487:
651:
1293:
414:
515:
929:
442:
237:, Iosif Loris-Melikov: the lack of a legitimate government meant that they could not resign, and that such an action would serve as an implicit recognition of the Soviet government. Thus, the tsarist politicians would serve as representatives of Russia until a new legitimate government was established, participating in events such as the 18th Inter-Allied Conference held in Paris in late 1917. Financing took place through loans to local missions by the host countries' governments, and the embassy's accounts were drained into temporary accounts or used to buy
815:
989:
2493:
2411:
543:
1927:
1167:
2050:
2100:
2461:
957:
571:
2251:
1199:
599:
1887:
1744:
1786:
1970:
1811:
1567:
1509:
1268:
1238:
358:
2075:
1595:
386:
1653:
2436:
2020:
1848:
1537:
1484:
2276:
2201:
787:
1719:
1128:
2150:
1623:
1427:
1375:
2386:
2301:
2326:
2125:
2226:
2356:
1457:
1321:
277:(Spain) and Efremov (Switzerland). Maklakov acted as the council's leader, followed by Giers. A number of diplomats remained active up until 1940 without having any contact with the council, as was the case of Yevgeny Shtein (Buenos Aires; to 1931), Pavel Pustoshkin (The Hague; to 1940) and S. A. Uget (Washington D.C.; to 1933).
285:, demanding that the Swiss government recognise his embassy as the only legitimate mission to the country. A similar situation took place in London, with the Soviet ambassador being unable to occupy the embassy due to the British government siding with the tsarists.
147:
addressed to "Son
Excellence Monsieur Maklakoff, Ambassade de Russie", with the lightly erased letters "ur" at the end of "Ambassade". Maklakov lightly compared himself to "a magazine that one puts on a seat to show that it is occupied".
3234:
3916:
3554:
I am taking leave from 2nd
January 2022. Looking to the circumstance and restrictions, it is not very clear when I can return to office. So, I am leaving this hand over note for a smooth transition at the Afghan Embassy in
280:
Incidents took place between tsarist and bolshevik diplomats. One such event took place in Bern, when Andrei
Mikhailovich Onu, the tsarist ambassador to Switzerland, refused to hand over his mission to Soviet ambassador
1043:
was proclaimed on August 17. The country's diplomatic network abroad continued its allegiance to the former
Republic, as a number of the diplomats posted had personally contributed to the country's reconstruction after
2808:"Василий Алексеевич Маклаков (1869–1957). "ХОТЯ ЭТО И ПОДЛОЕ ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВО, НО ЭТО ВСЕ-ТАКИ РУССКОЕ ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВО…". Роковая Фемида. Драматические судьбы знаменитых российских юристов. Александр Григорьевич Звягинцев"
142:
Throughout that period, French authorities considered
Maklakov "an ambassador who had not yet been accredited". There was considerable ambiguity in this position. For example, he once received a letter from Premier
257:
in Lisbon, who were boycotted by the council and allied diplomats, and as a result, another telegram was issued on
December 9 (O.S. November 26) relieving 28 diplomats of their duties without a right to a pension.
244:
After being reminded of the council's actions, Trotsky issued a telegram on
November 30, 1917 (O.S. November 17) that deposed Maklakov of all diplomatic functions. Another telegram on the same day stating that the
3256:
3650:
3617:
2962:
1078:, where the police were called after a physical altercation between the ambassadors. A number of diplomats of the new government have also been denied their positions, as was the case of
2811:
745:
3224:
642:
still recognized the Soviet Union instead of Russia. The United
Nations would recognize Russia in place of the Soviet Union on 24 December 1991, and the embassies would follow suit.
3202:
3917:"Appointed by IEA MFA, Mr. Mohammad Fazel Saber was introduced in a ceremony as chargé d'affaires to his colleagues at the Afghan Embassy in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, yesterday"
1083:
307:
The consuls in North
America stopped their services in the late 1920s; the U.S. government seized the records of the consulates. The seizure started a long dispute. The
171:
was illegitimate in the way it violently seized power, and was hopeful that "vigorous opposition" would be stirred up in the country. The day after the revolution, the
3264:
3815:
Two other
Taliban officials in the foreign affairs and interior ministries confirmed the appointment to Reuters and said similar arrangements had been made in Qatar
3789:
3150:
59:
from an internationally recognised government to one or more new governments that may or may not be recognised when established for a variety or reasons.
2963:
https://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/events/2021/12/collapse-of-the-soviet-union-30-years-on/collapse-of-the-soviet-union-30-years-on-transition-and-soviet-legacy
152:
3448:
196:
2718:
3476:
3993:
2807:
3859:
308:
3830:
882:, the government was recognised in 1939 and the embassy was allowed to remain open for the entirety of the war. An Honorary Consulate in
576:
3965:
3194:
992:
3052:
3912:
3683:
3567:
3291:
2555:
722:
249:
suggested that all embassy staff respond immediately as to whether or not they were to follow a foreign policy that aligned with the
234:
1214:
1040:
820:
714:
172:
273:) was established to ensure unanimity among the tsarist diplomats. It included diplomats Giers (Italy), Nabokov (United Kingdom),
202:
Ultimately, most diplomats agreed with Nabokov, and diplomatic efforts became coordinated and based in Paris at the suggestion of
4055:
3761:
116:
2951:
2884:""Embassy without Government": The Council of Ambassadors and the Persistence of Tsarist Diplomacy after the Russian Revolution"
4019:
752:, the number diminished. By the time it was dissolved in 1977, it had relations and embassies only with Mexico and Yugoslavia.
682:
301:
184:
3592:
3418:
634:; between 16–24 December 1991, the Soviet Union neither controlled nor claimed to control any territory (thus making it not a
3366:
3093:
2789:
2631:
1045:
472:
3735:
3333:
706:
1074:
Also similar to the Russian effort, incidents have occurred between republican and emirian diplomats, as was the case in
391:
2883:
288:
Between 1920 and 1925, the council slowly started to fade as the USSR was recognised instead, representing instead the
3397:
3116:
3026:
1668:
1336:
855:
274:
246:
183:
and neutral countries of Europe, asking advise regarding coordination efforts. On November 10 (O.S. October 28), the
1863:
311:
received the documents in 1949. In 1980 the U.S. government loaned the documents of the Canadian consulates to the
3884:
3338:
1028:
886:
organized temporary accommodation, false documents and transport for Polish civilians and military who fled from
710:
631:
2471:
2165:
1182:
188:
89:
658:
3937:
1472:
1143:
878:, forcing the government out of the embassy and into the president's private residence at 43 Eaton Place. In
718:
241:
in order to prevent that the money is used by the Soviet government in the event that the missions closed.
2975:
871:
702:
312:
180:
3225:"An anti-Taliban front forming in Panjshir? Ex top spy Saleh, son of 'Lion of Panjshir' meet at citadel"
3229:
3129:
3082:
Talmon, Stefan; Talmon, Co-Director Institute of International Law and Professor of Law Stefan (1998).
2937:
847:
254:
2580:
that Turkey had handed over the consulate in Istanbul to a Taliban appointee. However, in April 2023,
2554:
has claimed Islamic Republic-appointed diplomats to Saudi Arabia are following instructions from the
863:
2684:
2664:
Die Nikolai-Kathedrale, das Große Kantō-Erdbeben von 1923 und das Ende des alten Russlands in Japan
726:
293:
119:. When he arrived in Paris to present his credentials, Maklakov learned of the Bolshevik takeover (
3085:
Recognition of Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile
3911:
3709:
3453:
3334:"Unrecognized Taliban Aims To Boost Legitimacy By Wresting Control Of Afghan Diplomatic Missions"
678:
128:
33:
304:, but not at an official capacity. The council ultimately did not survive past the early 1920s.
1024:
734:
650:
2952:
https://www.britannica.com/event/the-collapse-of-the-Soviet-Union/The-end-of-Soviet-communism
492:
282:
3537:
3296:
3168:
1932:
1032:
123:) and he represented a no longer existent government. In December was put out of charge by
163:, urging them of the necessity of coordinating their actions in response to the events in
8:
2703:
2527:
670:
635:
250:
73:
2920:
1063:
was established by the republican ambassadors in order to coordinate efforts via mostly
4050:
3799:
3257:"Panjshir flies flag of resistance again; Amrullah says he is President of Afghanistan"
2903:
2723:
2672:
1912:
851:
662:
447:
144:
120:
112:
48:
44:
3534:"Handover note addressed to Mr. Mahyuddin Saddat First Secretary, Assigned to Beijing"
2784:
3860:"Turkiye Hands Over Afghan Consulate in Istanbul to Afghanistan's Interim Government"
3707:
3658:
3625:
3533:
3112:
3089:
2907:
1053:
988:
674:
289:
168:
132:
93:
85:
3111:
Editor Peter D. Stachura Chapter 4 by Wojciech Rojek The Poles in Britain 1940-2000
3835:
3766:
2895:
2341:
1209:
1106:
875:
609:
266:
192:
160:
81:
24:
2899:
1056:, as several Afghan missions in Asia have been handed over to the new government.
1048:. Efforts made by the corps, now reduced in staff size and financed by donors and
199:, took a more sympathetic approach stance to the U.S.'s position towards the war.
3083:
2698:
934:
879:
749:
520:
227:
223:
108:
3966:"Afghan Interim Govt Appoints Envoy to Afghanistan's Consulate General in Dubai"
3327:
3325:
3323:
3151:"Polonia y España: los vínculos históricos entre dos grandes Naciones de Europa"
2586:
reported that the existing leadership of the consulate had refused to step down.
3504:
3481:
3449:"Taliban Intensify Efforts to Take Control of Afghanistan's Overseas Embassies"
3402:
3371:
2636:
2582:
2551:
2466:
2105:
1079:
1064:
962:
891:
867:
730:
639:
207:
2932:
685:
on April 4. In the immediate postwar period, it had diplomatic relations with
4044:
3662:
3629:
3320:
1204:
604:
253:. The telegram went unanswered, with the exception of Solovyov in Madrid and
215:
101:
97:
56:
3684:"Iran handed over Afghan Embassy in Tehran to Interim Regime of Afghanistan"
2662:
3994:"Afghanistan's Embassy in Uzbekistan transferred to Taliban administration"
3970:
1892:
1749:
1633:
1605:
859:
738:
368:
316:
211:
77:
3790:"Afghan Taliban appoint new envoy to run embassy in neighbouring Pakistan"
2567:
There are reports that the Ankara embassy is obeying Taliban instructions.
127:
but nevertheless continued to occupy the Russian embassy for seven years.
3942:
3509:
2416:
2256:
1791:
1547:
797:
548:
3889:
3393:
3027:"History of diplomatic relations between Mexico and Spain (in Spanish)"
2833:
Russian Refugees in France and the United States Between the World Wars
1975:
1816:
1572:
1514:
1273:
1243:
1005: Afghan embassies aligned with the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
136:
3708:
Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Tokyo (2 April 2022).
2980:
1011: Afghan embassies aligned with the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
661:. The building on the left served as the Republican embassy until the
3305:
3301:
2785:"Russian Diplomacy in Emigration: Challenging the October Revolution"
2532:
2498:
2396:
2261:
1937:
1348:
1331:
1049:
883:
698:
694:
363:
320:
164:
52:
3736:"Kazakhstan acredits taliban envoys without recognizing government"
3713:
2503:
2080:
2060:
1980:
1897:
1872:
1821:
1692:
1658:
1600:
825:
467:
238:
88:, the Tsarist-aligned corps continued to operate in support of the
292:
instead of a Russian state. For example, after the signing of the
3913:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
3831:"Russia Latest Country to Establish Diplomatic Ties With Taliban"
3794:
3593:"As of October 1, Afghanistan Embassy in New Delhi Stands Closed"
3549:
2441:
2155:
2055:
2025:
1680:
1577:
1437:
1412:
1303:
1036:
452:
226:, as well as ambassadors and other representatives in Europe and
179:
Mikhail Meyendorff, circulated a wire to Russian missions in the
124:
3367:"Afghanistan's Diplomats Refuse to Represent a Terrorist Group"
2421:
2391:
2366:
2336:
2331:
2311:
2306:
2281:
2211:
2206:
2186:
2160:
2130:
2110:
2030:
1995:
1858:
1853:
1833:
1771:
1754:
1704:
1663:
1542:
1519:
1489:
1400:
1385:
1360:
1177:
1172:
967:
939:
887:
792:
690:
686:
581:
424:
419:
219:
3419:"Embassy of Afghanistan without a leader but keeps hope alive"
214:
for diplomatic recognition. Among these were consuls in seven
3885:"Turkmenistan: Berdymukhamedov passes the mantle (and phone)"
3803:
3477:"'Nowhere to Turn to': U.S. Forces Closure of Afghan Embassy"
2361:
2231:
2135:
2085:
1952:
1796:
1724:
1494:
1462:
1326:
1298:
1278:
1138:
1133:
525:
497:
396:
2667:(in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 33–59.
2632:"Afghanistan's Ambassadors Fly the Flag Against the Taliban"
315:. On 31 January 1990 the U.S. returned the documents to the
3651:"Afghan consulates counter embassy's decision to shut down"
3618:"Afghan consulates counter embassy's decision to shut down"
2446:
2286:
2236:
2174:
1729:
1628:
1467:
1432:
1380:
1248:
1075:
553:
156:
51:
to its host country. Such a mission usually arises from a
3762:"Taliban Install Diplomats in Pakistan Embassy, Missions"
3568:"Afghan embassy in Delhi to cease operations from Oct. 1"
890:
to Spain in 1939–1942 with the intention of reaching the
630:
A similar situation occurred very briefly as part of the
210:
to other countries, competing with the newly established
151:
With the Tsarist government deposed, Konstantin Nabokov (
3360:
3358:
3356:
3195:"Afghan vice president says he is "caretaker" president"
233:
The ambassadors worked under the notion proposed by the
4020:"Uzbek Border Town Adjusts to the Taliban as Neighbors"
866:
was administered by the government-in-exile until the
3938:"IEA introduces caretaker ambassador to Turkmenistan"
3353:
3292:"Afghan diplomats under pressure from Taliban regime"
2976:"Un símbolo de la resistencia republicana, 'okupado'"
38:
1071:
currently acts as the embassies' government system.
3505:"Incredible silence at the Afghan Embassy in Dhaka"
2996:
Governments-in-Exile in Contemporary World Politics
897:
625:
191:, endorsed Maklakov's actions. On the other hand,
1089:
755:
326:
222:cities, receiving financing and support from the
206:in Madrid, Yury Solovyov. The embassies acted as
155:) and Maklakov telegrammed their counterparts in
4042:
3531:
3286:
3284:
3282:
1018: Sovereignty not recognized by Afghanistan
300:. Tsarist diplomats were allowed to attend the
3475:Detsch, Jack; Gramer, Robbie (15 March 2022).
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
2881:
3825:
3823:
3279:
3047:
3045:
3043:
2556:Islamic Emirate's Ministry of Foreign Affairs
983:
3474:
3468:
3081:
2625:
2623:
309:National Archives and Records Administration
3429:
3107:
3105:
3011:. New York: Whittlesey House. 1948, p. 252.
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
261:In late November (O.S. October) 1917, the "
131:served as the informal headquarters of the
3820:
3217:
3187:
3040:
2802:
2800:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2656:
2654:
1059:In the absence of a foreign ministry, the
3145:
3143:
3077:
3075:
3073:
914:
772:
343:
3986:
3447:Stancati, Margherita (18 January 2022).
3446:
3331:
3102:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2782:
2660:
2600:
2576:It was reported in February 2023 by the
1067:, and, similar to the Russian effort, a
987:
649:
296:, the German mission was renamed to the
3858:Rezahi, Nizamuddin (27 February 2023).
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3733:
3681:
3249:
2882:Kocho-Williams, Alastair (2020-08-19).
2797:
2731:
2697:
2651:
4043:
3857:
3648:
3615:
3502:
3364:
3173:Ośrodek Debaty Międzynarodowej Rzeszów
3140:
3070:
3021:
3019:
3017:
2825:
80:dismissed the diplomatic corps of the
3787:
3532:Javid Ahmad Qaem (10 January 2022).
3416:
2933:"Russia. Posol'stvo (France) records"
2856:
2790:Russian International Affairs Council
2701:(1955-05-17). "Came the Revolution".
2629:
2146:
1966:
1923:
1883:
1844:
1807:
1740:
1649:
1371:
1317:
841:
438:
167:. Maklakov, a judge, deemed that the
67:
3759:
3746:
3675:
3503:Rahman, Mizanur (4 September 2021).
3392:
2998:. New York: Routledge. 1991, p. 152.
2973:
1086:, but declined by the organisation.
645:
3958:
3727:
3682:Rahmati, Fidel (27 February 2023).
3332:Siddique, Abubakar (7 April 2023).
3237:from the original on 17 August 2021
3205:from the original on 17 August 2021
3014:
1052:alone, have been mostly focused on
13:
1111:
993:Diplomatic missions of Afghanistan
919:
777:
348:
208:parallel representatives of Russia
92:, working with the governments of
14:
4067:
3788:Ahmad, Jibran (29 October 2021).
3734:Kumenov, Almaz (April 19, 2023).
3398:"An Ambassador Without a Country"
3263:. 17 August 2021. Archived from
2491:
2459:
2434:
2409:
2384:
2354:
2324:
2299:
2274:
2249:
2224:
2199:
2148:
2123:
2098:
2073:
2048:
2018:
1968:
1925:
1885:
1846:
1809:
1784:
1742:
1717:
1651:
1621:
1593:
1565:
1535:
1507:
1482:
1455:
1425:
1373:
1319:
1291:
1266:
1236:
1197:
1165:
1126:
955:
927:
813:
785:
597:
569:
541:
513:
485:
440:
412:
384:
356:
4012:
3930:
3905:
3877:
3851:
3781:
3760:Khan, Tahir (29 October 2021).
3710:"Announcement of Ramadan Hours"
3701:
3649:Haidar, Suhasini (2023-09-29).
3642:
3616:Haidar, Suhasini (2023-09-29).
3609:
3585:
3560:
3525:
3496:
3410:
3386:
3365:Detsch, Jack (7 January 2022).
3339:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
3169:"Punkt kontaktowy w Barcelonie"
3161:
3122:
3053:"Republicans in Mexico Waiting"
3001:
2988:
2967:
2956:
2945:
2925:
2914:
2814:from the original on 2018-09-05
2570:
2561:
2545:
1029:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
632:dissolution of the Soviet Union
626:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
197:ambassador to the United States
4056:Embassies without a government
2847:
2838:
2711:
2691:
1090:Diplomatic missions after 2021
898:Diplomatic missions after 1939
756:Diplomatic missions after 1939
327:Diplomatic missions after 1917
247:Council of People's Commissars
90:Russian Provisional Government
1:
3417:Curry, Georgia (2023-08-18).
2900:10.1080/09592296.2020.1782674
2844:Quoted from Hassell, page 33.
2630:Judah, Jacob (2 April 2023).
2593:
3130:"Polish government in exile"
2783:Kononova, Margarita (2017).
298:Russian Refugee Organization
40:posol'stvo bez pravitel'stva
29:посольство без правительства
21:embassy without a government
7:
2974:Usón, Víctor (2016-01-21).
2521:
1084:envoy to the United Nations
659:Colonia Juárez, Mexico City
313:Library and Archives Canada
84:. With the outbreak of the
39:
10:
4072:
2938:California Digital Library
2888:Diplomacy & Statecraft
2037:
984:Afghanistan (2021–present)
848:Polish government-in-exile
255:Roman von Ungern-Sternberg
76:, then People's Commissar
62:
3059:. 1975-11-14. p. 750
2661:Fröhlich, Judith (2017).
2489:
2482:
2457:
2432:
2407:
2382:
2373:
2352:
2322:
2297:
2272:
2247:
2222:
2197:
2121:
2096:
2071:
2046:
2016:
2009:
1904:
1782:
1761:
1715:
1672:
1619:
1591:
1563:
1533:
1505:
1480:
1453:
1444:
1423:
1392:
1340:
1289:
1264:
1255:
1234:
1227:
1195:
1163:
1156:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
953:
925:
918:
913:
910:
907:
904:
811:
783:
776:
771:
768:
765:
762:
669:After the victory of the
638:), but embassies and the
595:
567:
539:
511:
483:
410:
382:
354:
347:
342:
339:
336:
333:
270:
111:was appointed to replace
28:
2538:
872:Polish People's Republic
3864:The Khaama Press Agency
3688:The Khaama Press Agency
3454:The Wall Street Journal
2835:. DIANE, 1991. Page 25.
2719:"In the Czar's Service"
3057:The Fort Scott Tribune
1069:Council of Ambassadors
1039:on August 15, 2021, a
1020:
750:new Spanish government
741:did not recognise it.
677:on April 1, 1939, the
666:
302:Paris Peace Conference
263:Council of Ambassadors
3009:World Communism Today
991:
746:established relations
679:Republican government
653:
283:Jan Antonovich Berzin
173:mission in Copenhagen
3297:Agence France-Presse
1933:United Arab Emirates
1082:, who was appointed
1031:that ended with the
153:ambassador in London
117:Ambassador to France
3088:. Clarendon Press.
2994:Shain, Yossi (ed).
2704:The Harvard Crimson
2699:Barnett, Stephen R.
2578:Khaama Press Agency
2528:Government-in-exile
1050:consular activities
1041:government-in-exile
683:government-in-exile
671:Nationalist faction
636:government-in-exile
251:Congress of Soviets
74:February Revolution
3800:Peshawar, Pakistan
3233:. 17 August 2021.
3201:. 17 August 2021.
3155:Contando Estrellas
2831:Hassell, James E.
2724:The New York Times
2191:Consulate-General
2179:Consulate-General
2000:Consulate-General
1957:Consulate-General
1917:Consulate-General
1877:Consulate-General
1838:Consulate-General
1776:Consulate-General
1709:Consulate-General
1697:Consulate-General
1685:Consulate-General
1417:Consulate-General
1405:Consulate-General
1365:Consulate-General
1353:Consulate-General
1061:Coordination Group
1021:
842:Poland (1939–1990)
744:As more countries
667:
663:Spanish transition
235:ambassador to Siam
185:ambassador in Rome
121:October Revolution
113:Alexander Izvolsky
68:Russia (1917–1925)
49:deposed government
47:that represents a
45:diplomatic mission
4000:. 5 February 2024
3915:(19 March 2022).
3095:978-0-19-826573-3
2853:Hassell, page 25.
2519:
2518:
1054:Western countries
999: Afghanistan
981:
980:
864:embassy in London
839:
838:
675:Spanish Civil War
646:Spain (1939–1977)
623:
622:
294:Treaty of Rapallo
218:cities and three
204:chargé d'affaires
177:chargé d'affaires
169:Soviet government
107:In October 1917,
94:Alexander Kolchak
86:Russian Civil War
55:which leads to a
37:
4063:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3836:Voice of America
3827:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3767:Voice of America
3757:
3744:
3743:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3444:
3427:
3426:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3362:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3329:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3288:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3134:London Remembers
3126:
3120:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3079:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3049:
3038:
3037:
3031:
3023:
3012:
3005:
2999:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2971:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2929:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2879:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2836:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2780:
2729:
2728:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2668:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2627:
2587:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2549:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2024:
2022:
2021:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1210:Washington, D.C.
1203:
1201:
1200:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1113:
1108:
1094:
1093:
1033:capture of Kabul
1017:
1010:
1004:
998:
961:
959:
958:
933:
931:
930:
921:
916:
902:
901:
876:Yalta conference
819:
817:
816:
791:
789:
788:
779:
774:
760:
759:
610:Washington, D.C.
603:
601:
600:
575:
573:
572:
547:
545:
544:
519:
517:
516:
491:
489:
488:
446:
444:
443:
418:
416:
415:
390:
388:
387:
362:
360:
359:
350:
345:
331:
330:
272:
271:Совещания послов
193:Boris Bakhmeteff
82:Russian Republic
42:
32:
30:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4029:
4027:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3975:
3974:. 14 March 2023
3964:
3963:
3959:
3949:
3947:
3946:. 17 March 2022
3936:
3935:
3931:
3921:
3919:
3910:
3906:
3896:
3894:
3893:. 22 March 2022
3883:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3829:
3828:
3821:
3808:
3806:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3770:
3758:
3747:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3680:
3676:
3667:
3665:
3647:
3643:
3634:
3632:
3614:
3610:
3601:
3599:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3577:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3543:
3541:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3445:
3430:
3423:Canberra Weekly
3415:
3411:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3363:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3330:
3321:
3311:
3309:
3308:. 14 March 2022
3290:
3289:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3267:on May 17, 2023
3255:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3080:
3071:
3062:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3041:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3015:
3006:
3002:
2993:
2989:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2946:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2915:
2880:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2830:
2826:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2793:. RIAC Project.
2781:
2732:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2696:
2692:
2680:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2628:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2524:
2492:
2490:
2485:
2460:
2458:
2435:
2433:
2410:
2408:
2385:
2383:
2355:
2353:
2325:
2323:
2300:
2298:
2275:
2273:
2250:
2248:
2225:
2223:
2200:
2198:
2149:
2147:
2124:
2122:
2099:
2097:
2074:
2072:
2049:
2047:
2019:
2017:
2012:
1969:
1967:
1926:
1924:
1886:
1884:
1847:
1845:
1810:
1808:
1785:
1783:
1743:
1741:
1718:
1716:
1652:
1650:
1622:
1620:
1594:
1592:
1566:
1564:
1536:
1534:
1508:
1506:
1483:
1481:
1456:
1454:
1426:
1424:
1374:
1372:
1320:
1318:
1292:
1290:
1267:
1265:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1198:
1196:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1092:
1065:online meetings
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1000:
996:
986:
956:
954:
928:
926:
900:
870:recognized the
844:
814:
812:
786:
784:
758:
648:
628:
598:
596:
570:
568:
542:
540:
514:
512:
486:
484:
441:
439:
413:
411:
385:
383:
357:
355:
329:
290:émigré movement
224:U.S. government
129:Hôtel d'Estrées
109:Vasily Maklakov
70:
65:
17:
16:Type of embassy
12:
11:
5:
4069:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4037:
4036:
4011:
3985:
3957:
3929:
3904:
3876:
3850:
3839:. 9 April 2022
3819:
3780:
3745:
3726:
3700:
3674:
3641:
3608:
3584:
3559:
3524:
3495:
3482:Foreign Policy
3467:
3428:
3409:
3403:The New Yorker
3396:(2023-08-13).
3385:
3372:Foreign Policy
3352:
3319:
3278:
3248:
3216:
3186:
3160:
3139:
3121:
3101:
3094:
3069:
3039:
3013:
3007:Ebon, Martin.
3000:
2987:
2966:
2955:
2944:
2924:
2913:
2894:(3): 469–486.
2855:
2846:
2837:
2824:
2796:
2730:
2710:
2690:
2650:
2637:Foreign Policy
2598:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2583:Foreign Policy
2569:
2560:
2552:Suhail Shaheen
2543:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2467:United Kingdom
2455:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2106:Czech Republic
2094:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1080:Suhail Shaheen
1014:
1007:
1001:
995:
985:
982:
979:
978:
976:
973:
970:
965:
963:United Kingdom
951:
950:
948:
945:
942:
937:
923:
922:
917:
912:
909:
906:
899:
896:
892:United Kingdom
868:United Kingdom
852:September 1939
850:operated from
843:
840:
837:
836:
834:
831:
828:
823:
809:
808:
806:
803:
800:
795:
781:
780:
775:
770:
767:
764:
757:
754:
731:United Kingdom
707:Czechoslovakia
681:established a
647:
644:
640:United Nations
627:
624:
621:
620:
618:
615:
612:
607:
593:
592:
590:
587:
584:
579:
577:United Kingdom
565:
564:
562:
559:
556:
551:
537:
536:
534:
531:
528:
523:
509:
508:
506:
503:
500:
495:
481:
480:
478:
475:
470:
464:
463:
461:
458:
455:
450:
436:
435:
433:
430:
427:
422:
408:
407:
405:
402:
399:
394:
380:
379:
377:
374:
371:
366:
352:
351:
346:
341:
338:
335:
328:
325:
69:
66:
64:
61:
53:civil conflict
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4068:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4025:
4021:
4015:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3816:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3784:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3715:
3712:(in Pashto).
3711:
3704:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3556:
3551:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3471:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3266:
3262:
3261:Tribune India
3258:
3252:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3157:. 2018-11-11.
3156:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3118:
3117:0-7146-8444-9
3114:
3108:
3106:
3097:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3035:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3010:
3004:
2997:
2991:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2970:
2964:
2959:
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856:December 1990
853:
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605:United States
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323:as evidence.
322:
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102:Pyotr Wrangel
99:
98:Anton Denikin
95:
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75:
60:
58:
57:regime change
54:
50:
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41:
35:
26:
22:
4028:. Retrieved
4026:. 2023-08-15
4023:
4014:
4002:. Retrieved
3997:
3988:
3976:. Retrieved
3971:Khaama Press
3969:
3960:
3948:. Retrieved
3941:
3932:
3920:. Retrieved
3907:
3895:. Retrieved
3888:
3879:
3867:. Retrieved
3863:
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3834:
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3765:
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3717:. Retrieved
3703:
3691:. Retrieved
3687:
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3666:. Retrieved
3654:
3644:
3633:. Retrieved
3621:
3611:
3600:. Retrieved
3596:
3587:
3576:. Retrieved
3574:. 2023-09-30
3571:
3562:
3553:
3548:– via
3542:. Retrieved
3527:
3515:. Retrieved
3513:(in Bengali)
3508:
3498:
3486:. Retrieved
3480:
3470:
3458:. Retrieved
3452:
3422:
3412:
3401:
3388:
3376:. Retrieved
3370:
3343:. Retrieved
3337:
3310:. Retrieved
3295:
3269:. Retrieved
3265:the original
3260:
3251:
3239:. Retrieved
3228:
3219:
3207:. Retrieved
3198:
3189:
3177:. Retrieved
3172:
3163:
3154:
3133:
3124:
3084:
3061:. Retrieved
3056:
3033:
3008:
3003:
2995:
2990:
2979:
2969:
2958:
2947:
2936:
2927:
2921:Archives.gov
2916:
2891:
2887:
2849:
2840:
2832:
2827:
2816:. Retrieved
2788:
2722:
2713:
2702:
2693:
2663:
2641:. Retrieved
2635:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2563:
2547:
2511:
2414:
2374:
2038:
1893:Turkmenistan
1762:
1750:Saudi Arabia
1641:
1606:Kuala Lumpur
1555:
1445:
1256:
1219:
1187:
1148:
1073:
1068:
1060:
1058:
1022:
860:World War II
845:
743:
739:Soviet Union
668:
654:
629:
546:
369:Buenos Aires
317:Soviet Union
306:
297:
287:
279:
262:
260:
243:
232:
212:Soviet Union
203:
201:
176:
175:, headed by
150:
141:
133:White émigré
106:
78:Leon Trotsky
71:
20:
18:
3943:Ariana News
3869:28 February
3740:Eurasia.net
3693:27 February
3510:Manab Zamin
3394:Coll, Steve
3199:reuters.com
3175:(in Polish)
2681:|work=
2417:Switzerland
2257:Netherlands
1792:South Korea
1548:Kuwait City
798:Mexico City
549:Switzerland
135:, the anti-
4045:Categories
4030:2023-09-05
3890:Eurasianet
3773:20 January
3668:2023-10-01
3635:2023-10-01
3602:2023-10-01
3578:2023-10-01
3460:20 January
3378:22 January
3063:2020-05-31
3034:sre.gob.mx
2818:2022-04-04
2594:References
1976:Uzbekistan
1817:Tajikistan
1573:Kyrgyzstan
1515:Kazakhstan
1274:Bangladesh
1244:Azerbaijan
1100:Host city
1023:After the
1013:(Taliban)
908:Host city
874:after the
821:Yugoslavia
766:Host city
725:, but the
715:Yugoslavia
337:Host city
321:microfilms
275:Stakhovich
161:Washington
145:Clemenceau
137:Bolsheviks
72:After the
4051:Diplomacy
3998:TRT World
3663:0971-751X
3655:The Hindu
3630:0971-751X
3622:The Hindu
3306:France 24
3302:Islamabad
3271:17 August
3241:17 August
3209:26 August
2908:221192513
2683:ignored (
2673:cite book
2533:Civil war
2499:Australia
2397:Stockholm
2262:The Hague
1938:Abu Dhabi
1349:Hyderabad
1332:New Delhi
884:Barcelona
858:. During
748:with the
699:Venezuela
695:Guatemala
473:Consulate
364:Argentina
239:war bonds
165:Petrograd
34:romanized
3978:22 March
3843:25 April
3714:Facebook
3597:The Wire
3555:Beijing.
3235:Archived
3230:The Week
3203:Archived
2812:Archived
2522:See also
2508:Embassy
2504:Canberra
2476:Embassy
2451:Embassy
2426:Embassy
2401:Embassy
2371:Embassy
2316:Embassy
2291:Embassy
2266:Embassy
2241:Embassy
2216:Embassy
2140:Embassy
2115:Embassy
2090:Embassy
2081:Bulgaria
2065:Embassy
2061:Brussels
2035:Embassy
1985:Embassy
1981:Tashkent
1942:Embassy
1902:Embassy
1898:Ashgabat
1873:Istanbul
1826:Embassy
1822:Dushanbe
1801:Embassy
1759:Embassy
1734:Embassy
1693:Peshawar
1659:Pakistan
1638:Embassy
1610:Embassy
1601:Malaysia
1582:Embassy
1552:Embassy
1524:Embassy
1499:Embassy
1442:Embassy
1390:Embassy
1308:Embassy
1283:Embassy
1253:Embassy
1158:Americas
1103:Mission
1025:collapse
972:Embassy
944:Embassy
911:Mission
830:Embassy
826:Belgrade
802:Embassy
769:Mission
737:and the
614:Embassy
586:Embassy
558:Embassy
530:Embassy
502:Embassy
468:Shanghai
457:Embassy
429:Embassy
401:Mission
392:Bulgaria
373:Mission
340:Mission
220:Canadian
4004:30 July
3950:6 April
3922:6 April
3897:6 April
3809:23 July
3795:Reuters
3719:5 April
3572:Reuters
3550:Twitter
3544:6 April
3517:5 April
3488:2 April
3345:9 April
3312:6 April
3179:4 April
3119:Page 33
2981:El País
2643:2 April
2484:Oceania
2472:Embassy
2442:Ukraine
2342:Embassy
2166:Embassy
2156:Germany
2056:Belgium
2026:Austria
1864:Embassy
1681:Karachi
1669:Embassy
1578:Bishkek
1473:Embassy
1438:Baghdad
1413:Zahedan
1337:Embassy
1304:Beijing
1215:Embassy
1183:Embassy
1144:Embassy
1107:Transf.
1037:Taliban
1035:by the
1027:of the
723:Albania
719:Romania
711:Hungary
673:of the
453:Beijing
267:Russian
125:Trotsky
63:History
43:) is a
36::
25:Russian
3661:
3628:
3115:
3092:
2906:
2496:
2464:
2439:
2422:Geneva
2392:Sweden
2389:
2367:Madrid
2359:
2337:Moscow
2332:Russia
2329:
2312:Warsaw
2307:Poland
2304:
2282:Norway
2279:
2254:
2229:
2212:Athens
2207:Greece
2204:
2187:Munich
2161:Berlin
2153:
2131:France
2128:
2111:Prague
2103:
2078:
2053:
2031:Vienna
2023:
2011:Europe
1996:Termez
1973:
1930:
1890:
1859:Ankara
1854:Turkey
1851:
1834:Khorog
1814:
1789:
1772:Jeddah
1755:Riyadh
1747:
1722:
1705:Quetta
1664:Tehran
1656:
1634:Muscat
1626:
1598:
1570:
1543:Kuwait
1540:
1520:Astana
1512:
1490:Jordan
1487:
1460:
1430:
1401:Mashad
1386:Tehran
1378:
1361:Mumbai
1324:
1296:
1271:
1241:
1220:Closed
1202:
1178:Ottawa
1173:Canada
1170:
1131:
1119:Africa
1016:
1009:
1003:
997:
968:London
960:
940:Madrid
932:
888:France
862:, the
818:
793:Mexico
790:
735:France
729:, the
721:, and
703:Poland
691:Panama
687:Mexico
602:
582:London
574:
518:
493:France
490:
445:
432:1920s
425:Ottawa
420:Canada
417:
389:
361:
181:allied
3804:Kabul
3538:Tweet
3030:(PDF)
2904:S2CID
2539:Notes
2362:Spain
2346:2022
2232:Italy
2136:Paris
2086:Sofia
2003:2023
1988:2024
1960:2023
1953:Dubai
1945:2024
1905:2022
1797:Seoul
1725:Qatar
1673:2021
1613:2024
1585:2024
1527:2023
1495:Amman
1463:Japan
1393:2023
1341:2023
1327:India
1311:2022
1299:China
1279:Dhaka
1139:Cairo
1134:Egypt
975:1945
947:1968
935:Spain
880:Spain
833:1977
805:1977
617:1922
589:1924
561:1922
533:1925
526:Tokyo
521:Japan
505:1924
498:Paris
477:1920
460:1920
448:China
404:1923
397:Sofia
376:1931
228:Japan
4006:2024
3980:2023
3952:2022
3924:2022
3899:2022
3871:2023
3845:2022
3811:2022
3802:and
3775:2022
3721:2022
3695:2023
3659:ISSN
3626:ISSN
3546:2022
3519:2022
3490:2022
3462:2022
3380:2022
3347:2023
3314:2022
3273:2021
3243:2021
3211:2021
3181:2021
3113:ISBN
3090:ISBN
2685:help
2645:2023
2447:Kyiv
2287:Oslo
2237:Rome
2175:Bonn
1913:Mary
1730:Doha
1629:Oman
1468:Doha
1433:Iraq
1381:Iran
1249:Baku
1229:Asia
1112:Ref.
1076:Rome
1046:2001
920:Ref.
846:The
778:Ref.
554:Bern
349:Ref.
216:U.S.
159:and
157:Rome
100:and
4024:VOA
2896:doi
915:End
854:to
773:End
657:in
344:End
265:" (
115:as
19:An
4047::
4022:.
3996:.
3968:.
3940:.
3887:.
3862:.
3833:.
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3813:.
3798:.
3792:.
3764:.
3748:^
3738:.
3686:.
3657:.
3653:.
3624:.
3620:.
3595:.
3570:.
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3507:.
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3431:^
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3072:^
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2978:.
2935:.
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2892:31
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2799:^
2787:.
2733:^
2721:.
2677::
2675:}}
2671:{{
2653:^
2634:.
2602:^
2512:No
2375:No
2039:No
1763:No
1642:No
1556:No
1446:No
1257:No
1188:No
1149:No
894:.
733:,
717:,
713:,
709:,
705:,
701:,
697:,
693:,
689:,
269::
230:.
195:,
187:,
139:.
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96:,
31:,
27::
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3605:.
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3540:)
3536:(
3521:.
3492:.
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3406:.
3382:.
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3275:.
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3213:.
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3066:.
3036:.
2984:.
2941:.
2910:.
2898::
2821:.
2707:.
2687:)
2647:.
2558:.
665:.
23:(
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