS, or by special tracing hardware. RTOS tracing allows developers to understand timing and performance issues of the

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and PC/104+ are examples of standards for ready-made computer boards intended for small, low-volume embedded and ruggedized systems. These are mostly x86-based and often physically small compared to a standard PC, although still quite large compared to most simple (8/16-bit) embedded systems. They

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in aerospace and defense industries. Unless connected to wired or wireless networks via on-chip 3G cellular or other methods for IoT monitoring and control purposes, these systems can be isolated from hacking and thus be more secure. For fire safety, the systems can be designed to have a greater

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designed for embedded systems is able to provide secure encapsulation for any subsystem component so that a compromised software component cannot interfere with other subsystems, or privileged-level system software. This encapsulation keeps faults from propagating from one subsystem to another,

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Embedded systems often reside in machines that are expected to run continuously for years without error, and in some cases recover by themselves if an error occurs. Therefore, the software is usually developed and tested more carefully than that for personal computers, and unreliable mechanical

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with up/down buttons or knobs read out by a microprocessor. Although in this context an embedded system is usually more complex than a traditional solution, most of the complexity is contained within the microcontroller itself. Very few additional components may be needed and most of the design

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may be performed at different levels, depending on the facilities available. Considerations include: does it slow down the main application, how close is the debugged system or application to the actual system or application, how expressive are the triggers that can be set for debugging (e.g.,

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aim to assist developers produce reliable, portable firmware in a number of different ways: typically by advising or mandating against coding practices which may lead to run-time errors (memory leaks, invalid pointer uses), use of run-time checks and exception handling (range/sanity checks,

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and flash memory management systems. If the embedded device has audio and video capabilities, then the appropriate drivers and codecs will be present in the system. In the case of the monolithic kernels, many of these software layers may be included in the kernel. In the RTOS category, the

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and some real-time choices. These modules can be manufactured in high volume, by organizations familiar with their specialized testing issues, and combined with much lower volume custom mainboards with application-specific external peripherals. Prominent examples of this approach include

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The system must be kept running for safety reasons. Reduced functionality in the event of failure may be intolerable. Often backups are selected by an operator. Examples include aircraft navigation, reactor control systems, safety-critical chemical factory controls, train

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Examples of properties of typical embedded computers when compared with general-purpose counterparts, are low power consumption, small size, rugged operating ranges, and low per-unit cost. This comes at the expense of limited processing resources.

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system. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including electrical or electronic hardware and mechanical parts. Because an embedded system typically controls physical operations of the machine that it is embedded within, it often has

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provides a simulation of all aspects of the hardware, allowing all of it to be controlled and modified, and allowing debugging on a normal PC. The downsides are expense and slow operation, in some cases up to 100 times slower than the final

1513:, and is therefore very productive for development. On the downside, it requires considerably more hardware resources, is often more expensive, and, because of the complexity of these kernels, can be less predictable and reliable. 332:

A comparatively low-cost microcontroller may be programmed to fulfill the same role as a large number of separate components. With microcontrollers, it became feasible to replace, even in consumer products, expensive knob-based

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prior to starting the application development process. This timing forces developers to choose the embedded operating system for their device based on current requirements and so restricts future options to a large extent.

1406:. This means that tasks performed by the system are triggered by different kinds of events; an interrupt could be generated, for example, by a timer at a predefined interval, or by a serial port controller receiving data. 1230:

Unless restricted to external debugging, the programmer can typically load and run software through the tools, view the code running in the processor, and start or stop its operation. The view of the code may be as

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general software development. Systems built in this way are still regarded as embedded since they are integrated into larger devices and fulfill a single role. Examples of devices that may adopt this approach are

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and other consumer computers often need significant software that is purchased or provided by a person other than the manufacturer of the electronics. In these systems, an open programming environment such as

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In certain applications, where small size or power efficiency are not primary concerns, the components used may be compatible with those used in general-purpose x86 personal computers. Boards such as the VIA

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A model-based development tool creates and simulates graphical data flow and UML state chart diagrams of components like digital filters, motor controllers, communication protocol decoding and multi-rate

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ability to handle higher temperatures and continue to operate. In dealing with security, the embedded systems can be self-sufficient and be able to deal with cut electrical and communication systems.

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performance constraints that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.

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The system cannot safely be shut down for repair, or it is too inaccessible to repair. Examples include space systems, undersea cables, navigational beacons, bore-hole systems, and automobiles.

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processor is involved, there may be little benefit to having a standardized bus connecting discrete components, and the environment for both hardware and software tools may be very different.

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The system will lose large amounts of money when shut down: Telephone switches, factory controls, bridge and elevator controls, funds transfer and market making, automated sales and service.

865:. ASIC or FPGA implementations may be used for not-so-high-volume embedded systems with special needs in kind of signal processing performance, interfaces and reliability, like in avionics. 320:

Since these early applications in the 1960s, embedded systems have come down in price and there has been a dramatic rise in processing power and functionality. An early microprocessor, the

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uses wired- and wireless-networking that can be used to control lights, climate, security, audio/visual, surveillance, etc., all of which use embedded devices for sensing and controlling.

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constraints. Embedded systems control many devices in common use. In 2009, it was estimated that ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors manufactured were used in embedded systems.

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is a relatively large kernel with sophisticated capabilities adapted to suit an embedded environment. This gives programmers an environment similar to a desktop operating system like

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have been developed for embedded systems use. General-purpose microprocessors are also used in embedded systems, but generally, require more support circuitry than microcontrollers.

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Software-only debuggers have the benefit that they do not need any hardware modification but have to carefully control what they record in order to conserve time and storage space.

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provide flexibility while minimizing space used: the meaning of the buttons can change with the screen, and selection involves the natural behavior of pointing at what is desired.

1471:, trunk radio, multiple channels, data and voice, enhanced graphics, multiple states, multiple threads, numerous wait states and so on. These trends are leading to the uptake of 1425:. The programmer defines a series of tasks, and each task gets its own environment to run in. When a task is idle, it calls an idle routine which passes control to another task. 1428:

The advantages and disadvantages are similar to that of the control loop, except that adding new software is easier, by simply writing a new task, or adding to the queue.

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after the interrupt handler has finished, these tasks are executed by the main loop. This method brings the system close to a multitasking kernel with discrete processes.

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In addition to the core operating system, many embedded systems have additional upper-layer software components. These components include networking protocol stacks like

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interface. This allows the operation of the microprocessor to be controlled externally, but is typically restricted to specific debugging capabilities in the processor.

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Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems are a small part within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For example, the

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allocates memory and switches the CPU to different threads of execution. User-mode processes implement major functions such as file systems, network interfaces, etc.

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For low-volume or prototype embedded systems, general-purpose computers may be adapted by limiting the programs or by replacing the operating system with an RTOS.

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effort is in the software. Software prototype and test can be quicker compared with the design and construction of a new circuit not using an embedded processor.

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can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase its reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from

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communicate efficiently by normal subroutine calls. The hardware and all the software in the system are available to and extensible by application programmers.

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Despite the increased cost in hardware, this type of embedded system is increasing in popularity, especially on the more powerful embedded devices such as

302:. At the project's inception, the Apollo guidance computer was considered the riskiest item in the Apollo project as it employed the then newly developed 1463:

The level of complexity in embedded systems is continuously growing as devices are required to manage peripherals and tasks such as serial, USB, TCP/IP,

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As the complexity of embedded systems grows, higher-level tools and operating systems are migrating into machinery where it makes sense. For example,

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features an embedded system for tuning the strings, but the overall purpose of the Robot Guitar is to play music. Similarly, an embedded system in an

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for runtime memory. The module vendor will usually provide boot software and make sure there is a selection of operating systems, usually including

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System-level modeling and simulation tools help designers to construct simulation models of a system with hardware components such as processors,

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increasingly use embedded systems to maximize efficiency and reduce pollution. Other automotive safety systems using embedded systems include

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Embedded systems are designed to perform a specific task, in contrast with general-purpose computers designed for multiple tasks. Some have

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External debugging using logging or serial port output to trace operation using either a monitor in flash or using a debug server like the

1444:) programs must be carefully designed and tested, and access to shared data must be controlled by some synchronization strategy such as 4195: 3182: 1125:

Sometimes, development tools for a personal computer can be used if the embedded processor is a close relative to a common PC processor

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Kraft, Johan; Wall, Anders; Kienle, Holger (2010), Barringer, Howard; Falcone, Ylies; Finkbeiner, Bernd; Havelund, Klaus (eds.),

1394:, each of which manages a part of the hardware or software. Hence it is called a simple control loop or programmed input-output. 1371:

released ICS 3-1978, a standard for programmable microcontrollers, including almost any computer-based controllers, such as

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Proceedings of the 27th International Symposium on Rapid System Prototyping: Shortening the Path from Specification to Prototype

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Immunity-aware programming can help engineers produce more reliable embedded systems code. Guidelines and coding rules such as

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thereby improving reliability. This may also allow a subsystem to be automatically shut down and restarted on fault detection.

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value is reached), and what can be inspected in the debugging process (such as, only memory, or memory and registers, etc.).

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Embedded systems range from those low in complexity, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units,

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rely on multiple embedded systems networked together. Generalized through software customization, embedded systems such as

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An embedded system may have its own special language or design tool, or add enhancements to an existing language such as

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Interactive resident debugging, using the simple shell provided by the embedded operating system (e.g. Forth and Basic)

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Transportation systems from flight to automobiles increasingly use embedded systems. New airplanes contain advanced

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too costly. As the cost of microprocessors and microcontrollers fell, the prevalence of embedded systems increased.

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chips. They run with limited computer hardware resources: little memory, small or non-existent keyboard or screen.

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From simplest to most sophisticated debugging techniques and systems be roughly grouped into the following areas:

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A variety of techniques are used, sometimes in combination, to recover from errors—both software bugs such as

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which are invoked by the operating system at strategic places in the code, and can be implemented to serve as

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One common design style uses a small system module, perhaps the size of a business card, holding high density

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yearly event with conferences, workshops and tutorials covering all aspects of embedded systems and software

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Embedded Software Development for the Internet Of Things, The Basics, The Technologies and Best Practices

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that resets and restarts the system unless the software periodically notifies the watchdog subsystems

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Tancreti, Matthew; Hossain, Mohammad Sajjad; Bagchi, Saurabh; Raghunathan, Vijay (2011). "Aveksha".

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in 1970, were developed with multiple MOS LSI chips. The first single-chip microprocessor was the

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Tancreti, Matthew; Sundaram, Vinaitheerthan; Bagchi, Saurabh; Eugster, Patrick (2015). "TARDIS".

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Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks

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was the basis for the first microprocessors, as engineers began recognizing that a complete

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An in-circuit debugger (ICD), a hardware device that connects to the microprocessor via a

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to more accurately and efficiently control temperature that can change by time of day and

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is very similar to the simple control loop scheme, except that the loop is hidden in an

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However, most ready-made embedded systems boards are not PC-centered and do not use the

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As any code can potentially damage the data of another task (except in systems using a

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availability of additional software components depends upon the commercial offering.

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to develop embedded system software. However, they may also use more specific tools:

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that resemble modern computer desktop operating systems. Simple embedded devices use

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or across large geographical areas connected via long-distance communications lines.

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peripheral devices—that has a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or

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The origins of the microprocessor and the microcontroller can be traced back to the

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is required so that the third-party software provider can sell to a large market.

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for functional verification purposes, and also assist in determination of code

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on a plug-in card with processor, memory, power supply, and external interfaces

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the complexities of managing multiple tasks running conceptually in parallel.

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Some systems provide user interface remotely with the help of a serial (e.g.

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on a single MOS chip by the late 1960s. The application of MOS LSI chips to

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2008 IEEE/ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications

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ASIC implementations are common for very-high-volume embedded systems like

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Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems

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There are several different types of software architecture in common use.

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Custom compilers and linkers may be used to optimize specialized hardware.

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Embedded Systems, An Introduction Using the Renesas RX62N Microcontroller

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based system that is built to control a function or a range of functions.

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FPGAs in an implementation with capabilities similar to a logic analyzer.

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The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as

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chips. MOS chips further increased in complexity at a rate predicted by

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to a program, so the embedded system can check if the program is valid.

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Embedded systems range in size from portable personal devices such as

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Embedded Computer Sub-Assembly for Accupoll Electronic Voting Machine

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moving parts such as disk drives, switches or buttons are avoided.

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systems. Often they constitute subsystems of other machines like

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provides a specific function as a subsystem of the car itself.

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Programming embedded systems: with C and GNU development tools

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A close-up of the SMSC LAN91C110 (SMSC 91x) chip, an embedded

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One of the first recognizably modern embedded systems was the

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systems for trajectory correction. Various electric motors —

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Embedded systems are commonly found in consumer, industrial,

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receivers that also have considerable safety requirements.

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Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks,

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Workshop on Embedded and Cyber-Physical Systems Education

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Software companies that specialize in the embedded market

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e-con Systems eSOM270 & eSOM300 Computer on Modules

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makes use of miniaturization made possible by advanced

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Some embedded systems are predominantly controlled by

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As with other software, embedded system designers use

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James M. Conrad; Alexander G. Dean (September 2011).

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Moratelli, C; Johann, S; Neves, M; Hessel, F (2016).

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at all, in systems dedicated to one task, to complex

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system could be contained on several MOS LSI chips.

1829:"The Surprising Story of the First Microprocessors" 1516:Common examples of embedded monolithic kernels are 2427:Developing Embedded Systems - A Tools Introduction 1730: 1584:is a standard architecture for embedded software. 1356: 783:, which contain code specific to the application. 2250:Motor Industry Software Reliability Association. 1843:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1809:. TechInsights (United Business Media). p. 2 1542: 1390:which monitors the input devices. The loop calls 885:Embedded systems talk with the outside world via 706: 4624: 2405:Modern Embedded Systems Programming Video Course 1947:"Under the Hood: Robot Guitar embeds autotuning" 1575: 2371:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 2070: 1696: 1694: 1636:Photonically Optimized Embedded Microprocessors 309:An early mass-produced embedded system was the 2461: 2328: 1478: 1397: 1111:Software tools can come from several sources: 837: 4189: 3200:Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 3176: 2447: 2399:Trends in Cyber Security and Embedded Systems 1369:National Electrical Manufacturers Association 721: 2295:"Working across Multiple Embedded Platforms" 2252:"MISRA C:2012 Third Edition, First Revision" 2053:. Electronic Engineering Journal. 2012-10-30 1691: 854:(FPGA) which typically can be reconfigured. 158:frequently comprise their functional units. 1944: 1413: 76:Modern embedded systems are often based on 4196: 4182: 3183: 3169: 2454: 2440: 1926:Embedded Systems Dell OEM Solutions | Dell 1432:Preemptive multitasking or multi-threading 1386:In this design, the software simply has a 1375:, numerical, and event-based controllers. 1247:Real-time operating systems often support 691:running on an embedded device (such as an 545:single-photon emission computed tomography 444:heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 306:to reduce the computer's size and weight. 239:The first multi-chip microprocessors, the 2366: 1272:Specific reliability issues may include: 27:Computer system with a dedicated function 2331:Designing Embedded Hardware, 2nd Edition 1826: 1700: 1668: 1171:inspecting the memory when a particular 1094:Another alternative is to add a RTOS or 872: 699:). The user interface is displayed in a 627: 616:, and are stored in read-only memory or 603: 353: 254:, released in 1971. It was developed by 31: 1772:Michael Barr; Anthony J. Massa (2006). 1036:In circuit debuggers or emulators (see 848:application-specific integrated circuit 14: 4625: 3893:Knowledge representation and reasoning 2112: 1674:For more details of MicroVGA see this 1381: 1341: 376:employ numerous embedded systems from 4177: 3918:Philosophy of artificial intelligence 3164: 2435: 2202: 2198: 2196: 1728: 1496: 388:. Computer networking uses dedicated 324:(released in 1971), was designed for 4203: 3244:Energy consumption (Green computing) 3190: 1800: 1767: 1765: 813:processor and peripherals, external 3923:Distributed artificial intelligence 3202:ACM Computing Classification System 1820: 212:and lower manufacturing costs than 24: 3435:Integrated development environment 2322: 2193: 2115:"Your System is secure? Prove it!" 1631:Integrated development environment 1192:that even works for heterogeneous 623: 581: 566:Miniature wireless devices called 165:and networks, which may reside in 25: 4644: 3903:Automated planning and scheduling 3440:Software configuration management 2393:Embedded Systems course with mbed 2386: 1762: 703:on a PC connected to the device. 311:Autonetics D-17 guidance computer 4157: 4147: 4138: 4137: 3144: 3143: 2272:"FAQs: Programmable Controllers" 2137:from the original on 2014-11-29. 2113:Heiser, Gernot (December 2007). 1909:"Electronic Frontier Foundation" 1827:Shirriff, Ken (30 August 2016). 1594: 1567:, and storage capabilities like 1346:For high-volume systems such as 570:are networked wireless sensors. 430:. Household appliances, such as 4519:Light-weight Linux distribution 4347:Hacking of consumer electronics 4148: 3551:Computational complexity theory 2307:from the original on 2011-02-19 2287: 2264: 2243: 2141: 2106: 2064: 2043: 2002: 1961: 1801:Barr, Michael (1 August 2009). 1357:Embedded software architectures 1233:high-level programming language 1043:Utilities to add a checksum or 1009:background debug mode interface 894:Serial communication interfaces 349: 3342:Network performance evaluation 2411:Embedded Systems Week (ESWEEK) 1938: 1919: 1913:Electronic Frontier Foundation 1901: 1872: 1794: 1722: 1543:Additional software components 1263: 1037: 868: 707:Processors in embedded systems 558:Embedded systems are used for 304:monolithic integrated circuits 300:MIT Instrumentation Laboratory 285: 156:programmable logic controllers 13: 1: 3706:Multimedia information system 3691:Geographic information system 3681:Enterprise information system 3277:Computer systems organization 2203:Short, Michael (March 2008). 1684: 1576:Domain-specific architectures 1100:Modeling and code generating 852:field-programmable gate array 446:(HVAC) systems use networked 177: 4607:List of open-source hardware 4065:Computational social science 3653:Theoretical computer science 3473:Software development process 3249:Electronic design automation 3234:Very Large Scale Integration 2085:10.1007/978-3-642-16612-9_24 1454:non-blocking synchronization 1161: 1058:to simulate the mathematics. 995:digital-to-analog converters 985:General Purpose Input/Output 980:programmable interval timers 943:Network interface controller 912:Synchronous Serial Interface 656:(LED), graphic or character 640:Embedded systems range from 541:positron emission tomography 515:electronic stability control 7: 3888:Natural language processing 3676:Information storage systems 2329:John Catsoulis (May 2005). 2219:10.1109/AICCSA.2008.4493674 1706:"Embedded Systems Glossary" 1587: 1479:Microkernels and exokernels 1398:Interrupt-controlled system 1135:personal digital assistants 838:ASIC and FPGA SoC solutions 262:MOS technology, along with 204:(metal–oxide–semiconductor 142:. Large installations like 10: 4649: 4524:Real-time operating system 3804:Human–computer interaction 3774:Intrusion detection system 3686:Social information systems 3671:Database management system 2894:Personal digital assistant 2407:YouTube, ongoing from 2013 2395:YouTube, ongoing from 2015 1945:David Carey (2008-04-22). 1851:10.1109/MSPEC.2016.7551353 1780:. O'Reilly. pp. 1–2. 1710:Neutrino Technical Library 1580:In the automotive sector, 1360: 1242: 1122:software development tools 1011:port, BITP, and DB9 ports. 752:real-time operating system 722:Ready-made computer boards 572:Wireless sensor networking 553:magnetic resonance imaging 531:uses embedded systems for 374:Telecommunications systems 181: 172: 52:—a combination of a 4597: 4544: 4509:Linux on embedded systems 4499: 4446: 4408: 4385: 4304: 4211: 4133: 4070:Computational engineering 4045:Computational mathematics 4022: 3969: 3931: 3878: 3840: 3802: 3744: 3661: 3607: 3569: 3521: 3458: 3391: 3355: 3312: 3276: 3209: 3198: 3139: 3074: 3043: 3020: 2955: 2927: 2832: 2809: 2752: 2743: 2636: 2576: 2569: 2489: 2482: 2473: 2367:Klaus Elk (August 2016). 1096:embedded operating system 1052:digital signal processing 777:automated teller machines 716:Numerous microcontrollers 646:graphical user interfaces 467:inertial guidance systems 184:Microprocessor chronology 120:traffic light controllers 4514:Linux for mobile devices 4080:Computational healthcare 4075:Differentiable computing 3994:Graphics processing unit 3420:Domain-specific language 3289:Computational complexity 1753:An embedded system is a 1662: 1475:in addition to an RTOS. 1419:Cooperative multitasking 1414:Cooperative multitasking 1015: 511:anti-lock braking system 294:, developed ca. 1965 by 292:Apollo Guidance Computer 206:field-effect transistors 106:to bigger machines like 82:digital signal processor 4362:PlayStation 3 Jailbreak 4055:Computational chemistry 3989:Photograph manipulation 3880:Artificial intelligence 3696:Decision support system 3131:Wireless sensor network 2401:Dan Geer, November 2013 2162:10.1145/2990299.2990301 2019:10.1145/2070942.2070972 1978:10.1145/2737095.2737096 1951:Embedded Systems Design 1888:Computer History Museum 1807:Embedded Systems Design 1803:"Real men program in C" 1733:Embedded systems design 1621:Electronic control unit 1054:, developers may use a 658:liquid-crystal displays 560:safety-critical systems 224:(LSI) with hundreds of 222:large-scale integration 4352:Homebrew (video games) 4120:Educational technology 3951:Reinforcement learning 3701:Process control system 3599:Computational geometry 3589:Algorithmic efficiency 3584:Analysis of algorithms 3239:Systems on Chip (SoCs) 2904:Portable data terminal 2213:. pp. 1032–1039. 1537:GPS navigation systems 1442:memory management unit 1373:single-board computers 1307:trusted computing base 1056:computational notebook 882: 637: 609: 359: 241:Four-Phase Systems AL1 190:MOS integrated circuit 118:, transport vehicles, 41: 4546:Programming languages 4284:Single-board computer 4224:Board support package 4090:Electronic publishing 4060:Computational biology 4050:Computational physics 3946:Unsupervised learning 3860:Distributed computing 3736:Information retrieval 3643:Mathematical analysis 3633:Mathematical software 3523:Theory of computation 3488:Software construction 3478:Requirements analysis 3356:Software organization 3284:Computer architecture 3254:Hardware acceleration 3219:Printed circuit board 3087:Information appliance 2909:Portable media player 2852:Handheld game console 1729:Heath, Steve (2003). 1626:Information appliance 1616:Cyber-physical system 1611:Communications server 1005:In-system programming 876: 685:board support package 654:light-emitting diodes 631: 607: 357: 35: 4612:Open-source robotics 4602:Lightweight browsers 4325:Proprietary firmware 4234:Consumer electronics 3850:Concurrent computing 3822:Ubiquitous computing 3794:Application security 3789:Information security 3618:Discrete mathematics 3594:Randomized algorithm 3546:Computability theory 3531:Model of computation 3503:Software maintenance 3498:Software engineering 3460:Software development 3410:Programming language 3405:Programming paradigm 3322:Network architecture 2862:Mobile data terminal 2842:Electronic organizer 2514:Intelligent terminal 2077:Runtime Verification 1656:Ubiquitous computing 1646:Software engineering 1239:or mixture of both. 926:Universal Serial Bus 689:embedded HTTP server 660:(LCD) with a simple 521:(TCS) and automatic 400:Consumer electronics 296:Charles Stark Draper 4342:Defective by Design 4249:Embedded hypervisor 4125:Document management 4115:Operations research 4040:Enterprise software 3956:Multi-task learning 3941:Supervised learning 3663:Information systems 3493:Software deployment 3450:Software repository 3304:Real-time computing 1473:embedded middleware 1382:Simple control loop 1342:High vs. low volume 1212:in-circuit emulator 679:) or network (e.g. 634:text user interface 595:Gibson Robot Guitar 549:computed tomography 483:brushless DC motors 416:video game consoles 380:for the network to 343:variable capacitors 337:components such as 71:real-time computing 4410:Software libraries 3908:Search methodology 3855:Parallel computing 3812:Interaction design 3721:Computing platform 3648:Numerical analysis 3638:Information theory 3430:Software framework 3393:Software notations 3332:Network components 3229:Integrated circuit 3119:Computer-on-module 2977:Digital wristwatch 2779:Mobile workstation 2549:Video game console 2509:Internet appliance 1931:2013-01-27 at the 1884:The Silicon Engine 1602:Electronics portal 1497:Monolithic kernels 1050:For systems using 976:Phase-locked loops 883: 850:(ASIC) or using a 638: 610: 576:integrated circuit 378:telephone switches 360: 245:Garrett AiResearch 234:computer processor 210:transistor density 194:integrated circuit 93:economies of scale 54:computer processor 42: 4620: 4619: 4559:Assembly language 4501:Operating systems 4481:Stand-alone shell 4448:Programming tools 4367:Rooting (Android) 4259:Embedded software 4244:Embedded database 4171: 4170: 4100:Electronic voting 4030:Quantum Computing 4023:Applied computing 4009:Image compression 3779:Hardware security 3769:Security services 3726:Digital marketing 3513:Open-source model 3425:Modeling language 3337:Network scheduler 3158: 3157: 3107:Rugged smartphone 3016: 3015: 3012: 3011: 2739: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2693:Small form factor 2519:Interactive kiosk 2228:978-1-4244-1967-8 2094:978-3-642-16611-2 1787:978-0-596-00983-0 1748:978-0-7506-5546-0 1511:Microsoft Windows 1503:monolithic kernel 1363:Embedded software 1335:timing properties 1305:Designing with a 1295:in the hardware: 991:Analog-to-digital 817:for storage, and 805:chips such as an 642:no user interface 529:Medical equipment 503:electric vehicles 495:motor controllers 493:— use electronic 315:Minuteman missile 48:is a specialized 16:(Redirected from 4640: 4633:Embedded systems 4357:iOS jailbreaking 4274:Memory footprint 4205:Embedded systems 4198: 4191: 4184: 4175: 4174: 4161: 4160: 4151: 4150: 4141: 4140: 3961:Cross-validation 3933:Machine learning 3817:Social computing 3784:Network security 3579:Algorithm design 3508:Programming team 3468:Control variable 3445:Software library 3383:Software quality 3378:Operating system 3327:Network protocol 3192:Computer science 3185: 3178: 3171: 3162: 3161: 3147: 3146: 2982:Calculator watch 2965:Activity tracker 2750: 2749: 2574: 2573: 2487: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2456: 2449: 2442: 2433: 2432: 2382: 2363: 2359:978-1935-7729-96 2344: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2306: 2299: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2282: 2281: 2276: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2258: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2200: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2156:. pp. 2–6. 2145: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2119: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2058: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1953:. Archived from 1942: 1936: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1769: 1760: 1759: 1736: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1716: 1698: 1679: 1672: 1651:System on module 1641:Silicon compiler 1604: 1599: 1598: 1533:wireless routers 1118:Ported from the 844:system on a chip 811:system-on-a-chip 796:system-on-a-chip 632:Embedded system 523:four-wheel drive 519:traction control 487:induction motors 436:washing machines 243:in 1969 and the 152:electrical grids 89:design engineers 78:microcontrollers 21: 18:Embedded systems 4648: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4593: 4540: 4495: 4442: 4404: 4381: 4332:Closed platform 4320:Custom firmware 4300: 4279:Microcontroller 4207: 4202: 4172: 4167: 4158: 4129: 4110:Word processing 4018: 4004:Virtual reality 3965: 3927: 3898:Computer vision 3874: 3870:Multiprocessing 3836: 3798: 3764:Security hacker 3740: 3716:Digital library 3657: 3608:Mathematics of 3603: 3565: 3541:Automata theory 3536:Formal language 3517: 3483:Software design 3454: 3387: 3373:Virtual machine 3351: 3347:Network service 3308: 3299:Embedded system 3272: 3205: 3194: 3189: 3159: 3154: 3135: 3092:Microcontroller 3082:Embedded system 3070: 3039: 3008: 2951: 2923: 2919:Ultra-mobile PC 2828: 2805: 2731: 2632: 2565: 2469: 2460: 2421:Wayback Machine 2389: 2379: 2360: 2341: 2325: 2323:Further reading 2320: 2319: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2256: 2254: 2248: 2244: 2229: 2201: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2172: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2117: 2111: 2107: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2069: 2065: 2056: 2054: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2029: 2007: 2003: 1988: 1966: 1962: 1943: 1939: 1933:Wayback Machine 1924: 1920: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1863: 1861: 1825: 1821: 1812: 1810: 1799: 1795: 1788: 1770: 1763: 1749: 1727: 1723: 1714: 1712: 1699: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1600: 1593: 1590: 1578: 1545: 1499: 1481: 1434: 1416: 1400: 1384: 1365: 1359: 1344: 1327:static checkers 1266: 1245: 1190:Remedy Debugger 1173:program counter 1164: 1104:often based on 1018: 871: 840: 794:busses. When a 781:arcade machines 754:(RTOS) such as 750:or an embedded 724: 709: 668:or screen-edge 626: 624:User interfaces 584: 582:Characteristics 537:medical imaging 507:hybrid vehicles 456:Home automation 432:microwave ovens 426:receivers, and 420:digital cameras 408:television sets 396:to route data. 394:network bridges 368:home appliances 352: 288: 280:Masatoshi Shima 256:Federico Faggin 186: 180: 175: 167:equipment racks 124:medical imaging 108:home appliances 100:digital watches 58:computer memory 50:computer system 46:embedded system 38:embedded system 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4646: 4636: 4635: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4550: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4505: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4456:Almquist shell 4452: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4428:Embedded GLIBC 4425: 4420: 4414: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4391: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4377:Vendor lock-in 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4311: 4309: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4239:Cross compiler 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4201: 4200: 4193: 4186: 4178: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4155: 4145: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4014:Solid modeling 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3913:Control method 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3884: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3865:Multithreading 3862: 3857: 3852: 3846: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3808: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3759:Formal methods 3756: 3750: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3738: 3733: 3731:World Wide Web 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3614: 3612: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3575: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3527: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3464: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3401: 3399: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3318: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3215: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3188: 3187: 3180: 3173: 3165: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2961: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2933: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2838: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2815: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2770: 2769: 2758: 2756: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2690: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2613: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2604:Personal super 2596: 2591: 2586: 2580: 2578: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2499:Arcade cabinet 2495: 2493: 2484: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2463:Computer sizes 2459: 2458: 2451: 2444: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2388: 2387:External links 2385: 2384: 2383: 2378:978-1534602533 2377: 2364: 2358: 2345: 2339: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2286: 2263: 2242: 2227: 2192: 2170: 2140: 2105: 2093: 2063: 2042: 2027: 2001: 1986: 1960: 1957:on 2008-07-08. 1937: 1918: 1900: 1871: 1819: 1793: 1786: 1774:"Introduction" 1761: 1755:microprocessor 1747: 1721: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1680: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1589: 1586: 1577: 1574: 1544: 1541: 1518:embedded Linux 1498: 1495: 1480: 1477: 1446:message queues 1433: 1430: 1415: 1412: 1399: 1396: 1383: 1380: 1361:Main article: 1358: 1355: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1331:model checking 1318: 1310: 1303: 1300:watchdog timer 1285: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1265: 1262: 1244: 1241: 1228: 1227: 1223: 1215: 1208: 1197: 1186: 1183: 1163: 1160: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1116: 1109: 1108: 1106:state machines 1098: 1092: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1059: 1048: 1041: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1012: 997: 988: 982: 972: 954: 940: 929: 923: 909: 870: 867: 839: 836: 723: 720: 708: 705: 697:network router 636:using MicroVGA 625: 622: 583: 580: 535:, and various 351: 348: 339:potentiometers 287: 284: 192:, which is an 179: 176: 174: 171: 112:assembly lines 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4645: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4579:Embedded Java 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4491:Yocto Project 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212:General terms 4210: 4206: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4187: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4164: 4156: 4154: 4146: 4144: 4136: 4135: 4132: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3999:Mixed reality 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3832:Accessibility 3830: 3828: 3827:Visualization 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3294:Dependability 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3174: 3172: 3167: 3166: 3163: 3151: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2534:Smart speaker 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2504:Diskless node 2502: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2380: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2340:0-596-00755-8 2336: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2303: 2296: 2290: 2273: 2267: 2253: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2206: 2199: 2197: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2171:9781450345354 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2144: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2116: 2109: 2096: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2067: 2052: 2046: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2028:9781450307185 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1987:9781450334754 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1941: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1834:IEEE Spectrum 1830: 1823: 1808: 1804: 1797: 1789: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1768: 1766: 1758: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1734: 1725: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1677: 1671: 1667: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1597: 1592: 1585: 1583: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1411: 1407: 1405: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1364: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1348:mobile phones 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1240: 1238: 1237:assembly code 1234: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1169: 1159: 1157: 1156:Embedded Java 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1132: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 996: 992: 989: 986: 983: 981: 977: 973: 970: 966: 962: 958: 955: 952: 948: 944: 941: 938: 934: 931:Media cards ( 930: 927: 924: 921: 917: 913: 910: 907: 903: 899: 895: 892: 891: 890: 888: 880: 875: 866: 864: 860: 859:mobile phones 855: 853: 849: 845: 835: 833: 829: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 799: 797: 793: 789: 784: 782: 778: 773: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 728: 719: 717: 713: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 673: 671: 667: 666:touch sensing 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 635: 630: 621: 619: 615: 606: 602: 600: 596: 591: 589: 579: 577: 573: 569: 564: 561: 556: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 412:mobile phones 409: 405: 401: 397: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 369: 365: 356: 347: 344: 340: 336: 330: 327: 323: 318: 316: 312: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 246: 242: 237: 235: 231: 227: 223: 220:, leading to 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 185: 170: 168: 164: 159: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 110:, industrial 109: 105: 101: 96: 94: 90: 85: 83: 79: 74: 72: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 39: 34: 30: 19: 4574:Embedded C++ 4476:OpenEmbedded 4387:Boot loaders 4308:and controls 4289:Raspberry Pi 4204: 4095:Cyberwarfare 3754:Cryptography 3298: 3114:Single-board 3081: 2999:Smartglasses 2942:Programmable 2867:Mobile phone 2720:Blade server 2559:Microconsole 2554:Home console 2368: 2349: 2333:. 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Retrieved 1709: 1702:Michael Barr 1670: 1579: 1546: 1530: 1515: 1500: 1489: 1482: 1469:Wireless LAN 1462: 1458: 1439: 1435: 1427: 1417: 1408: 1401: 1385: 1377: 1366: 1352: 1345: 1289:memory leaks 1286: 1271: 1267: 1246: 1229: 1177: 1165: 1128: 1110: 1038:next section 1019: 937:CompactFlash 884: 856: 841: 832:Raspberry Pi 815:flash memory 800: 785: 768: 756:MicroC/OS-II 725: 714: 710: 674: 639: 618:flash memory 611: 592: 585: 565: 557: 527: 460: 398: 372: 361: 350:Applications 331: 319: 308: 289: 268:Marcian Hoff 260:silicon-gate 258:, using his 238: 187: 160: 97: 86: 75: 62:input/output 45: 43: 37: 29: 4589:MicroPython 4529:Windows IoT 4337:Crippleware 4254:Embedded OS 4105:Video games 4085:Digital art 3842:Concurrency 3711:Data mining 3623:Probability 3363:Interpreter 2857:Handheld PC 2789:Subnotebook 2767:Convertible 2628:Workstation 2621:Home server 2544:Thin client 2524:Rich client 2352:. Micrium. 2130:(6): 35–8. 1485:microkernel 1392:subroutines 1329:or bounded 1322:MISRA C/C++ 1293:soft errors 1291:, and also 1264:Reliability 1217:A complete 999:Debugging: 889:, such as: 887:peripherals 869:Peripherals 863:smartphones 748:OpenHarmony 701:web browser 662:menu system 517:(ESC/ESP), 499:Automobiles 448:thermostats 440:dishwashers 404:MP3 players 382:cell phones 326:calculators 286:Development 226:transistors 218:Moore's law 163:peripherals 104:MP3 players 4569:Embedded C 4229:Bootloader 4163:Glossaries 4035:E-commerce 3628:Statistics 3571:Algorithms 3368:Middleware 3224:Peripheral 3004:Smart ring 2992:Sportwatch 2987:Smartwatch 2970:Smart band 2947:Scientific 2929:Calculator 2889:Palmtop PC 2882:Smartphone 2819:Detachable 2644:All-in-one 2594:Industrial 2491:Appliances 2311:2010-08-17 2280:2020-01-10 2257:2022-02-03 2185:2 February 2100:2022-08-16 2057:2012-10-30 1864:13 October 1813:2009-12-23 1715:2007-04-21 1685:References 1526:Windows CE 1491:Exokernels 1450:semaphores 1404:interrupts 1314:hypervisor 1131:cellphones 1071:interfaces 1026:assemblers 957:Fieldbuses 779:(ATM) and 599:automobile 551:(CT), and 533:monitoring 479:astrionics 475:Spacecraft 364:automotive 322:Intel 4004 272:Stan Mazor 266:engineers 252:Intel 4004 198:fabricated 182:See also: 178:Background 140:spacecraft 136:astrionics 66:electronic 4466:Buildroot 3984:Rendering 3979:Animation 3610:computing 3561:Semantics 3259:Processor 3126:Smartdust 3061:Minisuper 3056:Mainframe 3035:Supermini 2799:Smartbook 2774:Cloudbook 2676:Pizza box 2570:Computers 2529:Simulator 1845:: 48–54. 1465:Bluetooth 1194:multicore 1168:debugging 1166:Embedded 1162:Debugging 1030:debuggers 1022:compilers 693:IP camera 670:soft keys 588:real-time 547:(SPECT), 491:DC motors 278:engineer 230:computing 148:pipelines 144:factories 4627:Category 4423:dietlibc 4315:Firmware 4306:Firmware 4143:Category 3971:Graphics 3746:Security 3415:Compiler 3314:Networks 3211:Hardware 3150:Category 3022:Midrange 2957:Wearable 2937:Graphing 2914:Siftable 2847:E-reader 2834:Handheld 2784:Notebook 2725:Blade PC 2708:Stick PC 2688:Portable 2671:Deskside 2654:Tabletop 2599:Personal 2539:Smart TV 2302:Archived 2237:14163138 2180:17466572 2132:Archived 2037:14769602 1996:10120929 1929:Archived 1859:32003640 1588:See also 1456:scheme. 1367:In 1978 1280:signals. 1219:emulator 1196:systems. 1063:memories 974:Timers: 969:PROFIBUS 947:Ethernet 933:SD cards 879:Ethernet 730:may use 681:Ethernet 614:firmware 477:rely on 465:such as 463:avionics 428:printers 402:include 386:end user 313:for the 132:aircraft 128:avionics 4584:MISRA C 4471:BusyBox 4461:BitBake 4400:Barebox 4153:Outline 2877:Feature 2824:Phablet 2794:Netbook 2698:Mini PC 2666:Desktop 2659:Surface 2637:By size 2467:classes 2419:at the 2123:;login: 1893:22 July 1582:AUTOSAR 1522:VXWorks 1249:tracing 1243:Tracing 1222:system. 1148:FreeBSD 965:LIN-Bus 961:CAN bus 939:, etc.) 896:(SCI): 828:Arduino 809:-based 764:VxWorks 736:FreeBSD 650:buttons 543:(PET), 513:(ABS), 390:routers 384:at the 298:at the 276:Busicom 214:bipolar 202:MOSFETs 173:History 84:(DSP). 4534:Win CE 4486:Toybox 4418:uClibc 4395:U-Boot 3148: 3102:Rugged 3075:Others 2899:Pocket 2872:Camera 2811:Tablet 2762:2-in-1 2754:Laptop 2745:Mobile 2616:Server 2611:Public 2584:Gaming 2577:By use 2483:Static 2375: 2356: 2337: 2235: 2225: 2178: 2168: 2091: 2035: 2025: 1994: 1984: 1857: 1784: 1745: 1563:, and 1553:TCP/IP 1254:macros 1144:NetBSD 1077:tasks. 1028:, and 987:(GPIO) 971:, etc. 953:, etc. 908:, etc. 906:RS-485 902:RS-422 898:RS-232 744:NetBSD 727:PC/104 677:RS-232 505:, and 452:season 335:analog 274:, and 150:, and 122:, and 116:robots 60:, and 3556:Logic 3397:tools 3066:Super 3044:Large 2681:Tower 2649:Panel 2475:Micro 2305:(PDF) 2298:(PDF) 2275:(PDF) 2233:S2CID 2176:S2CID 2135:(PDF) 2118:(PDF) 2033:S2CID 1992:S2CID 1855:S2CID 1841:(9). 1663:Notes 1565:HTTPS 1507:Linux 1452:or a 1258:hooks 1205:Nexus 1140:Linux 1102:tools 1089:Basic 1085:Forth 1016:Tools 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