20:
526:
446:
2904:
606:
2935:
2704:
1909:
2828:
2878:
2815:
2789:
1861:
3081:
1898:
2971:
2959:
2891:
1929:
1088:
2947:
2865:
2852:
2802:
1939:
51:
2716:
1919:
1506:
476:
or nearly culminating in it, and the position of these stars at the time is given in the tables as in the centre, on the left eye, on the right shoulder, etc. According to the texts, in founding or rebuilding temples the north axis was determined by the same apparatus, and we may conclude that it was
571:
astrological books, which are four in number. Of these, one is about the arrangement of the fixed stars that are visible; one on the positions of the sun and moon and five planets; one on the conjunctions and phases of the sun and moon; and one concerns their
2832:
438:. These 'Diagonal star tables' or star charts are also known as 'diagonal star clocks'. In the past they have also been known as 'star calendars', or 'decanal clocks'. These star charts featuring the paintings of Egyptian deities,
2819:
717:) is one of the most influential books in the history of Western astronomy. In this book, Ptolemy explained how to predict the behavior of the planets with the introduction of a new mathematical idea, the
852:, regarded as the brightest stellar event in recorded history, and left the most detailed description of the temporary star. He says that the object was two to three times as large as the disc of
317:
also appears to have been essentially of native origin. Archaeological evidence has linked fractal geometry designs among Sub-Saharan
African cultures with Egyptian cosmological signs.
414:
For
Ancient Egyptians, the death of a king had a strong connection to the stars. They believed once a king was deceased, their soul would rise to the heavens and become a star. The
882:, Najm al-Din al-Misri (c. 1325) wrote a treatise describing over 100 different types of scientific and astronomical instruments, many of which he invented himself.
254:
592:; a short handle from which a plumb line was hung, and a palm branch with a sight-slit in the broader end. In the Ancient Egyptian language they were referred to as the
403:) at the beginning of the inundation was a particularly important point to fix in the yearly calendar. One of the most important Egyptian astronomical texts was the
2806:
1100:
434:, ancient Egyptians produced 'Diagonal star tables', which were usually painted on the inside surface of wooden coffin lids. This practice continued until the
503:
which in turn revolves around the Earth, to the ancient
Egyptians. He called it the "Egyptian System", and stated that "it did not escape the skill of the
3009:
2753:
468:
it seems that for fixing the hours of the night a man seated on the ground faced the
Astrologer in such a position that the line of observation of the
2634:
2641:
3004:
2999:
2882:
1555:
3058:
1581:
1510:
245:
wrote a treatise describing over 100 different types of scientific and astronomical instruments, many of which he invented himself.
1109:
1975:
23:
2856:
1653:
1386:
King, David A.; van Cleempoel, Koenraad; Moreno, Roberto (2002). "A recently discovered sixteenth-century
Spanish astrolabe".
3038:
2353:
1882:
1710:
1189:
2746:
1471:
1222:
360:
Sun. The length of the corridor down which sunlight would travel would have limited illumination at other times of the year.
1421:
King, David A. (June 2004). "Reflections on some new studies on applied science in
Islamic societies (8th–19th centuries)".
1828:
2908:
1942:
1700:
1695:
1576:
973:
The "Hermetic" books which
Clement refers to are the Egyptian theological texts, which probably have nothing to do with
1548:
814:. By the 13th century, the city of Cairo eventually overtook Baghdad as the intellectual center of the Islamic world.
602:
respectively. The palm branch was held close to the eye, the plumb line in the other hand – perhaps at arm's length.
3111:
2771:
2739:
1665:
1448:
1254:
1065:
1040:
2472:
1818:
1586:
1000:
540:
477:
the usual one for astronomical observations. In careful hands, it might give results of a high degree of accuracy.
2290:
1850:
1796:
1648:
1272:
1968:
1922:
1823:
516:
480:
472:
passed over the middle of his head. On the different days of the year each hour was determined by a fixed star
820:(c. 950–1009) observed more than 10,000 entries for the Sun's position for many years using a large
2576:
1609:
1604:
1541:
912:
1174:
2975:
2242:
1756:
1631:
1599:
3116:
1840:
1803:
1751:
1670:
942:
769:
745:
333:
203:
31:
3106:
3101:
3071:
2719:
2627:
2409:
2201:
1690:
530:
43:
19:
2963:
2648:
2465:
2430:
2423:
2270:
1961:
1813:
1781:
1766:
1761:
1660:
1614:
589:
353:
2951:
2671:
2437:
1932:
1808:
1729:
1680:
775:
642:
306:
199:
195:
2532:
2318:
2177:
2156:
2115:
2079:
2047:
937:
408:
136:
1482:
525:
2585:
2458:
2451:
2374:
2168:
1912:
1845:
1685:
657:
610:
183:
2793:
2555:
2249:
2187:
2040:
2010:
1877:
1295:
1212:
867:
779:
552:
442:, constellations, and star observations are also found on the ceilings of tombs and temples.
371:. The titles of several temple books are preserved recording the movements and phases of the
341:
1093:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
445:
3085:
2938:
2547:
2479:
2297:
2235:
2026:
2003:
1996:
1902:
1860:
1717:
1626:
1619:
1360:
1277:
1124:
Relk, Joan (2002–2003). "Ancient
Egyptian astronomy: Ursa Major – symbol of rejuvenation".
932:
927:
922:
749:
733:
630:
301:, were of special interest in determining when this might occur. The 365 day period of the
286:
242:
167:
61:
and human figures representing stars and constellations from the star chart in the tomb of
8:
2895:
2678:
2620:
2416:
2367:
2263:
2210:
2033:
1722:
1643:
1526:
1168:
737:
618:
488:
214:
1364:
1281:
324:
serves as a lasting demonstration of the high degree of technical skill attained in the
2869:
2707:
2606:
2281:
2228:
2163:
2111:
2086:
1776:
1739:
1403:
1333:
1313:
1238:
811:
806:
in Egypt. The region once again became a centre of scientific activity, competing with
783:
194:, became the most influential books in the history of Western astronomy. Following the
128:
2613:
2599:
2398:
2383:
2360:
2304:
2072:
1734:
1675:
1522:
1467:
1444:
1407:
1250:
1218:
1164:
1061:
1036:
917:
795:
791:
787:
588:
and sighting instrument. They have been identified with two inscribed objects in the
388:
325:
302:
274:
179:
159:
104:
89:
77:
1197:
555:
gives some idea of the importance of astronomical observations to the sacred rites:
2518:
2497:
2332:
2325:
1791:
1705:
1443:. Vol. Two: Calendars, Clocks, and Astronomy. American Philosophical Society.
1395:
1368:
1325:
896:
832:'s investigations on the motion of the Moon, while his other observations inspired
492:
400:
321:
290:
238:
2664:
2339:
2256:
2194:
2149:
2093:
757:
626:
622:
520:
357:
163:
120:
660:, the region once again became the centre of scientific activity throughout the
2762:
2511:
2444:
2346:
1771:
1460:
Astronomia egizia, Introduzione alle conoscenze astronomiche dell'antico Egitto
901:
875:
845:
725:
226:
1399:
3095:
2569:
1564:
1104:
1094:
891:
829:
753:
665:
500:
415:
396:
310:
282:
262:
85:
58:
35:
1246:
2903:
2731:
2525:
2504:
2122:
1833:
954:
661:
646:
435:
367:
matters for fixing the dates of festivals and determining the hours of the
1113:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 39–80.
605:
241:, and left the most detailed description of it. In the 14th century,
2592:
974:
949:
692:
677:
638:
473:
431:
404:
270:
266:
175:
152:
84:
may have made use of astronomical alignments. By the time the historical
81:
55:
39:
2934:
2562:
2539:
2019:
1872:
1533:
1351:
Goldstein, Bernard R. (1965). "Evidence for a supernova of A.D. 1006".
1337:
874:
in the 11th century or 12th century, and later known in Europe as the "
744:. Ptolemaic astronomy became standard in medieval western European and
634:
585:
533:
465:
461:
454:
450:
171:
73:
1056:
Krupp, E.C. (1988). "Light in the
Temples". In Ruggles, C.L.N. (ed.).
2657:
1984:
977:
864:
821:
817:
799:
680:, he worked at Alexandria and wrote works on astronomy including the
568:
548:
536:
504:
469:
364:
329:
314:
278:
234:
218:
210:
132:
124:
108:
62:
1329:
1012:
Eglash, Ron (1995). "Fractal
Geometry in African Material Culture".
507:", though there is no other evidence it was known in ancient Egypt.
261:
Egyptian astronomy dates back to prehistoric times. The presence of
1744:
1372:
709:
682:
356:, has shown that the Great Temple was aligned on the rising of the
191:
1518:
1160:
2877:
2827:
2814:
2788:
1786:
1517:
Symons, S.L.; Cockcroft, R.; Bettencourt, J.; Koykka, C. (2013).
1463:
1159:
Symons, S.L.; Cockcroft, R.; Bettencourt, J.; Koykka, C. (2013).
849:
833:
825:
807:
741:
673:
669:
645:. The greatest Alexandrian astronomer of this era was the Greek,
594:
559:
And after the Singer advances the Astrologer (ὡροσκόπος), with a
345:
230:
222:
187:
1516:
1270:
Rufus, W. Carl (1923). "The astronomical system of Copernicus".
1158:
1147:. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. pp. 154, 155, 162, 173, 253.
88:
began in the 3rd millennium BCE, the 365 day period of the
50:
2970:
2958:
2890:
2687:
1505:
906:
824:
with a diameter of nearly 1.4 meters. His observations on
718:
392:
384:
349:
337:
148:
116:
567:(φοίνιξ), the symbols of astrology. He must know by heart the
135:
were especially adept at watching the stars and observing the
2946:
2864:
2851:
2801:
1190:"A star's year: The annual cycle in the Ancient Egyptian sky"
879:
871:
853:
803:
650:
625:, the native Egyptian tradition of astronomy had merged with
496:
439:
419:
368:
1953:
1194:
Calendars and Years: Astronomy and time in the ancient world
653:, providing an estimate for the circumference of the Earth.
857:
487:
395–423 CE) attributed the planetary theory where the
380:
376:
298:
294:
144:
112:
97:
93:
27:
1483:"The constellations of the Egyptian astronomical diagrams"
1214:
Ancient Egyptian Science: Calendars, clocks, and astronomy
328:. It has been shown the pyramids were aligned towards the
2129:
372:
140:
1196:. Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books. pp. 1–33. Archived from
641:
became the centre of scientific activity throughout the
460:
From the tables of stars on the ceiling of the tombs of
253:
190:(90–168 CE). His works on astronomy, including the
96:
was important in determining the annual flooding of the
1385:
178:
becoming the centre of scientific activity across the
3069:
860:, and that the star was low on the southern horizon.
1058:
Records in Stone: Papers in memory of Alexander Thom
1318:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
352:, taking into account the change over time of the
127:played a considerable part in fixing the dates of
80:. In the 5th millennium BCE, the stone circles at
1294:
649:(c. 276–195 BCE), who calculated the size of the
3093:
425:
131:and determining the hours of night, and temple
1217:. American Philosophical Society. p. 53.
664:. The greatest astronomer of this era was the
3059:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
2747:
1969:
1549:
418:describe the king ascending and becoming the
285:, even in the prehistoric period. The annual
186:produced the greatest astronomer of the era,
2761:
856:and about one-quarter the brightness of the
422:among the Imperishable Stars of past kings.
1243:A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy
237:regarded as the brightest stellar event in
92:was already in use, and the observation of
2754:
2740:
1976:
1962:
1556:
1542:
1312:
1237:
704:, and other works unrelated to astronomy.
344:. Evaluation of the site of the temple of
225:were still used centuries later. In 1006,
1350:
1123:
794:up until the 10th century, when the
1563:
1521:. Physics Department (Online database).
1163:. Physics Department (Online database).
1142:
1098:
1081:
1079:
1077:
604:
524:
444:
363:Astronomy played a considerable part in
252:
49:
18:
3039:Astronomical Society of Southern Africa
1480:
1441:Ancient Egyptian Science: A source book
1438:
1210:
1030:
340:, a faint star in the constellation of
305:was already in use at the beginning of
3094:
1457:
1011:
257:Plan of a stone circle at Nabta, Egypt
34:, circa 1479–1458 BCE), discovered in
2735:
1957:
1537:
1269:
1099:Griffith, Francis Llewellyn (1911). "
1074:
1055:
491:on its axis and the interior planets
162:, the Egyptian tradition merged with
2715:
1918:
1420:
1414:
1316:(1942). "Egyptian planetary texts".
510:
1938:
1487:Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne
828:were still used centuries later in
621:'s conquests and the foundation of
107:were carefully aligned towards the
13:
1432:
1276:. Vol. 31. pp. 510–521.
1187:
1145:The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts
878:" (Old Quadrant). In 14th century
842:Inequalities of Jupiter and Saturn
810:for intellectual dominance in the
672:(90–168 CE). Originating from the
293:, or first visible appearances of
14:
3128:
1666:Ancient Egyptian race controversy
1498:
609:Astronomical ceiling relief from
119:was aligned on the rising of the
3079:
2969:
2957:
2945:
2933:
2902:
2889:
2876:
2863:
2850:
2826:
2813:
2800:
2787:
2714:
2703:
2702:
2473:Southern African Large Telescope
1937:
1927:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1896:
1859:
1504:
1086:
763:
541:Los Angeles County Museum of Art
248:
213:(c. 950–1009) observed the
1928:
1379:
1344:
1306:
1288:
1263:
1231:
1204:
967:
563:(ὡρολόγιον) in his hand, and a
320:The precise orientation of the
1181:
1151:
1136:
1117:
1049:
1035:. ABC-Clio. pp. 354–355.
1024:
1005:
993:
576:The astrologer's instruments (
517:Astrology in Hellenistic Egypt
481:Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius
1:
1983:
1458:Franci, Massimiliano (2010).
1014:Symmetry: Culture and Science
987:
531:30th dynasty (Ptolemaic)
426:The First Intermediate Period
217:for many years using a large
42:; facsimile preserved in the
1519:"Ancient Egyptian Astronomy"
1161:"Ancient Egyptian Astronomy"
7:
1851:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations
1671:Population history of Egypt
885:
802:centred around the city of
780:dominated by Arabic culture
770:Astronomy in medieval Islam
334:precession of the equinoxes
200:dominated by Arabic culture
10:
3133:
1511:Ancient Egyptian astronomy
1439:Clagett, Marshall (2004).
1211:Clagett, Marshall (1989).
943:Medieval Islamic astronomy
909:, Egyptian constellations.
767:
760:by the 16th century.
748:until it was displaced by
728:wrote commentaries on the
514:
453:' method from the tomb of
221:, and his observations on
44:Metropolitan Museum of Art
16:Astronomy in Ancient Egypt
3051:
3029:
3022:
2995:
2988:
2929:
2922:
2842:
2779:
2770:
2697:
2489:
2466:Large Binocular Telescope
2431:Extremely Large Telescope
2424:Extremely large telescope
2397:
2280:
2220:
2141:
2103:
2064:
2057:
1991:
1891:
1868:
1857:
1595:
1572:
1400:10.1080/00033790110095813
1192:. In Steele, J.M. (ed.).
1060:. CUP. pp. 473–499.
838:Obliquity of the Ecliptic
715:The Mathematical Syntaxis
354:obliquity of the ecliptic
281:to the religious life of
3112:Ancient Egyptian science
2438:Gran Telescopio Canarias
1903:Ancient Egypt portal
1031:Ruggles, C.L.N. (2005).
960:
778:, The region came to be
776:Muslim conquest of Egypt
724:A few mathematicians of
643:Hellenistic civilization
332:, which, because of the
198:, the region came to be
196:Muslim conquest of Egypt
2533:Astrology and astronomy
2243:Gravitational radiation
1481:Priskin, Gyula (2019).
1143:Faulkner, R.O. (1969).
1110:Encyclopædia Britannica
938:Ancient Greek astronomy
658:Roman conquest of Egypt
277:show the importance of
2452:Hubble Space Telescope
1175:"Diagonal star tables"
812:medieval Islamic world
782:. It was ruled by the
614:
574:
544:
457:
313:system used among the
258:
66:
47:
2556:Astroparticle physics
2291:Australian Aboriginal
1577:Glossary of artifacts
1296:Clement of Alexandria
608:
557:
553:Clement of Alexandria
528:
448:
256:
53:
22:
2939:African Space Agency
2548:Astronomers Monument
2480:Very Large Telescope
2027:Astronomical symbols
1513:at Wikimedia Commons
1353:Astronomical Journal
933:Babylonian astronomy
928:History of astronomy
923:Egyptian mathematics
913:Egyptian astronomers
734:Pappus of Alexandria
688:Planetary Hypotheses
631:Babylonian astronomy
407:, going back to the
287:flooding of the Nile
243:Najm al-Din al-Misri
168:Babylonian astronomy
111:, and the temple of
24:Astronomical ceiling
2621:List of astronomers
2034:Astronomical object
1723:Cursive hieroglyphs
1527:McMaster University
1423:Islam & Science
1365:1965AJ.....70..105G
1282:1923PA.....31..510R
1169:McMaster University
738:Theon of Alexandria
713:(originally titled
702:Canobic Inscription
619:Alexander the Great
430:Beginning with the
336:, was at that time
170:, with the city of
139:and risings of the
129:religious festivals
3117:Astronomy in Egypt
3034:Egyptian astronomy
2607:Physical cosmology
1696:Funerary practices
798:founded their own
792:Abbasid Caliphates
615:
545:
458:
326:3rd millennium BCE
275:5th millennium BCE
259:
78:Predynastic Period
70:Egyptian astronomy
67:
48:
3107:Egyptian calendar
3102:Ancient astronomy
3067:
3066:
3047:
3046:
3018:
3017:
2984:
2983:
2918:
2917:
2729:
2728:
2614:Quantum cosmology
2600:Planetary geology
2393:
2392:
2104:Celestial subject
1951:
1950:
1706:Great Royal Wives
1676:Prehistoric Egypt
1523:Hamilton, Ontario
1509:Media related to
1473:978-88-86428-94-1
1388:Annals of Science
1273:Popular Astronomy
1224:978-0-87169-214-6
1165:Hamilton, Ontario
1033:Ancient Astronomy
918:Egyptian calendar
850:supernova of 1006
746:Islamic astronomy
740:and his daughter
696:, as well as the
511:Greco-Roman Egypt
322:Egyptian pyramids
303:Egyptian calendar
204:Islamic astronomy
180:Hellenistic world
151:, as well as the
105:Egyptian pyramids
90:Egyptian calendar
3124:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3027:
3026:
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2722:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2690:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2635:Medieval Islamic
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2519:Astroinformatics
2514:
2507:
2500:
2498:Archaeoastronomy
2482:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2459:Keck Observatory
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2386:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2354:Medieval Islamic
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2273:
2266:
2259:
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2050:
2043:
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2022:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1941:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1863:
1558:
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1544:
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1530:
1508:
1494:
1477:
1454:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1314:Neugebauer, O.E.
1310:
1304:
1303:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1239:Neugebauer, O.E.
1235:
1229:
1228:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1126:Archaeoastronomy
1121:
1115:
1114:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1072:
1071:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1009:
1003:
999:Full version at
997:
981:
971:
897:Archaeoastronomy
870:was invented in
758:Tychonic systems
670:Claudius Ptolemy
383:. The rising of
307:Egyptian history
291:heliacal risings
239:recorded history
28:Tomb of Senenmut
3132:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3078:
3070:
3068:
3063:
3043:
3014:
3010:in South Africa
2980:
2968:
2956:
2944:
2914:
2901:
2888:
2875:
2862:
2849:
2838:
2825:
2812:
2799:
2786:
2766:
2760:
2730:
2725:
2713:
2701:
2693:
2686:
2677:
2670:
2665:X-ray telescope
2663:
2656:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
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2478:
2471:
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2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2400:
2389:
2382:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2276:
2271:Multi-messenger
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2216:
2209:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2137:
2128:
2121:
2110:
2099:
2094:Space telescope
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1952:
1947:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1864:
1855:
1591:
1568:
1562:
1501:
1474:
1451:
1435:
1433:Further reading
1430:
1419:
1415:
1384:
1380:
1349:
1345:
1330:10.2307/1005598
1311:
1307:
1293:
1289:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1209:
1205:
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1137:
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1118:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1075:
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1050:
1043:
1029:
1025:
1010:
1006:
998:
994:
990:
985:
984:
972:
968:
963:
888:
772:
766:
627:Greek astronomy
623:Ptolemaic Egypt
547:Writing in the
523:
521:Greek astronomy
513:
428:
289:meant that the
251:
209:The astronomer
164:Greek astronomy
160:Ptolemaic Egypt
86:Dynastic Period
17:
12:
11:
5:
3130:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
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3089:
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2916:
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2913:
2912:
2911:(South Africa)
2899:
2886:
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2860:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2823:
2810:
2797:
2783:
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2774:
2772:Space agencies
2768:
2767:
2763:Space research
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2589:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2566:
2559:
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2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2512:Astrochemistry
2508:
2501:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2445:Hale Telescope
2441:
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2427:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2403:
2395:
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2224:
2222:
2218:
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2207:
2206:
2205:
2191:
2184:
2178:Visible-light
2174:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2136:
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2134:
2133:
2119:
2107:
2105:
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2100:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2066:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2000:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1949:
1948:
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1935:
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1514:
1500:
1499:External links
1497:
1496:
1495:
1478:
1472:
1455:
1449:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1413:
1394:(4): 331–362.
1378:
1373:10.1086/109679
1359:(1): 105–114.
1343:
1305:
1287:
1262:
1255:
1230:
1223:
1203:
1200:on 2013-06-15.
1180:
1150:
1135:
1116:
1105:Chisholm, Hugh
1073:
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1004:
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947:
946:
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940:
935:
925:
920:
915:
910:
904:
902:Dendera zodiac
899:
894:
887:
884:
876:Quadrans Vetus
846:Ali ibn Ridwan
774:Following the
765:
762:
726:late Antiquity
656:Following the
633:. The city of
512:
509:
501:around the Sun
427:
424:
409:Middle Kingdom
250:
247:
227:Ali ibn Ridwan
215:Sun's position
76:times, in the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3129:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3087:
3086:Ancient Egypt
3077:
3076:
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3057:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2989:Observatories
2987:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2936:
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2604:
2601:
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2583:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:Constellation
2567:
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2553:
2550:
2549:
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2258:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:Other methods
2219:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:Submillimetre
2154:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2116:Extragalactic
2113:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2080:Observational
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2017:
2012:
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1926:
1924:
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1904:
1894:
1893:
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1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:Egyptologists
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1565:Ancient Egypt
1559:
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1515:
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1488:
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1466:, IT: Edarc.
1465:
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1450:0-87169-214-7
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1256:3-540-06995-X
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1234:
1226:
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1207:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:Symons, S.L.
1184:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1101:Ancient Egypt
1096:
1095:public domain
1082:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1067:0-521-33381-4
1063:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1042:1-85109-477-6
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992:
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892:Ancient Egypt
890:
889:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
848:observed the
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:Simon Newcomb
827:
823:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
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793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
771:
764:Islamic Egypt
761:
759:
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747:
743:
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731:
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603:
601:
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590:Berlin Museum
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518:
508:
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502:
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494:
490:
489:Earth rotates
486:
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478:
475:
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443:
441:
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423:
421:
417:
416:Pyramid Texts
412:
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361:
359:
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331:
327:
323:
318:
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312:
311:constellation
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:ancient Egypt
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:stone circles
255:
249:Ancient Egypt
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:observed the
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
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91:
87:
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71:
64:
60:
57:
52:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:XVIII Dynasty
29:
25:
21:
3033:
2780:North Africa
2546:
2526:Astrophysics
2505:Astrobiology
2311:
2169:Far-infrared
2123:Local system
2058:Astronomy by
2048:... in space
1638:
1605:Architecture
1490:
1486:
1459:
1440:
1422:
1416:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1271:
1265:
1242:
1233:
1213:
1206:
1198:the original
1193:
1183:
1153:
1144:
1138:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1108:
1057:
1051:
1032:
1026:
1017:
1013:
1007:
995:
969:
955:Sothic cycle
862:
841:
837:
816:
773:
754:heliocentric
732:, including
729:
723:
714:
708:
706:
701:
698:Handy Tables
697:
691:
687:
681:
662:Roman Empire
655:
647:Eratosthenes
616:
599:
593:
581:
577:
575:
564:
560:
558:
546:
539:disc at the
537:astrological
529:An Egyptian
484:
479:
459:
436:12th dynasty
429:
420:Morning Star
413:
411:or earlier.
362:
319:
260:
208:
157:
153:lunar phases
137:conjunctions
102:
69:
68:
2923:Initiatives
2843:Sub-Saharan
2593:Planetarium
2250:High-energy
2236:Cosmic rays
2188:Ultraviolet
1943:WikiProject
1757:Mathematics
1718:Hieroglyphs
1632:Portraiture
1600:Agriculture
1587:Main topics
975:Hellenistic
950:Nabta Playa
844:. In 1006,
736:as well as
693:Tetrabiblos
678:Upper Egypt
639:Lower Egypt
629:as well as
474:culminating
432:9th Dynasty
405:Book of Nut
271:Upper Egypt
267:Nabta Playa
184:Roman Egypt
176:Lower Egypt
133:astrologers
82:Nabta Playa
74:prehistoric
72:started in
56:sky goddess
40:Upper Egypt
3096:Categories
3005:in Namibia
3000:in Algeria
2586:Photometry
2563:Binoculars
2540:Astrometry
2401:telescopes
2298:Babylonian
2142:EM methods
2020:Astronomer
1873:Egyptology
1841:Technology
1804:Philosophy
1752:Literature
1644:Chronology
1493:: 137–180.
1324:(2): 237.
1247:Birkhäuser
1020:: 174–177.
1001:Met Museum
988:References
865:astrolabic
768:See also:
707:Ptolemy's
690:, and the
676:region of
668:Egyptian,
635:Alexandria
617:Following
586:plumb line
578:horologium
561:horologium
534:terracotta
515:See also:
466:Rameses IX
462:Rameses VI
455:Rameses VI
451:Star clock
172:Alexandria
3023:Astronomy
2885:(Nigeria)
2835:(Tunisia)
2822:(Morocco)
2796:(Algeria)
2765:in Africa
2658:Telescope
2264:Spherical
2211:Gamma-ray
2180:(optical)
1985:Astronomy
1777:Mythology
1701:Geography
1691:Dynasties
1639:Astronomy
1408:144335909
978:Hermetism
822:astrolabe
818:Ibn Yunus
800:Caliphate
549:Roman era
505:Egyptians
470:pole star
365:religious
358:midwinter
330:pole star
315:Egyptians
279:astronomy
273:from the
235:supernova
219:astrolabe
211:Ibn Yunus
125:Astronomy
121:midwinter
109:pole star
63:Ramses VI
26:from the
3055:See also
2898:(Rwanda)
2708:Category
2417:Category
2312:Egyptian
2229:Neutrino
2164:Infrared
2112:Galactic
2087:Sidewalk
2041:Glossary
2011:Timeline
1913:Category
1834:District
1829:Capitals
1814:Religion
1797:Titulary
1787:Pharaohs
1767:Military
1762:Medicine
1745:Hieratic
1735:Language
1661:Clothing
1615:Obelisks
1300:Stromata
1241:(1975).
1132:: 64–80.
886:See also
868:quadrant
826:eclipses
796:Fatimids
784:Rashidun
750:Maraghan
730:Almagest
710:Almagest
683:Almagest
666:Hellenic
584:) are a
572:risings.
569:Hermetic
499:revolve
389:Egyptian
223:eclipses
192:Almagest
2872:(Kenya)
2859:(Ghana)
2809:(Egypt)
2720:Commons
2672:history
2642:Russian
2490:Related
2399:Optical
2384:Tibetan
2368:Serbian
2361:Persian
2305:Chinese
2282:Culture
2202:History
2073:Amateur
2004:History
1997:Outline
1933:Outline
1923:Commons
1883:Museums
1819:Scribes
1809:Pottery
1740:Demotic
1730:History
1681:Cuisine
1610:Revival
1464:Firenze
1361:Bibcode
1338:1005598
1302:. vi 4.
1278:Bibcode
1107:(ed.).
1097::
834:Laplace
808:Baghdad
788:Umayyad
742:Hypatia
674:Thebaid
613:, Egypt
611:Dendera
595:merkhet
493:Mercury
485:floruit
346:Amun-Re
231:SN 1006
188:Ptolemy
149:planets
113:Amun-Re
3072:Portal
2976:Zambia
2964:Uganda
2883:NASRDA
2688:Zodiac
2628:French
2333:Indian
2326:Hebrew
2065:Manner
1782:People
1649:Cities
1567:topics
1470:
1447:
1406:
1336:
1253:
1221:
1103:". In
1091:
1064:
1039:
907:Decans
756:, and
719:equant
700:, the
686:, the
440:decans
401:Sothis
393:Sopdet
385:Sirius
350:Karnak
338:Thuban
309:. The
147:, and
117:Karnak
36:Thebes
2952:Kenya
2941:(ASA)
2909:SANSA
2857:GSSTC
2807:NARSS
2679:lists
2649:Women
2340:Inuit
2319:Greek
2257:Radar
2195:X-ray
2150:Radio
2130:Solar
1846:Trade
1824:Sites
1772:Music
1686:Dance
1620:Pylon
1582:Index
1404:S2CID
1334:JSTOR
961:Notes
880:Egypt
872:Egypt
854:Venus
804:Cairo
651:Earth
497:Venus
397:Greek
381:stars
369:night
342:Draco
295:stars
123:Sun.
94:stars
2833:CNCT
2820:CRTS
2794:ASAL
2410:List
2375:folk
2347:Maya
1792:List
1711:List
1654:List
1468:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1219:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1037:ISBN
863:The
858:Moon
840:and
790:and
598:and
582:palm
580:and
565:palm
519:and
495:and
464:and
379:and
377:Moon
299:dawn
233:, a
202:and
166:and
145:Moon
103:The
98:Nile
54:The
2896:RSA
2870:KSA
2577:IAU
1627:Art
1396:doi
1369:doi
1326:doi
1018:6–1
836:'s
637:in
600:bay
373:Sun
348:at
297:at
269:in
265:at
174:in
158:In
141:Sun
115:at
59:Nut
3098::
2114:/
1525::
1491:12
1489:.
1485:.
1462:.
1402:.
1392:59
1390:.
1367:.
1357:70
1355:.
1332:.
1322:32
1320:.
1298:.
1249:.
1245:.
1167::
1130:17
1128:.
1076:^
1016:.
786:,
752:,
721:.
551:,
399::
395:,
391::
375:,
206:.
182:.
155:.
143:,
100:.
38:,
3074::
2755:e
2748:t
2741:v
2172:)
2166:(
1977:e
1970:t
1963:v
1557:e
1550:t
1543:v
1529:.
1476:.
1453:.
1425:.
1410:.
1398::
1375:.
1371::
1363::
1340:.
1328::
1284:.
1280::
1259:.
1227:.
1177:.
1171:.
1157:S
1070:.
1045:.
980:.
543:.
483:(
449:'
387:(
65:.
46:.
30:(
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