697:. Many of the Russians in Harbin were wealthy, and the city was a center of Russian culture as the Russian community in Harbin made it their mission to preserve the pre-war Russian culture in a city on the plains of Manchuria with for instance Harbin having two opera companies and numerous theaters performing the traditional classics of the Russian stage. The economic success of the Russians in Harbin often surprised foreign visitors who assumed that they should be poor, leading one visitor in 1923 to comment that Russian "ladies as well gowned as at the Paris races strolled with men faultlessly garbed by European standards", leading him to wonder how they achieved this "deceptive appearance". The extent of Russian economic dominance of Harbin could be seen that "Moya-tvoya", a pidgin language combining aspects of Russian and Mandarin Chinese which developed in the 19th century when Chinese went to work in Siberia was considered essential by the Chinese merchants of Harbin.
634:, which stood in marked contrast to the Soviet Union, which did not build any monuments to the 2 million Russians killed between 1914 and 1917, as the war had been condemned by Lenin as an "imperialist war". Besides for the war dead, other monuments were put up. In Brussels, Seattle, and Harbin, monuments were built to honor the executed Emperor Nicholas II while a monument was put up in Shanghai to honor Alexander Pushkin, Russia's national poet. In fact, a monument to Pushkin would have been built in Paris had not a dispute arisen with the Ministry of Fine Arts over its precise location. The popularity of monuments for the war dead reflected not only sadness over the war dead, but also a way to bring together the often badly divided émigré communities shattered across Europe, Asia and North America. Monuments for the war dead were often a way to symbolically recreate Russia abroad with example at the monument for those Russians killed while serving in the
642:
communities. The neo-classical style which typically adorned war memorials in
Imperial Russia was consciously avoided as building a war memorial in that style was viewed as expressing support for restoring the monarchy. The sense of loss was not only for those the war monuments honored, but due to the sense of loss caused by defeat with a columnist in an émigré newspaper in Paris writing about the dedication of a memorial to the REF in 1930: "We lost everything - family, economic situation, personal happiness, the homeland...Are our sufferings good to anyone? In truth-we have nothing, we have lost everything. Weep, weep". Such monuments were also a way of commanding respect from the host communities with an émigré newspaper saying in 1930: "Peoples honor heroes. To the living: care, to the dead: memory. We in a foreign land do not have a tomb of an 'unknown soldier', but we do have thousands of suffering people. They are our honor and our justification (
663:, a wealthy conservative Czechoslovak politician and a Russophile worked together with Russian émigrés to build an Orthodox church in Prague which Kramář called in his opening speech "a monument of Slavic connection" and to "remind Russians not only of their former sufferings but also about the recognition on the side of the Slavs". A service at the Russian war memorial in Terezin in 1930 turned into "a Russian-Czech political demonstration in a manifestation of Slavic mutuality" with the theme that the Russians had died so that the Czechs might be free. Prague had a large community of Russian émigrés, and by constantly linking the Russian experience of World War I to the experiences of the Czechoslovak Legions was a way of asserting that the Russians had helped to make Czechoslovakia possible. In Germany, right-wing émigrés found much to their own frustration that right-wing German veterans shunned their offers to participate in
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letting the émigrés feel like a part of the wider French community. In 1927, the
Orthodox Metropolitan Evlogii spoke at the war monument in Valenciennes: "Blood spilled on the soil of beautiful and glorious France is the best atmosphere to unite France forever with a Russia national and worthy". The fact that the crosses of the Russians buried in France were painted white-the color of the French war dead and allies-while the crosses of the German war dead were painted black was widely noticed within the Russian community in France as a sign that the French regarded them as allies. In Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, war memorials to the Russian war dead were presented in Pan-Slavic terms, as a symbol of how Russians had fought together with the Czechs and Serbs in the war. Serbian
572:
638:(REF) in France at village of Mourmelon-le-Grand having a hermitage built near it together with transplanted fir trees and a Russian style farm to make it look like home. to build community consensus around the war memorials, the design of the memorials were deliberately kept simple with no sculpture which could be given a symbolic meaning, thereby ensuring that no particular interpretation of the war could be put forward other than grief over the war dead. The design of Orthodox churches at the war memorials was done in the style of medieval Orthodox churches in Novgorod and Pskov as this architectural style was seen as politically neutral and hence able to bring the communities together better.
719:. The main reason that pushed the Whites to support the German power with action was the concept of a "spring offensive", an armed intervention against the USSR that must be exploited in order to continue the civil war. The latter was perceived by many Russian officers as an ongoing case that was never finished since the day of their exile. During the war, the white émigrés came into contact with former Soviet citizens from German-occupied territories who used the German retreat as an opportunity to either flee from the Soviet Union, or were in Germany and Austria as
472:
339:
778:, which at the time had the largest population of Russians of any city outside Russia) and treaty ports such as Shanghai, but a few ended up in Beijing. In 1924, the Chinese government recognized the government of the Soviet Union and the majority of White Russians in China who refused to become Soviet citizens were rendered stateless, thus subject to Chinese law unlike other Europeans, Americans, and Japanese living in China who enjoyed the principles of
903:, which had a population of around 900,000 at that time, opened its doors to approximately 150 thousand White Russians. The parties to the war migration in 1917 were neither Crimean Turks nor Caucasian Muslims. This time, those who took refuge in Istanbul were the 'nobles' and soldiers of Tsarist Russia, who had fought the Ottomans for centuries. The immigration, which started with small groups at the end of 1917, grew with the loss of
25:
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and the members of the
Czechoslovak Legions who died in the war, giving them a decidedly pan-Slavic feel. A planned Orthodox church to honor the Russian prisoners who died in an Austrian POW camp outside Osijek would have featured busts of the Emperor Nicholas II, King Peter I and King Alexander to emphasis how the Houses of Romanov and Karađorđević had been allied in the war, linking the Russian and Serbian experiences of the war.
825:
the many difficulties, the community not only retained a good deal of cohesion but did begin to flourish, both economically and culturally. By the mid-1930s there were two
Russian schools, as well as a variety of cultural and sporting clubs. There were Russian-language newspapers and a radio station. An important part was also played by the local Russian Orthodox Church under the guidance of St. John of Shanghai and San Francisco.
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122:
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When the memorial was opened in 1936, the
Patriarch Varnava of the Serbian Orthodox Church declared in a speech opening it: "The Russians bore great sacrifices on our account wishing to defend Serbs at a time when powerful enemies attacked tiny Serbia from all sides. And the great Slavic soul of the Russians did not allow it to be looked upon with indifference that a fraternal Slavic people should perish".
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455:, many Russian émigrés moved to the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Peru, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, South Africa, Taiwan and Australia – where many of their communities still exist in the 21st century. Many, estimated as being between the hundred thousands and a million, also served Germany in the
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to the
Bolsheviks in 1920. Tens of thousands of people who left their titles, money and palaces in Russia and came to Istanbul tried to hold on to life by dispersing all over the city. Some sold books, some handcrafted souvenirs and some flowers. The place, formerly known as Hristaki Passage, became
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Unit 100 staff poisoned and drugged
Russians with heroin, castor oil, tobacco and other substances for weeks at a time. Some died during the experimentation. When survivors were determined to no longer be useful for experimentation and were complaining of illness, staff told them they would receive a
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Japanese scientists conducted human experiments on White
Russian men, women and children by gassing, injecting and vivisecting them in Unit 731 and Unit 100. There were multiple Russian victims of Unit 731 and testimonies and records show that a Russian girl and her mother were gassed and one Russian
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throughout China where they worked under inhuman conditions. The use of heroin and opium was promoted to them as a way to tolerate their miserable fate. Once addicted, the women were used to further spread the use of opium among the
Chinese population by earning one free opium pipe for every six they
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There will be an hour – believe it – there will be, when the liberated Russia will ask each of us: "What have you done to accelerate my rebirth." Let us earn the right not to blush, but be proud of our existence abroad. As being temporarily deprived of our
Motherland let us save in our ranks not only
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Some children grew up inside the walls of Unit 731, infected with syphilis. A Youth Corps member deployed to train at Unit 731 recalled viewing a batch of subjects that would undergo syphilis testing: "One was a White Russian woman with a daughter of four or five years of age, and the last
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in China was founded by the Russians in 1896, becoming known the "Moscow of the Orient" due to its Russian appearance, and after the Revolution its Russian population was further reinforced by émigrés, through the majority of the Russians living in Harbin were people who had come before World War I.
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Between 1934 and 1936, an ossuary containing the bones of Russian soldiers killed all over the world was built in the Novo Groblje cemetery in Belgrade, which used to illustrate the theme of Serbian-Russian friendship, and which King Alexander contributed 5,000 dinars to meet the construction costs.
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This was especially the case in France, the home of the largest overseas Russian community, where services honoring the events of World War I were a major part of French life after 1918, and where by honoring the Russian war dead allowed the Russian émigrés in France to take part in the ceremonials,
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Some did find professional work, teaching music or French. Other women took work as dressmakers, shop assistants and hairdressers. Many men became career soldiers of the Shanghai Russian Regiment, the only professional/standing unit within the Shanghai Volunteer Corps. By slow degrees, and despite
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After the war, active anti-Soviet combat was almost exclusively continued by NTS: other organizations either dissolved, or began concentrating exclusively on self-preservation and/or educating the youth. Various youth organizations, such as the Scouts-in-Exile became functional in raising children
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was a Russophile who welcomed Russian émigrés to his kingdom, and after France, Yugoslavia had the largest Russian émigré community, leading to Yugoslavia to have almost as many war memorials to the Russian war dead as France. War memorials in Yugoslavia usually also honored both Serbian war dead
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Both left-wing and right-wing émigrés who otherwise passionately disagreed came together to honor the war dead of World War I, which was virtually the only occasions when overseas Russian communities could all come together, explaining why such memorial services were so important to the émigré
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Japanese general Kenji Doihara forced White Russian women into prostitution and drug addiction to spy and spread drugs to their male Chinese clients. He initially gave food and shelter to tens of thousands Russian White émigré women who had taken refuge in the Far East after the defeat of the
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after the Russian flower girls took up residence. Those who arrived in 1919 were better off economically. The first arrivals found some jobs in the French and British representations, commissions, or alongside them in civil service, translator, or even military or security units in Istanbul.
330:, intellectuals of various professions, dispossessed businessmen and landowners, as well as officials of the Russian Imperial government and of various anti-Bolshevik governments of the Russian Civil War period. Not all of them were ethnic Russians; other ethnic groups were included.
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Although some of the White Russians arrived with their fortunes intact, most were penniless and due to ethnic prejudices and their inability to speak Chinese, were unable to find jobs. To support themselves and their families, some of the younger women became
669:("Day of the Dead") as German conservatives did not wish to honor the sacrifices of those who had fought against Germany, and it was left-wing German veterans, usually associated with Social Democratic Party, who welcomed having Russians participate in
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was a White Russian woman with a boy of about six or seven." The children of these women were tested in ways similar to their parents, with specific emphasis on determining how longer infection periods affected the effectiveness of treatments.
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The Philippines welcomed 800 Russians fleeing the dangers of the Socialist Revolution of 1917. Many later migrated elsewhere, while some settled in Manila or other areas in the country, with 250 went to Mindanao to work in abaca plantations.
502:
A significant percentage of white émigrés may be described as monarchists, although many adopted a position of being "unpredetermined" ("nepredreshentsi"), believing that Russia's political structure should be determined by popular
537:
To the Russians abroad it has been granted to shine in the whole world with the light of Orthodoxy, so that other peoples, seeing their good deeds, might glorify our Father Who is in Heaven, and thus obtain salvation for
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White propaganda poster, c. 1932; the text at the bottom, in Church Slavonic, reads "Christ Is Risen!.."; the top of the shield reads "God is with us", and the lower half "Let Russia arise", echoing "Let God arise" from
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Most white émigrés left Russia from 1917 to 1920 (estimates vary between 900,000 and 2 million). Some managed to leave during the 1920s and 1930s, or were expelled by the Soviet government (such as, for example,
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seeds. One of the prisoners of Russian nationality became so exhausted from the experiments that no more could be performed on him, and Matsui ordered me to kill that Russian by giving him an injection of
510:
Many white émigrés believed that their mission was to preserve the pre-revolutionary Russian culture and way of life while living abroad, in order to return this influence to Russian culture after the
166:, were opposed to the Bolsheviks but had not directly supported the White Russian movement; some were apolitical. The term is also applied to the descendants of those who left and who still retain a
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to illustrate the theme that all peoples in the nations involved in the First World war were victims. In Germany, November 11 was not a holiday as no one wanted to honor the day that the
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faith in her, but an unbending desire towards feats, sacrifice, and the establishment of a united friendly family of those who did not let down their hands in the fight for her liberation
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Many white émigrés also believed it was their duty to remain active in combat against the Soviet Union, with the hopes of liberating Russia. This ideology was largely inspired by General
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in 1924. The church continues its existence to this day, acting as both the spiritual and cultural center of the Russian Orthodox community abroad. On 17 May 2007, the
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For a detailed examination of their identity, motivation and numbers, see Wladyslaw Anders and Antonio Munoz, "Russian Volunteers in the German Wehrmacht in WWII" at
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occupation by the Soviet regime. They used the pre-revolutionary tricolor (white-blue-red) as their flag, for example, and some organizations used the ensign of the
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played the same role in Germany that November 11 played in the Allied nations, as the time to honor the war dead. The anti-war and internationalist message at the
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and cozy up to the German National Socialists, thus the short-lived parties such as the ROND (Russian Popular Liberation Movement) came into existence in Germany.
751:
3153:
Cohen, Aaron (October 2014). "'Our Russian Passport': First World War Monuments, Transnational Commemoration, and the Russian Emigration in Europe, 1918-39".
1941:
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The Imperial Russian tricolor, adopted by White Russian émigrés after the (Red) Russian Revolution, was later restored as the flag of the Russian Federation.
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314:) is the term most commonly used for such Russian émigrés, although some have been of Ukrainian and other ethnicities, and were not culturally Russians.
2304:. Liberalism Studies Program Working Papers no. 6 April 2021. Institute for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies – The George Washington University.
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and its legacy to be representative of Russia but rather of an occupying force. They consider the period of 1917 to 1991 to have been a period of
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845:. Having lost their livelihoods, and with most of them widowed, Doihara forced the women into prostitution, using them to create a network of
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ceremonies organized by the SPD did not sit well with right-wing Russian émigrés found themselves rather out of place at these ceremonies.
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survey in Shanghai in 1935 found that 22% of Russian women between 16 and 45 years of age were engaging in prostitution to some extent.
646:) before the world. Their wounds and suffering are for Russia. They remain true to honor and obligation. That is our Russian passport".
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Karl Schlögel (ed.), Russische Emigration in Deutschland 1918–1941. Leben im europäischen Bürgerkrieg, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag 1995.
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Materials on the Trial of Former Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged With Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons
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2736:. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series (illustrated ed.). M. Evans, Incorporated. p. 179.
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611:. Some white émigrés, labeled "Soviet patriots," adopted pro-Soviet sympathies. These people formed organizations such as the
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shot of medicine, but instead executed them with potassium cyanide injections. Executions were also carried out by gunshots.
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177:" is most commonly used in France, the United States, and the United Kingdom. A term preferred by the émigrés themselves was
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Michael Kellogg, The Russian Roots of Nazism White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945, Cambridge 2005
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or supported it. The term is often broadly applied to anyone who may have left the country due to the change in regimes.
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About 127,000 people living in Harbin in 1920 came from Russia, making it one of the largest Russian-speaking cites in
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1894:(АПЦ, Митрополия) – not entirely founded by White émigrés but includes a significant percentage of émigré parishes.
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Approximately 150,000 White Russians, including princes, princesses, generals and senior officers, fled to the
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3222:"'Defeat, Victory, Repeat': Russian Émigrés between the Spanish Civil War and Operation Barbarossa, 1936–1944"
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Beyda, Oleg (2014). "'Iron Cross of the Wrangel's Army': Russian Emigrants as Interpreters in the Wehrmacht".
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Karl Schlögel (ed.), Der große Exodus. Die russische Emigration und ihre Zentren 1917–1941, München 1994
514:. Many symbols of the White émigrés were reintroduced as symbols of the post-Soviet Russia, such as the
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1918:
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794:. They were popular with both foreign men, there being a shortage of foreign women, and Chinese men. A
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admitted 6,000 White Russians fleeing from China after the communist People's Republic of China was
595:. This made the white émigrés a target for infiltration by the Soviet secret police (e.g. operation
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The émigrés formed various organizations for the purpose of combating the Soviet regime such as the
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1983:
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Wallter Laqueur, Russia and Germany: A Century of Conflict, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1965
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2617:"Beyond China : Migrating Identities, Centre for the Study of the Southern Chinese Diaspora"
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Russian Imperial Union-Order (the oldest organization representing the monarchist White Russians)
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A religious mission to the outside world was another concept promoted by people such as Bishop
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Most émigrés initially fled from Southern Russia and Ukraine to Turkey and then moved to other
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Spies: A Narrative Encyclopedia of Dirty Deeds and Double Dealing from Biblical Times to Today
882:. After the injection, the man died at once. Bodies were buried in the unit's cattle cemetery.
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Since the end of the 1980s, the term "first-wave émigré" has become more common in Russia. In
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603:). Tens of White Army veterans (numbers vary from 72 to 180) served as volunteers supporting
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The Way: Religious Thinkers of the Russian Emigration in Paris and Their Journal, 1925–1940
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O. Beyda, '"Re-Fighting the Civil War": Second Lieutenant Mikhail Aleksandrovich Gubanov'.
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One of the most notable forms of activities by Russian émigrés was building monuments to
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White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian, p.298, Jamie Bisher, Routledge,
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Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe
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2891:"Unmasking Horror -- A special report.; Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity"
2051:(СБОНР): founded by "second wave" émigrés, but also included many White émigrés.
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said he frequented the "cafes of somewhat dubious reputation" with the explorer
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reestablished canonical ties between the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad and the
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on the east, centered on the alley of Chuanban Hutong. The American explorer
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M. V. Nazarov, The Mission of the Russian Emigration, Moscow: Rodnik, 1994.
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Stakeholders, Hangers-On, and Copycats: The Russian Right in Berlin in 1933
1911:
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The White Russian women mostly worked in the "Badlands" area adjoining the
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444:) and to other cities of China, Central Asia, and Western China. After the
377:). A large number also fled to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Iran,
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Russian political climate. Many White Russian émigrés participated in the
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On some of the prisoners I experimented 5–6 times, testing the action of
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Senior Sgt. Kazuo Mitomo described some of Unit 100's human experiments:
791:
782:. Nor were White Russians born in China eligible to be Chinese citizens.
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after World War I and into the early 1920s. Most of the Russians went to
616:
406:
326:). They spanned all classes and included military soldiers and officers,
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Russian Refugees in France and the United States Between the World Wars
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2016:
1924:
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557:), encapsulated this idea of responsibility with the following words:
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Russia Abroad: A comprehensive guide to Russian Emigration after 1917
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No Snow on Their Boots: About the First Russian Emigration to Britain
1921:(the oldest organization representing the White Government in exile)
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White army veteran Captain Vasili Orekhov, publisher of the magazine
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Many military and civil officers living, stationed, or fighting the
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The Compatriots: The Russian Exiles Who Fought Against the Kremlin
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Freedom from Violence and Lies: Essays on Russian Poetry and Music
2910:"Human bones could reveal truth of Japan's 'Unit 731' experiments"
2049:
Union for the Struggle for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia
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White émigrés, called "White Russians" in East Asia, flooded into
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842:
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121:
2855:"How Imperial Japan Created a Vast Drug Empire to Destroy China"
2832:"How Imperial Japan Created a Vast Drug Empire to Destroy China"
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3006:"Istanbul's Russian history is fast fading into distant memory"
2650:
Port of last resort : the diaspora communities of Shanghai
2144:
942:
904:
775:
689:
433:
414:
402:
382:
3102:"Further study on 'White Russian' refugees in E. Samar pushed"
2760:
The Enemy Within: A History of Spies, Spymasters and Espionage
2445:
743:
with a background in pre-Soviet Russian culture and heritage.
727:, and preferred to stay in the West, often referred to as the
3340:
Exploring the White Russians' legacy in Istanbul | Eurasianet
2615:
Mara Moustafine (2002). Shen Yuanfang; Penny Edwards (eds.).
2086:
National Organization of Rangers (or "Knights") (НОВ, Витязи)
767:
390:
237:) if they participated in the White Russian movement. In the
144:(1917–1923), and who were in opposition to the revolutionary
132:
were Russians who emigrated from the territory of the former
2787:
Gold Warriors: America's Secret Recovery of Yamashita's Gold
2534:
2510:
3396:
731:
of émigrés (often also called DPs – displaced persons, see
3031:"White Russians in Istanbul, Smirnoff and a Black Russian"
2626:. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 75–87
1882:
952:
720:
700:
White émigrés fought with the Soviet Red Army during the
2970:(1st ed.). New York: Tuttle Pub. pp. 157–158.
2763:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing.
2558:
2546:
2522:
2416:
2389:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2406:
2404:
752:
Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate
446:
withdrawal of American and Japanese troops from Siberia
2871:
Encyclopedia of espionage, p.315, Ronald Sydney Seth,
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
3127:"PH a 'paradise' for grateful White Russian refugees"
1942:
Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia
3220:
Seixas, Xosé M. Núñez; Beyda, Oleg (27 March 2023).
3149:
François Bauchpas, L'émigration blanche, Paris, 1968
2813:"Curse of the Golden Bat II – Lawrence of Manchuria"
2706:
White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian
2498:
2486:
2469:
2457:
2428:
2401:
2377:
2365:
854:
man was cut in two and preserved with formaldehyde.
735:). This smaller second wave fairly quickly began to
2652:. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 94.
2344:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2132:
Orthodox Organization of Russian Pathfinders (ПОРР)
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2664:
2028:High Monarchist Union (Высший Монархический Совет)
1958:(Объединение Кадет Российских Корпусов за Рубежом)
2961:
2959:
417:and Paris developed thriving émigré communities.
3879:
3055:"Ekim Devrimi Sonrası İstanbul'a Beyaz Rus Göçü"
2783:
2709:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 298.
2614:
566:
2984:
2956:
623:. After 1933, there were attempts to copy the
575:Emblem used by white émigré volunteers in the
309:
303:
297:
3360:
533:) who said at the 1938 All-Diaspora Council:
283:
258:
252:
246:
232:
226:
220:
214:
208:
202:
196:
182:
2784:Seagrave, Sterling; Seagrave, Peggy (2003).
3219:
2994:. Foreign Languages Publishing House. 1950.
2932:UNIT 731 Japan's Biological Warfare Project
2297:
2043:Russian All National Popular State Movement
466:
3367:
3353:
2636:The Harbin Connection: Russians from China
2135:Russian Christian Students Movement (РСХД)
2121:Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)
758:, after more than 80 years of separation.
343:Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery
3243:
3233:
3181:
3077:"The Philippines as sanctuary and refuge"
3028:
2564:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2516:
2186:Union for repatriation of Russians abroad
2116:Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)
2102:Organization of Russian Young Pathfinders
2090:National Association of Russian Explorers
756:Russian Church of the Moscow Patriarchate
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2647:
2298:Petrov, Igor; Beyda, Oleg (2021-01-01).
2160:Society for the Relief of Czarist Exiles
2037:National Alliance of Russian Solidarists
1949:Combatants (Союз Чинов Русского Корпуса)
890:
570:
483:White émigrés were, generally speaking,
470:
337:
120:
16:Russian subject who left Imperial Russia
3099:
2889:KRISTOF, NICHOLAS D. (March 17, 1995).
2888:
2852:
2829:
2790:(reprint ed.). Verso. p. 35.
2662:
2610:
2608:
2576:
2570:
2215:新疆文史资料选辑: 第三辑. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆人民出版社, 1979. 25.
2155:Russian Nobility Association in America
2096:National Organization of Russian Scouts
1883:White émigré organizations and entities
263:) generally had negative connotations.
3880:
2756:
2702:
2239:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies
1904:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
837:and the withdrawal of the Entente and
715:, many white émigrés took part in the
432:moved together with their families to
3864:Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states
3348:
3152:
2907:
2504:
2492:
2480:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2422:
2410:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2236:
2012:Russian Social Democratic Labor Party
916:
2965:
2810:
2729:
2605:
2600:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
349:, Essonne, France, near Paris, is a
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3155:The Journal of Contemporary History
2579:"The Soviets in Xinjiang 1911-1949"
850:were selling to Chinese customers.
833:anti-Bolshevik movement during the
821:and dance with the Russian girls."
13:
3271:. University of Notre Dame Press.
3261:
3100:Amazona, Roel (17 December 2019).
3074:
2671:. New York: Viking Press. p.
2648:Ristaino, Marcia Reynders (2001).
1020:John of Shanghai and San Francisco
527:John of Shanghai and San Francisco
478:Psalm 67 (68 in Western numbering)
448:, some émigrés traveled to Japan.
183:
14:
3939:
3328:
3186:. Boston: Academic Studies Press.
2279:from the original on 17 July 2024
739:into the white émigré community.
219:) or "Russian military émigrés" (
3903:Politically motivated migrations
3376:
2811:Mana, Davide (2 December 2019).
2075:Russian Women's Fascist Movement
2060:All-Russian Fascist Organization
1752:Alexander Procofieff de Seversky
1090:Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Rittikh
1000:Muhammed-Gabdulkhay Kurbangaliev
980:Aleksei Aleksandrovich Bobrinsky
23:
3119:
3093:
3068:
3047:
3029:Ozbirinci, Yesim (2019-02-12).
3022:
2998:
2938:
2920:
2901:
2882:
2865:
2846:
2823:
2804:
2777:
2750:
2723:
2696:
2679:
2656:
2641:
2602:, Vol. 66, No. 2, 2018, p. 247.
2592:
2275:. National Library of Belarus.
1997:Constitutional Democratic Party
1887:Orthodox Church jurisdictions:
1165:Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter
1085:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich
1035:Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich
965:Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh
958:Political and religious figures
937:in the region. They settled in
899:in the wake of the Revolution.
632:Russian war dead of World War I
333:
34:needs additional citations for
3301:. Amer Philosophical Society.
2853:Preskar, Peter (Mar 7, 2021).
2830:Preskar, Peter (Mar 7, 2021).
2291:
2265:
2230:
2218:
2209:
748:Russian Orthodox Church Abroad
531:Russian Orthodox Church Abroad
234:russkaya voyennaya emigratsiya
170:identity while living abroad.
1:
3226:Contemporary European History
2908:Ryall, Julian (15 Feb 2010).
2663:Andrews, Roy Chapman (1943).
2203:
2024:Congress of Russian Americans
2007:Socialist Revolutionary Party
1608:Yustina Kruzenshtern-Peterets
746:The white émigrés formed the
529:(canonized as a saint of the
3267:Arjakovsky, Antoine (2013).
2251:10.1080/13518046.2014.932630
2181:Soviet front organizations:
2126:Union of Fascist Little Ones
2065:Russian Fascist Organization
1979:Brotherhood of Russian Truth
1314:Konstantin Petrovich Nechaev
1264:Mikhail Alexandrovich Kedrov
1075:Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov
953:Notable "first-wave" émigrés
652:King Alexander of Yugoslavia
589:Brotherhood of Russian Truth
567:Organizations and activities
385:. Some émigrés also fled to
7:
2946:"Savages of the Rising Sun"
2191:
1932:Russian Liberation Movement
1406:Historians and philosophers
1374:Viktor Petrovich Taranovsky
1224:Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz
1150:Metropolitan Vitaly Ustinov
1065:Nikolai Yevgenyevich Markov
761:
717:Russian Liberation Movement
702:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
636:Russian Expeditionary Force
310:
298:
284:
259:
233:
215:
197:
158:Some Russian émigrés, like
10:
3944:
3405:Central and Eastern Europe
3312:Zakharov, Vasilii (2004).
3297:Hassell, James E. (1992).
2150:Charitable organizations:
1919:Russian All-Military Union
1906:(РПЦЗ, Зарубежная Церковь)
1892:Orthodox Church in America
1791:Natalia, Princess Brassova
1409:
1384:Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel
1025:Alexander Lvovich Kazembek
585:Russian All-Military Union
168:Russian Orthodox Christian
3860:
3844:
3753:
3708:
3677:
3661:
3608:
3601:
3545:
3520:
3494:
3458:
3430:
3404:
3389:
3235:10.1017/S0960777323000085
3182:Karlinsky, Simon (2013).
2730:Nash, Jay Robert (1997).
1989:Political organizations:
487:and did not consider the
463:, often as interpreters.
361:countries in Europe (the
347:Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois
304:
293:
279:
253:
247:
228:русская военная эмиграция
227:
222:русская военная эмиграція
221:
209:
203:
192:
164:Socialist-Revolutionaries
3888:White Russian emigration
3167:10.1177/0022009414538469
2454:, p. 646 & 649.
1984:Shanghai Volunteer Corps
1730:Scientists and inventors
803:Beijing Legation Quarter
467:Ideological inclinations
3908:Russian anti-communists
3893:White Russian emigrants
3282:Borogan, Irina (2022).
1937:Russian Liberation Army
1846:Nicholas V. Riasanovsky
925:From 1949 to 1951, the
3106:Philippine News Agency
2757:Crowdy, Terry (2011).
2703:Bisher, Jamie (2006).
2577:Dickens, Mark (1990).
2198:Belarusians in Chicago
2139:Russian Sokol movement
2111:Fascist Union of Youth
2107:Russian Fascist Party
1821:Hélène Gordon-Lazareff
1742:Alexander M. Poniatoff
884:
733:Displaced persons camp
580:
564:
540:
480:
354:
201:), "Russian émigrés" (
184:эмигрантъ первой волны
126:
3898:Political terminology
2950:Phantoms and Monsters
2581:. OXUS COMMUNICATIONS
2273:"Kiselevsky, Nikolai"
2082:Youth organizations:
2070:Russian Fascist Party
1613:Mathilde Kschessinska
1369:Vsevolod Starosselsky
1209:Pavel Bermondt-Avalov
1095:Konstantin Rodzaevsky
891:In the Ottoman Empire
863:
574:
559:
535:
497:Imperial Russian Navy
474:
363:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
341:
198:emigrant pervoy volny
193:эмигрант первой волны
130:White Russian émigrés
124:
3741:United Arab Emirates
3075:Lucero, Todd Sales.
1900:(Парижский Экзархат)
1772:Vladimir Yourkevitch
1698:Vladimir Tretchikoff
1678:Zinaida Serebryakova
1389:Mitchell WerBell III
1379:Sergei Wojciechowski
1279:Constantine Kromiadi
1130:Aleksandr Stishinsky
1120:Pyotr Shabelsky-Bork
1045:Alexander Krivoshein
706:Xinjiang War of 1937
440:), to Shanghai (see
216:russkaya emigratsiya
43:improve this article
3923:Russian nationalism
3918:Russian monarchists
2002:Union of October 17
1876:Marie Vassiltchikov
1831:Alexander Obolensky
1658:Sergei Rachmaninoff
1623:Dmitry Merezhkovsky
1444:Michael Rostovtzeff
1412:Philosophers' ships
1359:Dmitry Shcherbachev
1329:Alexander Rodzyanko
1115:Alexander Schmemann
1040:Aleksandr Konovalov
807:Roy Chapman Andrews
780:extraterritoriality
136:in the wake of the
3316:. Basileus Press.
2968:Unit 731 Testimony
2966:Gold, Hal (2011).
2895:The New York Times
2667:Under a Lucky Star
2624:Maramoustafine.com
2543:, p. 314-315.
2519:, p. 310-311.
2425:, p. 642-643.
2398:, p. 640-641.
2166:Tolstoy Foundation
1974:Terek Cossack Host
1871:Alexandra Tolstaya
1801:Peter Carl Fabergé
1786:Alexander Alekhine
1703:Nikolai Trubetzkoy
1653:Olga Preobrajenska
1603:Konstantin Korovin
1583:Natalia Goncharova
1553:Alexandra Danilova
1349:Mikhail Skorodumov
1309:Viktorin Molchanov
1299:Alexander Lukomsky
1289:Mikhail Kvetsinsky
1269:Vladimir Kislitsin
1125:Pavlo Skoropadskyi
1030:Alexander Kerensky
995:Vladimir Frederiks
970:Nikolai Avksentiev
917:In the Philippines
677:lost the war, and
581:
481:
355:
353:of White Russians.
138:Russian Revolution
127:
3875:
3874:
3749:
3748:
3541:
3540:
3322:978-0-95477-660-2
3307:978-0-87169-817-9
3292:978-1-54173-017-5
3286:. PublicAffairs.
3277:978-0-26802-040-8
3215:978-3-05-002801-9
2952:. August 1, 2012.
2879:, Doubleday, 1974
1866:Alexandra Tegleva
1851:Nicolas Rossolimo
1767:Vladimir Zvorykin
1737:Vladimir Ipatieff
1713:Danila Vassilieff
1593:Wassily Kandinsky
1503:George Balanchine
1493:Arkady Averchenko
1439:Dimitri Obolensky
1284:Alexander Kutepov
1234:Mikhail Diterikhs
1214:Lazar Bicherakhov
1170:Vladimir Zenzinov
1160:Boris Vasilchikov
1140:Sergey Taboritsky
1100:Mikhail Rodzianko
1010:Alexander Halpern
1005:Alexander Guchkov
990:Georges Florovsky
975:Vassily Balabanov
880:potassium cyanide
835:Russian Civil War
796:League of Nations
609:Spanish Civil War
577:Spanish Civil War
451:During and after
442:Shanghai Russians
210:русская эмиграция
204:русская эмиграція
179:first-wave émigré
142:Russian Civil War
119:
118:
111:
93:
3935:
3913:Russian diaspora
3862:Related topics:
3606:
3605:
3402:
3401:
3383:Russian diaspora
3381:
3380:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3257:
3247:
3237:
3187:
3178:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
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3072:
3066:
3065:
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3062:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
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3016:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2982:
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2917:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2886:
2880:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2838:. Archived from
2827:
2821:
2820:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2700:
2694:
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2670:
2660:
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2645:
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2633:
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2596:
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2306:
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2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2213:
1856:Boris Skossyreff
1826:Wassily Leontief
1811:Dimitry Kerensky
1718:Yevgeny Zamyatin
1708:Marina Tsvetaeva
1663:Nicholas Roerich
1643:Leonid Pasternak
1633:Vladimir Nabokov
1618:Aleksandr Kuprin
1598:Tamara Karsavina
1543:Feodor Chaliapin
1508:Alexandre Benois
1488:Vladimir Antonov
1459:George Vernadsky
1419:Nikolai Berdyaev
1399:Nikolai Yudenich
1394:Ivan Yermachenka
1364:Boris Smyslovsky
1339:Grigory Semyonov
1334:Anatoly Rogozhin
1324:Viktor Pokrovsky
1219:Vasily Biskupsky
1194:Jaques Bagratuni
1187:Military figures
1080:Aleksandr Naumov
1015:George Ignatieff
929:under President
605:Francisco Franco
520:Russian tricolor
512:fall of the USSR
430:Russian Far East
313:
307:
306:
301:
295:
287:
281:
262:
256:
255:
250:
249:
236:
230:
229:
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114:
107:
103:
100:
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51:
27:
19:
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3597:
3537:
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3490:
3454:
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3394:
3385:
3375:
3373:
3331:
3264:
3262:Further reading
3146:
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3110:
3108:
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3094:
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3023:
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2989:
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2235:
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2214:
2210:
2206:
2194:
2141:(Русский Сокол)
1954:Association of
1914:organizations:
1885:
1880:
1861:Victor Starffin
1836:Oleg Pantyukhov
1806:Abraham Kaufman
1776:
1727:
1693:Igor Stravinsky
1683:Igor Severyanin
1668:Vladimir Rosing
1638:Vaslav Nijinsky
1578:Zinaida Gippius
1563:Serge Diaghilev
1558:Marina Denikina
1548:Michael Chekhov
1468:
1464:Nicholas Zernov
1454:Pitirim Sorokin
1434:Vladimir Lossky
1424:Sergey Bulgakov
1414:
1403:
1319:Pavel Pappengut
1239:Alexander Dutov
1199:Nikolai Baratov
1184:
1155:Leonid Ustrugov
1055:Vasily Maklakov
955:
931:Elpidio Quirino
919:
893:
867:Korean bindweed
774:(especially in
764:
569:
516:Byzantine eagle
469:
438:Harbin Russians
336:
320:Pitirim Sorokin
299:Hakkeiroshiajin
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3941:
3931:
3930:
3928:White movement
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3873:
3872:
3861:
3858:
3857:
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3839:
3838:
3836:United Kingdom
3833:
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3808:
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3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3662:Southeast Asia
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3612:
3610:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3399:
3392:Russian Empire
3387:
3386:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3329:External links
3327:
3326:
3325:
3310:
3295:
3280:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3217:
3207:
3204:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3179:
3161:(4): 627–651.
3150:
3145:
3144:
3133:. 20 June 2015
3118:
3092:
3067:
3046:
3021:
3010:platform24.org
2997:
2983:
2977:978-1462900824
2976:
2955:
2937:
2919:
2900:
2881:
2864:
2845:
2842:on 2021-03-28.
2822:
2803:
2796:
2776:
2770:978-1780962245
2769:
2749:
2742:
2722:
2715:
2695:
2691:978-0714656908
2678:
2655:
2640:
2604:
2591:
2569:
2567:, p. 313.
2565:Karlinsky 2013
2557:
2555:, p. 312.
2553:Karlinsky 2013
2545:
2541:Karlinsky 2013
2533:
2531:, p. 311.
2529:Karlinsky 2013
2521:
2517:Karlinsky 2013
2509:
2507:, p. 645.
2497:
2495:, p. 644.
2485:
2483:, p. 643.
2468:
2466:, p. 647.
2456:
2444:
2442:, p. 648.
2427:
2415:
2413:, p. 641.
2400:
2388:
2386:, p. 639.
2376:
2374:, p. 636.
2364:
2362:, p. 638.
2343:
2341:, p. 637.
2331:
2329:, p. 632.
2319:
2317:, p. 628.
2307:
2290:
2264:
2245:(3): 430–448.
2229:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2055:Smenovekhovtsy
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1939:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1841:J Pavlikevitch
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1747:Ilya Prigogine
1744:
1739:
1733:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1673:George Sanders
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1628:Dmitri Nabokov
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1573:Gaito Gazdanov
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1513:Nina Berberova
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1483:André Andrejew
1480:
1474:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1354:Boris Shteifon
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1304:Yevgeny Miller
1301:
1296:
1294:Anatoly Lieven
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1249:Urzhin Garmaev
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1204:Mikhail Berens
1201:
1196:
1190:
1183:
1182:
1180:Ivan Prokhanov
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1110:Sergey Sazonov
1107:
1105:Boris Savinkov
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1070:Pavel Milyukov
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
985:Viktor Chernov
982:
977:
972:
967:
961:
954:
951:
918:
915:
897:Ottoman Empire
892:
889:
819:scrambled eggs
815:Davidson Black
813:and scientist
763:
760:
621:Smenovekhovtsy
568:
565:
493:anti-Christian
485:anti-communist
468:
465:
371:Czechoslovakia
335:
332:
153:White movement
134:Russian Empire
117:
116:
58:"White émigré"
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3940:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3853:
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3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
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3819:
3817:
3814:
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3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
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3764:
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3759:
3758:
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3739:
3737:
3734:
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3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
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3670:
3667:
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3654:
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3649:
3646:
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3641:
3637:
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3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
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3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:United States
3581:
3579:
3576:
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3571:
3569:
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3564:
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3559:
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3500:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3432:Baltic states
3429:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3202:5-86231-172-6
3199:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3056:
3050:
3036:
3035:Motley Turkey
3032:
3025:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2993:
2987:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2928:"Experiments"
2923:
2915:
2914:The Telegraph
2911:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2877:9780385016094
2874:
2868:
2860:
2859:Short History
2856:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2836:Short History
2833:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2659:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2595:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2525:
2518:
2513:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2489:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2424:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2380:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2302:
2294:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2221:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:Kuban Cossack
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1947:Russian Corps
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1910:Military and
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:Michael Kogan
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1779:Other figures
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:Igor Sikorsky
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1723:Boris Zaytsev
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:Ivan Shmelyov
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
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1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:Michel Fokine
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1344:Andrei Shkuro
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1274:Pyotr Krasnov
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1259:Dmitry Horvat
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:Anton Denikin
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:Sergey Taskin
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
960:
959:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
914:
911:
906:
902:
898:
888:
883:
881:
876:
872:
868:
862:
859:
855:
851:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:White Russian
826:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
759:
757:
753:
749:
744:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
698:
696:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:
662:
656:
653:
647:
645:
639:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
578:
573:
563:
558:
556:
552:
547:
545:
544:Pyotr Wrangel
539:
534:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
479:
473:
464:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
352:
348:
344:
340:
331:
329:
325:
321:
315:
312:
300:
291:
286:
277:
273:
272:White Russian
269:
264:
261:
260:byeloemigrant
248:бѣлоэмигрантъ
244:
240:
235:
217:
199:
190:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
123:
113:
110:
102:
99:February 2008
91:
88:
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60: –
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54:Find sources:
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3868:White émigré
3867:
3730:Russian Jews
3521:Other states
3481:Turkmenistan
3459:Central Asia
3313:
3298:
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3183:
3158:
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3135:. Retrieved
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3109:. Retrieved
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3084:. Retrieved
3081:Philstar.com
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3059:. Retrieved
3057:(in Turkish)
3049:
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2081:
1988:
1912:paramilitary
1909:
1886:
1796:Igor Cassini
1778:
1777:
1729:
1728:
1648:Anna Pavlova
1588:Serge Jaroff
1538:Marc Chagall
1533:Oleg Cassini
1528:Raissa Calza
1478:Mark Aldanov
1470:
1469:
1405:
1404:
1254:Vasily Gurko
1186:
1185:
1135:Peter Struve
1060:Mother Maria
957:
956:
924:
920:
910:Çiçek Pasajı
894:
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864:
860:
856:
852:
841:armies from
827:
823:
800:
792:taxi dancers
784:
765:
745:
741:
728:
725:forced labor
713:World War II
710:
699:
688:The city of
687:
683:Totensonntag
682:
679:Totensonntag
678:
674:
671:Totensonntag
670:
666:Totensonntag
664:
661:Karel Kramář
657:
648:
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629:
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489:Soviet Union
482:
453:World War II
450:
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334:Distribution
316:
271:
265:
254:белоэмигрант
243:white émigré
242:
239:Soviet Union
178:
172:
157:
129:
128:
105:
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86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3831:Switzerland
3685:Afghanistan
3669:Philippines
3621:Albazinians
3245:10347/30957
2817:Karavansara
2176:Vozrojdénie
1962:Don Cossack
1762:Otto Struve
1518:Yul Brynner
1449:Lev Shestov
1244:Vasily Flug
1050:Georgy Lvov
927:Philippines
788:prostitutes
729:second wave
607:during the
538:themselves.
407:Switzerland
311:Hakkeirojin
140:(1917) and
3882:Categories
3678:South Asia
3507:Azerbaijan
3486:Uzbekistan
3476:Tajikistan
3471:Kyrgyzstan
3466:Kazakhstan
3086:2024-01-21
3061:2023-10-23
3040:2022-07-08
3015:2022-07-08
2797:1859845428
2743:0871317907
2716:1135765952
2585:2010-06-28
2505:Cohen 2014
2493:Cohen 2014
2481:Cohen 2014
2464:Cohen 2014
2452:Cohen 2014
2440:Cohen 2014
2423:Cohen 2014
2411:Cohen 2014
2396:Cohen 2014
2384:Cohen 2014
2372:Cohen 2014
2360:Cohen 2014
2339:Cohen 2014
2327:Cohen 2014
2315:Cohen 2014
2204:References
2032:Mladorossi
2017:Mensheviks
1925:Inner Line
1523:Ivan Bunin
1498:Léon Bakst
1429:Ivan Ilyin
1410:See also:
941:island in
935:proclaimed
875:castor oil
811:Sven Hedin
737:assimilate
644:opravdanie
619:, and the
617:Evraziitsi
613:Mladorossi
601:Inner Line
591:, and the
505:plebiscite
459:or in the
351:necropolis
324:Ivan Ilyin
173:The term "
160:Mensheviks
69:newspapers
3852:Australia
3709:West Asia
3631:Hong Kong
3609:East Asia
3593:Venezuela
3573:Guatemala
3553:Argentina
3450:Lithuania
3254:0960-7773
3175:159848182
2259:144274571
1175:Roman Gul
908:known as
817:to "have
772:Manchuria
695:East Asia
461:Waffen-SS
457:Wehrmacht
268:East Asia
149:communist
146:Bolshevik
3805:Svalbard
3771:Bulgaria
3700:Pakistan
3636:Shanghai
3546:Americas
3495:Caucasus
3228:: 1–16.
2916:. Tokyo.
2630:10 April
2277:Archived
2192:See also
1471:The arts
901:Istanbul
847:brothels
839:Japanese
762:In China
704:and the
599:and the
555:Chasovoy
518:and the
428:and the
422:Red Army
387:Portugal
367:Bulgaria
328:Cossacks
290:Japanese
3845:Oceania
3811:Romania
3791:Germany
3776:Croatia
3766:Belgium
3761:Austria
3736:Lebanon
3588:Uruguay
3533:Moldova
3528:Finland
3512:Georgia
3502:Armenia
3440:Estonia
3422:Ukraine
3412:Belarus
3395:or the
3390:Former
3131:Rappler
2934:. 2019.
2283:17 July
2171:Media:
2045:(РОНДД)
939:Tubabao
843:Siberia
711:During
426:Siberia
424:across
399:Belgium
395:Romania
379:Germany
276:Chinese
189:Russian
83:scholar
3826:Sweden
3816:Serbia
3801:Norway
3796:Greece
3786:France
3781:Cyprus
3754:Europe
3726:Israel
3716:Turkey
3643:Taiwan
3626:Harbin
3578:Mexico
3563:Canada
3558:Brazil
3445:Latvia
3417:Poland
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3275:
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2740:
2713:
2693:, 2005
2689:
2257:
2145:VSHSON
2104:(ОРЮР)
2098:(НОРС)
2092:(НОРР)
1956:Cadets
943:Guiuan
905:Crimea
871:bactal
776:Harbin
690:Harbin
615:, the
587:, the
551:Sentry
434:Harbin
415:Berlin
409:, and
403:Sweden
383:France
375:Poland
373:, and
359:Slavic
294:白系ロシア人
278::
175:émigré
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3821:Spain
3695:Nepal
3690:India
3653:Korea
3648:Japan
3616:China
3568:Chile
3171:S2CID
3137:9 May
3111:9 May
2620:(PDF)
2255:S2CID
2039:(НТС)
947:Samar
768:China
675:Reich
625:NSDAP
597:TREST
436:(see
411:Italy
391:Spain
285:bái'è
90:JSTOR
76:books
3866:and
3721:Iran
3602:Asia
3397:USSR
3318:ISBN
3303:ISBN
3288:ISBN
3273:ISBN
3250:ISSN
3211:ISBN
3198:ISBN
3139:2023
3113:2023
2972:ISBN
2873:ISBN
2792:ISBN
2765:ISBN
2738:ISBN
2711:ISBN
2687:ISBN
2632:2022
2285:2024
2164:The
1970:Host
1964:Host
873:and
723:and
721:POWs
381:and
322:and
305:白系露人
162:and
62:news
3240:hdl
3230:doi
3163:doi
2673:164
2247:doi
790:or
593:NTS
345:in
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