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1106:(Amenhotep IV) constructed on the site was located east of the main complex, outside the walls of the Amun-Re precinct. It was destroyed immediately after the death of its builder, who had attempted to overcome the powerful priesthood who had gained control over Egypt before his reign. It was so thoroughly demolished that its full extent and layout is unknown. The priesthood of that temple regained their powerful position as soon as Akhenaten died, and were instrumental in destroying many records of his existence.
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it to reach a size, complexity, and diversity not seen elsewhere. Few of the individual features of Karnak are unique, but the size and number of features are vast. The deities represented range from some of the earliest worshipped to those worshipped much later in the history of the
Ancient Egyptian culture. Although destroyed, it also contained an early temple built by Amenhotep IV (
482:), the pharaoh who later would celebrate a nearly monotheistic religion he established that prompted him to move his court and religious center away from Thebes. It also contains evidence of adaptations, where the buildings of the ancient Egyptians were used by later cultures for their own religious purposes, such as Coptic churches.
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The key difference between Karnak and most of the other temples and sites in Egypt is the length of time over which it was developed and used. Construction of temples started in the Middle
Kingdom and continued into Ptolemaic times. Approximately thirty pharaohs contributed to the buildings, enabling
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In 2006, Bryan presented her findings of a festival that included apparent intentional overindulgence in alcohol. Participation in the festival included the priestesses and the population. Historical records of tens of thousands attending the festival exist. These findings were made in the temple of
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The Great
Hypostyle Hall in the Precinct of Amun-Re has an area of 50,000 sq ft (5,000 m) with 134 massive columns arranged in 16 rows. One hundred and twenty-two of these columns are 10 metres (33 ft) tall, and the other 12 are 21 metres (69 ft) tall with a diameter of over
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of Upper Egypt, created her from a fiery eye gained from his mother, to destroy mortals who conspired against him (Lower Egypt). In the myth, Sekhmet's blood-lust was not quelled at the end of the battle and led to her destroying almost all of humanity, so Ra had tricked her by turning the Nile as
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There is an unfinished pillar in an out-of-the-way location that indicates how it would have been finished. Final carving was executed after the drums were put in place so that it was not damaged while being placed. Several experiments moving megaliths with ancient technology were made at other
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shrine and originally may have stood between her two obelisks. She later ordered the construction of two more obelisks to celebrate her sixteenth year as pharaoh; one of the obelisks broke during construction, and thus, a third was constructed to replace it. The broken obelisk was left at its
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and its changing role in the culture. Religious centers varied by region, and when a new capital of the unified culture was established, the religious centers in that area gained prominence. The city of Thebes does not appear to have been of great significance before the
865:). It is rather inaccurate, and can be quite confusing to modern eyes. Lucas travelled in Egypt during 1699–1703. The drawing shows a mixture of the Precinct of Amun-Re and the Precinct of Montu, based on a complex confined by the three huge Ptolemaic gateways of
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describes the complex in rather great detail in his work of 1785; especially in light of the fact that it is a fictional account of a pretend journey to Upper Egypt, composed out of information from other travellers. Savary did visit
577:. Early building was destroyed by invaders. The earliest known artifact found in the area of the temple is a small, eight-sided column from the Eleventh Dynasty, which mentions Amun-Re. Amun (sometimes called Amen) was long the local
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temples throughout the Roman empire, into which Egypt had been annexed in 30 BC. Karnak was by this time mostly abandoned, and
Christian churches were founded among the ruins, the most famous example of this is the reuse of the
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788:, had been circulating in Europe since the late 14th century, all of them showing Thebes' (Diospolis) location. Despite this, several European authors of the 15th and 16th centuries who visited only
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474:, although another pharaoh built around it in order to change the focus or orientation of the sacred area. Many portions of it may have been carried away for use in other buildings.
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red as blood (the Nile turns red every year when filled with silt during inundation) so that
Sekhmet would drink it. The trick, however, was that the red liquid was not blood, but
691:. The last major change to the Precinct of Amun-Re's layout was the addition of the First Pylon and the massive enclosure walls that surround the precinct, both constructed by
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near Cairo receives more visits. It consists of four main parts, of which only the largest is currently open to the public. The term Karnak often is understood as being the
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470:. The Precinct of Mut is very ancient, being dedicated to an Earth and creation deity, but not yet restored. The original temple was destroyed and partially restored by
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along with the rest of the city. Karnak gets its name from the nearby, and partly surrounded, modern village of El-Karnak, 2.5 kilometres (1.6 miles) north of Luxor.
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1010:, who became identified as the wife of Amun-Re in the Eighteenth Dynasty Theban Triad. It has several smaller temples associated with it and has its own
434:, meaning "The Most Select of Places". The complex's modern name "Karnak" comes from the nearby village of el-Karnak, which means "fortified village".
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100 miles (161 km) south on the Nile river. It also has one of the largest obelisks, weighing 328 tons and standing 29 metres (95 ft) tall.
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and previous temple building there would have been relatively small, with shrines being dedicated to the early deities of Thebes, the Earth goddess
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missionary brothers, Protais and
Charles François d'Orléans, travelled though the area. Protais' writing about their travel was published by
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mixed with pomegranate juice so that it resembled blood, making her so drunk that she gave up slaughter and became an aspect of the gentle
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Obelisks of
Hatshepsut: a tall obelisk stands above a field of rubble and bricks; in the foreground lies the top of another obelisk. (1906)
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596:, when Thebes became the capital of the unified Ancient Egypt. Almost every pharaoh of that dynasty added something to the temple site.
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1503:"Ancient Egypt Brought To Life With Virtual Model Of Historic Temple Complex", Science Daily, 30 April 2009, retrieved 12 June 2009
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erected an enclosure wall connecting the Fourth and Fifth pylons, which comprise the earliest part of the temple still standing
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which is 10.5 metres (34 ft) tall. The sandstone for this temple, including all of the columns, was transported from
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of Thebes. He was identified with the ram and the goose. The
Egyptian meaning of Amun is "hidden" or the "hidden god".
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launched a website dedicated to virtual reality digital reconstructions of the Karnak complex and other resources.
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The first
European description of the Karnak temple complex was by unknown Venetian in 1589 and is housed in the
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Die
Toponyme Vorarabischen Ursprungs im Modernen Ägypten: Ein Katalog (Göttinger Miszellen Beihefte Nr. 8)
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Luxor dromos, an avenue of human-headed sphinxes which once connected the temples of Karnak and Luxor.
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www.karnak3d.net :: "Web-book" The 3D reconstruction of the Great Temple of Amun in Karnak. Marc
1555:"The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World", edited by Chris Scarre (1999) Thames & Hudson, London
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Temple excavations at Luxor discovered a "porch of drunkenness" built onto the temple by the pharaoh
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Stewert, Desmond and editors of the Newsweek Book Division "The Pyramids and Sphinx" 1971 pp. 60–62
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also may have begun during the Eighteenth Dynasty (although most new building was undertaken under
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Karnak ("Carnac") as a village name, and name of the complex, is first attested in 1668, when two
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This article is about the Karnak temple complex in Egypt. For the Neolithic menhir site, see
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1062:. The complex interweaving of deities occurred over the thousands of years of the culture.
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Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Ramses II: Magnificence on the Nile (1993) pp. 53–54
1034:-Bast, then Mut-Sekhmet-Bast (Wadjet having merged into Bast), then Mut also assimilated
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916:(1792–93), and finally by a number of scientists of the Napoleon expedition, including
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Open papyrus umbel capitals and architrave on the central columns of the Hypostyle Hall
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Located to the south of the newer Amun-Re complex, this precinct was dedicated to the
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Gate at Karnak. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection (before 1923)
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only, because this is the only part most visitors see. The three other parts, the
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Lehner, Mark The Complete Pyramids, London: Thames and Hudson (1997) pp.202–225
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This is the largest of the precincts of the temple complex, and is dedicated to
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The sun god's shrine was built so that it has light focused upon it during the
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Photograph of the temple complex taken in 1914, Cornell University Library
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Major construction work in the Precinct of Amun-Re took place during the
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Karnak, Egypt; Great Statues., n.d., Goodyear. Brooklyn Museum Archives
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Hypostyle hall of the Precinct of Amun-Re, as it appeared in 1838 in
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This portion of the site is dedicated to the son of Mut and Amun-Re,
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one must travel to reach it. Maps of Egypt, based on the 2nd century
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Thebes' exact placement was unknown in medieval Europe, though both
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Ancient Greek and Roman writers wrote about a range of monuments in
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Temple of Amun, numerous photos & schemes (comments in russian)
1337:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
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and his travel companion Pierre Laurent Pincia (1718 and 1720–21),
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CFEETK – Centre Franco-Égyptien d'Étude des Temples de Karnak (en)
392:(305–30 BCE), although most of the extant buildings date from the
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rose to greater prominence, Mut absorbed the warrior goddesses,
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Karnak, Egypt; Gate and Pylon., n.d., Brooklyn Museum Archives
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These architraves may have been lifted to these heights using
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Hieroglyphs from the great obelisk of Karnak, transcribed by
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Another of her projects at the site, Karnak's Red Chapel or
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The history of the Karnak complex is largely the history of
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Walker, Charles, 1980 "Wonders of the Ancient World" pp24–7
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Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century BC
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1429:(in German). Göttingen: Universität Göttingen. p. 56
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Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition
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754:'s central hall, where painted decorations of saints and
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had monuments constructed and also restored the original
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373:. Construction at the complex began during the reign of
1475:"Everything You Need to Know About the Winter Solstice"
823:, although his account gives no name for the complex.
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The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia
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give the exact location of Thebes and how long up the
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second-tallest ancient obelisk still standing on Earth
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by Peter Tyson March 16, 1999 NOVA online adventure
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Closed papyrus umbel capitals of the Hypostyle Hall
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888:Karnak was visited and described in succession by
411:as its head. It is part of the monumental city of
396:. The area around Karnak was the ancient Egyptian
1207:Open papyrus umbel capitals of the Hypostyle Hall
929:in 1777–78, and published a work about that too.
442:The complex is a vast open site and includes the
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1092:Temple of Amenhotep IV (deliberately dismantled)
1030:, as some of her aspects. First, Mut became Mut-
910:Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt
885:thick, First Pylon of the Precinct of Amun-Re.
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520:locations – some of which are amongst the
1447:Egypt: Engineering an empire engineering feats
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792:and published their travel accounts, such as
1399:. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 154.
1365:. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 154.
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2009:
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1135:The Sacred Lake of the Precinct of Amun-Re
1565:"Sex and booze figured in Egyptian rites"
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23:. For other uses of either spelling, see
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821:Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze
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1396:The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt
1362:The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt
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1331:"Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis"
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863:Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant
655:(1857, Rijksmuseum, The Netherlands)
548:History of the Karnak Temple complex
430:The original name of the temple was
365:, chapels, and other buildings near
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1481:. December 21, 2015. Archived from
1163:Ram-headed sphinx statues at Karnak
836:Relations de divers voyages curieux
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752:Festival Hall of Thutmose III
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1320:. Merriam-Webster, 2007. p. 1550
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1393:Wilkinson, Richard H. (2000).
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1069:Ruins in the Precinct of Montu
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1749:Festival Hall of Thutmose III
1634:Karnak Temple picture gallery
1583:Karnak: Evolution of a Temple
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2447:Tourist attractions in Egypt
1335:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
945:as seen from the Sacred Lake
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505:3 metres (9.8 ft). The
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2304:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations
2124:Population history of Egypt
1891:Luxor International Airport
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861:' travel account of 1704, (
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464:Temple of Amenhotep IV
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130:25.71861°N 32.65861°E
1941:Valley of the Queens
1906:Mummification Museum
1729:Great Hypostyle Hall
920:, during 1798–1799.
679:on the walls of the
671:in the Nineteenth).
661:Great Hypostyle Hall
659:Construction of the
653:Great Hypostyle Hall
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448:Giza pyramid complex
386: 2000–1700 BCE
321:, commonly known as
44:Great Hypostyle Hall
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1961:Tombs of the Nobles
1936:Valley of the Kings
1911:Winter Palace Hotel
1628:Digital Karnak UCLA
1485:on 24 February 2021
1479:National Geographic
1192:Colossal statue of
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452:Precinct of Amun-Re
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685:Avenue of Sphinxes
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288:Reference no.
231:Public access
135:25.71861; 32.65861
75:Shown within Egypt
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1976:Colossi of Memnon
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1074:Precinct of Montu
1018:Mut because when
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697:Thirtieth Dynasty
522:largest monoliths
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730:, and others.
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2058:Architecture
1946:Medinet Habu
1901:Luxor Museum
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1886:Luxor Temple
1829:White Chapel
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966:Theban Triad
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798:André Thévet
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154:Part of
2396:WikiProject
2210:Mathematics
2171:Hieroglyphs
2085:Portraiture
2053:Agriculture
2040:Main topics
1791:Aten Temple
1489:22 December
1341:7 September
1012:sacred lake
994:Map of the
927:Lower Egypt
906:James Bruce
900:(1737–38),
790:Lower Egypt
704:Upper Egypt
677:Sea Peoples
665:Seti I
507:architraves
394:New Kingdom
302:Arab states
177:Nectanebo I
133: /
109:Coordinates
103:Upper Egypt
87:El-Karnak,
2411:Categories
2326:Egyptology
2294:Technology
2257:Philosophy
2205:Literature
2097:Chronology
1301:References
1255:Statue of
1047:Hatshepsut
933:Main parts
859:Paul Lucas
785:Geographia
606:Hatshepsut
598:Thutmose I
472:Hatshepsut
375:Senusret I
279:1979 (3rd
276:Designated
271:I, III, VI
218:Site notes
173:Senusret I
121:32°39′31″E
2230:Mythology
2154:Geography
2144:Dynasties
2092:Astronomy
1929:West Bank
1879:East Bank
1713:Precincts
1259:in Karnak
1194:Ramses II
1104:Akhenaten
881:high and
846:, 1678).
768:Herodotus
739:Christian
687:) to the
673:Merneptah
534:In 2009,
480:Akhenaten
432:Ipet-isut
398:Ipet-isut
223:Condition
149:Sanctuary
118:25°43′7″N
46:from the
2366:Category
2287:District
2282:Capitals
2267:Religion
2250:Titulary
2240:Pharaohs
2220:Military
2215:Medicine
2198:Hieratic
2188:Language
2114:Clothing
2068:Obelisks
1433:21 March
1378:21 March
1359:(2000).
1314:"Karnak"
1289:See also
912:(1777),
908:(1769),
904:(1738),
896:(1731),
828:capuchin
724:Kom Ombo
618:obelisks
438:Overview
268:Criteria
263:Cultural
183:Material
84:Location
2386:Outline
2376:Commons
2336:Museums
2272:Scribes
2262:Pottery
2193:Demotic
2183:History
2134:Cuisine
2063:Revival
1971:Malkata
1807:Related
1721:Amun-Re
1685:History
1678:General
1110:Gallery
1051:sun god
1040:Nekhbet
1024:Sekhmet
962:Amun-Re
894:Granger
815:in 1828
802:Memphis
695:of the
602:in situ
542:History
359:temples
281:session
204:Periods
191:Founded
169:Builder
164:History
2235:People
2102:Cities
2020:topics
1781:
1769:
1671:Karnak
1589:
1460:
1403:
1369:
1257:Khepri
1060:Hathor
1036:Menhit
1032:Wadjet
1020:Thebes
877:long,
772:Strabo
756:Coptic
728:Philae
633:barque
614:Hyksos
562:Thebes
514:levers
458:, the
417:UNESCO
413:Thebes
363:pylons
323:Karnak
298:Region
158:Thebes
99:Region
31:Karnak
21:Carnac
2299:Trade
2277:Sites
2225:Music
2139:Dance
2073:Pylon
2035:Index
1872:Luxor
1764:Montu
1427:(PDF)
1149:pylon
1086:Montu
875:113 m
747:pagan
708:Nubia
638:Aswan
575:Montu
371:Egypt
367:Luxor
186:Stone
93:Egypt
2245:List
2164:List
2107:List
1587:ISBN
1491:2022
1458:ISBN
1435:2024
1401:ISBN
1380:2024
1367:ISBN
1343:2021
1056:beer
1028:Bast
1026:and
941:The
883:15 m
879:43 m
796:and
776:Nile
770:and
720:Edfu
716:Esna
706:and
667:and
651:The
573:and
536:UCLA
426:Name
409:Amun
317:The
260:Type
226:Ruin
146:Type
2080:Art
1776:Mut
1008:Mut
571:Mut
338:ɑːr
234:Yes
210:to
2413::
1477:.
1333:.
1316:.
1042:.
1006:,
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804:.
726:,
722:,
718:,
714:,
699:.
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531:.
383:c.
369:,
361:,
292:87
195:c.
91:,
2010:e
2003:t
1996:v
1863:e
1856:t
1849:v
1663:e
1656:t
1649:v
1595:.
1493:.
1464:.
1437:.
1409:.
1382:.
1345:.
842:(
834:(
381:(
353:/
350:k
347:æ
344:n
341:.
335:k
332:ˈ
329:/
325:(
283:)
175:–
27:.
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