366:
122:
243:
10 torr) causes large fluctuations in the electric field around the neutral molecules and induces ionization and fragmentation. The fragmentation in electron ionization can be described using Born
Oppenheimer potential curves as in the diagram. The red arrow shows the electron impact energy which is enough to remove an electron from the analyte and form a molecular ion from non- dissociative results. Due to the higher energy supplied by 70 eV electrons other than the molecular ion, several other bond dissociation reactions can be seen as dissociative results, shown by the blue arrow in the diagram. These ions are known as second-generation product ions. The
353:) and energy transfer to organic analyte molecules is maximized, leading to the strongest possible ionization and fragmentation. Under these conditions, about 1 in 1000 analyte molecules in the source are ionized. At higher energies, the de Broglie wavelength of the electrons becomes smaller than the bond lengths in typical analytes; the molecules then become "transparent" to the electrons and ionization efficiency decreases. The effective ionizing path length (L) can be increased by using a weak magnetic field. But the most practical way to increase the sample current is to operate the ion source at higher ionizing current (I
394:
increase the ionization process, a weak magnetic field is applied parallel to the direction of the electrons' travel. Because of this, electrons travel in a narrow helical path, which increases their path length. The positive ions that are generated are accelerated by the repeller electrode into the accelerating region through the slit in the source block. By applying a potential to the ion source and maintaining the exit slit at ground potential, ions enter the mass analyzer with a fixed kinetic energy. To avoid the condensation of the sample, the source block is heated to approximately 300 °C.
601:
as soon as they enter the body most of the chemicals may get excreted. However, this method detected the residues of different pyrethroids down to the level 0.05â2 ng/ml. The detection of this insecticide in blood is very important since an ultra-small quantity in the body is enough to be harmful to human health, especially in children. This method is a very simple, rapid technique and therefore can be adopted without any matrix interferences. The selective ion monitoring mode provides detection sensitivity up to 0.05 ng/ml. Another application is in
638:(HS-SPME) and gas chromatographyâmass spectrometryâelectron impact ionization selected ion monitoring (GCâMSâEI-SIM). Local anesthesia is widely used but sometimes these drugs can cause medical accidents. In such cases an accurate, simple, and rapid method for the analysis of local anesthetics is required. GC-EI-MS was used in one case with an analysis time of 65 minutes and a sample size of approximately 0.2 g, a relatively small amount. Another application in forensic practice is the determination of
260:. In order to achieve higher ionization efficiency there should be an optimized filament current, emission current, and ionizing current. The current supplied to the filament to heat it to incandescent is called the filament current. The emission current is the current measured between the filament and the electron entry slit. The ionizing current is the rate of electron arrival at the trap. It is a direct measure of the number of electrons in the chamber that are available for ionization.
77:
22:
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642:(DRDs) in urine. These drugs are used to incapacitate victims and then rape or rob them. The analyses of these drugs are difficult due to the low concentrations in the body fluids and often a long time delay between the event and clinical examination. However, using GC-EI-MS allows a simple, sensitive and robust method for the identification, detection and quantification of 128 compounds of DRDs in urine.
60:. However, this method is still a popular ionization technique. This technique is considered a hard (high fragmentation) ionization method, since it uses highly energetic electrons to produce ions. This leads to extensive fragmentation, which can be helpful for structure determination of unknown compounds. EI is the most useful for organic compounds which have a
600:
mode (SIM) with a single injection of the sample. All the pyrethroid residues were separated by using a GC-MS operated in electron ionization mode and quantified in selective ion monitoring mode. The detection of specific residues in blood is a difficult task due to their very low concentration since
402:
Since the early 20th century electron ionization has been one of the most popular ionization techniques because of the large number of applications it has. These applications can be broadly categorized by the method of sample insertion used. The gaseous and highly volatile liquid samples use a vacuum
818:
Ion trap EI MS can be incorporated for the identification and quantitation of nonylphenol polyethoxylate (NPEO) residues and their degradation products such as nonylphenol polyethoxy carboxylates and carboxyalkylphenol ethoxy carboxylates, in the samples of river water and sewage effluent. Form this
242:
in the region between the filament and the entrance to the ion source block. The sample under investigation which contains the neutral molecules is introduced to the ion source in a perpendicular orientation to the electron beam. Close passage of highly energetic electrons in low pressure (ca. 10 to
344:
The ion extraction efficiency (β) can be optimized by increasing the voltage of both repeller and acceleration. Since the ionization cross section depends on the chemical nature of the sample and the energy of ionizing electrons a standard value of 70 eV is used. At low energies (around 20 eV), the
756:
scavenger method for detecting temporary negative ion states, and many others have all been discovered using this technique. In this method the field free ionization region allows for high precision in the electron energy and also high electron energy resolution. Measuring the electric fields down
1471:
Calder, A. G.; Anderson, S. E.; Grant, I.; McNurlan, M. A.; Garlick, P. J. (1992-07-01). "The determination of low d5-phenylalanine enrichment (0.002â0.09 atom percent excess), after conversion to phenylethylamine, in relation to protein turnover studies by gass chromatography/electron ionization
781:
in 295-319 °C, 319-456 °C and 456-543 °C. In this method, EI at 10 eV allows soft ionization of aromatic compounds in the vacuum gas oil range. The compositional variations at the molecular level were determined from the elemental composition assignment. Ultra-high resolving power,
650:
Two recent approaches for coupling capillary scale liquid chromatography-electron ionization mass spectrometry (LC-EI-MS) can be incorporated for the analysis of various samples. These are capillary-scale EI-based LC/MS interface and direct-EI interface. In the capillary EI the nebulizer has been
427:
In this method, the probe is manufactured from a long metal channel which ends in a well for holding a sample capillary. The probe is inserted into the source block through a vacuum lock. The sample is introduced to the well using a glass capillary. Next the probe is quickly heated to the desired
553:. From this analysis scientists found that the material used to waterproof the amphorae was a particular type of resin not native to the archaeological site but imported from another region. One disadvantage of this method was the long analysis time and requirement of wet chemical pre-treatment.
667:
can be obtained because the elution from the column is completely transferred into the ion source. Using these two interfaces electron ionization can be successfully incorporated for the analysis of small and medium-sized molecules with various polarities. The most common applications for these
760:
The first description of an electron ionization orthogonal-acceleration TOF MS (EI oa-TOFMS) was in 1989. By using "orthogonal-acceleration" with the EI ion source the resolving power and sensitivity was increased. One of the key advantage of oa-TOFMS with EI sources is for deployment with gas
495:
can be taken as an example of archeological resinous materials. From this study, it reveals that, the direct insertion procedure seems to be a fast, straightforward and a unique tool which is suitable for screening of organic archeological materials which can reveal information about the major
393:
to produce positive ions. The potential of the anode (electron trap) is slightly positive and it is placed on the outside of the ionization chamber, directly opposite to the cathode. The unused electrons are collected by this electron trap. The sample is introduced through the sample hole. To
1523:
Watanabe, Tomohiko; Namera, Akira; Yashiki, Mikio; Iwasaki, Yasumasa; Kojima, Tohru (1998-05-29). "Simple analysis of local anaesthetics in human blood using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatographyâmass spectrometryâelectron impact ionization selected ion monitoring".
1408:
Arrebola, F. J.; MartÄąĚnez Vidal, J. L.; Mateu-SĂĄnchez, M.; Ălvarez-CastellĂłn, F. J. (2003-05-19). "Determination of 81 multiclass pesticides in fresh foodstuffs by a single injection analysis using gas chromatographyâchemical ionization and electron ionization tandem mass spectrometry".
109:, with their atomic weights and relative proportions, were able to be determined. Since then this technique has been used with further modifications and developments. The use of a focused monoenergetic beam of electrons for ionization of gas phase atoms and molecules was developed by
1751:
Fu, Jinmei; Kim, Sunghwan; Rodgers, Ryan P.; Hendrickson, Christopher L.; Marshall, Alan G.; Qian, Kuangnan (2006-02-08). "Nonpolar
Compositional Analysis of Vacuum Gas Oil Distillation Fractions by Electron Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry".
418:
In this method the sample is first inserted into a heated sample reservoir in the vacuum manifold. It then escapes into the ionization chamber through a pinhole. This method is useful with highly volatile samples that may not be compatible with other sample introduction methods.
247:
products are then directed towards the mass analyzer by a repeller electrode. The ionization process often follows predictable cleavage reactions that give rise to fragment ions which, following detection and signal processing, convey structural information about the analyte.
613:
incorporated into tissue protein during studies of human protein synthesis. This method is very efficient since both free and protein-bound d-phenylalanine can be measured using the same mass spectrometer and only a small amount of protein is needed (about 1 mg).
1779:
Ding, Wang-Hsien; Tzing, Shin-Haw (1998-10-16). "Analysis of nonylphenol polyethoxylates and their degradation products in river water and sewage effluent by gas chromatographyâion trap (tandem) mass spectrometry with electron impact and chemical ionization".
806:), their carbon number distributions for hydrocarbon and heteroatomic compounds in the distillation fractions, increasing average molecular weight (or carbon number distribution) and aromaticity with increasing boiling temperature of the
1313:
Colombini, Maria Perla; Modugno, Francesca; Ribechini, Erika (2005-05-01). "Direct exposure electron ionization mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques to study organic coatings on archaeological amphorae".
92:
analysis." It was the first modern mass spectrometer and used positive rays to determine the ratio of the mass to charge of various constituents. In this method, the ion source used an electron beam directed at a solid surface. The
577:(CI) for this single injection of the extract. This method is fast, simple and cost effective since high numbers of pesticides can be determined by GC with a single injection, considerably reducing the total time for the analysis.
541:(GC) is the most widely used method in EI-MS for sample insertion. GC can be incorporated for the separation of mixtures of thermally stable and volatile gases which are in perfect match with the electron ionization conditions.
819:
research, they have found out that the ion trap GC- MS is a reliable and convenient analytical approach with variety of ionization methods including EI, for the determination of target compounds in environmental samples.
496:
constituents within the sample. This method provides information on the degree of oxidation and the class of materials present. As a drawback of this method, less abundant components of the sample may not be identified.
707:
Another method to categorize the applications of electron ionization is based on the separation technique which is used in mass spectroscopy. According to this category most of the time applications can be found in
459:
on archeological sites. These samples are typically investigated using gas chromatographyâMS with extraction, purification, and derivatization of the samples. Due to the fact that these samples were deposited in
210:
1594:
Cappiello, Achille; Famiglini, Giorgio; Mangani, Filippo; Palma, Pierangela (2001-01-01). "New trends in the application of electron ionization to liquid chromatographyâmass spectrometry interfacing".
732:
The electron ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy (EI-TOF MS) is well suited for analytical and basic chemical physics studies. EI-TOF MS is used to find ionization potentials of molecules and
782:
small sample size, high reproducibility and mass accuracy (<0.4ppm) are the special features in this method. The major product was aromatic hydrocarbons in all three samples. In addition, many
1436:
Ramesh, Atmakuru; Ravi, Perumal
Elumalai (2004-04-05). "Electron ionization gas chromatographyâmass spectrometric determination of residues of thirteen pyrethroid insecticides in whole blood".
97:
was made cylindrical in shape using the metal which was to be studied. Subsequently, it was heated by a concentric coil and then was bombarded with electrons. Using this method, the two
1559:
Adamowicz, Piotr; KaĹa, Maria (May 2010). "Simultaneous screening for and determination of 128 date-rape drugs in urine by gas chromatographyâelectron ionization-mass spectrometry".
339:
1645:
Mirsaleh-Kohan, Nasrin; Robertson, Wesley D.; Compton, Robert N. (2008-05-01). "Electron ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: Historical review and current applications".
263:
The sample ion current (I) is the measure of the ionization rate. This can be enhanced by manipulation of the ion extraction efficiency (β), the total ionizing cross section (Q
373:
A schematic diagram of instrumentation which can be used for electron ionization is shown to the right. The ion source block is made out of metal. As the electron source, the
631:
2089:
561:
GC-EI-MS has been successfully used for the determination of pesticide residues in fresh food by a single injection analysis. In this analysis 81 multi-class
1275:
Regert, Martine; Rolando, Christian (2002-02-02). "Identification of
Archaeological Adhesives Using Direct Inlet Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry".
585:
The GC-EI-MS can be incorporated for the analysis of biological fluids for several applications. One example is the determination of thirteen synthetic
487:
Both direct insertion-MS and gas chromatography-MS were used and compared in a study of characterization of the organic material present as coatings in
484:
periods were directly analyzed. The advantage of this technique is that the required amount of sample is less and the sample preparation is minimized.
963:
1164:
Bleakney, Walker (1929). "A New Method of
Positive Ray Analysis and Its Application to the Measurement of Ionization Potentials in Mercury Vapor".
2407:
2272:
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2019:
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molecule (M) is expelled during the collision process to convert the molecule to a positive ion with an odd number of electrons. The following
2508:
2124:
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2513:
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1935:
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periods, they are often preserved in small amounts. By using direct insertion EIâMS archaeological samples, ancient organic remains like
408:
2099:
827:
There are several advantages and also disadvantages by using EI as the ionization method in mass spectrometry. These are listed below.
68:
compounds in solid, liquid and gas states can be detected with the use of this technique when coupled with various separation methods.
757:
the ion flight tube determines autodetachment and metastable decomposition as well as field detachment of weakly bound negative ions.
2290:
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in whole blood. This investigation used a new rapid and sensitive electron ionization-gas chromatographyâmass spectrometry method in
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interactions between the electrons and the analyte molecules do not transfer enough energy to cause ionization. At around 70 eV, the
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1999:
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404:
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temperature to emit electrons. A potential of 70 V is applied between the cathode and source block to accelerate them to 70 eV
2004:
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The GC-EI-MS has been used for the study and characterization of organic material present in coatings on Roman and
Egyptian
2547:
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2009:
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2400:
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1907:
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Direct insertion electron ionization mass spectrometry (direct insertion EI-MS) has been used for the identification of
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1981:
1902:
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794:-containing compounds were directly observed when the concentration of this heteroatomic species increased with the
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267:), the effective ionizing path length (L), the concentration of the sample molecules() and the ionizing current (I
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1928:
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for ions and neutral molecules. Another use of this method is to study about negative ion chemistry and physics.
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Luffer, Debra R.; Schram, Karl H. (1990-12-01). "Electron ionization mass spectrometry of synthetic C60".
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running through it. The kinetic energy of the bombarding electrons should have higher energy than the
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1955:
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manifold, solids and less volatile liquids use a direct insertion probe, and complex mixtures use
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the sample. Using this probe the sample can be positioned very close to the ionization region.
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residues were identified in vegetables. For this study the pesticides were extracted with
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2014:
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and sensitivity. The direct-EI interface is a miniaturized interface for nano- and micro-
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Another application of direct insertion EI-MS is the characterization of novel synthetic
227:
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where M is the analyte molecule being ionized, e is the electron and M is the resulting
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interfaces in LC-MS are environmental applications such as gradient separations of the
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in which the interfacing process takes place in a suitably modified ion source. Higher
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of the electrons matches the length of typical bonds in organic molecules (about 0.14
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in the ratio of 37:1. In one investigation it has been shown that the synthetic C
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wire, is inserted through a slit to the source block. Then it is heated up to an
110:
1129:
Dempster, A. J. (1921-01-01). "Positive Ray
Analysis of Lithium and Magnesium".
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2443:
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chromatographic (GC) inlet systems, which allows chromatographic separation of
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639:
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134:
84:
Electron ionization was first described in 1918 by
Canadian-American Physicist
61:
768:
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1971:
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1343:
1193:
1020:
972:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
795:
745:
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clusters isolated in the solid phase. These crystalline materials consist of
386:
216:
1051:
Fundamentals of
Contemporary Mass Spectrometry - Dass - Wiley Online Library
981:
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1737:
1682:
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1250:
Undergraduate
Instrumental Analysis, 6th ed. Marcel Drekker, New York, 2005
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1150:
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803:
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1991:
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223:
53:
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994:
21:
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10.1002/(SICI)1098-2787(2000)19:2<65::AID-MAS1>3.0.CO;2-E
1615:
807:
701:
669:
652:
573:(GCâMSâMS). The optimum ionization method can be identified as EI or
562:
350:
256:
Increasing the electron ionization process is done by increasing the
106:
89:
1913:
1335:
1206:
1091:
798:. Using data analysis it gave the information about compound types (
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2185:
787:
697:
677:
673:
481:
469:
444:
378:
125:
Electron Ionization of Methanol - Born Oppenheimer Potential Curves
45:
1819:
1260:
Dass, Chhabil (2007). Desiderio, Dominic; Nibbering, Nico (eds.).
3292:
550:
492:
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382:
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130:
102:
98:
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48:
interact with solid or gas phase atoms or molecules to produce
1644:
1593:
1264:(1 ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 19.
688:, and pharmaceutical applications such as separation of four
448:
238:
of the sample molecule. The electrons are accelerated to 70
94:
1522:
950:
Performance Correlation for Electron-bombardment Ion Sources
727:
205:{\displaystyle {\ce {M{}+e^{-}->M^{+\bullet }{}+2e^{-}}}}
3267:
1470:
769:
Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
465:
1698:"Orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometry"
3277:
1960:
1312:
1235:
Mass Spectrometry â Analytical Chemistry by Open Learning
605:
studies using GC-EI-MS. This measures very low levels of
452:
64:
below 600 amu. Also, several other thermally stable and
49:
1841:
Interpretation of Electron Ionization Data: The Odd Book
1862:. Boulder, Colo: Colorado Associated University Press.
1750:
712:(TOF) or orthogonal TOF mass spectrometry (OA-TOF MS),
544:
533:
526:
molecule is remarkably stable and that it retains its
857:
Fragmentation helps with identification of molecules
435:
280:
146:
1695:
1857:
1838:
1696:Guilhaus, M.; Selby, D.; Mlynski, V. (2000-01-01).
137:reaction describes the electron ionization process
919:
773:FT- ICR EI - MS can be used for analysis of three
333:
204:
946:
3366:
1860:Theory of ionization of atoms by electron impact
1200:
953:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
580:
1207:Mark Gordon Inghram; Richard J. Hayden (1954).
822:
1822:Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications
1262:Fundamentals of Contemporary Mass Spectrometry
860:Extensive fragmentation- can't interpret data
645:
569:and further analyzed using gas chromatographyâ
2401:
1929:
1820:Edmond de Hoffman; Vincent Stroobant (2001).
1558:
1274:
813:
500:Characterization of synthetic carbon clusters
369:Scheme of electron ionization instrumentation
44:) is an ionization method in which energetic
1364:
626:. One example is the analysis of five local
1157:
913:
2408:
2394:
1936:
1922:
1435:
940:
2415:
1778:
1474:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
1367:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
1010:
992:
926:. Springer Science & Business Media.
728:Use with time-of-flight mass spectrometry
714:Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance
556:
422:
271:). The equation can be shown as follows:
190:
116:
1163:
1128:
1089:
617:
364:
120:
75:
20:
1092:"A new Method of Positive Ray Analysis"
868:Useful mass range is low (<1000 Da)
865:Library-searchable fingerprint spectra
334:{\displaystyle I^{+}=\beta Q_{i}LI_{e}}
251:
3367:
1213:. National Academies. pp. 32â34.
995:"A Brief History of Mass Spectrometry"
129:In this process, an electron from the
2389:
1943:
1917:
1824:(2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons.
1308:
1306:
920:T.D. Märk; G.H. Dunn (29 June 2013).
609:which can indicate the enrichment of
3323:
2356:
1259:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
534:Gas chromatography mass spectrometry
230:by heating a wire filament that has
3347:
2368:
750:Rydberg electron transfer reactions
88:in the article of "A new method of
13:
1303:
969:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
852:molecule must be thermally stable
545:Analysis of archaeologic materials
436:Analysis of archaeologic materials
413:
377:, which can be a thin filament of
360:
14:
3396:
1896:
1880:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 1985.
1035:
226:, electrons are produced through
3346:
3334:
3322:
3311:
3310:
2367:
2355:
2344:
2343:
1237:, John Wiley & Sons, London.
1772:
1744:
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1638:
1587:
1573:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.02.012
1552:
1516:
1464:
1429:
1401:
1358:
1268:
1253:
1240:
1233:R. Davis, M. Frearson, (1987).
1227:
397:
42:electron bombardment ionization
1561:Forensic Science International
1122:
1090:Dempster, A. J. (1918-04-01).
1083:
986:
957:
318:
310:
166:
1:
2675:Interface and colloid science
2429:Glossary of chemical formulae
1794:10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00593-7
1538:10.1016/S0378-4347(98)00081-4
1450:10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.12.016
1423:10.1016/S0003-2670(03)00332-5
906:
622:The GC-EI-MS is also used in
581:Analysis of biological fluids
476:, and plant oils as far from
1910:. Michigan State University.
1858:Peterkops, Raimonds (1977).
1839:Stephen J. Schrader (2001).
1316:Journal of Mass Spectrometry
993:Griffiths, Jennifer (2008).
823:Advantages and disadvantages
7:
2952:Bioorganometallic chemistry
2439:List of inorganic compounds
2207:Microchannel plate detector
1782:Journal of Chromatography A
1526:Journal of Chromatography B
1438:Journal of Chromatography B
874:
646:Liquid chromatography EI-MS
10:
3401:
2878:Dynamic covalent chemistry
2849:Enantioselective synthesis
2829:Physical organic chemistry
2782:Organolanthanide chemistry
1878:Electron impact ionization
947:Harold R. Kaufman (1965).
923:Electron Impact Ionization
844:Molecule must be volatile
814:Ion trap mass spectrometry
765:to proceed at high speed.
763:volatile organic compounds
738:bond dissociation energies
71:
52:. EI was one of the first
38:electron impact ionization
3306:
3209:
2970:
2886:
2807:
2757:
2633:
2576:
2467:Electroanalytical methods
2452:
2424:
2339:
2281:
2230:
2194:
2143:
1990:
1951:
1702:Mass Spectrometry Reviews
1647:Mass Spectrometry Reviews
1596:Mass Spectrometry Reviews
56:techniques developed for
3222:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
3138:Supramolecular chemistry
2777:Organometallic chemistry
2222:LangmuirâTaylor detector
1812:
742:Autodetachment lifetimes
598:selective ion monitoring
571:tandem mass spectrometry
472:resins, birch bark tar,
3160:Combinatorial chemistry
3071:Food physical chemistry
3034:Environmental chemistry
2918:Bioorthogonal chemistry
2844:Retrosynthetic analysis
2665:Chemical thermodynamics
2648:Spectroelectrochemistry
2591:Computational chemistry
982:10.1351/goldbook.E01999
690:anti-inflammatory drugs
3232:of element discoveries
3078:Agricultural chemistry
3066:Carbohydrate chemistry
2957:Bioinorganic chemistry
2822:Alkane stereochemistry
2767:Coordination chemistry
2596:Mathematical chemistry
2462:Instrumental chemistry
2166:Quadrupole mass filter
1903:NIST Chemistry WebBook
1494:10.1002/rcm.1290060704
1411:Analytica Chimica Acta
1387:10.1002/rcm.1290041218
1186:10.1103/PhysRev.34.157
1151:10.1103/PhysRev.18.415
1116:10.1103/PhysRev.11.316
1049:Dass, Chhabil (2007).
779:distillation fractions
752:and field detachment,
557:Environmental analysis
423:Direct insertion EI-MS
409:liquid chromatography.
370:
335:
206:
126:
117:Principle of operation
105:and three isotopes of
81:
26:
3385:Scientific techniques
3227:Timeline of chemistry
3124:Post-mortem chemistry
3109:Clandestine chemistry
3039:Atmospheric chemistry
2962:Biophysical chemistry
2794:Solid-state chemistry
2744:Equilibrium chemistry
2653:Photoelectrochemistry
618:Forensic applications
368:
347:de Broglie wavelength
336:
258:ionization efficiency
207:
124:
79:
24:
3217:History of chemistry
3172:Chemical engineering
2947:Bioorganic chemistry
2697:Structural chemistry
2434:List of biomolecules
1472:mass spectrometry".
1277:Analytical Chemistry
999:Analytical Chemistry
592:molecules and their
278:
252:The efficiency of EI
144:
36:, formerly known as
16:Ionization technique
3240:The central science
3194:Ceramic engineering
3119:Forensic toxicology
3092:Chemistry education
2990:Radiation chemistry
2972:Interdisciplinarity
2925:Medicinal chemistry
2863:Fullerene chemistry
2739:Microwave chemistry
2608:Molecular mechanics
2603:Molecular modelling
2202:Electron multiplier
2171:Quadrupole ion trap
1714:2000MSRv...19...65G
1659:2008MSRv...27..237M
1608:2001MSRv...20...88C
1486:1992RCMS....6..421C
1379:1990RCMS....4..552L
1328:2005JMSp...40..675C
1178:1929PhRv...34..157B
1143:1921PhRv...18..415D
1108:1918PhRv...11..316D
974:electron ionization
891:Chemical ionization
724:mass spectrometry.
692:, diphenyldramine,
575:chemical ionization
228:thermionic emission
30:Electron ionization
25:Electron ionization
3283:Chemical substance
3145:Chemical synthesis
3114:Forensic chemistry
2995:Actinide chemistry
2937:Clinical chemistry
2618:Molecular geometry
2613:Molecular dynamics
2568:Elemental analysis
2521:Separation process
1754:Energy & Fuels
1059:10.1002/0470118490
901:Thermal ionization
886:Penning ionization
539:Gas chromatography
405:gas chromatography
371:
331:
202:
127:
86:Arthur J. Dempster
82:
80:Arthur J. Dempster
27:
3380:Mass spectrometry
3362:
3361:
3298:Quantum mechanics
3263:Chemical compound
3246:Chemical reaction
3184:Materials science
3102:General chemistry
3097:Amateur chemistry
3025:Photogeochemistry
3010:Stellar chemistry
2980:Nuclear chemistry
2901:Molecular biology
2868:Polymer chemistry
2839:Organic synthesis
2834:Organic reactions
2799:Ceramic chemistry
2789:Cluster chemistry
2719:Chemical kinetics
2707:Molecular physics
2586:Quantum chemistry
2499:Mass spectrometry
2383:
2382:
1945:Mass spectrometry
1908:Mass Spectrometry
1887:978-0-387-81778-1
1869:978-0-87081-105-0
1850:978-0-9660813-6-7
1831:978-0-471-48566-7
1766:10.1021/ef0503515
1667:10.1002/mas.20162
1289:10.1021/ac0155862
1210:Mass Spectroscopy
1012:10.1021/ac8013065
1005:(15): 5678â5683.
933:978-3-7091-4028-4
872:
871:
663:, linearity, and
316:
236:ionization energy
194:
172:
159:
150:
58:mass spectrometry
3392:
3350:
3349:
3338:
3326:
3325:
3314:
3313:
3258:Chemical element
2913:Chemical biology
2772:Magnetochemistry
2749:Mechanochemistry
2702:Chemical physics
2643:Electrochemistry
2548:Characterization
2410:
2403:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2371:
2370:
2359:
2358:
2347:
2346:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1891:
1873:
1854:
1835:
1806:
1805:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1616:10.1002/mas.1004
1591:
1585:
1584:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1014:
990:
984:
961:
955:
954:
944:
938:
937:
917:
896:Spark ionization
830:
829:
716:(FT-ICR MS) and
624:forensic science
603:protein turnover
340:
338:
337:
332:
330:
329:
317:
314:
306:
305:
290:
289:
232:electric current
211:
209:
208:
203:
201:
200:
199:
192:
183:
181:
180:
170:
165:
164:
157:
152:
148:
62:molecular weight
3400:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3302:
3205:
3199:Polymer science
3155:Click chemistry
3150:Green chemistry
3044:Ocean chemistry
3020:Biogeochemistry
2966:
2882:
2854:Total synthesis
2817:Stereochemistry
2803:
2753:
2670:Surface science
2660:Thermochemistry
2629:
2572:
2543:Crystallography
2448:
2420:
2414:
2384:
2379:
2335:
2277:
2226:
2190:
2139:
1986:
1947:
1942:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1876:
1870:
1851:
1832:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1777:
1773:
1749:
1745:
1694:
1690:
1643:
1639:
1592:
1588:
1557:
1553:
1521:
1517:
1469:
1465:
1434:
1430:
1406:
1402:
1373:(12): 552â556.
1363:
1359:
1336:10.1002/jms.841
1311:
1304:
1273:
1269:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1205:
1201:
1166:Physical Review
1162:
1158:
1131:Physical Review
1127:
1123:
1096:Physical Review
1088:
1084:
1069:
1047:
1036:
991:
987:
962:
958:
945:
941:
934:
918:
914:
909:
877:
825:
816:
771:
730:
665:reproducibility
648:
640:date rape drugs
636:microextraction
630:in blood using
620:
607:d-phenylalanine
583:
567:dichloromethane
559:
547:
536:
525:
520:
513:
502:
438:
428:temperature to
425:
416:
414:Vacuum manifold
400:
363:
361:Instrumentation
356:
325:
321:
313:
301:
297:
285:
281:
279:
276:
275:
270:
266:
254:
195:
191:
182:
173:
169:
160:
156:
151:
147:
145:
142:
141:
119:
74:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3398:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3344:
3332:
3320:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3083:Soil chemistry
3075:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3061:Food chemistry
3058:
3056:Carbochemistry
3053:
3051:Clay chemistry
3048:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3012:
3006:Astrochemistry
3002:Cosmochemistry
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2985:Radiochemistry
2976:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2942:Neurochemistry
2939:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2873:Petrochemistry
2870:
2865:
2860:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2734:Spin chemistry
2731:
2729:Photochemistry
2726:
2721:
2716:
2714:Femtochemistry
2711:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2526:Chromatography
2523:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2444:Periodic table
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2365:
2353:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2231:MS combination
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2161:Time-of-flight
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1898:
1897:External links
1895:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1874:
1868:
1855:
1849:
1836:
1830:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1771:
1760:(2): 661â667.
1743:
1688:
1653:(3): 237â285.
1637:
1586:
1567:(1â3): 39â45.
1551:
1532:(2): 225â232.
1515:
1480:(7): 421â424.
1463:
1444:(2): 371â376.
1428:
1417:(2): 167â180.
1400:
1357:
1322:(5): 675â687.
1302:
1283:(5): 965â975.
1267:
1252:
1239:
1226:
1219:
1199:
1172:(1): 157â160.
1156:
1137:(6): 415â422.
1121:
1102:(4): 316â325.
1082:
1067:
1034:
985:
956:
939:
932:
911:
910:
908:
905:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
876:
873:
870:
869:
866:
862:
861:
858:
854:
853:
850:
846:
845:
842:
838:
837:
836:Disadvantages
834:
824:
821:
815:
812:
775:vacuum gas oil
770:
767:
748:dissociation,
729:
726:
710:time of flight
686:reversed phase
651:optimized for
647:
644:
619:
616:
582:
579:
558:
555:
546:
543:
535:
532:
523:
518:
511:
501:
498:
447:such as tars,
437:
434:
424:
421:
415:
412:
399:
396:
391:kinetic energy
362:
359:
354:
342:
341:
328:
324:
320:
312:
309:
304:
300:
296:
293:
288:
284:
268:
264:
253:
250:
245:radical cation
213:
212:
198:
189:
186:
179:
176:
168:
163:
155:
118:
115:
73:
70:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3397:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3355:
3354:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3288:Chemical bond
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3177:Stoichiometry
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3133:Nanochemistry
3131:
3130:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:Semisynthesis
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:Sonochemistry
2690:
2688:
2687:Cryochemistry
2685:
2681:
2680:Micromeritics
2678:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:Wet chemistry
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2376:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2283:Fragmentation
2280:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Daly detector
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:Mass analyzer
2142:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Mass spectrum
1970:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1889:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:. Not Avail.
1842:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1708:(2): 65â107.
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1602:(2): 88â104.
1601:
1597:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1307:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1222:
1220:9780598947109
1216:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1068:9780470118498
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
983:
979:
975:
971:
970:
965:
960:
952:
951:
943:
935:
929:
925:
924:
916:
912:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
867:
864:
863:
859:
856:
855:
851:
848:
847:
843:
840:
839:
835:
832:
831:
828:
820:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:boiling point
793:
789:
785:
780:
776:
766:
764:
758:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
736:, as well as
735:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
705:
703:
699:
695:
694:amitriptyline
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
615:
612:
608:
604:
599:
595:
594:stereoisomers
591:
588:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
554:
552:
542:
540:
531:
529:
521:
514:
507:
497:
494:
491:and Egyptian
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
455:found during
454:
450:
446:
443:
442:archeological
433:
431:
420:
411:
410:
406:
395:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
367:
358:
352:
348:
326:
322:
307:
302:
298:
294:
291:
286:
282:
274:
273:
272:
261:
259:
249:
246:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
217:molecular ion
196:
187:
184:
177:
174:
161:
153:
140:
139:
138:
136:
132:
123:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
87:
78:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
23:
19:
3351:
3339:
3327:
3315:
3165:Biosynthesis
3015:Geochemistry
2930:Pharmacology
2906:Cell biology
2896:Biochemistry
2724:Spectroscopy
2623:VSEPR theory
2503:
2472:Spectroscopy
2416:Branches of
2372:
2360:
2348:
2176:Penning trap
2044:
1965:
1961:
1877:
1859:
1840:
1821:
1788:(1): 79â90.
1785:
1781:
1774:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1319:
1315:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1261:
1255:
1247:
1246:J. Robinson
1242:
1234:
1229:
1223:. NAP:16637.
1209:
1202:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1050:
1002:
998:
988:
967:
959:
949:
942:
922:
915:
826:
817:
804:double bonds
772:
759:
731:
706:
682:chlorpropham
649:
634:solid-phase
621:
584:
560:
548:
537:
503:
486:
439:
426:
417:
401:
398:Applications
387:incandescent
372:
343:
262:
255:
221:
214:
128:
90:positive ray
83:
41:
37:
33:
29:
28:
18:
3353:WikiProject
2578:Theoretical
2563:Calorimetry
2374:WikiProject
2217:Faraday cup
2156:Wien filter
1977:MS software
833:Advantages
810:fractions.
661:sensitivity
628:anesthetics
590:insecticide
530:character.
462:prehistoric
457:excavations
3375:Ion source
3369:Categories
3189:Metallurgy
2888:Biological
2454:Analytical
1992:Ion source
907:References
881:Ion source
849:Sensitive
746:metastable
718:quadrupole
670:pesticides
611:amino acid
587:pyrethroid
224:ion source
54:ionization
3251:Catalysis
2759:Inorganic
2553:Titration
2418:chemistry
2253:Hybrid MS
1730:1098-2787
1675:1098-2787
1624:1098-2787
1502:1097-0231
1395:1097-0231
1344:1096-9888
1194:0031-899X
1021:0003-2700
808:petroleum
702:ibuprofen
653:linearity
632:headspace
563:pesticide
445:adhesives
295:β
222:In an EI
197:−
178:∙
167:⟶
162:−
135:gas phase
113:in 1929.
107:magnesium
46:electrons
3317:Category
3273:Molecule
3210:See also
2635:Physical
2350:Category
2195:Detector
2186:Orbitrap
1982:Acronyms
1738:10795088
1683:18320595
1632:11455563
1581:20207513
1458:15018801
1352:15739159
1297:11924999
1077:92883349
1029:18671338
875:See also
788:nitrogen
734:radicals
722:ion trap
698:naproxen
684:using a
678:propanil
674:carbaryl
551:amphorae
528:aromatic
493:amphoras
482:Iron Age
470:pistacia
430:vaporize
379:tungsten
111:Bleakney
99:isotopes
66:volatile
3329:Commons
3293:Alchemy
2809:Organic
2362:Commons
2090:MALDESI
1802:9818430
1710:Bibcode
1655:Bibcode
1604:Bibcode
1546:9657219
1510:1638043
1482:Bibcode
1375:Bibcode
1324:Bibcode
1174:Bibcode
1139:Bibcode
1104:Bibcode
841:Simple
790:-, and
474:beeswax
383:rhenium
375:cathode
131:analyte
103:lithium
72:History
3341:Portal
2487:UV-Vis
2268:IMS/MS
2181:FT-ICR
2151:Sector
1884:
1866:
1847:
1828:
1800:
1736:
1728:
1681:
1673:
1630:
1622:
1579:
1544:
1508:
1500:
1456:
1393:
1350:
1342:
1295:
1248:et al.
1217:
1192:
1075:
1065:
1027:
1019:
930:
792:oxygen
784:sulfur
777:(VGO)
700:, and
680:, and
506:carbon
478:bronze
449:resins
2514:MALDI
2482:Raman
2321:IRMPD
2273:CE-MS
2263:LC/MS
2258:GC/MS
2238:MS/MS
2125:SELDI
2085:MALDI
2080:LAESI
2020:DAPPI
1813:Notes
1073:S2CID
964:IUPAC
802:plus
800:rings
489:Roman
453:waxes
95:anode
3268:Atom
2536:HPLC
2326:NETD
2291:BIRD
2110:SIMS
2105:SESI
2040:EESI
2035:DIOS
2030:DESI
2025:DART
2010:APPI
2005:APLI
2000:APCI
1956:Mass
1882:ISBN
1864:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1826:ISBN
1798:PMID
1734:PMID
1726:ISSN
1679:PMID
1671:ISSN
1628:PMID
1620:ISSN
1577:PMID
1542:PMID
1506:PMID
1498:ISSN
1454:PMID
1391:ISSN
1348:PMID
1340:ISSN
1293:PMID
1215:ISBN
1190:ISSN
1063:ISBN
1025:PMID
1017:ISSN
928:ISBN
657:HPLC
515:and
480:and
468:and
466:pine
451:and
50:ions
40:and
3278:Ion
2509:ICP
2492:NMR
2331:SID
2316:HCD
2311:ETD
2306:EDD
2301:ECD
2296:CID
2248:AMS
2243:QqQ
2120:SSI
2100:PTR
2095:MIP
2075:ICP
2055:FAB
2050:ESI
1790:doi
1786:824
1762:doi
1718:doi
1663:doi
1612:doi
1569:doi
1565:198
1534:doi
1530:709
1490:doi
1446:doi
1442:802
1419:doi
1415:484
1383:doi
1332:doi
1285:doi
1182:doi
1147:doi
1112:doi
1055:doi
1007:doi
978:doi
976:".
786:-,
754:SF6
720:or
407:or
381:or
357:).
101:of
3371::
3008:/
3004:/
2856:/
2531:GC
2504:EI
2477:IR
2135:TS
2130:TI
2115:SS
2070:IA
2065:GD
2060:FD
2045:EI
2015:CI
1796:.
1784:.
1758:20
1756:.
1732:.
1724:.
1716:.
1706:19
1704:.
1700:.
1677:.
1669:.
1661:.
1651:27
1649:.
1626:.
1618:.
1610:.
1600:20
1598:.
1575:.
1563:.
1540:.
1528:.
1504:.
1496:.
1488:.
1476:.
1452:.
1440:.
1413:.
1389:.
1381:.
1369:.
1346:.
1338:.
1330:.
1320:40
1318:.
1305:^
1291:.
1281:74
1279:.
1188:.
1180:.
1170:34
1168:.
1145:.
1135:18
1133:.
1110:.
1100:11
1098:.
1094:.
1071:.
1061:.
1053:.
1037:^
1023:.
1015:.
1003:80
1001:.
997:.
966:,
744:,
704:.
696:,
676:,
672:,
524:60
519:70
512:60
351:nm
240:eV
219:.
34:EI
3242:"
3238:"
2409:e
2402:t
2395:v
1966:z
1964:/
1962:m
1937:e
1930:t
1923:v
1890:.
1872:.
1853:.
1834:.
1804:.
1792::
1768:.
1764::
1740:.
1720::
1712::
1685:.
1665::
1657::
1634:.
1614::
1606::
1583:.
1571::
1548:.
1536::
1512:.
1492::
1484::
1478:6
1460:.
1448::
1425:.
1421::
1397:.
1385::
1377::
1371:4
1354:.
1334::
1326::
1299:.
1287::
1196:.
1184::
1176::
1153:.
1149::
1141::
1118:.
1114::
1106::
1079:.
1057::
1031:.
1009::
980::
936:.
517:C
510:C
355:e
327:e
323:I
319:]
315:N
311:[
308:L
303:i
299:Q
292:=
287:+
283:I
269:e
265:i
193:e
188:2
185:+
175:+
171:M
158:e
154:+
149:M
32:(
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