33:
301:
661:
reliable information largely because of the severity with which it impairs the ability to think. Extreme pain, cold, sleep deprivation and fear of torture itself all damage memory, mood and cognition. Torture does not persuade people to make a reasoned decision to cooperate, but produces panic, dissociation, unconsciousness and long-term neurological damage. It also produces an intense desire to keep talking to prevent further torture.
200:(but not in ancient Hebrew or medieval English law). It was argued that torture could be relied on at least in cases where the result could be checked (for example, if the accused confessed to burying the murder weapon under a certain tree, the judge should send someone to dig it up.) But confessions under torture were believed in a wide range of uncheckable cases, such as heresy and witchcraft.
631:...although there is no valid scientific research to back the conclusion, most professionals believe that pain, coercion, and threats are counterproductive to the elicitation of good information. The authors cite a number of psychological and behavioral studies to buttress the argument, but are forced to return to the statement: 'more research is necessary.'
480:. A study by Jeremy D. Mayer, Naoru Koizumi, and Ammar Anees Malik found that opposition to the usage of torture in interrogation was correlated with stronger political rights but not economic development or the threat of terrorism. According to one study, people who believe torture is inherently immoral are more likely to believe it is ineffective.
379:, wrote in 2009 that "high value information came from interrogations in which these methods were used". However, a Senate Committee that investigated claims of useful information being extracted from suspects that underwent enhanced interrogation concluded that critical and valuable information was not obtained using these methods. The 6,700-page
150:
impossible to improvise quick and brutal torture and expect successful results: "Our society would have to acquiesce to a massive bureaucratized torture campaign, at times of peace or war, that targeted thousands, from all walks of life, regardless of culpability, to extract modest intelligence that was, at best, corroborative".
410:
depicted torture as effective, increasing support for torture among
Americans. Research indicates that some Americans will support torture if they believe it is effective, but also a non-negligible number will support torture even if they do not perceive it as an effective source of intelligence. The
108:
The checkability of confessions remains an important issue for the effectiveness of torture, since both the interrogator and the subject know that a checkable confession is more likely to be true. Many torture survivors report revealing false or incomplete information since their goal was to satisfy
116:
concludes: "In short, organized torture yields poor information, sweeps up many innocents, degrades organizational capabilities, and destroys interrogators. Limited time during battle or emergency intensifies all these problems." Rejali acknowledges that it is possible that torture may yield useful
149:
ordered the torture of suspected regime opponents. Of the 31 detainees who later told scholars that they had indeed acted to undermine the regime, twelve (39%) also admitted that they had provided accurate information about their activities under torture. Nonetheless, Hassner argues that it is
660:
Controlled studies on the effectiveness of torture would be morally abhorrent. But there is a lot of information on the psychological and physiological effects of severe pain, fear, extreme cold, sleep deprivation, confinement and near-drowning. As O'Mara emphasises, torture does not produce
74:
Beyond torture's moral repugnance, most experts who study interrogation consider torture an ineffective and counterproductive means of gathering accurate information, because it frequently generates false or misleading information and impairs subsequent information collection.
337:
158:
Rejali states that the effectiveness of torture cannot be considered without investigating specific techniques and how they affect the victim's body and mind. In the 2010s, research began to examine specific techniques for their effects. For example, studies of
2628:
83:
Governments that have used torture for interrogation on a large scale have not disclosed systematic information on how their torture programs were carried out, hampering efforts to investigate their effectiveness by those who lack access to
551:
The potential moves reopen a question that most scientists considered closed: Does torture work? Most experts who study interrogation, and some individuals who conducted interrogations and later went public, disagree
383:
also concluded that the CIA had repeatedly and deliberately impeded oversight and misrepresented the effectiveness of torture as an interrogation technique to policymakers and to the public through coordinated
100:
argues that coercive interrogation and torture damage the areas of the brain that recall information. Although the CIA has argued that torture for information is a science, O'Mara argues that it is in fact
286:, explains that torture "is a poor technique that yields unreliable results, may damage subsequent collection efforts, and can induce the source to say what he thinks the interrogator wants to hear."
88:. Young and Kearns state that "Experiments on whether or not torture is effective are extremely challenging to implement in a safe yet realistic way." Ethical research studies require the
123:, "scientific evidence, expert testimony, and the historical record show that coercive interrogation is not effective in eliciting reliable information from prisoners". A 2017 review in
1909:
Leidner, Bernhard; Kardos, Peter; Castano, Emanuele (2018). "The
Effects of Moral and Pragmatic Arguments Against Torture on Demands for Judicial Reform: Arguments Against Torture".
130:
Research on the history of torture suggests that torture has likely been costly and ineffective at extracting reliable information from reluctant detainees. In Toledo, Spain, the
1995:
1702:
1331:
264:
1398:
1600:
747:
145:". According to one Senate Committee testimony, about two-thirds of those tortured collaborated and revealed the locations of weapons caches. More recently in Iraq,
17:
424:
Public opinion on the use of torture for interrogation varies widely, with the lowest support recorded in West
European countries and the highest support found in
2640:
2535:
2525:
2153:
1703:"Dirty Hands, Clean Conscience? The CIA Inspector General's Investigation of "Enhanced Interrogation Techniques" in the War on Terror and the Torture Debate"
421:, was criticized by some journalists for portraying torture as effective and key in gaining intelligence that led to the discovery of bin Laden's compound.
244:
had and what the future targets were. McDilda, who had originally told his captors he knew nothing about the atomic bomb (and who indeed knew nothing about
2621:
2609:
380:
305:
828:
644:
179:. Some research suggests that the greater number of coercive techniques that are applied, the greater likelihood of obtaining false information.
134:
interrogated 1046 people between 1575 and 1610. Of those who were not tortured, 42% confessed guilt. Of those who were tortured, 29% confessed.
616:
Otis, Pauletta (December 2006). "Educing
Information: The Right Initiative at the Right Time by the Right People". In Swenson, Russell (ed.).
1127:
336:(DIA) strongly questioned its credibility, suggesting that al-Libi was "intentionally misleading" interrogators. The CIA Inspector General's
2594:
313:
163:
have found that there is a high risk of false statements or the interrogator even planting a false memory. O'Mara ran a study of simulated
1298:
1345:
2556:
117:
information in some cases, but in general "torture is the clumsiest method available to organizations". According to a 2017 article in
1321:
2599:
604:
This report concluded (as did the CIA) that torturing prisoners was not an effective means of obtaining intelligence or cooperation.
367:, discussions on the topic have been heated. In commenting on the use and effectiveness of various torture methods, with a focus on
172:
71:. Torture has been used throughout history during interrogation, although it is now illegal and a violation of international law.
2633:
1388:
1497:
1258:
1460:
2530:
2129:
2110:
2072:
2044:
1984:
1961:
1939:
1771:
1640:
1350:, Foreword by Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Chairman Dianne Feinstein, Findings and Conclusions, Executive Summary"
1030:
1184:
1070:
1994:
Vrij, Aldert; Meissner, Christian A.; Fisher, Ronald P.; Kassin, Saul M.; Morgan, Charles A.; Kleinman, Steven M. (2017).
2645:
2616:
2462:
279:
2091:
1154:... was interrogated by both the United States and Egypt, and—as was publicly reported—tortured by Egyptian authorities
829:"The Effects and Effectiveness of Using Torture as an Interrogation Device: Using Research to Inform the Policy Debate"
705:. International Library of Ethics, Law, and the New. Vol. 41. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 118.
1576:
2472:
2442:
2160:
1888:
Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie (2007). "Erroneous assumptions: Popular belief in the effectiveness of torture interrogation".
1110:
1001:
718:
372:
295:
1629:"Does Terror Cause Torture? A Comparative Study of International Public Opinion about Governmental Use of Coercion"
626:
283:
97:
617:
364:
32:
2520:
2295:
328:. That information was frequently repeated by members of the Bush administration, although reports from both the
525:
1224:
351:
in interrogations, and that United States personnel have used such practices in interrogations related to the
2467:
321:
2586:
987:
119:
300:
1672:
Alison, Laurence; Alison, Emily (2017). "Revenge versus rapport: Interrogation, terrorism, and torture".
835:
333:
329:
214:
138:
127:
asserts that "Psychological theory and research shows that harsh interrogation methods are ineffective."
2655:
2571:
2177:
1253:
499:
1738:
2604:
2515:
489:
176:
2350:
2629:
European
Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
1138:
570:
The
British Journal of General Practice: The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners
448:
survey of 16 nations found that support for torture to obtain military information was highest in
2689:
2447:
2228:
271:. The Gestapo tortured leaders of several national resistance movements but most did not break.
1288:
241:
222:
85:
1356:
1102:
698:
2566:
2432:
2305:
2282:
1628:
325:
317:
168:
92:
of participants, making it impossible to experiment with nonconsensual torture. In his book
2484:
2380:
2345:
2267:
2262:
8:
2494:
2452:
2330:
2084:
Torture: Does It Work? Interrogation issues and effectiveness in the Global War on Terror
1605:
1530:
131:
1739:"How Torture Fails: Evidence of Misinformation from Torture-Induced Confessions in Iraq"
1348:
Committee Study of the
Central Intelligence Agency's Detention and Interrogation Program
1019:
795:"Evidence gained from torture: wishful thinking, checkability and extreme circumstances"
794:
2385:
2375:
2023:
1876:
1833:
1801:
1725:
1557:
1393:
1293:
775:
590:
565:
197:
112:
In 2007, evaluating the available scientific evidence on the effectiveness of torture,
432:(where most respondents supported the use of torture for interrogation) as well as in
2551:
2457:
2437:
2410:
2390:
2340:
2218:
2125:
2106:
2087:
2068:
2062:
2040:
2015:
1980:
1957:
1935:
1868:
1837:
1805:
1767:
1689:
1636:
1549:
1468:
1246:
1106:
1026:
997:
779:
767:
714:
595:
530:
494:
160:
64:
2064:
The
Torture Report: What the Documents say about America's Post 9/11 Torture Program
1729:
1561:
2684:
2489:
2422:
2400:
2395:
2335:
2200:
2146:
2027:
2007:
1918:
1897:
1858:
1825:
1793:
1750:
1717:
1681:
1581:
1539:
759:
706:
585:
577:
535:
413:
401:
89:
68:
1829:
1797:
2561:
2427:
2405:
2325:
2310:
2257:
2185:
2037:
Tortured Logic: Why Some
Americans Support the Use of Torture in Counterterrorism
1721:
1206:
1166:
1098:
991:
418:
376:
245:
1863:
1846:
710:
2663:
2320:
2290:
2248:
2243:
2233:
2213:
1210:
1170:
619:
Educing
Information: Interrogation: Science and Art: Foundations for the Future
406:
344:
338:
2004 Special Review of Counterterrorism, Detention and Interrogation Activities
248:), "confessed" under further torture that the US had 100 atomic bombs and that
233:
146:
1901:
1601:"More Americans support torture than Afghans, Iraqis and South Sudanese. Why?"
1544:
1525:
1074:
880:
2678:
2576:
2477:
2355:
2300:
2272:
2190:
2101:
Barela, Steven J.; Fallon, Mark; Gaggioli, Gloria; Ohlin, Jens David (2020).
2011:
1949:
1872:
1553:
1472:
1384:
457:
397:
368:
348:
229:
164:
142:
113:
102:
60:
41:
37:
1754:
539:
2510:
2019:
1693:
1502:
1326:
771:
599:
352:
340:
does not support the position that torture is effective for interrogation.
237:
218:
699:"Indecent Medicine Revisted: Considering Physician Involvement in Torture"
581:
2238:
2223:
2208:
1813:
1781:
1596:
1284:
504:
473:
429:
360:
1880:
763:
748:"Torturing science: Science, interrogational torture, and public policy"
175:
techniques on volunteers and found that they reduced the reliability of
2415:
1922:
1816:(2020b). "The Cost of Torture: Evidence from the Spanish Inquisition".
1685:
1498:"A letter to Kathryn Bigelow on Zero Dark Thirty's apology for torture"
1493:
1355:. United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. Archived from
1971:
Rejali, Darius (2020). "The Field of Torture Today: Ten Years On from
396:
Many people believe that torture works, or that it can even provide a
2103:
Interrogation and Torture: Integrating Efficacy with Law and Morality
1977:
Interrogation and Torture: Integrating Efficacy with Law and Morality
385:
193:
1214:
1174:
1069:
1219:
1179:
469:
356:
268:
192:
Torture was routinely used for interrogation in ancient Greek and
2315:
2169:
1847:"Could the United States Reinstitute an Official Torture Policy?"
993:
The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal
453:
437:
260:
56:
45:
1764:
America in the Philippines, 1899-1902: The First Torture Scandal
449:
425:
109:
the torturer and end the suffering, not to reveal information.
908:
1786:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
1627:
Mayer, Jeremy D.; Koizumi, Naoru; Malik, Ammar Anees (2014).
1442:
1440:
1389:"Senate Torture Report Condemns C.I.A. Interrogation Program"
996:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 26–27.
645:"The neuroscience of interrogation: Why torture doesn't work"
477:
465:
441:
433:
253:
249:
1425:
2252:
1784:(2020a). "What Do We Know about Interrogational Torture?".
1649:
868:
461:
445:
226:
94:
Why Torture Doesn't Work: The Neuroscience of Interrogation
2138:
1437:
1021:
War in the Pacific, Chapter 25 "The Lie of Marcus McDilda"
444:
among 31 countries surveyed between 2006 and 2008. A 2016
343:
Since the revelations in 2004 and 2008 that the President
289:
167:, finding that it increased the recall of false memories.
2100:
1039:
896:
678:
1633:
Examining Torture: Empirical Studies of State Repression
858:
856:
666:
2641:
Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture
1265:
968:
944:
727:
1413:
1205:
1165:
1051:
853:
259:
Interrogation was only the source of a subset of the
27:
Use of torture to obtain information in interrogation
956:
920:
802:
Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law
2536:
Torture during the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)
932:
827:Costanza, Mark A.; Gerrity, Ellen (December 2009).
381:
Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture
141:(1899-1902), Filipino detainees were subjected to "
1577:"Survey: Acceptance of Torture During War Growing"
1018:
1626:
1289:"Interrogations' Effectiveness May Prove Elusive"
834:. Social Issues and Policy Review. Archived from
78:
44:a captured North Vietnamese prisoner of war near
2676:
1159:
263:'s intelligence; it heavily relied on voluntary
63:, as opposed to the use of torture to extract a
1890:Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology
1377:
1338:
1322:"Does torture work – and is it worth the cost?"
1025:. Hawaii Pacific University. pp. 159–160.
1016:
826:
745:
703:Physicians at war: the dual-loyalties challenge
1908:
1655:
625:. Intelligence Science Board: Phase 1 Report.
306:U.S. Senate Report on the CIA's use of torture
2154:
1996:"Psychological Perspectives on Interrogation"
1887:
1526:"Torture Approval in Comparative Perspective"
1431:
566:"Does torture work? Donald Trump and the CIA"
2595:Exclusion of evidence obtained under torture
1671:
1461:"Opinion | Bin Laden, Torture and Hollywood"
274:
2034:
1993:
1446:
1372:Declassification Revisions December 3, 2014
886:
684:
526:"Scientists to Trump: Torture doesn't work"
125:Psychological Perspectives on Interrogation
2557:Effectiveness of torture for interrogation
2161:
2147:
2035:Young, Joseph K.; Kearns, Erin M. (2020).
18:Effectiveness of torture for interrogation
2600:United Nations Convention against Torture
2119:
1862:
1635:. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 43–61.
1543:
589:
1932:Oath Betrayed: America's Torture Doctors
1844:
1812:
1780:
1700:
1419:
1383:
1271:
1092:
986:
950:
914:
902:
874:
792:
733:
696:
672:
523:
314:link between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda
299:
31:
2634:Committee for the Prevention of Torture
1574:
980:
746:O’Mara, Shane; Schiemann, John (2019).
642:
290:War on Terror and 2003 invasion of Iraq
14:
2677:
2081:
1970:
1948:
1761:
1736:
1523:
1334:from the original on 30 December 2018.
1261:from the original on 11 December 2018.
1057:
1045:
974:
962:
938:
926:
862:
182:
67:, regardless of whether it is true or
2531:Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
2142:
2060:
2000:Perspectives on Psychological Science
1929:
1595:
1458:
1319:
1283:
1125:
627:National Defense Intelligence College
563:
320:through torture and was cited by the
2082:Ridley, Yvonne (13 September 2016).
1492:
1401:from the original on 9 December 2014
1128:"No More: No Torture. No Exceptions"
1076:FM 34-52: Intelligence Interrogation
1071:United States Department of the Army
615:
2646:American Convention on Human Rights
2617:European Convention on Human Rights
1301:from the original on 14 August 2018
280:FM 34-52 Intelligence Interrogation
36:Two United States soldiers and one
24:
2054:
1934:. University of California Press.
1743:Journal of Global Security Studies
1227:from the original on 16 March 2010
643:Elliott, Carl (11 November 2015).
524:Bohannon, John (27 January 2017).
25:
2701:
2473:Enhanced interrogation techniques
1575:Schlein, Lisa (5 December 2016).
1187:from the original on 15 June 2008
1175:"Spies, Lies and the White House"
391:
373:Director of National Intelligence
296:Enhanced interrogation techniques
2562:Involvement of medical personnel
1459:Bruni, Frank (8 December 2012).
1320:Burke, Jason (26 January 2017).
2521:Torture during the Algerian War
1762:Einolf, Christopher J. (2014).
1737:Einolf, Christopher J. (2021).
1620:
1589:
1568:
1517:
1486:
1452:
1313:
1277:
1239:
1199:
1119:
1086:
1063:
1010:
820:
786:
284:United States Army field manual
208:
203:
187:
1956:. Princeton University Press.
752:Politics and the Life Sciences
739:
690:
636:
609:
557:
517:
79:Investigation of effectiveness
13:
1:
2039:. Columbia University Press.
1851:Journal of Strategic Security
1830:10.1080/09636412.2020.1761441
1798:10.1080/08850607.2019.1660951
510:
365:Guantánamo Bay detention camp
349:authorized the use of torture
322:George W. Bush administration
225:tortured a captured American
153:
2296:Biderman's Chart of Coercion
1722:10.1080/14754835.2011.619406
1126:Beers, Rand (January 2008).
417:, depicting the manhunt for
324:in the months preceding its
120:Journal of Strategic Studies
7:
2168:
2124:. Oxford University Press.
2120:Schiemann, John W. (2016).
2105:. Oxford University Press.
1979:. Oxford University Press.
1864:10.5038/1944-0472.10.2.1568
711:10.1007/978-1-4020-6912-3_7
701:. In Allhoff, Fritz (ed.).
483:
334:Defense Intelligence Agency
330:Central Intelligence Agency
215:atomic bombing of Hiroshima
10:
2706:
2572:Ticking time bomb scenario
2086:. Military Studies Press.
1845:Jacobson, Adam D. (2017).
1665:
697:Matthews, Richard (2008).
500:Ticking time bomb scenario
312:False information about a
293:
2654:
2605:Committee Against Torture
2585:
2544:
2516:Use of torture since 1948
2503:
2368:
2281:
2199:
2176:
1930:Miles, Steven H. (2009).
1902:10.1080/10781910701665766
1545:10.1007/s12142-011-0190-2
723:– via Google Books.
490:Rubber-hose cryptanalysis
308:during the War on Terror.
275:1992 US Army Field Manual
177:eyewitness identification
59:to obtain information in
2351:Welcome parade (torture)
2012:10.1177/1745691617706515
1093:Schecter, Cliff (2008).
1017:Jerome T. Hagen (1996).
793:Franklin, James (2009).
2229:Pharmacological torture
1710:Journal of Human Rights
1701:Blakeley, Ruth (2011).
1447:Young & Kearns 2020
685:Young & Kearns 2020
540:10.1126/science.aal0669
256:were the next targets.
236:, to discover how many
53:Interrogational torture
1524:Miller, Peter (2011).
1257:. PBS. 25 March 2008.
1135:The Washington Monthly
917:, pp. 17, 22, 24.
388:of false information.
309:
223:Japanese secret police
86:classified information
49:
2567:Psychology of torture
2306:Chinese water torture
2283:Psychological torture
2061:Siems, Larry (2012).
1973:Torture and Democracy
1954:Torture and Democracy
1766:. Palgrave Mcmillan.
1755:10.1093/jogss/ogab019
1674:American Psychologist
1073:(28 September 1992).
582:10.3399/bjgp17X689701
404:efforts. The TV show
326:2003 invasion of Iraq
318:Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi
303:
169:Charles A. Morgan III
35:
2463:United Arab Emirates
2346:Solitary confinement
2268:Water cure (torture)
2263:Thumbscrew (torture)
1911:Political Psychology
2526:Marcos dictatorship
2331:Sensory deprivation
1656:Leidner et al. 2018
1606:The Washington Post
1599:(5 December 2016).
1531:Human Rights Review
1387:(9 December 2014).
1048:, pp. 493–494.
877:, pp. 101–102.
764:10.1017/pls.2019.15
316:was extracted from
183:Historical examples
132:Spanish Inquisition
2122:Does Torture Work?
1923:10.1111/pops.12386
1686:10.1037/amp0000064
1496:(4 January 2013).
1465:The New York Times
1432:Janoff-Bulman 2007
1394:The New York Times
1362:on 9 December 2014
1294:The New York Times
629:. p. xix-xx.
564:Lowth, M. (2017).
310:
198:medieval Roman law
50:
2672:
2671:
2610:Optional Protocol
2587:International law
2552:Ethics of torture
2364:
2363:
2341:Sleep deprivation
2131:978-0-19-026236-5
2112:978-0-19-009752-3
2074:978-1-935928-55-3
2046:978-0-231-54809-0
1986:978-0-19-009752-3
1963:978-1-4008-3087-9
1941:978-0-520-25968-3
1773:978-1-137-46076-9
1642:978-1-137-43916-1
1287:(22 April 2009).
1032:978-0-9653927-0-9
977:, pp. 95–96.
905:, pp. 7, 26.
675:, pp. 2, 25.
495:Forced confession
161:sleep deprivation
96:, neuroscientist
65:forced confession
16:(Redirected from
2697:
2336:Sensory overload
2201:Physical torture
2197:
2196:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2116:
2097:
2078:
2050:
2031:
1990:
1967:
1945:
1926:
1905:
1884:
1866:
1841:
1818:Security Studies
1809:
1777:
1758:
1733:
1707:
1697:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1582:Voice of America
1572:
1566:
1565:
1547:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1361:
1354:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1215:"Death in Libya"
1207:Isikoff, Michael
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1173:(11 June 2008).
1167:Isikoff, Michael
1163:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1137:. Archived from
1132:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1024:
1014:
1008:
1007:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
851:
850:
848:
846:
841:on 18 April 2013
840:
833:
824:
818:
817:
815:
813:
799:
790:
784:
783:
743:
737:
731:
725:
724:
694:
688:
682:
676:
670:
664:
663:
657:
655:
640:
634:
633:
624:
613:
607:
606:
593:
561:
555:
554:
548:
546:
521:
464:, and lowest in
414:Zero Dark Thirty
402:counterterrorism
90:informed consent
38:South Vietnamese
21:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2650:
2581:
2540:
2499:
2360:
2326:Musical torture
2311:Five techniques
2277:
2258:Stress position
2195:
2186:Torture chamber
2172:
2167:
2132:
2113:
2094:
2075:
2057:
2055:Further reading
2047:
1987:
1964:
1942:
1814:Hassner, Ron E.
1782:Hassner, Ron E.
1774:
1705:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1594:
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1314:
1304:
1302:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1213:(12 May 2009).
1204:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1164:
1160:
1147:
1145:
1144:on 23 June 2011
1141:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1099:Polipoint Press
1095:The Real McCain
1091:
1087:
1082:. pp. 1–8.
1079:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1015:
1011:
1004:
988:Franklin, James
985:
981:
973:
969:
961:
957:
949:
945:
937:
933:
925:
921:
913:
909:
901:
897:
885:
881:
873:
869:
861:
854:
844:
842:
838:
831:
825:
821:
811:
809:
797:
791:
787:
744:
740:
732:
728:
721:
695:
691:
683:
679:
671:
667:
653:
651:
641:
637:
622:
614:
610:
562:
558:
544:
542:
522:
518:
513:
486:
419:Osama bin Laden
394:
377:Dennis C. Blair
347:administration
298:
292:
277:
246:nuclear fission
211:
206:
190:
185:
156:
81:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2703:
2693:
2692:
2690:Interrogations
2687:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2664:Torture museum
2660:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2597:
2591:
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2518:
2513:
2507:
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2500:
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2445:
2440:
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2420:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2321:Mock execution
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:Bamboo torture
2287:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:Sexual assault
2246:
2244:Rope (torture)
2241:
2236:
2234:Rack (torture)
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2214:Boot (torture)
2211:
2205:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2117:
2111:
2098:
2093:978-1782668305
2092:
2079:
2073:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2032:
2006:(6): 927–955.
1991:
1985:
1968:
1962:
1950:Rejali, Darius
1946:
1940:
1927:
1917:(1): 143–162.
1906:
1896:(4): 429–435.
1885:
1842:
1824:(3): 457–492.
1810:
1778:
1772:
1759:
1734:
1716:(4): 544–561.
1698:
1680:(3): 266–277.
1667:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1648:
1641:
1619:
1588:
1567:
1538:(4): 441–463.
1516:
1485:
1451:
1449:, p. 156.
1436:
1434:, p. 429.
1424:
1412:
1385:Mazzetti, Mark
1376:
1337:
1312:
1276:
1274:, p. 244.
1264:
1238:
1211:Mark Hosenball
1198:
1171:Mark Hosenball
1158:
1118:
1111:
1085:
1062:
1060:, p. 496.
1050:
1038:
1031:
1009:
1002:
979:
967:
955:
943:
931:
919:
907:
895:
893:, p. 927.
879:
867:
865:, p. 478.
852:
819:
785:
758:(2): 180–192.
738:
736:, p. 102.
726:
719:
689:
687:, p. 161.
677:
665:
635:
608:
556:
515:
514:
512:
509:
508:
507:
502:
497:
492:
485:
482:
393:
392:Public opinion
390:
371:, former U.S.
345:George W. Bush
332:(CIA) and the
294:Main article:
291:
288:
276:
273:
234:Marcus McDilda
210:
207:
205:
202:
189:
186:
184:
181:
155:
152:
147:Saddam Hussein
139:Philippine War
80:
77:
55:is the use of
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2702:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2577:Torture trade
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:Controversies
2543:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2478:Torture Memos
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:United States
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
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2417:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2356:White torture
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:Box (torture)
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2273:Waterboarding
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2191:Water torture
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1857:(2): 97–118.
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1421:
1420:Hassner 2020a
1416:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1273:
1272:Blakeley 2011
1268:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1155:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1114:
1112:9780979482298
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1013:
1005:
1003:0-8018-6569-7
999:
995:
994:
989:
983:
976:
971:
965:, p. 92.
964:
959:
953:, p. 36.
952:
951:Hassner 2020b
947:
940:
935:
929:, p. 56.
928:
923:
916:
915:Hassner 2020b
911:
904:
903:Hassner 2020a
899:
892:
890:
883:
876:
875:Jacobson 2017
871:
864:
859:
857:
837:
830:
823:
807:
803:
796:
789:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
735:
734:Jacobson 2017
730:
722:
720:9781402069123
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
693:
686:
681:
674:
673:Hassner 2020a
669:
662:
650:
649:New Scientist
646:
639:
632:
628:
621:
620:
612:
605:
601:
597:
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
560:
553:
541:
537:
533:
532:
527:
520:
516:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
415:
409:
408:
403:
399:
398:silver bullet
389:
387:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:waterboarding
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
307:
302:
297:
287:
285:
281:
272:
270:
266:
265:denunciations
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:fighter pilot
228:
224:
220:
216:
201:
199:
195:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:waterboarding
162:
151:
148:
144:
143:water torture
140:
135:
133:
128:
126:
122:
121:
115:
114:Darius Rejali
110:
106:
104:
103:pseudoscience
99:
95:
91:
87:
76:
72:
70:
66:
62:
61:interrogation
58:
54:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2511:Witch trials
2448:Saudi Arabia
2224:Iron maiden
2121:
2102:
2083:
2067:. OR Books.
2063:
2036:
2003:
1999:
1976:
1972:
1953:
1931:
1914:
1910:
1893:
1889:
1854:
1850:
1821:
1817:
1789:
1785:
1763:
1746:
1742:
1713:
1709:
1677:
1673:
1658:, p. 3.
1651:
1632:
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1604:
1597:Sieff, Kevin
1591:
1580:
1570:
1535:
1529:
1519:
1507:. Retrieved
1503:The Guardian
1501:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1464:
1454:
1427:
1422:, p. 7.
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1392:
1379:
1371:
1364:. Retrieved
1357:the original
1347:
1340:
1327:The Guardian
1325:
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1292:
1285:Shane, Scott
1279:
1267:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1218:
1201:
1189:. Retrieved
1178:
1161:
1153:
1146:. Retrieved
1139:the original
1134:
1121:
1094:
1088:
1075:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1020:
1012:
992:
982:
970:
958:
946:
941:, p. 6.
934:
922:
910:
898:
888:
882:
870:
843:. Retrieved
836:the original
822:
810:. Retrieved
808:(2): 281–290
805:
801:
788:
755:
751:
741:
729:
702:
692:
680:
668:
659:
652:. Retrieved
648:
638:
630:
618:
611:
603:
576:(656): 126.
573:
569:
559:
550:
543:. Retrieved
529:
519:
423:
412:
405:
395:
353:9/11 attacks
342:
311:
278:
258:
238:atomic bombs
219:World War II
212:
209:World War II
204:Military use
191:
188:Judicial use
157:
136:
129:
124:
118:
111:
107:
98:Shane O'Mara
93:
82:
73:
52:
51:
29:
2239:Rat torture
2209:Abacination
1792:(1): 4–42.
1494:Wolf, Naomi
1148:2 September
1058:Rejali 2009
1046:Rejali 2009
975:Rejali 2009
963:Rejali 2009
939:Einolf 2021
927:Einolf 2014
863:Rejali 2009
505:Inquisition
474:Switzerland
430:South Korea
361:black sites
267:and use of
137:During the
2679:Categories
2656:In culture
2433:Mauritania
2416:Greek case
2369:By country
1509:19 January
1478:19 January
1248:Bush's War
1101:. p.
511:References
411:2012 film
359:, both at
213:After the
154:Techniques
42:waterboard
2622:Article 3
2485:Venezuela
2443:Palestine
2381:Argentina
1873:1944-0464
1838:219405563
1806:213244706
1612:22 August
1554:1874-6306
1473:0362-4331
1254:Frontline
780:213485074
269:informers
194:Roman law
2495:Zimbabwe
2453:Thailand
2020:28934559
1952:(2009).
1881:26466845
1730:73674066
1694:28383979
1562:55720374
1399:Archived
1332:Archived
1299:Archived
1259:Archived
1225:Archived
1220:Newsweek
1191:23 April
1185:Archived
1180:Newsweek
990:(2001).
772:32412207
600:28232351
484:See also
470:Colombia
357:al-Qaeda
40:soldier
2685:Torture
2504:History
2386:Bahrain
2376:Albania
2316:Hooding
2219:Falanga
2178:Methods
2170:Torture
2028:5147951
1666:Sources
1366:15 June
1305:5 March
845:5 March
812:29 June
654:7 March
591:5325643
545:7 March
531:Science
454:Nigeria
438:Nigeria
386:leaking
363:and at
261:Gestapo
217:during
196:and in
171:tested
57:torture
48:, 1968.
46:Da Nang
2458:Turkey
2438:Mexico
2411:Greece
2391:Brazil
2128:
2109:
2090:
2071:
2043:
2026:
2018:
1983:
1960:
1938:
1879:
1871:
1836:
1804:
1770:
1728:
1692:
1639:
1560:
1552:
1471:
1405:9 June
1231:13 May
1109:
1029:
1000:
889:et al.
778:
770:
717:
598:
588:
476:, and
460:, and
456:, the
450:Israel
440:, and
426:Turkey
282:, the
242:Allies
221:, the
2490:Yemen
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