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Highland Park factory. Two individuals were essential to the success of the moving assembly line: Clarence Avery and
Charles Sorensen. constant redesign of the Model T. Many components was tweaked regularly to make the vehicle easier to assemble. In 1913 alone, Ford made more than 100 design changes every month. Continuous experimentation was the rule rather than the exception at Ford's Highland Park plant. Ford engineers were constantly redesigning and tweaking jigs and fixtures, and planning new machine tools or fixing old ones, to achieve higher production.
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given task duration for completion. The assignment of tasks to stations is typically limited by two constraints: (1) a precedence graph which indicates what other tasks need to be completed before a particular task can be initiated (e.g. not putting in a screw before drilling the hole) and (2) a cycle time which restricts the sum of task processing times which can be completed at each workstation before the work-piece is moved to the next station by the conveyor belt. Major planning problems for operating assembly lines include
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Marxists argue that performing repetitive, specialized tasks causes a feeling of disconnection between what a worker does all day, who they really are, and what they would ideally be able to contribute to society. Furthermore, Marx views these specialised jobs as insecure, since the worker is expendable as soon as costs rise and technology can replace more expensive human labour.
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they were implemented by Ford in order to reduce high employee turnover: when the assembly line was introduced in 1913, it was discovered that "every time the company wanted to add 100 men to its factory personnel, it was necessary to hire 963" in order to counteract the natural distaste the assembly line seems to have inspired.
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the engine has been installed on the second car, the second car moves to the hood assembly. At the same time, the third car moves to the engine assembly. When the third car's engine has been mounted, it then can be moved to the hood station; meanwhile, subsequent cars (if any) can be moved to the engine installation station.
854:", and was copied by most major industries. The efficiency gains from the assembly line also coincided with the take-off of the United States. The assembly line forced workers to work at a certain pace with very repetitive motions which led to more output per worker while other countries were using less productive methods.
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some of these principles, the direct line of succession of mass production and its intensification into automation stems directly from what we worked out at Ford Motor
Company between 1908 and 1913. Henry Ford is generally regarded as the father of mass production. He was not. He was the sponsor of it.
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allowed Ford to increase worker pay from $ 1.50 per day to $ 5.00 per day once employees reached three years of service on the assembly line. Ford continued on to reduce the hourly work week while continuously lowering the Model T price. These goals appear altruistic; however, it has been argued that
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As a result of these developments in method, Ford's cars came off the line in three-minute intervals or six feet per minute. This was much faster than previous methods, increasing production by eight to one (requiring 12.5 man-hours before, 1 hour 33 minutes after), while using less manpower. It was
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is believed to be one of the first industrial assembly lines (or disassembly lines) to be utilized in the United States starting in 1867. Workers would stand at fixed stations and a pulley system would bring the meat to each worker and they would complete one task. Henry Ford and others have written
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process where the unfinished product moves in a direct line from workstation to workstation, with parts added in sequence until the final product is completed. By mechanically moving parts to workstations and transferring the unfinished product from one workstation to another, a finished product can
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After finishing its work on the first car, the engine installation crew can begin working on the second car. While the engine installation crew works on the second car, the first car can be moved to the hood station and fitted with a hood, then to the wheels station and be fitted with wheels. After
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What was worked out at Ford was the practice of moving the work from one worker to another until it became a complete unit, then arranging the flow of these units at the right time and the right place to a moving final assembly line from which came a finished product. Regardless of earlier uses of
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Designing assembly lines is a well-established mathematical challenge, referred to as an assembly line balancing problem. In the simple assembly line balancing problem the aim is to assign a set of tasks that need to be performed on the workpiece to a sequence of workstations. Each task requires a
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the belief that, in order to achieve job satisfaction, workers need to see themselves in the objects they have created, that products should be "mirrors in which workers see their reflected essential nature". Marx viewed labour as a chance for people to externalize facets of their personalities.
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was brought up from the foundry and put at the start of the line, and as it progressed through the building it would stop at various stages where new parts would be added. From the upper level, where other parts were made, the lighter parts would be lowered over a balcony and then fixed onto the
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The assembly line ... was the result of a long period of trial and error. The assembly line wasn't a planned development; rather, it emerged in 1913 from a dynamic situation. People such as Carl Emde, William Klann and
William Knudsen all played key roles in early automation efforts at Ford's
842:
The assembly line technique was an integral part of the diffusion of the automobile into
American society. Decreased costs of production allowed the cost of the Model T to fall within the budget of the American middle class. In 1908, the price of a Model T was around $ 825, and by 1912 it had
616:
203:: assume that certain steps in the assembly line are to install the engine, install the hood, and install the wheels (in that order, with arbitrary interstitial steps); only one of these steps can be done at a time. In traditional production, only one car would be assembled at a time. If
163:(2) Use work slides or some other form of the carrier so that when a workman completes his operation, he drops the part always in the same place—which place must always be the most convenient place to his hand—and if possible have gravity carry the part to the next workman for his own.
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in
Chicago and viewing what was referred to as the "disassembly line", where carcasses were butchered as they moved along a conveyor. The efficiency of one person removing the same piece over and over without moving to another station caught his attention. He reported the idea to
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In an assembly line, car assembly is split between several stations, all working simultaneously. When a station is finished with a car, it passes it on to the next. By having three stations, three cars can be operated on at the same time, each at a different stage of assembly.
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were built making extensive use of prefabrication, enabling ship assembly to be completed in weeks or even days. After having produced fewer than 3,000 planes for the United States
Military in 1939, American aircraft manufacturers built over 300,000 planes in World War II.
635:
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Beetz, Kirk H. "Assembly Line." Dictionary of
American History, edited by Stanley I. Kutler, 3rd ed., vol. 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003, pp. 334-336. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3401800294/GVRL?u=tamp44898&sid=GVRL&xid=da247923. Accessed 19 Jan.
730:, but Pa Klann's slaughterhouse revelation is well documented in the archives at the Henry Ford Museum and elsewhere, making him an important contributor to the modern automated assembly line concept. Ford was appreciative, having visited the highly automated 40-acre
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decreased to around $ 575. This price reduction is comparable to a reduction from $ 15,000 to $ 10,000 in dollar terms from the year 2000. In 1914, an assembly line worker could buy a Model T with four months' pay.
877:(having worked at Ford, GM and the National Defense Advisory Commission) observed, "We won because we smothered the enemy in an avalanche of production, the like of which he had never seen, nor dreamed possible."
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with standardized parts on an assembly-line basis. Although the
Arsenal lasted until the early Industrial Revolution, production line methods did not become common even then.
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in the early 16th century, the
Arsenal employed some 16,000 people who could apparently produce nearly one ship each day and could fit out, arm, and provision a newly built
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160:(1) Place the tools and the men in the sequence of the operation so that each component part shall travel the least possible distance while in the process of finishing.
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to create the individual parts. They would then assemble them into the final product, making cut-and-try changes in the parts until they fit and could work together (
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I believe that this was the first moving line ever installed. The idea came in a general way from the overhead trolley that the
Chicago packers use in dressing beef.
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were used for lifting the heavy work, which sometimes weighed in the tens of tons. The work passed sequentially through to erection of framework and final assembly.
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Ford's complex safety procedures—especially assigning each worker to a specific location instead of allowing them to roam about—dramatically reduced the rate of
403:, canvas belt conveyors, and other mechanical devices to completely automate the process of making flour. The innovation spread to other mills and breweries.
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to just 93 minutes by dividing the process into 45 steps. Producing cars quicker than paint of the day could dry, it had an immense influence on the world.
726:, soon to be head of Ford production, who was doubtful at the time but encouraged him to proceed. Others at Ford have claimed to have put the idea forth to
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The massive demand for military hardware in World War II prompted assembly-line techniques in shipbuilding and aircraft production. Thousands of
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604:. Ford tested various assembly methods to optimize the procedures before permanently installing the equipment. The actual assembly line used an
1031:, a documentary film about the 1984 UAW/CAW contract negotiations shows working life on the floor of the GM Oshawa Ontario Car Assembly Plant (
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230:(20 minutes for the engine installation) so a car can be produced every 20 minutes, once the first car taking 35 minutes has been produced.
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357:, saw expeditious improvement in materials handling, machining, and assembly during the 19th century, although modern concepts such as
967:, recalled that besides being prohibited from speaking, the semi-skilled workers had only 25 centimeters in which to move. Industrial
810:, presented a different version of development that was not so much about individual "inventors" as a gradual, logical development of
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Scholl, A.; Christian, B. (2006). "State-of-the-art exact and heuristic solution procedures for simple assembly line balancing".
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or machines, and parts. The motion of workers is minimized to the extent possible. All parts or assemblies are handled either by
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Assuming no loss of time when moving a car from one station to another, the longest stage on the assembly line determines the
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began being used for loading and unloading ships some time in the last quarter of the 19th century. Hounshell (1984) shows a
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handling facility around 1906. At Ford, the process was an evolution by trial and error of a team consisting primarily of
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From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States
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would dry fast enough, forcing the company to drop the variety of colours available before 1914, until fast-drying
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According to Domm, the implementation of mass production of an automobile via an assembly line may be credited to
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pioneered the use of the powered assembly line for aircraft manufacturing. Other companies quickly followed. As
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Since workers have to stand in the same place for hours and repeat the same motion hundreds of times per day,
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One of the earliest examples of an almost modern factory layout, designed for easy material handling, was the
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or forklifts. Each worker typically performs one simple operation unless job rotation strategies are applied.
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430:. This factory was so successful that it remained in use until the 1960s, with the workshop still visible at
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Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society
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453:. The buildings were arranged in a line with a railway for carrying the work going through the buildings.
166:(3) Use sliding assembling lines by which the parts to be assembled are delivered at convenient distances.
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The Portsmouth Block Mills : Bentham, Brunel and the start of the Royal Navy's Industrial Revolution
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or team of craftsmen would create each part of a product. They would use their skills and tools such as
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that many workers feel because of the repetition of doing the same specialized task all day long.
761:. Some of the groundwork for such development had recently been laid by the intelligent layout of
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machine on the ground level. When the machine reached the end of the shop, it would be completed.
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be assembled faster and with less labor than having workers carry parts to a stationary product.
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In his 1922 autobiography, Henry Ford mentions several benefits of the assembly line including:
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sketch of an electric-powered conveyor moving cans through a filling line in a canning factory.
309:. Ships moved down a canal and were fitted by the various shops they passed. At the peak of its
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also proved dangerous. When it was not too high, workers were often prohibited from talking.
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Probably the earliest industrial example of a linear and continuous assembly process is the
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717:, the assembly line was introduced by William "Pa" Klann upon his return from visiting
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Nibert, David (2011). "Origins and Consequences of the Animal Industrial Complex". In
1464:, Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village Archives, Accession 65, Box 21, Folder 10
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International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition)
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In 1922, Ford (through his ghostwriter Crowther) said of his 1913 assembly line:
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and others, designed 22 types of machine tools to make the parts for the rigging
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Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II
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led to a proliferation of manufacturing and invention. Many industries, notably
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1655:(Summer 1965). "Alienation and Freedom: The Factory Worker and His Industry".
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installation takes 10 minutes, then a car can be produced every 35 minutes.
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The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World
1476:"Ford's Assembly Line Turns 100: How It Changed Manufacturing and Society"
468:, pictured in 1839, one of the earliest factories to use an almost modern
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500:' on account of its length and was fully operational by early 1853. The
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Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II
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1353:"Ford's Assembly Line Turns 100: How It Really Put the World on Wheels"
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and other ancient civilizations. In Ancient Greece it was discussed by
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81:
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242:, most manufactured products were made individually by hand. A single
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Assembly lines are common methods of assembling complex items such as
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Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
2318:
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1716:[Autogestion Lessons] (Interview) (in French). Archived from
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was the first manufactured product to become fully automated, at the
362:
142:, with no manual trucking. Heavy lifting is done by machines such as
135:
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537:, provided the prerequisites for the modern assembly line by making
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Motor assembly line at Willys-Overland Company, Toledo, Ohio, 1920
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Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater
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by Roe (1916). Evans's mill used a leather belt bucket elevator,
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1981:
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870:
850:. The combination of high wages and high efficiency is called "
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698:, who used it to build the first mass-produced automobile, the
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Assembly lines are designed for the sequential organization of
1076:"Assembler Job Description - How to Become an Assembly Worker"
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Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust
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The first flow assembly line was initiated at the factory of
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History of the British canal system
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Workers in charge of the works of assembly line are called
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practice on the later developments at Ford Motor Company.
2832:
List of United Kingdom-related topics
2047:); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois (
200:
2756:
History of the cooperative Movement
2127:
History of the assembly line and its widespread effects
2039:. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (
1436:"Assembly Line History: Invention of the Assembly Line"
1320:
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the assembly line concept, which he put to work in his
438:, and still containing some of the original machinery.
3135:
History of science and technology in the United States
1417:
1415:
600:
1913 Experimenting with the mounting body on Model T
1745:
The Global Industrial Complex: Systems of Domination
978:
1917:
Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution
1146:Slack, N.; Brandon-Jones, A.; Johnston, R. (2013).
2088:
2082:Assembly Line Design: Methodology and Applications
1959:
1866:
1843:
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1412:
513:During the early 19th century, the development of
2030:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press,
3101:
2117:Homepage for assembly line optimization research
1109:, p. 45 (on line version), p. 80 (print version)
2847:Timeline of materials technology
1118:
776:and began operation on October 7, 1913, at the
772:The moving assembly line was developed for the
2632:Stockton and Darlington Railway
1914:Musson, Albert Edward; Robinson, Eric (1969).
1913:
1701:Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844
1268:
880:
545:Late 19th-century steam and electric conveyors
305:, dating to about 1104, operated similar to a
2910:
2152:
1966:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1806:
1590:
1566:
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1382:
1380:
1378:
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780:, and continued to evolve after that, using
1894:
1816:. Garden City, NY: Garden City Publishing.
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1173:"Division of Labor: History of the Concept"
1023:) struggling to adapt to assembly line work
445:. The factory grounds were bordered by the
395:in 1785 was called the beginning of modern
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1100:
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1954:
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971:later tried to minimize physical trauma.
898:There are jobs that almost anyone can do.
2466:John Kay (spinning frame)
2461:John Kay (flying shuttle)
2396:Thomas and George Cranege
1995:(Illustrated ed.). Dana T. Parker.
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1121:European Journal of Operational Research
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472:, workflow, and material-handling system
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36:
1739:; Richard Kahn; Anthony J. Nocella II;
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1522:from the original on September 15, 2016
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14:
3120:Manufacturing buildings and structures
3102:
2852:Timeline of steam power
1988:
1864:
1841:
1770:. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company.
1614:
1602:
1179:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 601–605,
157:The principles of assembly are these:
2898:
2567:Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet
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1873:. Woodstock, NY: The Overlook Press.
1765:
1699:Marx, Karl. "Comment on James Mill,"
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1459:
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496:. The assembly line area was called '
211:installation takes five minutes, and
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2092:& Williamson, Samuel T. (1956).
1774:
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1421:
1391:"The Moving Assembly Line Turns 100"
1350:
1344:
889:Workers do not do any heavy lifting.
719:Swift & Company's slaughterhouse
2122:Assembly line optimization problems
2020:
1945:
1225:
769:had been doing at Ford up to 1908.
24:
2027:English and American Tool Builders
1363:from the original on 19 April 2017
901:Provided employment to immigrants.
25:
3151:
3064:History of electrical engineering
2381:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
2110:
1484:. October 7, 2013. Archived from
1433:
895:No special training was required.
186:
2876:
2865:
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2617:Portsmouth Block Mills
2342:
2065:. New York: D. Appleton and Co.
995:
981:
788:, reduced production time for a
451:Liverpool and Manchester Railway
45:on final assembly line 3 in the
30:For the video game company, see
2842:Timeline of invention
2817:History of technology
2680:Newcomen steam engine
2456:Joseph Marie Jacquard
2009:from the original on 2020-08-06
1934:from the original on 2021-05-24
1920:. Manchester University Press.
1830:from the original on 2021-04-13
1810:& Crowther, Samuel (1922).
1795:from the original on 2020-08-19
1706:
1693:
1645:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1572:
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1549:from the original on 2016-03-06
1543:"How the Model T Was Assembled"
1500:
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1453:
1442:from the original on 2018-01-17
1427:
1397:from the original on 2016-08-26
1299:
1274:
1262:
1086:from the original on 2020-09-25
784:. The assembly line, driven by
579:
410:, built between 1801 and 1803.
207:installation takes 20 minutes,
2937:History of technology cultures
2602:Derwent Valley Mills
2471:Francis Cabot Lowell
1885:A companion to the PBS Series
1778:Michigan Yesterday & Today
1727:
1579:Sorensen & Williamson 1956
1508:"Moving Assembly Line at Ford"
1241:
1230:
1219:
1164:
1139:
1112:
1043:flexible manufacturing systems
741:, the factory superintendent;
588:Ford assembly line, 1913. The
529:, and of toolpath control via
134:or motorized vehicles such as
13:
1:
3084:History of nuclear technology
3059:History of computing hardware
3037:History of technology domains
1175:, in Wright, James D. (ed.),
1171:Sturn, Richard (2015-01-01),
1057:
1003:Business and economics portal
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643:
622:
554:
3069:History of materials science
1541:Weber, Austin (2008-09-02).
1389:Weber, Austin (2013-10-01).
1062:
947:are a possible pathology of
892:No stooping or bending over.
592:assembly line was the first.
572:about the influence of this
7:
2827:Industrial archaeology
2730:Watt steam engine
2416:Abraham Darby III
974:
881:Improved working conditions
753:, draftsman and toolmaker;
642:Ford Model T assembly line
621:Ford Model T assembly line
199:Consider the assembly of a
106:
47:Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder
10:
3156:
2695:Reverberatory furnace
2622:Quarry Bank Mill
2411:Abraham Darby II
2324:Economies of agglomeration
1895:Charles Patterson (2002).
1850:. New York: Random House.
1768:Masters of Mass Production
1269:Musson & Robinson 1969
1133:10.1016/j.ejor.2004.07.022
945:repetitive stress injuries
828:became a bottleneck. Only
708:Olds Motor Vehicle Company
478:Richard Garrett & Sons
380:in the early 19th century.
233:
29:
3032:
2932:
2860:
2809:
2738:
2640:
2559:
2406:Abraham Darby I
2351:
2340:
2236:
2179:
1887:The Genius That Was China
1629:"Shop Class as Soulcraft"
1351:Swan, Tony (April 2013).
3049:History of communication
3044:History of biotechnology
2720:Stephenson's Rocket
2094:My Forty Years with Ford
2059:Wells, David A. (1890).
1775:Domm, Robert W. (2009).
1749:Rowman & Littlefield
1591:Ford & Crowther 1922
1567:Ford & Crowther 1922
1107:Ford & Crowther 1922
1015:, a 1936 film featuring
808:My Forty Years with Ford
778:Highland Park Ford Plant
365:had not yet been named.
173:supply chain integration
118:assembly line as of 2008
2536:Richard Trevithick
2084:. Taylor & Francis.
1948:America's Assembly Line
1842:Herman, Arthur (2012).
1766:Borth, Christy (1945).
839:was developed in 1926.
492:for the manufacture of
416:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
3074:History of measurement
2944:Prehistoric technology
2791:Rochdale Pioneers
2776:Industrial unrest
2582:Bridgewater Canal
2526:Robert Stephenson
2521:George Stephenson
2496:William Radcliffe
2451:Benjamin Huntsman
2426:William Fairbairn
2386:Edmund Cartwright
2361:Richard Arkwright
2264:Industry/Manufacturing
1946:Nye, David E. (2013).
1714:"Leçons d'autogestion"
1658:Technology and Culture
1053:-influenced production
921:work has explored the
821:
812:industrial engineering
801:
745:, Martin's assistant;
700:Oldsmobile Curved Dash
691:
670:
649:
628:
609:
593:
494:portable steam engines
473:
408:Portsmouth Block Mills
397:bulk material handling
381:
378:Portsmouth Block Mills
359:industrial engineering
292:at length in his book
288:in the manufacture of
196:
168:
119:
61:
50:
3019:Industrial Revolution
2926:History of technology
2761:Cottage industry
2446:Eaton Hodgkinson
2431:James Hargreaves
2366:Thomas Boulsover
1989:Parker, Dana (2013).
1865:Merson, John (1990).
1545:. Assembly Magazine.
1460:Klann, W. C. (n.d.),
1393:. Assembly Magazine.
1148:Operations Management
1019:character (played by
914:Sociological problems
816:
806:, in his 1956 memoir
797:
782:time and motion study
683:
662:
641:
620:
599:
587:
541:a practical reality.
539:interchangeable parts
509:Interchangeable parts
463:
371:
327:Industrial Revolution
321:Industrial Revolution
298:(published in 1776).
295:The Wealth of Nations
240:Industrial Revolution
194:
181:production scheduling
155:
114:
56:
40:
27:Manufacturing process
3110:Industrial processes
3089:History of transport
3054:History of computing
2700:Sheffield plate
2501:Richard Roberts
2481:Thomas Newcomen
2401:Samuel Crompton
2371:Matthew Boulton
2329:Economies of density
2096:. New York: Norton.
2090:Sorensen, Charles E.
2080:We-Min Chow (1990).
1488:on November 30, 2013
937:theory of alienation
418:), with the help of
412:Marc Isambard Brunel
343:horse-drawn vehicles
70:progressive assembly
60:'s car assembly line
3140:Types of production
3125:American inventions
3079:History of medicine
2710:Spinning jenny
2705:Spinning frame
2675:Flying shuttle
2665:Crucible steel
2546:John Wilkinson
2531:Thomas Telford
2376:James Brindley
2022:Roe, Joseph Wickham
1956:Hounshell, David A.
1627:Crawford, Matthew.
1516:The History Channel
1512:This Day in History
1481:New York Daily News
949:occupational safety
859:automotive industry
804:Charles E. Sorensen
743:Charles E. Sorensen
684:Ford assembly line
663:Ford assembly line
519:screw-cutting lathe
480:, Leiston Works in
466:Bridgewater Foundry
443:Bridgewater Foundry
347:railway locomotives
3130:Culture of Detroit
2801:Industrial warfare
2650:Blast furnace
2511:Samuel Slater
2506:Thomas Savery
2476:Lunar Society
2334:Economies of scale
2132:Cars Assembly Line
1781:. Voyageur Press.
1438:. Ideafinder.com.
1282:"Long Shop Museum"
1051:lean manufacturing
875:William S. Knudsen
715:Ford Motor Company
692:
671:
650:
629:
610:
608:to mount the body.
594:
474:
382:
339:clocks and watches
286:division of labour
197:
120:
62:
51:
3097:
3096:
2892:
2891:
2766:Factory Acts
2751:Child labour
2715:Steam engine
2627:Soho Foundry
2516:John Smeaton
2441:Thomas Highs
2436:Hawks family
2053:978-0-917914-73-7
2002:978-0-9897906-1-1
1973:978-0-8018-2975-8
1927:978-0-7190-0370-7
1906:978-19-300-5199-7
1899:. Lantern Books.
1857:978-1-4000-6964-4
1605:, pp. 176–91
1341:, pp. 71–79.
1186:978-0-08-097087-5
935:expressed in his
923:social alienation
747:Clarence W. Avery
710:factory in 1901.
681:
660:
639:
618:
447:Bridgewater Canal
264:was practiced by
262:Division of labor
177:inventory control
32:The Assembly Line
16:(Redirected from
3147:
3014:Great Divergence
2919:
2912:
2905:
2896:
2895:
2880:
2879:
2868:
2867:
2771:Great Divergence
2725:Water frame
2660:Cotton mill
2486:Robert Owen
2346:
2314:Water power
2294:Steam power
2249:Coal mining
2227:Potential future
2161:
2154:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2105:
2085:
2076:
2038:
2017:
2015:
2014:
1985:
1965:
1951:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1910:
1891:
1872:
1861:
1849:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1813:My Life and Work
1803:
1801:
1800:
1771:
1762:
1722:
1721:
1710:
1704:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1637:. Archived from
1634:The New Atlantis
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
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1336:
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1307:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1284:. Archived from
1278:
1272:
1271:, pp. 491–5
1266:
1260:
1247:Coad, Jonathan,
1245:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1223:
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1092:
1091:
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1005:
1000:
999:
991:
989:Companies portal
986:
985:
984:
953:Industrial noise
690:
687:
682:
669:
666:
661:
648:
645:
640:
627:
624:
619:
559:
556:
303:Venetian Arsenal
256:craft production
94:electronic goods
21:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3115:Mass production
3100:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3028:
2999:Medieval Europe
2928:
2923:
2893:
2888:
2856:
2805:
2734:
2685:Power loom
2642:
2636:
2612:New Lanark
2555:
2551:John Wyatt
2541:James Watt
2491:Lewis Paul
2391:Henry Cort
2353:
2347:
2338:
2232:
2175:
2165:
2113:
2108:
2079:
2073:
2012:
2010:
2003:
1974:
1937:
1935:
1928:
1907:
1881:
1858:
1833:
1831:
1824:
1798:
1796:
1789:
1759:
1751:. p. 208.
1730:
1725:
1720:on 7 July 2007.
1712:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1671:10.2307/3101830
1653:Blauner, Robert
1650:
1646:
1625:
1621:
1617:, pp. 5–12
1613:
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1349:
1345:
1339:Patterson, 2002
1337:
1333:
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1069:
1065:
1060:
1021:Charlie Chaplin
1001:
994:
987:
982:
980:
977:
916:
883:
824:so successful,
767:Walter Flanders
765:placement that
755:Charles Ebender
751:C. Harold Wills
739:Peter E. Martin
724:Peter E. Martin
688:
673:
667:
652:
646:
631:
625:
612:
582:
557:
547:
527:milling machine
511:
401:screw conveyors
351:sewing machines
323:
307:production line
236:
189:
144:overhead cranes
109:
92:appliances and
68:, often called
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2994:Medieval Islam
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2112:
2111:External links
2109:
2107:
2106:
2086:
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2071:
2056:
2018:
2001:
1986:
1972:
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1943:
1926:
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1905:
1892:
1879:
1862:
1856:
1839:
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1787:
1772:
1763:
1758:978-0739136980
1757:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1705:
1692:
1665:(3): 518–519.
1644:
1641:on 2013-06-01.
1619:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1581:, p. 116.
1571:
1559:
1533:
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1467:
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1426:
1411:
1374:
1357:Car and driver
1343:
1331:
1329:, p. 200.
1319:
1308:
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1273:
1261:
1240:
1237:Hounshell 1984
1229:
1218:
1197:
1185:
1163:
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1138:
1127:(3): 666–639.
1111:
1096:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1039:Reconfigurable
1036:
1024:
1007:
1006:
992:
976:
973:
961:skilled worker
957:Charles Piaget
915:
912:
903:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
882:
879:
786:conveyor belts
606:overhead crane
581:
578:
574:slaughterhouse
551:conveyor lifts
549:Steam-powered
546:
543:
510:
507:
486:English county
420:Henry Maudslay
384:The automatic
322:
319:
284:discussed the
266:Ancient Greeks
235:
232:
188:
187:Simple example
185:
108:
105:
86:transportation
26:
18:Assembly lines
9:
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4:
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2954:Ancient Egypt
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1728:Works cited
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1603:Herman 2012
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1028:Final Offer
965:LIP factory
830:japan black
696:Ransom Olds
689: 1947
668: 1930
647: 1924
626: 1919
565:meatpacking
558: 1885
432:HM Dockyard
414:(father of
238:Before the
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2607:Ironbridge
2304:Technology
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2174:revolution
2168:Industrial
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1938:2020-10-17
1834:2021-04-21
1799:2020-10-17
1553:2017-03-26
1492:August 27,
1446:2011-10-15
1401:2017-03-26
1316:Wells 1890
1292:2012-12-17
1192:2023-09-30
1090:2020-03-07
1058:References
969:ergonomics
735:mail order
728:Henry Ford
436:Portsmouth
428:Royal Navy
311:efficiency
282:Adam Smith
228:throughput
151:Henry Ford
116:Lotus Cars
101:assemblers
84:and other
2989:Byzantine
2949:Neolithic
2810:Reference
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2572:Allentown
2319:Workforce
2289:Sociology
2279:Machinery
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391:built by
363:logistics
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140:gravity
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