Edward I of England

1129: 1593:. The Scottish magnates made a request to Edward to conduct the proceedings and administer the outcome, but not to arbitrate in the dispute. The actual decision would be made by 104 auditors – 40 appointed by Balliol, 40 by Brus and the remaining 24 selected by Edward from senior members of the Scottish political community. At Birgham, with the prospect of a personal union between the two realms, the question of suzerainty had not been of great importance to Edward. Now he insisted that, if he were to settle the contest, he had to be fully recognised as Scotland's feudal overlord. The Scots were reluctant to make such a concession, and replied that since the country had no king, no one had the authority to make this decision. This problem was circumvented when the competitors agreed that the realm would be handed over to Edward until a rightful heir had been found. After a lengthy hearing, a decision was made in favour of John Balliol on 17 November 1292. 1897: 2600: 2404: 56: 2462: 2569:, and historians from Scotland, Wales and Ireland, have tried to assess Edward's reign in the context of the development of Britain and Ireland. They emphasise the growing power of the law, centralised state and crown across Europe, and see Edward as asserting his rights within England and regarding the other nations of Britain and Ireland. Brown adds that Edward himself suffered from this as a subject of the French king in Gascony. Centralisation tended to imply uniformity and increasing discrimination against peripheral identities and hostility to Irish and Welsh law. While this group of historians do not see Edward as having conducted a planned policy of expansionism, they often see the tactics and results of his policies as often having caused unnecessary division and conflict. 1529: 803: 1947: 1744: 2079: 2011: 2091:

Irish castles, bridges and roads in a state of disrepair, and alongside the withdrawal of troops to be used against Wales and Scotland and elsewhere, helped induce lawless behaviour. Resistance to 'purveyances', or forced purchase of supplies such as grain, added to lawlessness, and caused speculation and inflation in the price of basic goods. Pardons were granted to lawbreakers for service for the King in England. Revenues and removal of troops for Edward's wars left the country unable to address its basic needs, while the administration was wholly focused on providing for Edward's war demands; troops looted and fought with townspeople when on the move.

539: 2040:, he organised the arrest of all the heads of Jewish households in England. Approximately a tenth of the Jewish population, around 300 people, were executed. Others were allowed to pay fines. At least £16,000 was raised through fines and the seizure of property from the dead. In 1280, he ordered all Jews to attend special sermons, preached by Dominican friars, with the hope of persuading them to convert, but unsurprisingly these exhortations were not followed. By 1280, the Jews had been exploited to a level at which they were no longer of much financial use to the crown, but they could still be used in political bargaining. 2365: 1652: 1353:) born at Caernarfon Castle, probably to make a deliberate statement about the new political order in Wales. In 1301 at Lincoln, the young Edward became the first English prince to be invested with the title of Prince of Wales, when the King granted him the Earldom of Chester and lands across North Wales, hoping to give his son more financial independence. Edward began a more concilatory policy to rebuild systems of patronage and service, particularly through his son as Prince of Wales, but Wales remained politically volatile, and a deep divide and distrust remained between the English settlers and the Welsh. 885: 732:, but Edward's forces were besieged in northern Wales and achieved only limited results. Around the same time, Leicester, who had been out of the country since 1261, returned to England and reignited the baronial reform movement. As the King seemed ready to give in to the barons' demands, Edward began to take control of the situation. From his previously unpredictable and equivocating attitude, he changed to one of firm devotion to protection of his father's royal rights. He reunited with some of the men he had alienated the year before – including Henry of Almain and 11444: 11430: 1372: 2224:, but in 1305 he obtained a papal bull that freed him from this concession. Ultimately, it was a change in personnel that spelt the end of the opposition against Edward. De Bohun died late in 1298, after returning from the Scottish campaign. In 1302 Bigod arrived at an agreement with the King that was beneficial for both: Bigod, who had no children, made Edward his heir, in return for a generous annual grant. Edward finally got his revenge on Winchelsey, who had been opposed to the King's policy of clerical taxation, in 1305, when 2520:'s biography followed in 2008, drawing out more of the detail of Edward's personality, and generally taking a harsher view of his weaknesses and less pleasant characteristics, pointing out that modern analysts of Edward's reign denounce the King for his policies against the Jewish community in England. Considerable academic debate has taken place around the character of Edward's kingship, his political skills, and in particular his management of his earls, and the degree to which this was collaborative or repressive in nature. 1346:, a distant relative of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd. The causes included deep resentment at the occupation, poor, colonial-style governance, and very heavy taxation. This last conflict demanded the King's own attention, but in both cases the rebellions were put down. The revolt was followed by immediate punitive measures including taking 200 hostages. Measures to stop the Welsh from bearing arms or residing in the new boroughs probably date from this time, and the Welsh administration continued to be nearly wholly imported. 1281: 2032:. Edward faced pressure from the church, who were increasingly intolerant of Judaism and usury. The Jews were the King's personal property, and he was free to tax them at will. Over-taxation of the Jews forced them to sell their debt bonds at cut prices, which was exploited by the crown to transfer vast land wealth from indebted landholders to courtiers and particularly his wife, Eleanor of Provence, causing widespread resentment. In 1275, facing the resulting discontent in Parliament, Edward issued the 1731:, recovering "Arthur's crown" from Llywelyn after the conquest of North Wales; his castle-building campaign in Wales drew upon the Arthurian myths in their design and location. He held "Round Table" events in 1284 and 1302, involving tournaments and feasting, and chroniclers compared him and the events at his court to Arthur. In some cases Edward appears to have used his interest in the Arthurian myths to serve his own political interests, including legitimising his rule in Wales and discrediting the 2400:, and charged them with looking after his son Edward. In particular they should make sure that Piers Gaveston, whom he had banished earlier that year, was not allowed to return to the country. The new king, Edward II, ignored his father's wish, and had his favourite recalled from exile almost immediately. Edward II remained in the north until August, but then abandoned the campaign and headed south, partially due to financial limitations. He was crowned king on 25 February 1308. 12407: 12395: 2243: 2508:, initially adopted the same perspective, but after extensive research into Edward's royal household, and backed by the research of his contemporaries into the early Parliaments of the period, he changed his mind. Tout came to view Edward as a self-interested, conservative leader, using the parliamentary system as "the shrewd device of an autocrat, anxious to use the mass of the people as a check upon his hereditary foes among the greater baronage." 2140:. This bull prohibited the clergy from paying taxes to lay authorities without explicit consent from the Pope. When the clergy, with reference to the bull, refused to pay, Edward responded with outlawry. Winchelsey was presented with a dilemma between loyalty to the King and upholding the papal bull, and he responded by leaving it to every individual clergyman to pay as he saw fit. By the end of the year, a solution was offered by the new papal bull 670:, had been appointed as royal lieutenant in 1253 and drew its income, so in practice Edward derived neither authority nor revenue from this province. Around the end of November 1254, Edward and Eleanor left Castile and entered Gascony, where they were warmly received by the populace. Here, Edward styled himself as "ruling Gascony as prince and lord", a move that the historian J. S. Hamilton states was a show of his blooming political independence. 2534:

Edward's reign from an English constitutional perspective, asserting that he had a personal role in reform and a moral purpose in his leadership. Spencer concludes that Edward's reign "was indeed … a great one", and Burt claims that Edward was "innovative, … creative, focused and successful". She adds that he "played the part of a good king well … with aplomb". Colin Veach asks whether "the Welsh, Scots, Irish and Jews would have agreed".

12469: 1416:, was taken prisoner by the Aragonese. The French began planning an attack on Aragon, raising the prospect of a large-scale European war. To Edward, it was imperative that such a war be avoided, and in Paris in 1286 he brokered a truce between France and Aragon that helped secure Charles's release. As far as the crusades were concerned, Edward's efforts proved ineffective. A devastating blow to his plans came in 1291, when the Mamluks 12452: 2516:'s volumes, published in 1947 and 1953, forming the standard works on Edward for several decades, were largely positive in praising the achievements of his reign, and in particular his focus on justice and the law. In 1988, Michael Prestwich produced an authoritative biography of the King, focusing on his political career, still portraying him in sympathetic terms, but highlighting some of the consequences of his failed policies. 12371: 1682:

vindictiveness towards his defeated enemies, and triumphalism in his actions. Historian R. R. Davies considered Edward's repeated and "gratuitous belittling of his opponents", to have been "one of the most consistent and unattractive features of his character as king". Examples include the seizure of fragments of the Holy Cross from Wales after its defeat in 1283, and subsequently the Stone of Scoon and

12435: 666:. They offered Edward little independence for Henry retained much control over the land in question, particularly in Ireland, and benefited from most of the income from those lands. Split control caused problems. Between 1254 and 1272, eleven different Justiciars were appointed to head the Irish government, encouraging further conflict and instability; corruption rose to very high levels. In Gascony, 1241:

were Edward's former opponents. For Edward, it became a war of conquest aimed to "put an end finally to … the malice of the Welsh". The war started with a rebellion by Dafydd, who was discontented with the reward he had received from Edward in 1277. Llywelyn and other Welsh chieftains soon joined in, and initially the Welsh experienced military success. In June, Gloucester was defeated at the

1459:, recorded an extant account of the interaction. Other embassies arrived in Europe in 1289 and 1290, the former relaying Ilkhan Abaqa's offer to join forces with the crusaders and supply them with horses. Edward responded favourably, declaring his intent to embark on a journey to the east once he obtained papal approval. Although this would not materialise, the King's decision to send 1061:. While there, he launched an investigation into his feudal possessions, which, as Hamilton puts it, reflects "Edward's keen interest in administrative efficiency ... reinforced Edward's position as lord in Aquitaine and strengthened the bonds of loyalty between the king-duke and his subjects". Around the same time, the King organised political alliances with the kingdoms in 2123:("unjustly taken"). The fiscal demands on the King's subjects caused resentment, which eventually led to serious political opposition. The initial resistance was caused not by the lay taxes, but by clerical subsidies. In 1294, Edward made a demand of a grant of one-half of all clerical revenues. There was some resistance, but the King responded by threatening opponents with 2044:

property, through sales and 85 grants made to courtiers and family. The Edict appears to have been issued as part of a deal to secure a lay subsidy of £110,000 from Parliament, the largest granted in the medieval period. Although expulsions had taken place on a local, temporary basis, the English expulsion was regarded as unprecedented because it was permanent. It was

12383: 2489:. Later in the century, historians used the available record as evidence to elucidate the roles of Parliament and kingship under Edward, drawing comparisons between his reign and the political strife of their own century. Eighteenth-century historians established a picture of Edward as an able, if ruthless, monarch, conditioned by the circumstances of his own time. 1321:, a prestigious architect whom Edward had met in Savoy on his return from the crusade. These included the Beaumaris, Caernarfon, Conwy and Harlech castles, intended to act as fortresses, royal palaces and as the new centres of civilian and judicial administration. His programme of castle building in Wales heralded the introduction of the widespread use of 1984:) of their communities, to give assent to decisions made in Parliament. The King now had full backing for collecting lay subsidies from the entire population. Whereas Henry III had only collected four of these in his reign, Edward collected nine. This format eventually became the standard for later Parliaments, and historians have named the assembly the " 1443:, and—following an outbreak of piracy and informal war between English, Gascon, Norman, and French sailors in 1293—his brother Edmund Crouchback even went so far as to allow Philip IV's occupation of Gascony's chief fortresses as a show of good faith that Edward had not intended the seizure of several French ships or the sacking of the French port of 1030:

partly to his still-poor health, but also to a lack of urgency. The political situation in England was stable after the mid-century upheavals, and Edward was proclaimed king after his father's death, rather than at his own coronation, as had until then been customary. In Edward's absence, the country was governed by a royal council, led by

2443:("Here is Edward I, Hammer of the Scots, 1308. Keep the Troth") can still be seen painted on the side of the tomb, referring to his vow to avenge the rebellion of Robert the Bruce. This resulted in Edward being given the epithet the "Hammer of the Scots" by historians, but is not contemporary in origin, having been added by the Abbot 2296:, the grandson of the claimant to the crown in 1291, had sided with the English in the winter of 1301–02. In 1304, most of the other nobles of the country had also pledged their allegiance to Edward, and the English also managed to re-take Stirling Castle. A great propaganda victory was achieved in 1305 when Wallace was betrayed by Sir 516:

historians are divided in their assessment of Edward; some have praised him for his contribution to the law and administration, but others have criticised his uncompromising attitude towards his nobility. Edward is credited with many accomplishments, including restoring royal authority after the reign of Henry III and establishing

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held such assets. In 1275, Edward negotiated an agreement with the domestic merchant community that secured a permanent duty on wool, England's primary export. In 1303, a similar agreement was reached with foreign merchants, in return for certain rights and privileges. The revenues from the customs duty were handled by the

2194:, in which objections to the extortionate level of taxation were voiced. Undeterred, Edward requested another lay subsidy. This one was particularly provocative, because the King had sought consent from only a small group of magnates, rather than from representatives of the communities in Parliament. While Edward was in 713: – largely directed against the Lusignans. Edward stood by his political allies and strongly opposed the Provisions. The reform movement succeeded in limiting the Lusignan influence, and Edward's attitude gradually changed. In March 1259, he entered into a formal alliance with one of the main reformers, 2308:, and a few weeks later, on 25 March, was crowned King of Scotland. Bruce now embarked on a campaign to restore Scottish independence, and this campaign took the English by surprise. Edward was suffering ill health by this time, and instead of leading an expedition himself, he gave different military commands to 2099:, which it condemned in 1277 as "displeasing to God and to reason". Conflict was firmly entrenched by the time of the 1297 Irish Parliament, which attempted to create measures to counter disorder and the spread of Gaelic customs and law, while the results of the distress included many abandoned lands and villages. 2512:

final years were less successful than his early decades in power. G. Templeman argued in his 1950 historiographical essay that "it is generally recognized that Edward I deserves a high place in the history of medieval England". Three major academic narratives of Edward have been produced during this period.

689:. This association was significant because the two groups of privileged foreigners were resented by the established English aristocracy, who would be at the centre of the ensuing years' baronial reform movement. Edward's ties to his Lusignan kinsmen were viewed unfavourably by contemporaries, including the 2387:

Several stories emerged about Edward's deathbed wishes; according to one tradition, he requested that his heart be carried to the Holy Land, along with an army to fight the infidels. A more dubious story tells of how he wished for his bones to be carried along on future expeditions against the Scots.

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Edward's primary interest in Ireland was as a source of resources, soldiers and funds for his wars, in Gascony, Wales, Scotland and Flanders. Royal interventions aimed at maximising economic extraction. Corruption among Edward's officials was at a concerningly high level, and despite Edward's efforts

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Soon after assuming the throne, Edward set about restoring order and re-establishing royal authority after the troubled reign of his father. To accomplish this, he immediately ordered an extensive change of administrative personnel. The most important of these was the designation of Robert Burnell as

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was routed by a much smaller Scottish army led by Wallace and Moray at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. The defeat sent shockwaves into England, and preparations for a retaliatory campaign started immediately. Soon after Edward returned from Flanders, he headed north. On 22 July 1298, in the only

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Robert Burnell, which caused the replacement of the seneschal Luke de Tany. In 1286, Edward visited the region himself and stayed for almost three years. On Easter Sunday 1287, Edward was standing in a tower when the floor collapsed. He fell 80 feet, broke his collarbone, and was confined to bed for

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It was not until 24 September 1272 that Edward left Acre. Shortly after arriving in Sicily, he was met with the news that his father had died on 16 November. Edward was deeply saddened by this news, but rather than hurrying home at once, he made a leisurely journey northwards. This was due

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The motive behind Edward's change of heart could have been purely pragmatic: the Earl of Leicester was in a good position to support his cause in Gascony. When the King left for France in November, Edward's behaviour turned into pure insubordination. He made several appointments to advance the cause

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Richmond notes that Edward was first not only to permanently expel the Jews, but also to attempt forced conversions, and to vindictively choose symbolic dates for his actions (see note on the expulsion date). Richmond observes that the Nazis later made the same practice in choosing Jewish Holy Days

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saw Edward as ruthlessly exploiting the leaderless state of Scotland to obtain feudal superiority over the kingdom and reduce it to an English possession. In his view, Edward's insistence on war and misapprehension of Scottish capacity for resistance created a "bitter antagonism … which endured for

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Historians have debated how Edward I's reign should be assessed: Michael Prestwich in 1988 attempted to judge him by the standards of his time. Fred Cazel agrees with this approach, particularly regarding his lack of political "sensitivity" and uncompromising attitudes, arguing that "anger" was his

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were at times no better, Edward coming into conflict with Rome over the issue of ecclesiastical taxation. Edward's use of the church extended to war mobilisation including disseminating official justifications for war, usually through the issue of writs to England's archbishops, who distributed his

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Even after Balliol's accession, Edward still continued to assert his authority over Scotland. Against the objections of the Scots, he agreed to hear appeals on cases ruled on by the court of guardians that had governed Scotland during the interregnum. A further provocation came in a case brought by

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in an attempt to build legitimacy for his new regime, and they made a clear statement about Edward's intention to rule Wales permanently. The Welsh aristocracy were nearly wholly dispossessed of their lands. Edward was the greatest beneficiary of this process. Further rebellions occurred in 1287–88

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was incorporated into England and was given an administrative system like the English, with counties policed by sheriffs. English law was introduced in criminal cases, though the Welsh were allowed to maintain their own customary laws in some cases of property disputes. After 1277, and increasingly

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When war broke out again in 1282, it was an entirely different undertaking. For the Welsh, this war was over national identity and the right to traditional Welsh law, enjoying wide support, provoked by attempts to abuse the English legal system to dispossess prominent Welsh landowners, many of whom

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as a permanent institution, which allowed for a functional system for raising taxes and reforming the law through statutes. At the same time, he is also often condemned for vindictiveness, opportunism and untrustworthiness in his dealings with Wales and Scotland, coupled with a colonialist approach

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emphasises that antisemitism was developed by church leaders and acted on by figures including Edward, rather than being a facet of popular prejudice. Studies of medieval antisemitism identify Henry III and Edward's reigns, along with the Expulsion, as developing a persistent English antisemitism,

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argues that Edward was an "effective bully", but "no king of England had a greater impact on the peoples of Britain than Edward I" and that "modern historians of the English state … have always recognized Edward I's reign as pivotal." Most recently, Andrew Spencer and Caroline Burt have reassessed

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Disturbances in Ireland increased during the period. The weakness and lack of direction given to the Lordship's rule allowed factional fighting to grow, reinforced by the introduction of indentured military service by Irish magnates from around 1290. The funnelling of revenue to Edward's wars left

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The final attack on the Jews in England came in the Edict of Expulsion in 1290, whereby Edward formally expelled all Jews from England. As they crossed the channel to France, some became victims to piracy, but many more were disposessed or died in the storms of October. The Crown disposed of their

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William Turnemire introduced a novel method of minting coins that involved cutting blank coins from a silver rod, in contrast with the old practice of stamping them out from sheets; this technique proved to be efficient. The practice of minting coins with the moneyer's name on them became obsolete

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in 1264 described him as a leopard, an animal regarded as particularly powerful and unpredictable. At times, Edward exhibited a gentler disposition, and was known to be devoted to his large family. He was close to his daughters, and frequently lavished expensive gifts on them whenever they visited

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Through such episodes as the deception of Derby at Gloucester, Edward acquired a reputation as untrustworthy. During the summer campaign he began to learn from his mistakes and gained the respect and admiration of contemporaries through actions such as showing clemency towards his enemies. The war

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The tomb featured the Royal Crest. The association with the Eleanor crosses is likely to have been an attempt by Edward to associate her memory with opposition to the alleged criminality of the Jews, given her unpopular property dealings which had featured acquisition of lands through purchase of

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Historians in the 20th and 21st centuries have conducted extensive research on Edward and his reign. Most have concluded this was a highly significant period in English medieval history, some going further and describing Edward as one of the great medieval kings, although most also agree that his

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Edward's frequent military campaigns put a great financial strain on the nation. There were several ways through which the King could raise money for war, including customs duties, loans and lay subsidies, which were taxes collected at a certain fraction of the moveable property of all laymen who

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in 1279 upon Eleanor's inheritance of the county. Henry made sizeable endowments to Edward in 1254, including Gascony; most of Ireland, which was granted to Edward, while making the claim for the first time that dominion of Ireland would never be separated from the English crown; and much land in

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Despite his harsh disposition, Edward's English contemporaries considered him an able, even an ideal, king. Though not loved by his subjects, he was feared and respected, as reflected in the fact that there were no armed rebellions in England during his reign. Edward is often noted as exhibiting

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Edward never again went on crusade after his return to England in 1274, but he maintained an intention to do so, and in 1287 took a vow to go on another Crusade. This intention guided much of his foreign policy, until at least 1291. To stage a European-wide crusade, it was essential to prevent

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Edward's temperamental nature and height (6'2", 188 cm) made him an intimidating figure. He often instilled fear in his contemporaries, although he held the respect of his subjects for the way he embodied the medieval ideal of kingship as a soldier, an administrator, and a man of faith. Modern

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and the 7th Earl of Gloucester, similarly committed themselves, although some, like Gloucester, did not ultimately participate. With the country pacified, the greatest impediment to the project was acquiring sufficient finances. King Louis IX of France, who was the leader of the crusade,

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expressed dismay that Edward had not received a wider re-evaluation. Paul Hyams sees his "sincere religious bigotry" as central to his actions against Jews, Richmond sees him as a "pioneering antisemite", and Robert Stacey regards him as the first English monarch to operate a state policy of

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Edward held Parliament on a regular basis throughout his reign. In 1295, a significant change occurred. For this Parliament, as well as the secular and ecclesiastical lords, two knights from each county and two representatives from each borough were summoned. The representation of commons in

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regarded the thirteenth century and Edward's reign as a turning point for Ireland, as the Lordship extracted Irish resources for his wars, failed to maintain peace, and allowed a resurgence in the fortunes of Gaelic Ireland, leading to prolonged conflict. A number of historians, including

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counters that Edward's contemporaries knew the "meaning of compassion, magnanimity, justice and generosity", that he rarely rose above minimum moral standards of his time, but rather showed a highly vindictive streak, and is among the "boldest opportunists of English political history".

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Parliament was nothing new; what was new was the authority under which these representatives were summoned. Whereas previously the commons had been expected simply to assent to decisions already made by the magnates, it was now proclaimed that they should meet with the full authority (

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noted the "anti-Welsh fanaticism" of the English colonists introduced by Edward's conquest. They acknowledge Edward's eventual attempts to rebuild some kind of co-operation with native Welsh society, but state that this was insufficient to heal the trauma of conquest. Irish historian

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Edward's problems with the opposition did not end with the Scottish campaign. Over the following years he would be held to the promises he had made, in particular that of upholding the Charter of the Forest. In the Parliament of 1301, the King was forced to order an assessment of the

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Historian Michael Prestwich believes Edward met contemporary expectations of kingship in his role as an able, determined soldier and in his embodiment of shared chivalric ideals. In religious observance he also fulfilled the expectations of his age: he attended chapel regularly, gave

11302:"Cambridge Views of Edward: Caroline Burt, Edward I and the Governance of England, 1272–1307. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012; Andrew M. Spencer, Nobility and Kingship in Medieval England: The Earls and Edward I, 1272–1307. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013" 1218:, after failing in an assassination attempt against Llywelyn, defected to the English in 1274. Citing ongoing hostilities and Edward's harbouring of his enemies, Llywelyn refused to do homage to the King. For Edward, a further provocation came from Llywelyn's planned marriage to 1466:

Eleanor of Castile died on 28 November 1290. The couple loved each other, and like his father, Edward was very devoted to his wife and was faithful to her throughout their marriage. He was deeply affected by her death, and displayed his grief by erecting twelve so-called

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in October 1266. In April it seemed as if the Earl of Gloucester would take up the cause of the reform movement, and civil war would resume, but after a renegotiation of the terms of the Dictum of Kenilworth, the parties came to an agreement. Around this time, Edward was made

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continued during this time. Diplomatic channels between the two had begun during Edward's time on crusade, regarding a possible alliance to retake the Holy Land for Europe. Edward received Mongol envoys at his court in Gascony while there in 1287, and one of their leaders,

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and sisters. Edward now regarded the struggle not as a war between two nations, but as the suppression of a rebellion of disloyal subjects. This brutality, though, rather than helping to subdue the Scots, had the opposite effect, and rallied growing support for Bruce.

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were not commonly used in Edward's time; he was referred to simply as "King Edward" or "King Edward, son of King Henry". It was only after the succession of first his son and then his grandson—both of whom bore the same name—that "Edward I" came into common

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The incessant warfare of the 1290s put a great financial demand on Edward's subjects. Whereas the King had levied only three lay subsidies until 1294, four such taxes were granted in the years 1294–1297, raising over £200,000. Along with this came the burden of

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Edward showed independence in political matters as early as 1255, when he sided with the Soler family in Gascony in their conflict with the Colomb family. This ran contrary to his father's policy of mediation between the local factions. In May 1258, a group of

791:, on 14 May 1264. Edward, commanding the right wing, performed well, and soon defeated the London contingent of the Earl of Leicester's forces. Unwisely, he pursued the scattered enemy, and on his return found the rest of the royal army defeated. By the 616:

There were concerns about Edward's health as a child, and he fell ill in 1246, 1247, and 1251. Nonetheless, he grew up to become a strong, athletic, and imposing man. At 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) he towered over most of his contemporaries, hence his

1229:. Support for Llywelyn was weak among his own countrymen. In July 1277 Edward invaded with a force of 15,500, of whom 9,000 were Welshmen. The campaign never came to a major battle, and Llywelyn soon realised he had no choice but to surrender. By the 991:, and were threatening Acre. Though Edward's men were an important addition to the garrison, they stood little chance against Baibars's superior forces, and an initial raid at nearby St Georges-de-Lebeyne in June was largely futile. An embassy to the 1908:

coins). On the left the obverse shows a head with a coronet. The surrounding text says, in abbreviated Latin, "Edward, by the grace of God king of England". The reverse shows a cross and the text "Duke of Aquitaine and Lord of Ireland", and "Made in

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paid homage to Edward, who was his brother-in-law, but apparently only for the lands he held in England. Problems arose only with the Scottish succession crisis of the early 1290s. When Alexander died in 1286, he left as heir to the Scottish throne

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Edward's reign saw an overhaul of the coinage system, which was in a poor state by 1279. Compared to the coinage already circulating at the time of Edward's accession, the new coins issued proved to be of superior quality. In addition to minting

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in Italy. This was in return for their service as moneylenders to the crown, which helped finance the Welsh Wars. When the war with France broke out, the French king confiscated the Riccardi's assets, and the bank went bankrupt. After this, the

1026:, supposedly ordered by Baibars. Although he managed to kill the assassin, he was struck in the arm by a dagger feared to be poisoned, and was severely weakened over the following months. This finally persuaded Edward to abandon the campaign. 2182:, objected to a royal summons of military service. Bigod argued that the military obligation only extended to service alongside the King; if the King intended to sail to Flanders, he could not send his subjects to Gascony. In July, Bigod and 1686:

from Scotland after defeats in 1296. Some historians question Edward's good faith and trustworthiness in relation to his dealing with Wales and Scotland, believing him to have been capable of going back on his word or behaving duplicitously.

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confiscated the Duchy of Gascony. The duchy was eventually recovered but the conflict relieved English military pressure against Scotland. By the mid-1290s, extensive military campaigns required high levels of taxation and this met with both

2481:, and made little use of the official records of the period. They limited themselves to general comments on Edward's significance as a monarch, and echoed the chroniclers' praise for his accomplishments. During the 17th century, the lawyer 2056:, a child falsely claimed to have been ritually crucified by Jews, in the same style as the Eleanor crosses, to take political credit for his actions. As historian Richard Stacey notes, "a more explicit identification of the crown with the 625:

states that his "long arms gave him an advantage as a swordsman, long thighs one as a horseman. In youth, his curly hair was blond; in maturity it darkened, and in old age it turned white. The regularity of his features was marred by a

2202:, Bigod and de Bohun arrived at the Exchequer to prevent the collection of the tax. As the King left the country with a greatly reduced force, the kingdom seemed to be on the verge of civil war. The English defeat by the Scots at the 1711:. Contemporary records suggest that the King touched upwards of a thousand people each year. Despite his personal piety, Edward was frequently in conflict with the Archbishops of Canterbury who served during his reign. Relations with 2131:, the designated Archbishop of Canterbury, was in Italy to receive consecration. Winchelsey returned in January 1295 and had to consent to another grant in November of that year. In 1296, his position changed when he received the 2524:

political weapon. Prestwich concludes that "Edward was a formidable king; his reign, with both its successes and its disappointments, a great one," and he was "without doubt one of the greatest rulers of his time". However,

613: – until Bartholomew Pecche took over at Giffard's death in 1246. Edward received an education typical of an aristocratic boy his age, including in military studies, although the details of his upbringing are unknown. 3552:, a 16th-century clergyman, suggested that the baby was offered to the Welsh as a prince "that was borne in Wales and could speake never a word of English", but there is no evidence to support this widely reported account. 3474:

The May 1270 Parliament confirmed an ordinance drafted at the Hilary Parliament of January 1269 preventing Jewish moneylenders from creating rent charges on debtors' lands, which often led debtors to lose the land itself.

1605:

to answer the charges. This the Scottish King did, but the final straw was Edward's demand that the Scottish magnates provide military service in the war against France. This was unacceptable; the Scots instead formed an

1800:

were held. If the defendant could not produce a royal licence to prove the grant of the liberty, then it was the Crown's opinion – based on the writings of the influential thirteenth-century legal scholar

3631:

Rokéah's figures make it clear that the vast majority of this windfall came from Jews, but it is not possible to be exact. Christians were also arrested and fined, especially over the longer period, but far fewer were

1843:

was only one part of a wider legislative reform, which was one of the most important contributions of Edward's reign. This era of legislative action had started already at the time of the baronial reform movement; the

2610:

By his first wife Eleanor of Castile, Edward had at least fourteen children, perhaps as many as sixteen. Of these, five daughters survived into adulthood, but only one son outlived his father, becoming King Edward II

1848:(1267) contained elements both of the Provisions of Oxford and the Dictum of Kenilworth. The compilation of the Hundred Rolls was followed shortly after by the issue of Westminster I (1275), which asserted the 958:

to establish a stronghold in North Africa. The plans failed when the French forces were struck by an epidemic which, on 25 August, killed Louis himself. By the time Edward arrived at Tunis, Charles had already

2546:

warns that Scottish independence should not be viewed as inevitable; Edward could have achieved his goals. Welsh historians see Edward's reign and conquest as a disaster for Welsh national confidence and culture.

2300:

and turned over to the English, who had him taken to London where he was publicly executed. With Scotland largely under English control, Edward installed Englishmen and collaborating Scots to govern the country.

2174:

Opposition from the laity took longer to surface. This resistance focused on two things: the King's right to demand military service and his right to levy taxes. At the Salisbury Parliament of February 1297, the

1510:, along with Edward's marriage to Margaret, produced a prolonged armistice, but the whole affair had proven both costly and fruitless for the English. French occupation of most of Gascony would not end until the 1935:

under Edward's rule because England's mint administration became far more centralised under the Crown's authority. During this time, English coins were frequently counterfeited on the Continent, especially the

721:

of the reformers, and his father believed that Edward was considering a coup d'état. When Henry returned from France, he initially refused to see his son, but through the mediation of Richard of Cornwall and

3648:, commemorating the fall of the Temple at Jerusalem and other disasters experienced by the Jewish people; it is unlikely to be a coincidence. The date by which the Jews had to leave was set as 1 November, 963:

with the Emir, and there was little to do but return to Sicily. Further military action was postponed until the following spring, but a devastating storm off the coast of Sicily dissuaded both Charles and

1548:

The relationship between England and Scotland by the 1280s was one of relatively harmonious coexistence. The issue of homage did not reach the same level of controversy as it did in Wales; in 1278 King

1435:

The perennial problem was the status of Gascony within the Kingdom of France, and Edward's role as the French king's vassal. On his diplomatic mission in 1286, Edward had paid homage to the new king,

1836:

proceedings were insignificant as few liberties were returned to the King, but he had nevertheless won a significant victory by establishing the principle that all liberties emanated from the Crown.

3501:

The anecdote of Queen Eleanor saving Edward's life by sucking the poison out of his wound is almost certainly a later fabrication. Other accounts of the scene have Eleanor being led away weeping by

1755:

chancellor in 1274, a man who would remain in the post until 1292 as one of the King's closest associates. The same year as Burnell's appointment, Edward replaced most local officials, such as the

1716:

requests for services and prayers. Edward's architectural programme similarly had an element of propaganda, sometimes combining this with religious messages of piety, as with the Eleanor Crosses.

1471:, one at each place where her funeral cortège stopped for the night. As part of the peace accord between England and France in 1294, it was agreed that Edward should marry Philip IV's half-sister 728:

Back in England, early in 1262, Edward fell out with some of his former Lusignan allies over financial matters. The next year, King Henry sent him on a campaign in Wales against the Welsh prince

3578:

It has generally been assumed the expulsion was an attempt to raise capital to secure Charles's release. However, Edward donated what income was made from property seizures to mendicant orders.

2273:. Edward underestimated the gravity of the ever-changing military condition in the north and was not able to take advantage of the momentum; the next year the Scots managed to recapture 829:

and Gloucester with little effort. Meanwhile, Leicester had made an alliance with Llywelyn and started moving east to join forces with his son Simon. Edward made a surprise attack at

841:

did not end with the Earl of Leicester's death, and Edward participated in the continued campaigning. At Christmas, he came to terms with Simon the Younger and his associates at the

2435:

opened the tomb in 1774, finding that the body had been well preserved over the preceding 467 years, and took the opportunity to determine the King's original height. Traces of the

2292:. The English managed to subdue the country by other means: in 1303, a peace agreement was reached between England and France, effectively breaking up the Franco-Scottish alliance. 1663:, wishing to confront Edward over the high level of taxation in 1295, fell down and died once he was in the King's presence, and one 14th-century chronicler attributed the death of 771:, in which baronial forces led by the Earl of Leicester fought against those who remained loyal to the King. Edward initiated the armed conflict by capturing the rebel-held city of 11611: 447:, but the King's attention was increasingly drawn towards military affairs. After suppressing a minor conflict in Wales in 1276–77, Edward responded to a second one in 1282–83 by 2288:

to assert a papal claim of overlordship to Scotland in place of the English. His papal bull addressed to King Edward in these terms was firmly rejected on Edward's behalf by the

500:

and ecclesiastical opposition in England. In Ireland, he had extracted soldiers, supplies and money, leaving decay, lawlessness and a revival of the fortunes of his enemies in

1671:, the King erupted in anger and supposedly tore out handfuls of his son's hair. Some of his contemporaries considered Edward frightening, particularly in his early days. The 1498:

kept remaining English forces in Gascony supplied, but it was not until August 1297 that he was finally able to sail for Flanders, at which time his allies there had already

2095:

enjoyed a revival, due to the absence of English magnates and the weakness of the Lordship, assimilating some of the settlers. Edward's government was hostile to the use of

1976:

took over the role as money lenders to the English crown. Edward also sought to reduce pressure on his finances by helping his wife Eleanor to build an independent income.

12549: 1432:

several months. Several others died. Soon after he regained his health, he ordered the local Jews expelled from Gascony, seemingly as a "thank-offering" for his recovery.

2001: 931:

for France. Historians have not determined the size of his accompanying force with any certainty, but it was probably fewer than 1000 men, including around 225

1105:, Edward removed his crown, saying that he did not intend to wear it again until he had recovered all the crown lands that his father had surrendered during his reign. 1828:. A compromise was eventually reached in 1290, whereby a liberty was considered legitimate as long as it could be shown to have been exercised since the coronation of 2496:

historian William Stubbs instead suggested that Edward had actively shaped national history, forming English laws and institutions, and helping England to develop a

1943:, which forced the populace to switch to the newly minted versions. Records indicate that the coinage overhaul successfully provided England with a stable currency. 837:, on 4 August 1265. The Earl of Leicester stood little chance against the superior royal forces, and after his defeat he was killed and mutilated on the field. 384:, Edward was involved from an early age in the political intrigues of his father's reign. In 1259, he briefly sided with a baronial reform movement, supporting the 923:, which had not been levied since 1237. In May 1270, Parliament granted a tax of one-twentieth of all movable property; in exchange the King agreed to reconfirm 1022:, signed a ten-year truce with Baibars. Edward was initially defiant, but in June 1272 he was the victim of an assassination attempt by a member of the Syrian 606:. Henry of Almain remained a close companion of the prince for the rest of his life. Edward was placed in the care of Hugh Giffard – father of the future 11564: 725:, the two were eventually reconciled. Edward was sent abroad to France, and in November 1260 he again united with the Lusignans, who had been exiled there. 11604: 11581: 11365: 11338: 10513: 9823: 2419:, before being buried in Westminster Abbey on 27 October. There are few records of the funeral, which cost £473. Edward's tomb was an unusually plain 1491:, who would attack France from the north. The alliances proved volatile and Edward was facing trouble at home at the time, both in Wales and Scotland. His 1423:

Edward had long been deeply involved in the affairs of his own Duchy of Gascony. In 1278 he assigned an investigating commission to his trusted associates

10867:

Rokéah, Zefira Entin (1988). "Money and the hangman in late Thirteenth Century England: Jews, Christians and coinage offences alleged and real (Part I)".

2316:, while the main royal army was led by the Prince of Wales. The English initially met with success; on 19 June, Aymer de Valence routed Bruce at the 779:, came to the assistance of the baronial forces, Edward negotiated a truce with the Earl. Edward later broke the terms of the agreement. He then captured 1225:

In November 1276, Edward declared war. Initial operations were launched under the captaincy of Mortimer, Edward's brother Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, and

1821:(royal justices to go on tour throughout the land) and through a significant increase in the number of pleas of quo warranto to be heard by such eyres. 2069: 3377: 2576:

says that Edward I's actions towards the Jewish minority often appear to be the most relevant part of his reign for a modern audience, while in 1992

2256:

Edward believed that he had completed the conquest of Scotland when he left the country in 1296, but resistance soon emerged under the leadership of

1089:. Neither union would come to fruition. Only on 2 August 1274 did Edward return to England, landing at Dover. The thirty-five-year-old king held his 1123: 12524: 2028:, which dominated his financial relations with Parliament until 1290. Jews, unlike Christians, were allowed to charge interest on loans, known as 1939:, and despite a ban in 1283, English coinage was secretly exported to the European continent. In August 1280, Edward forbade the usage of the old 1261:

had been built to the mainland, but shortly after Tany and his men crossed over, they were ambushed by the Welsh and suffered heavy losses at the

11597: 9080:

Bachrach, DS (2004). "The Ecclesia Anglicana goes to War: Prayers, Propaganda, and Conquest during the Reign of Edward I of England, 1272–1307".

1400:

ruling southern Italy and the Crown of Aragon in Spain. In 1282, the citizens of Palermo rose up against Charles of Anjou and turned for help to

1314:. Their new residents were English migrants, the local Welsh being banned from living inside them, and many were protected by extensive walls. 862:

in 1265. Despite this, he was little involved in the settlement negotiations following the wars. His main focus was on planning his forthcoming

12579: 2694:

By Margaret of France, Edward had two sons, both of whom lived to adulthood, and a daughter who died as a child. His progeny by Margaret were:

2384:, just south of the Scottish border. When his servants came the next morning to lift him up so that he could eat, the King died in their arms. 2199: 2146:, which allowed clerical taxation in cases of pressing urgency. This allowed Edward to collect considerable sums by taxing the English clergy. 2036:, which outlawed loans with interest and encouraged the Jews to take up other professions. In 1279, in the context of a supposed crack-down on 1014:, which could have served as a bridgehead to Jerusalem, but this was unsuccessful. The situation in Acre grew desperate, and in May 1272 849:. A contingent of rebels held out in the virtually impregnable Kenilworth Castle and did not surrender until the drafting of the conciliatory 650: 653:

in Castile. As part of the marriage agreement, Alfonso X gave up his claims to Gascony, and Edward received grants of land worth 15,000

416:

in 1270. He was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed of his father's death. Making a slow return, he reached England in 1274 and was

9786: 3536:

Clauses in the town charters were also included stating that "Jews shall not sojourn in the borough at any time", both before and after the

968:, Louis's successor, from any further campaigning. Edward decided to continue alone, and on 9 May 1271 he finally landed at Acre. 1915: 1447:. Philip, however, refused to release the fortresses and declared Gascony forfeit when Edward refused to appear before him again in Paris. 690: 1638:, and installed Englishmen to govern the country. The campaign had been very successful, but the English triumph would be only temporary. 3382: 12604: 2456: 1366: 1325:

in castle walls across Europe, drawing on Eastern architectural influences. Also a product of the Crusades was the introduction of the

598:. He was commonly referred to as the Lord Edward until his accession to the throne in 1272. Among his childhood friends was his cousin 12594: 12539: 12534: 10137:

Lilley, Keith D. (2010). "The Landscapes of Edward's New Towns: Their Planning and Design". In Williams, Diane; Kenyon, John (eds.).

3012: 2698: 2586:

based on the idea of the English superseding the Jews as God's chosen people, and on England's uniqueness as a country free of Jews.

2397: 2281:

and in 1301, the Scots refused to engage in open battle again, preferring instead to raid the English countryside in smaller groups.

1226: 17: 696:, who circulated tales of unruly and violent conduct by Edward's inner circle, which raised questions about his personal qualities. 822: 714: 667: 10714: 2228:

was elected pope. Clement was a Gascon sympathetic to the King, and on Edward's instigation had Winchelsey suspended from office.

1659:

Edward had a reputation for a fierce and sometimes unpredictable temper, and he could be intimidating; one story tells of how the

12609: 2183: 12554: 2264:

in the south. On 11 September 1297, a large English force under the leadership of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, and

1763:. This last measure was taken in preparation for an extensive inquest covering all of England, that would hear complaints about 12529: 12514: 12509: 11423: 10333:—— (1989). "The Crusade Taxation of 1268–70 and the Development of Parliament". In P. R. Coss; S. D. Lloyd (eds.). 3619: 2504:. His strengths and weaknesses as a ruler were considered to be emblematic of the English people as a whole. Stubbs's student, 2393: 2309: 1219: 3452:

The Dictum restored land to the disinherited rebels, in exchange for a fine decided by their level of involvement in the wars.

1329:, and four of the eight castles Edward founded in Wales followed this design. The castles drew on imagery associated with the 833:, where the younger Montfort was quartered, before moving on to cut off the Earl of Leicester. The two forces then met at the 12569: 12564: 12519: 11401: 11125: 11081: 11043: 10972: 10950: 10902: 10788: 10767: 10734: 10695: 10676: 10649: 10552: 10453: 10380: 10146: 10100: 9903: 9876: 9857: 9775: 9692: 9483: 9462: 9358: 9294: 9275: 9199: 3302: 2757: 2704: 2485:

wrote extensively about Edward's legislation, terming the King the "English Justinian" after the renowned Byzantine lawmaker

1590: 1523: 468: 298: 3739:

Ayloffe, J. (1786). "An Account of the Body of King Edward the First, as it appeared on opening his Tomb in the year 1774".

3609:

did not necessarily apply to descent through female heirs, there is little doubt that Balliol's claim was the strongest one.

2332: 1472: 776: 210: 2551:

views his methods in Wales as essentially colonialist, creating deep resentment and an "apartheid-like" social structure.

1010:

in the north, which distracted Baibars's forces. The Mongol invasion ultimately failed. In November, Edward led a raid on

12423: 2719: 2658: 2045: 1630: – the Scottish coronation stone – and brought it to Westminster, placing it in what became known as 1066: 733: 256: 11236: 10924: 9811: 9555: 9190:

Brears, Peter (2010). "Food Supply and Preparation at the Edwardian Castles". In Williams, Diane; Kenyon, John (eds.).

9138: 2637: 2389: 2237: 1203: 722: 476: 2800: 12441: 11439: 11326: 11263: 11159: 10994: 10857: 10835: 10630: 10426: 10404: 10361: 10342: 10289: 10246: 10119: 10073: 10046: 10019: 9925: 9746: 9723: 9629: 9610: 9585: 9525: 9435: 9387: 9248: 9218: 9180: 1732: 825:, who had recently defected to the King's side. The Earl of Leicester's support was now dwindling, and Edward retook 641:

induced King Henry to arrange a politically expedient marriage between fifteen-year-old Edward and thirteen-year-old

89: 1950:

16th-century illustration of Edward I presiding over Parliament. The scene shows Alexander III of Scotland and

817:

Edward remained in captivity until March 1265, and even after his release he was kept under strict surveillance. In

12589: 12544: 2432: 2179: 31: 2206:

resolved the situation. The renewed threat to the homeland gave king and magnates common cause. Edward signed the

1856:(1279) addressed the issue of land grants to the Church. The first clause of Westminster II (1285), known as 1058: 11571: 919:

provided a loan of about £17,500. This was not enough, and the rest had to be raised through a direct tax on the

859: 388:. After reconciliation with his father, he remained loyal throughout the subsequent armed conflict, known as the 2599: 717:, and on 15 October announced that he supported the barons' goals and their leader, the Earl of Leicester. 12559: 11062: 11024: 10493: 2403: 2388:

Another account of his deathbed scene is more credible; according to one chronicle, Edward gathered around him

2078: 1585:

Even though as many as fourteen claimants put forward their claims to the title, the foremost competitors were

910:

Edward pledged himself to undertake a crusade in an elaborate ceremony on 24 June 1268, with his brother

787:

before embarking on a retaliatory campaign against Derby's lands. The baronial and royalist forces met at the

408:

in 1265. Within two years, the rebellion was extinguished and, with England pacified, Edward left to join the

12584: 3219: 2372:

In February 1307, Bruce resumed his efforts and started gathering men, and in May he defeated Valence at the

1463:

as his ambassador to the Mongols revealed that he was seriously considering the prospective Mongol alliance.

1119: 784: 448: 9324:—— (1985). "The Lord Edward's oath to aid and counsel Simon de Montfort, 15 October 1259". 3518:

Though no written proof exists, it is assumed that this arrangement was agreed on before Edward's departure.

12494: 12271: 12234: 3717: 3698: 2344: 2313: 2052:" and blamed the Jews for their treachery and criminality. He helped pay for the renovation of the tomb of 1578:. This left the country without an obvious heir, and led to the succession dispute known to history as the 271: 70: 11392:

Wheatley, Abigail (2010). "Caernarfon Castle and its Mythology". In Williams, Diane; Kenyon, John (eds.).

11285:

Chapters in the Administrative History of Mediaeval England: The Wardrobe, the Chamber and the Small Seals

3461:

The essential concession was that the disinherited would now be allowed to take possession of their lands

1960: 11996: 9304: 1810: 1806: 1696: 1667:

to the King's harsh conduct towards him. When Edward of Caernarfon demanded an earldom for his favourite

1488: 1409: 1339: 1273:

and executed as a traitor the following autumn; Edward ordered Dafydd's head to be publicly exhibited on

607: 11985: 1824:

This caused great consternation among the aristocracy, who insisted that long use in itself constituted

128: 12361: 12281: 11959: 11927: 11533: 9989:

Hillaby, Joe (1994). "The ritual-child-murder accusation: Its dissemination and Harold of Gloucester".

2037: 1930:(which proved to be unsuccessful) was introduced. The coinmaking process itself was also improved. The 1874:(1285) dealt with security and peacekeeping on a local level by bolstering the existing police system. 1503: 1476: 1206:

and Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford. Problems were exacerbated when Llywelyn's younger brother

1128: 288: 11435: 10892: 3565:

to the English throne. Prince Edward was not born heir apparent, but became so when his older brother

1265:. The Welsh advances ended on 11 December, when Llywelyn was lured into a trap and killed at the 12574: 12276: 12071: 12016: 11624: 9543: 9236: 3566: 3190: 2652: 2543: 2461: 2289: 2203: 1550: 1186:

Llywelyn ap Gruffudd enjoyed an advantageous situation in the aftermath of the Barons' War. The 1267

1003: 266: 38: 2320:. Bruce was forced into hiding, and the English forces recaptured their lost territory and castles. 12077: 12066: 11772: 11628: 11620: 10463:

Parsons, John Carmi (1984). "The Year of Eleanor of Castile's Birth and her Children by Edward I".

9173:

Kings, Barons and Justices: The Making and Enforcement of Legislation in Thirteenth-Century England

3675: 3353: 2347:; he had been captured after he and his garrison held off Edward's forces who had been seeking his 1919: 1858: 1598: 1555: 1242: 1102: 1047: 460: 10281: 10238: 9794: 9715: 3432: 2572:

Similarly, there is a much more negative evaluation of Edward in studies of Anglo-Jewish history.

12046: 12041: 12026: 12001: 10960: 10273: 10230: 10218: 9707: 9509: 2631: 2557: 2552: 2517: 2501: 1923: 1884: – set out to remedy land ownership disputes resulting from alienation of land by 1623: 1502:. The support from Germany never materialised, and Edward was forced to seek peace. In 1299, the 1397: 1302:

after 1283, Edward embarked on a project of English settlement of Wales, creating new towns like

1269:. The conquest of Gwynedd was complete with the capture in June 1283 of Dafydd, who was taken to 1266: 1078: 293: 251: 60:

Portrait in Westminster Abbey likely depicting Edward I, installed sometime during his reign

11708: 2477:

The first histories of Edward in the 16th and 17th centuries drew primarily on the works of the

2323:

Edward acted with unusual brutality against Bruce's family, allies, and supporters. His sister,

12599: 12225: 12110: 12056: 12031: 12006: 11991: 11863: 11698: 2373: 2304:

The situation changed again on 10 February 1306, when Robert the Bruce murdered his rival

1845: 1631: 1619: 1484: 1480: 1362: 1211: 12458: 12168: 12215: 12125: 12105: 12036: 11974: 11964: 11954: 11833: 11828: 11801: 11762: 11757: 11419: 11280: 11254:

Tomasch, Sylvia (2002), "Postcolonial Chaucer and the Virtual Jew", in Delany, Sheila (ed.),

10982: 9738: 9473: 2777: 2676: 2213: 2167: 1871: 1829: 1814: 1318: 1298: 1070: 768: 762: 590:. Edward's birth was widely celebrated at the royal court and throughout England, and he was 559: 517: 389: 282: 11920: 11672: 11301: 2216: – and the nobility agreed to serve with the King on a campaign in Scotland. 2014:

A contemporary illustration showing the expulsion of the Jews. Image shows the white double

2010: 1475:, but the marriage was delayed by the outbreak of war. Edward made expensive alliances with 12504: 12499: 12193: 12140: 12130: 12120: 12093: 12011: 11934: 11868: 11823: 11813: 11807: 11796: 11790: 11740: 11487: 11458: 10845: 10157: 3233: 2978: 2208: 2187: 2033: 1951: 1853: 1767:

by royal officers. The second purpose of the inquest was to establish what land and rights

1660: 1563: 1511: 1492: 1417: 1262: 1187: 1152: 1133: 980: 965: 927:, and to impose restrictions on Jewish money lending. On 20 August Edward sailed from 850: 729: 710: 646: 583: 563: 505: 385: 381: 323: 102: 10941:

The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century

9453:

Coldstream, Nicola (2010). "James of St George". In Williams, Diane; Kenyon, John (eds.).

2411:. This structure replaced an earlier one and is said to mark the exact spot where he died. 2269:

major battle he had fought since Evesham in 1265, Edward defeated Wallace's forces at the

673:

From 1254 to 1257, Edward was under the influence of his mother's relatives, known as the

400:

by the rebellious barons, but escaped after a few months and defeated the baronial leader

8: 12220: 12173: 12115: 12051: 11848: 11838: 11784: 11589: 10419:

The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Authority and Deviance in Western Europe 950–1250

10325: 3671: 3226: 3183: 3001: 2970: 2278: 2265: 2073: 1700: 1664: 1514:, at which point it was partially returned to the English crown, again as a French fief. 1460: 1436: 1401: 1376: 1294: 1230: 603: 567: 488: 464: 452: 333: 10584:

King Henry III and the Lord Edward: The Community of the Realm in the Thirteenth Century

2537:

There is a great difference between English and Scottish historiography on King Edward.

2277:. Even though Edward campaigned in Scotland both in 1300, when he successfully besieged 1888:. The age of the great statutes largely ended with the death of Robert Burnell in 1292. 685:

faction – the half-brothers of his father Henry III – led by such men as

12475: 12399: 12257: 11895: 11843: 11767: 11549: 11443: 11429: 11215: 10876: 10206: 10198: 9998: 9414: 9337: 9307:(2007). "King Henry III and Saint Edward the Confessor: the origins of the cult". 9157: 9097: 3649: 3537: 3436: 3030: 2815: 2348: 2285: 2246: 2005: 1817:

in 1278 the King challenged baronial rights through a revival of the system of general

1797: 1615: 1602: 1507: 1413: 1207: 1086: 1023: 1015: 943: 826: 741: 686: 663: 642: 634: 547: 522: 177: 132: 55: 11038:(Twentieth Anniversary ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. 10758:—— (2010). "Edward I and Wales". In Williams, Diane; Kenyon, John (eds.). 3622:, who was seen to have encroached ruthlessly on royal rights over the preceding years. 1057:

Edward then journeyed to Gascony to order its affairs and put down a revolt headed by

938:

Originally, the Crusaders intended to relieve the beleaguered Christian stronghold of

709:

drew up a document for reform of the King's government – the so-called

11890: 11703: 11540: 11517: 11397: 11322: 11288: 11259: 11232: 11186: 11155: 11121: 11077: 11058: 11039: 11020: 10990: 10968: 10946: 10939: 10920: 10898: 10853: 10831: 10784: 10763: 10730: 10691: 10672: 10645: 10626: 10618: 10604: 10587: 10567: 10548: 10540: 10489: 10449: 10422: 10400: 10376: 10357: 10338: 10285: 10242: 10210: 10142: 10115: 10096: 10069: 10042: 10015: 9977: 9921: 9899: 9872: 9853: 9807: 9771: 9742: 9719: 9688: 9625: 9606: 9600: 9581: 9551: 9521: 9489: 9479: 9458: 9431: 9383: 9354: 9290: 9271: 9244: 9214: 9195: 9176: 9134: 9117: 3201: 3019: 2750: 2670: 2604: 2317: 2270: 2128: 2053: 1849: 1818: 1724: 1559: 1537: 1380: 1343: 1326: 1303: 1284: 1249:, Archbishop of Canterbury, was conducting peace negotiations, Edward's commander of 1082: 1019: 911: 834: 830: 811: 807: 678: 622: 595: 421: 405: 401: 365: 276: 235: 158: 11751: 1093:

on 19 August at Westminster Abbey, alongside Queen Eleanor. Immediately after being

858:

of England and began to exercise influence in the government. He was also appointed

12387: 12208: 12198: 12088: 12061: 11913: 11745: 11665: 11658: 11370: 11343: 11207: 11113: 10722: 10518: 10472: 10321: 10277: 10234: 10190: 10169: 9956: 9828: 9711: 9671: 9650: 9406: 9333: 9312: 9089: 3748: 3506: 2297: 2293: 2117:, seizure of wool and hides, and the unpopular additional duty on wool, dubbed the 1985: 1940: 1867: 1802: 1747: 1533: 1499: 1495: 1456: 1424: 1405: 1330: 1317:

An extensive project of castle-building was also initiated, under the direction of

1098: 947: 855: 638: 575: 451:. He then established English rule, built castles and towns in the countryside and 361: 11382: 11355: 10750: 10530: 9840: 3874: 1743: 1198:. Armed conflicts nevertheless continued, in particular with certain dissatisfied 12411: 12203: 11948: 11778: 11730: 11720: 11714: 11521: 11498: 11494: 11269: 11242: 11000: 10934: 10888: 10811: 10794: 10701: 10655: 10499: 10432: 10392: 10295: 10252: 10125: 10079: 10052: 10025: 9931: 9882: 9752: 9561: 9531: 9497: 9441: 9364: 9254: 9224: 9109: 3440: 3415: 3212: 2538: 2530: 2525: 2328: 2274: 2261: 2257: 2136: 2096: 1720: 1635: 1428: 1195: 1074: 1039: 960: 842: 788: 627: 610: 599: 579: 393: 357: 353: 66: 979:

had been reconquered by the Muslims in 1244, and Acre was now the centre of the

521:

to their governance and to Ireland, and for antisemitic policies leading to the

12375: 12301: 12188: 12145: 12099: 11884: 11374: 11169: 10823: 10522: 10309: 9595:—— (1984). "Medieval Severnside". In R. A. Griffiths; I. G. Jones; 3419: 2577: 2466: 2444: 2424: 2408: 2381: 2368:

Remains of Edward I, from an illustration made when his tomb was opened in 1774

2352: 2336: 2092: 1989: 1885: 1789: 1764: 1668: 1627: 1541: 1528: 1258: 1167: 1035: 1031: 951: 875: 745: 737: 674: 551: 501: 456: 144: 11347: 11211: 10965:

The Second Barons' War: Simon de Montfort and the Battles of Lewes and Evesham

10894:

The Coronation Chair and Stone of Scone: History, Archaeology and Conservation

10726: 10093:

The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War

9969: 9832: 9675: 9622:

Dominion and conquest: the experience of Ireland, Scotland and Wales 1100–1300

3752: 1788:

proceedings. The purpose of these inquiries was to establish by what warrant (

1396:. A major obstacle to this was represented by the conflict between the French 748:

was largely favourable to the royalist side and would cause further conflict.

12488: 11292: 10579: 9981: 9913: 9517: 9493: 9350: 9121: 3713: 3606: 3562: 3502: 3401: 2573: 2566: 2513: 2497: 2493: 2416: 2340: 2191: 2142: 1946: 1936: 1896: 1876: 1779: 1775: 1768: 1673: 1607: 1468: 1393: 1274: 1199: 939: 915: 879: 792: 693: 484: 409: 11246: 11074:

Nobility and Kingship in Medieval England: The Earls and Edward I, 1272–1307

11004: 10815: 10798: 10029: 9960: 9886: 9501: 9243:. New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 9228: 3661:

For example, Eleanor of Castile gave the Canterbury synagogue to her tailor.

2002:

History of the Jews in England (1066–1290) § Edward I and the Expulsion

1651: 431:. Through an extensive legal inquiry, he investigated the tenure of several 30:"Edward I" and "Hammer of the Scots" redirect here. For the board game, see 12394: 12326: 12083: 11273: 11012: 10705: 10608: 10591: 10503: 10436: 10299: 10265: 10256: 10222: 10129: 10083: 10056: 9935: 9821:

Gorski, Richard (2009). "Botetourt, John, first Lord Botetourt (d. 1324)".

9641:

Despres (1998). "Immaculate Flesh and the Social Body: Mary and the Jews".

9596: 9535: 9445: 9368: 9258: 2722:

may have been Edward's illegitimate son, but the claim is unsubstantiated.

2715: 2646: 2562: 2221: 2176: 2025: 2016: 1927: 1901: 1784: 1760: 1723:, which were highly popular in Europe during his reign. In 1278 he visited 1586: 1567: 1254: 1246: 846: 654: 444: 440: 261: 12406: 11678: 11229:

England's Jews: Finance, Violence, and the Crown in the Thirteenth Century

11190: 10659: 10571: 10476: 9852:. Montreal, Canada and Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press. 9756: 2380:

on the way, and his condition deteriorated. On 6 July he encamped at

2376:. Edward, who had rallied somewhat, now moved north himself. He developed 1562:, it was agreed that Margaret should marry King Edward's six-year-old son 1042:

to Philip III in Paris for his French domains. Edward travelled by way of

12331: 12316: 11901: 10414: 9573: 9565: 9316: 3645: 3549: 2582: 2548: 2505: 2486: 2482: 2420: 2087:

after 1272 to reform the Irish administration, record keeping was poor.

2057: 1969: 1704: 1703:. Like his father, Edward was a keen participant in the tradition of the 1579: 1558:, his three-year-old granddaughter and sole surviving descendant. By the 1444: 1334: 1307: 1191: 924: 914:

and cousin Henry of Almain. Some of Edward's former adversaries, such as

780: 681:, the Queen's uncle. After 1257, Edward became increasingly close to the 373: 313: 10880: 10826:(1992). "Englishness and Medieval Anglo-Jewry". In Kushner, Tony (ed.). 10173: 10002: 9161: 1574:

for Scotland in the autumn of 1290, but fell ill on the way and died in

12306: 12296: 12286: 11873: 11735: 11219: 10912: 10202: 9654: 9418: 9101: 3710:

A full text of the charter, with further information, can be found at:

3644:

The date for the Edict of Expulsion, 18 July 1290, was the fast of the

2478: 2324: 2305: 2195: 2132: 1805: – that the liberty should revert to the King. Both the 1712: 1614:. Edward responded by invading Scotland in 1296 and taking the town of 1270: 1090: 772: 538: 480: 472: 428: 417: 11118:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Durham Conference, 1995

11110:"Parliamentary Negotiation and the Expulsion of the Jews from England" 11053:

Skinner, Patricia (2003). "Introduction". In Skinner, Patricia (ed.).

8669: 2473:, emphasised Edward I's contribution to the English constitution. 1707:, which had the supposed effect of curing those who were touched from 1626:, Scottish resistance was effectively crushed. Edward confiscated the 12321: 12291: 11878: 11853: 11508: 10644:. English Monarchs (Revised Second ed.). Yale University Press. 10158:"Gilbert de Clare, Richard of Cornwall and the Lord Edward's Crusade" 10066:

Edward Plantagenet: The English Justinian or the Making of Common Law

3485: 3281: 2682: 2377: 2225: 2212: – a confirmation of Magna Carta and its accompanying 2070:

History of Ireland (1169–1536) § Lordship of Ireland (1171–1300)

2024:

Another source of political conflict was Edward's policy towards the

1782:, and they formed the basis for the later legal inquiries called the 1728: 1451: 1350: 1322: 976: 972: 413: 376:. Before his accession to the throne, he was commonly referred to as 112: 11979: 11136: 11109: 11092: 10194: 9944: 9410: 9093: 1601:, in which Edward demanded that Balliol appear in person before the 578:, was not commonly given among the aristocracy of England after the 12311: 12252: 11858: 11683: 11363:—— (2004b). "Thomas, 1st Earl of Norfolk (1300–1338)". 11336:

Waugh, Scott L. (2004a). "Edmund, first earl of Kent (1301–1330)".

10486:

Eleanor of Castile: Queen and Society in Thirteenth Century England

1973: 1708: 1611: 1311: 1250: 1094: 888:

Map of the Holy Land depicting operations during Edward's Crusade:

884: 818: 802: 682: 658: 591: 344:(17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as 9804:

Antisemitic stereotypes without Jews: Images of the Jews 1290–1700

1954:

of Wales on either side of Edward; an episode that never occurred.

1280: 657:

a year. The marriage eventually led to the English acquisition of

427:

Edward spent much of his reign reforming royal administration and

12229: 12135: 2364: 2119: 1931: 1870:(1285) established firm rules for the recovery of debts, and the 1825: 1756: 1683: 1371: 1234: 1142: 999: 988: 863: 845:

in Lincolnshire, and in March he led a successful assault on the

796: 706: 621:"Longshanks", meaning "long legs" or "long shins". The historian 618: 543: 479:

continued after his death. Simultaneously, Edward found himself

436: 397: 308: 11319:

Under the Hammer: Edward I and the Throne of Scotland, 1286–1307

10181:

Loomis, Roger Sherman (1953). "Edward I, Arthurian Enthusiast".

9970:"A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain" 9850:

King Edward II: His Life, his Reign and its Aftermath, 1284–1330

3618:

Among those singled out in particular by the royal justices was

1733:

Welsh belief that Arthur might return as their political saviour

1367:

Europeans in Medieval China § Diplomatic missions to Europe

1237:, though he was allowed to retain the title of Prince of Wales. 821:, he escaped on 28 May while out riding and joined up with 12021: 11969: 11693: 11688: 9918:

King, Parliament and Public Finance in Medieval England to 1369

7386: 4104: 3489: 2733:

Edward I's relationship to the contemporary leaders in Britain

2428: 2124: 1863: 1575: 1571: 1384: 1062: 1007: 992: 984: 932: 571: 512:

a war with Scotland and other financial and political burdens.

432: 369: 10446:

A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain

12417: 11941: 9287:

Arise, England: Six Kings and the Making of the English State

8533: 5512: 3505:, and suggest that it was another of Edward's close friends, 2441:

Edwardus Primus Scottorum Malleus hic est, 1308. Pactum Serva

2436: 2114: 2082:

The Lordship of Ireland and Gaelic controlled regions in 1300

2049: 2029: 1964: 1905: 1215: 1043: 1011: 995: 955: 928: 920: 587: 497: 11183:

Quo Warranto Proceedings in the Reign of Edward I, 1278–1294

8509: 1727:

to open what was then believed to be the tomb of Arthur and

630:... His speech, despite a lisp, was said to be persuasive." 11725: 11120:. Vol. 6. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 77–102. 10337:. Vol. 2. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 93–117. 7434: 3527:

Lancaster's post was held by Payne de Chaworth until April.

2242: 1995: 1692: 1051: 11619: 9380:

The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History

2431:, possibly the result of the shortage of royal funds. The 2415:

Edward I's body was brought south, lying in state at

2048:. Edward claimed the Expulsion was done "in honour of the 1774:

The inquest produced a set of census documents called the

9624:. Wiles Lectures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 9397:

Cazel, Fred A. (1991). "Edward I, by Michael Prestwich".

7374: 7338: 5679: 3587:

Prestwich estimates the total cost to be around £400,000.

2603:

Stone sculptures of Edward (left) and Eleanor (right) at

1287:, one of the castles erected in Wales during the reign of 1190:

recognised his ownership of land he had conquered in the

795:, Edward and his cousin Henry of Almain were given up as 11369:(online ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 11342:(online ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 11287:. Vol. 2. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 11154:. British Archaeological Association. pp. 109–117. 10517:(online ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 10110:

Krieger, Larry; Neill, Kenneth; Jantzen, Steven (1992).

10012:

The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History

9704:

The Political Development of the British Isles 1100–1400

9148:—— (1989). "Edward I by Michael Prestwich". 8765: 8569: 7398: 7362: 6377: 3697:

Winchelsey's consecration was held up by the protracted

554:(drooping eyelid), a trait he inherited from his father. 11150:

Stocker, David (1986). "The Shrine of Little St Hugh".

9662:

Denton, J. H. (1989). "Edward I by Michael Prestwich".

9114:

Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland

8557: 6570: 6568: 6389: 2249:

depiction of Edward I dating from the reign of his son

2161:

By that same oath, O king, I shall neither go nor hang

475:

over Scotland and invaded the country, and the ensuing

11141:

The Medieval state: Essays Presented to James Campbell

10669:

The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1272–1377

9896:

The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500–1670

7446: 7422: 7410: 7350: 6796: 6794: 6781: 6779: 6098: 6096: 5758: 5748: 5746: 5569: 5567: 4040: 3678:

and Louis IX of France, had temporarily expelled Jews.

1813:

codified the existing law in England. By enacting the

12359: 11198:

Templeman, G. (1950). "Edward I and the Historians".

8987: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8633: 7025: 5888: 5886: 5667: 1544:

and has been used for coronations for over 700 years.

1356: 9945:"The Jewish Minority in Medieval England, 1066–1290" 9827:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9002: 9000: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8597: 6565: 4903: 4901: 4876: 4874: 4539: 4537: 4524: 4522: 1988:", a term first introduced by the English historian 1233:

in November 1277, he was left only with the land of

983:. The Muslim states were on the offensive under the 751: 744:

an agreement was made between the two parties. This

435:

liberties. The law was reformed through a series of

12550:

English people of the Wars of Scottish Independence

11420:"Archival material relating to Edward I of England" 10547:. New Haven, US and London: Yale University Press. 10109: 9793:. London: Times Literary Supplement. Archived from 7515: 7513: 7007: 6947: 6818: 6791: 6776: 6093: 5770: 5743: 5564: 5039: 5037: 5035: 3903: 3901: 1570:. Margaret, by now seven years of age, sailed from 1034:. Edward passed through Italy and France, visiting 649:. They were married on 1 November 1254 in the 11231:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 11152:Medieval Art and Architecture at Lincoln Cathedral 10938: 6023: 6021: 5883: 3509:, who attempted to suck the poison from the wound. 2127:, and the grant was eventually made. At the time, 2020:that Jews in England were mandated to wear by law. 1420:, the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land. 767:The years 1264–1267 saw the conflict known as the 550:. The artist has perhaps tried to depict Edward's 9268:Edward I and the Governance of England, 1272–1307 9211:The Governance of Late Medieval England 1272–1461 8997: 8958: 8236: 8234: 6604: 5811: 4898: 4871: 4861: 4859: 4781: 4779: 4534: 4519: 3640: 3638: 3378:List of earls in the reign of Edward I of England 740:from the rebels. Through the arbitration of King 504:. When the King died in 1307, he left to his son 12486: 11143:. London: The Hambledon Press. pp. 163–177. 11139:. In Maddicott, J. R.; Pallister, D. M. (eds.). 10511:—— (2008). "Margaret (1279?–1318)". 9326:Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 8141: 8139: 7510: 7013: 5032: 3964: 3898: 1540:was commissioned by Edward in 1296 to house the 1124:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd 586:and decided to name his firstborn son after the 10781:England Under Edward I and Edward II, 1259–1327 10373:The Origins of the English Parliament, 924–1327 6018: 3561:This title became the traditional title of the 2335:, who had crowned Bruce, was held in a cage at 1566:, though Scotland would remain free of English 1349:In 1284, King Edward had his son Edward (later 11137:"Anti-Semitism and the Medieval English State" 10221:(2008a). "The years of Crisis, 1254–1315". In 10009: 9284: 9133:(Paperback ed.). Hodder & Stoughton. 8231: 7307: 7149: 7071: 6239: 6237: 6235: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5274: 4856: 4776: 3791: 3635: 2190:, drew up a series of complaints known as the 1778:. These have been likened to the 11th-century 11605: 9377: 8136: 5346: 5334: 4918: 4916: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4231: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 3954: 3952: 3714:"The Charter of the Forest of King Henry III" 1771:had lost during the reign of Henry III. 1738: 582:, but Henry was devoted to the veneration of 11093:"Review of 'Edward I', by Michael Prestwich" 11057:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 1–11. 10270:A new history of Ireland Volume II 1169–1534 10264:—— (2008b). "A Land of War". In 10227:A new history of Ireland Volume II 1169–1534 9475:Bannockburn: The Triumph of Robert the Bruce 9347:The Struggle for Mastery: Britain, 1066–1284 9285:Burt, Caroline; Partington, Richard (2024). 8050: 8048: 6943: 6941: 6529: 4956: 3937: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 2063: 1862:, dealt with family settlement of land, and 1852:and outlined restrictions on liberties. The 1257:, decided to carry out a surprise attack. A 12172:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 11019:. London: BBC Worldwide. pp. 155–221. 10919:(Third ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 10844: 8060: 7897: 6318:, pp. 346–7, 366, 383 Quotes at p. 347 6232: 6208: 5898: 5794: 5631: 5280: 5208: 4710: 4681: 4669: 3815: 3383:Savoyard knights in the service of Edward I 1634:; he deposed Balliol and placed him in the 1222:, daughter of Simon de Montfort the Elder. 651:Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas 12349:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 11612: 11598: 11442: 11428: 11180: 10805: 9784: 9452: 9425: 9110:Barrow, G. W. S. (Geoffrey Wallis Steuart) 8563: 8388: 7159: 7155: 6746: 6658: 6646: 6622: 6598: 6574: 6547: 6423: 5817: 5506: 5302: 5298: 4950: 4934: 4913: 4827: 4687: 4477: 4371: 4128: 4002: 3986: 3949: 3943: 2457:Cultural depictions of Edward I of England 1891: 1880:(1290) – issued along with 54: 11396:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 129–139. 11197: 10757: 10712: 10690:(new ed.). Oxford University Press. 10685: 10666: 10639: 10617: 10603:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 10562:Plucknett, Theodore Frank Thomas (1949). 10561: 10391: 10370: 10351: 10332: 10308: 10282:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199539703.003.0010 10239:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199539703.003.0008 9967: 9806:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 9716:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206040.001.0001 9344: 9323: 9303: 9175:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 9063: 9006: 8991: 8539: 8515: 8499: 8487: 8467: 8455: 8399: 8372: 8368: 8340: 8328: 8304: 8288: 8276: 8264: 8240: 8221: 8181: 8130: 8090: 8045: 8035: 8011: 7999: 7963: 7939: 7927: 7855: 7843: 7831: 7807: 7795: 7759: 7747: 7735: 7711: 7687: 7675: 7651: 7627: 7603: 7591: 7579: 7567: 7555: 7504: 7480: 7287: 7247: 7175: 7055: 6938: 6908: 6884: 6860: 6836: 6824: 6812: 6800: 6785: 6770: 6758: 6742: 6730: 6718: 6706: 6694: 6670: 6610: 6511: 6499: 6471: 6451: 6439: 6411: 6367: 6355: 6291: 6279: 6267: 6255: 6226: 6202: 6190: 6178: 6126: 6114: 6102: 6087: 6063: 6039: 5976: 5952: 5940: 5916: 5892: 5877: 5865: 5853: 5776: 5764: 5752: 5685: 5649: 5625: 5609: 5573: 5558: 5530: 5438: 5418: 5402: 5362: 5314: 5250: 5226: 5202: 5178: 5142: 5122: 5082: 5067: 5055: 5014: 5002: 4974: 4880: 4850: 4809: 4797: 4770: 4746: 4722: 4645: 4633: 4621: 4606: 4579: 4543: 4528: 4513: 4453: 4441: 4425: 4413: 4389: 4365: 4353: 4329: 4301: 4273: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4225: 4213: 4201: 4189: 4177: 4153: 4122: 4098: 4086: 4070: 4058: 4026: 3982: 3970: 3931: 3919: 3907: 3884: 3827: 3797: 2407:The 19th-century memorial to Edward I at 2398:Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford 2102: 1750:with portrait of Edward, struck in London 1227:William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick 1108: 637:invasion of the English-held province of 562:on the night of 17–18 June 1239, to King 533: 528: 11394:The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales 11391: 10933: 10822: 10760:The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales 10623:War, Politics and Finance under Edward I 10539: 10141:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 99–113. 10139:The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales 10036: 10010:Hillaby, Joe; Hillaby, Caroline (2013). 9866: 9801: 9455:The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales 9192:The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales 9079: 8940: 8932: 8912: 8896: 8880: 8852: 8840: 8193: 8118: 8066: 8039: 7903: 7699: 7275: 7235: 7223: 7191: 6559: 6487: 6383: 6371: 6243: 6214: 5904: 5805: 5717: 5697: 5637: 5613: 5585: 5518: 5498: 5482: 5442: 5366: 5286: 5214: 5078: 5076: 4962: 4922: 4907: 4838: 4698: 4429: 4377: 4141: 3958: 3844: 2618:). Edward's children with Eleanor were: 2598: 2460: 2402: 2363: 2241: 2107: 2077: 2009: 1996:Parliament and the expulsion of the Jews 1945: 1895: 1742: 1650: 1527: 1370: 1279: 1127: 883: 869: 823:Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester 801: 715:Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester 668:Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester 537: 467:throne, Edward was invited to arbitrate 356:from 1272 to 1307. Concurrently, he was 223: 197: 11366:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 11339:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 11253: 11149: 11071: 11052: 11033: 10981: 10887: 10719:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 10598: 10578: 10514:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 10510: 10483: 10462: 10112:World History: Perspectives on the Past 9988: 9912: 9893: 9824:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9640: 9471: 9457:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 37–45. 9194:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 85–98. 9041: 8952: 8936: 8928: 8924: 8587: 8435: 8431: 8419: 8380: 8157: 8078: 7987: 7975: 7891: 7867: 7783: 7723: 7663: 7639: 7615: 7543: 7531: 7519: 7492: 7344: 7332: 7328: 7271: 7251: 7091: 7067: 6971: 6932: 6920: 6848: 6634: 6586: 6395: 6051: 5928: 5597: 5094: 5043: 4946: 4892: 4821: 4465: 4341: 4313: 4046: 4030: 3892: 3738: 2184:Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford 1610:and launched an unsuccessful attack on 1412:that followed, Charles of Anjou's son, 1375:Edward I (right) giving homage to 1160: Territories of Llywelyn's vassals 1046:to receive homage from his great-uncle 193: 14: 12487: 11362: 11335: 11316: 11168: 11134: 11107: 11090: 11011: 10959: 10866: 10828:The Jewish Heritage in British History 10443: 10397:The Nobility of Later Medieval England 10263: 10217: 10180: 10136: 10090: 9869:The Plantagenets: History of a Dynasty 9847: 9820: 9661: 9619: 9605:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 9594: 9572: 9542: 9508: 9189: 9147: 9128: 9108: 9052: 9029: 9018: 8884: 8856: 8823: 8819: 8807: 8803: 8783: 8759: 8751: 8747: 8735: 8731: 8723: 8719: 8707: 8703: 8691: 8687: 8675: 8663: 8651: 8627: 8615: 8551: 8479: 8459: 8411: 8300: 8252: 8205: 8114: 8102: 8023: 7951: 7915: 7879: 7819: 7771: 7468: 7464: 7452: 7440: 7428: 7416: 7404: 7392: 7380: 7368: 7356: 7324: 7320: 7291: 7267: 7207: 7179: 7163: 7139: 7127: 7115: 7111: 7095: 7075: 7031: 7019: 6523: 6483: 6467: 6455: 6435: 6343: 6339: 6327: 6315: 6166: 6162: 6150: 6138: 6075: 6027: 6012: 6000: 5988: 5964: 5841: 5788: 5737: 5725: 5705: 5661: 5546: 5542: 5502: 5486: 5470: 5466: 5454: 5426: 5422: 5414: 5390: 5378: 5322: 5318: 5262: 5238: 5190: 5166: 5154: 5138: 5134: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5026: 4990: 4978: 4865: 4785: 4758: 4734: 4657: 4617: 4615: 4602: 4600: 4591: 4567: 4555: 4501: 4489: 4401: 4317: 4297: 4285: 4165: 4110: 4074: 4014: 3998: 3862: 3856: 3821: 3809: 3785: 3766:to commit atrocities against the Jews. 3620:Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford 3596:The term is an 18th-century invention. 2394:Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick 2310:Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke 1450:Correspondence between Edward and the 1175: Lordships of the King of England 12580:Competitors for the Crown of Scotland 11593: 11299: 11226: 11174:The Constitutional History of England 10778: 10762:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 1–8. 10413: 10155: 10063: 9942: 9765: 9732: 9701: 9682: 9578:The Age of Conquest: Wales, 1063–1415 9430:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 9396: 9235: 9209:Brown, A. L. (Alfred Lawson) (1989). 9208: 9170: 8908: 8868: 8827: 8799: 8787: 8771: 8755: 8727: 8639: 8603: 8591: 8575: 8527: 8463: 8443: 8376: 8225: 8209: 8169: 8145: 8054: 7143: 7099: 7079: 7043: 6995: 6983: 6959: 6896: 6872: 6682: 6535: 6407: 6303: 5829: 5721: 5701: 5673: 5350: 5073: 4034: 3888: 3868: 3737:The original report can be found in: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3279: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3253: 3251: 3232: 3225: 3223: 3218: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3200: 3198: 3189: 3182: 3180: 3166: 3164: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3052: 3050: 3029: 3027: 3018: 3011: 3009: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2976: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2814: 2799: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2756: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2725: 2231: 1641: 1591:Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale 1524:Competitors for the Crown of Scotland 1145:, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's principality 756: 12424: 11279: 10967:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military. 10911: 10039:Expulsion: England's Jewish Solution 9265: 8503: 8483: 8439: 8415: 8384: 8356: 8344: 8316: 7295: 7263: 7211: 7195: 3880: 2643:Unnamed daughter (1271–1271 or 1272) 2333:Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Buchan 1646: 1113: 777:Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby 542:Early fourteenth-century manuscript 12525:Christians of Lord Edward's crusade 10671:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. 10312:(1983). "The Mise of Lewes, 1264". 10014:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 9378:Cathcart King, David James (1988). 4663: 4612: 4597: 2359: 2155:By God, Sir Earl, either go or hang 1719:Edward took a keen interest in the 1392:conflict between the sovereigns on 954:, decided to attack the emirate of 734:John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey 24: 10580:Powicke, F. M. (Frederick Maurice) 10326:10.1093/ehr/xcviii.ccclxxxviii.588 9338:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1985.tb01170.x 2689: 2390:Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln 2238:First Scottish War of Independence 1404:, in what has become known as the 1357:Diplomacy and war on the Continent 1202:, such as the Earl of Gloucester, 810:'s mutilated body at the field of 723:Boniface, Archbishop of Canterbury 699: 546:showing Edward and his first wife 477:First Scottish War of Independence 25: 12621: 12605:Victims of the Order of Assassins 11440:National Portrait Gallery, London 11412: 11176:. Vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon. 10808:English Jewry under Angevin Kings 10601:The Thirteenth Century, 1216–1307 10068:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 9116:. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. 8883:, pp. 44–7, quote at p. 44; 7008:Krieger, Neill & Jantzen 1992 6948:Krieger, Neill & Jantzen 1992 3711: 2594: 946:, but King Louis and his brother 752:Civil war and crusades, 1264–1273 662:Wales and England, including the 360:, and from 1254 to 1306 he ruled 27:King of England from 1272 to 1307 12595:Children of Henry III of England 12540:Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports 12535:High sheriffs of Buckinghamshire 12467: 12450: 12433: 12405: 12393: 12381: 12369: 10917:A History of the Jews in England 9735:Ireland and Britain 1170 to 1450 9057: 9046: 9035: 9023: 9012: 8946: 8918: 8902: 8890: 8874: 8862: 8846: 8833: 8813: 8793: 8777: 8741: 8713: 8697: 8681: 8657: 8645: 8621: 8609: 8581: 8545: 8521: 8493: 8473: 8449: 8425: 8405: 8393: 8362: 8350: 8334: 8322: 8310: 8294: 8282: 8270: 8258: 8246: 8215: 8199: 8187: 8175: 8163: 8151: 8124: 8108: 8096: 8084: 8072: 8029: 8017: 8005: 7993: 7981: 7969: 7957: 7945: 7933: 7921: 7909: 7885: 7873: 7861: 7849: 7837: 7825: 7813: 7801: 7789: 7777: 7765: 7753: 7741: 7729: 7717: 7705: 7693: 7681: 7669: 7657: 7645: 7633: 7621: 7609: 7597: 7585: 7573: 7561: 7549: 7537: 7525: 7498: 7486: 7474: 7458: 7313: 7301: 7281: 7257: 7241: 7229: 7217: 7201: 7185: 7169: 7133: 7121: 7105: 7085: 7061: 7049: 7037: 7001: 6989: 6977: 6965: 6953: 6926: 6914: 6902: 6890: 6878: 6866: 6854: 6842: 6830: 6806: 6764: 6752: 6736: 6724: 6712: 6700: 6688: 6676: 6664: 6652: 6640: 6628: 6616: 6592: 6580: 6553: 6541: 6517: 6505: 6493: 6477: 6461: 6445: 6429: 6417: 6401: 6361: 6349: 6333: 6321: 6309: 6297: 6285: 6273: 6261: 6249: 6220: 6196: 6184: 6172: 6156: 6144: 6132: 6120: 6108: 6081: 6069: 6057: 6045: 6033: 6006: 5994: 5982: 5970: 5958: 5946: 5934: 5922: 5910: 5871: 5859: 5847: 5835: 5823: 5782: 5731: 5711: 5691: 5655: 5643: 5619: 5603: 5591: 5579: 5552: 5536: 5524: 5492: 5476: 5460: 5448: 5432: 5408: 5396: 5384: 5372: 5356: 5340: 5328: 5308: 5292: 5268: 5256: 5244: 5232: 5220: 5196: 5184: 5172: 5160: 5148: 5128: 5100: 5088: 5061: 5049: 5020: 5008: 4996: 4984: 4968: 3759: 3731: 3704: 3691: 3681: 3664: 3655: 3625: 3612: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3572: 3555: 3543: 3530: 3521: 2433:Society of Antiquaries of London 2180:Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk 2046:eventually reversed in the 1650s 1926:, a new denomination called the 1695:generously and showed a fervent 806:Medieval manuscript showing the 11649:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 11572:Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 11321:. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. 9768:The Sutton Companion to Castles 9685:Royal Tombs of Medieval England 9072: 8678:, pp. 173–5, quote p. 174. 8554:, p. 207-8; quote at p.208 4940: 4928: 4886: 4844: 4815: 4803: 4791: 4764: 4752: 4740: 4728: 4716: 4704: 4675: 4651: 4639: 4627: 4585: 4573: 4561: 4549: 4507: 4495: 4483: 4471: 4459: 4447: 4435: 4419: 4407: 4395: 4383: 4359: 4347: 4335: 4323: 4307: 4291: 4279: 4267: 4255: 4243: 4219: 4207: 4195: 4183: 4171: 4159: 4147: 4116: 4092: 4080: 4064: 4052: 4020: 4008: 3992: 3976: 3925: 3913: 3512: 3495: 3478: 3468: 3455: 3446: 3425: 3414:A medieval English mark was an 3408: 3288: 3173: 2985: 2801:Isabella, Countess of Angoulême 2784: 2613: 1151: Territories conquered by 971:The Christian situation in the 860:Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 677:, the most notable of whom was 219: 189: 12610:Medieval governors of Guernsey 11646:Monarchs of England until 1603 11076:. Cambridge University Press. 11015:(2000). "Aliens and natives". 10945:. Cambridge University Press. 10830:. Frank Cass. pp. 42–59. 10688:Plantagenet England: 1225–1360 10356:. Cambridge University Press. 9914:Harriss, G. L. (Gerald Leslie) 9898:. Cambridge University Press. 9428:The Life and Times of Edward I 9270:. Cambridge University Press. 9241:The Wars of Scotland 1214–1371 9150:The Scottish Historical Review 8590:, p. 265; Burt quoted in 3850: 3803: 3779: 3418:equivalent to two-thirds of a 3395: 2664:Berengaria (1276–1277 or 1278) 2427:, without the customary royal 2327:, was imprisoned in a cage at 1832:in 1189. Royal gains from the 1551:Alexander III of Scotland 1517: 602:, son of King Henry's brother 283:Elizabeth, Countess of Holland 13: 1: 12530:High sheriffs of Bedfordshire 12515:14th-century English monarchs 12510:13th-century English monarchs 11258:, Routledge, pp. 43–58, 9770:. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. 9289:. London: Faber & Faber. 3773: 3605:Even though the principle of 3220:Simon de Montfort the Younger 2622:Katherine (1261 or 1263–1264) 1120:Conquest of Wales by Edward I 1065:. His four-year-old daughter 785:Simon de Montfort the Younger 12570:14th-century peers of France 12565:13th-century peers of France 12520:Burials at Westminster Abbey 11383:UK public library membership 11356:UK public library membership 11200:Cambridge Historical Journal 10751:UK public library membership 10531:UK public library membership 9841:UK public library membership 9602:Welsh Society and Nationhood 8911:, pp. 113–4, 179, also 7918:, pp. 206–207, 212–213. 7714:, pp. 525–526, 547–548. 2345:hanged, drawn, and quartered 2314:Henry Percy, 1st Baron Percy 1245:. On 6 November, while 1192:Four Cantrefs of Perfeddwlad 1069:was promised in marriage to 633:In 1254, English fears of a 272:Margaret, Duchess of Brabant 7: 12256:British monarchs after the 11185:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 11181:Sutherland, Donald (1963). 10721:. Oxford University Press. 10625:. London: Faber and Faber. 10586:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 10566:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 10421:(2nd ed.). Blackwell. 10375:. Oxford University Press. 10162:Nottingham Medieval Studies 10114:. D.C. Health and Company. 9920:. Oxford University Press. 9848:Haines, Roy Martin (2003). 9580:. Oxford University Press. 5588:, pp. 128–149, 236–237 3371: 1811:Statute of Westminster 1285 1807:Statute of Westminster 1275 1697:devotion to the Virgin Mary 241: 10: 12626: 12555:People of the Barons' Wars 11436:Portraits of King Edward I 11091:Stacey, Robert C. (1990). 10806:Richardson, Henry (1960). 10448:. London: Windmill Books. 10335:Thirteenth Century England 10037:Huscroft, Richard (2006). 9968:Goldsmith, Jeremy (2009). 9802:Glassman, Bernard (1975). 8750:, pp. 168, 185, 203, 8722:, pp. 168, 185, 203, 8654:, pp. 346–7, 366, 383 7308:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 7072:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 5275:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 2454: 2235: 2067: 1999: 1963:, a group of bankers from 1739:Administration and the law 1521: 1360: 1342:, under the leadership of 1117: 1054:held by a treaty of 1246. 873: 760: 645:, the half-sister of King 289:Edward II, King of England 262:Joan, Countess of Hertford 29: 12344: 12267: 12251: 12247: 12184: 12167: 12163: 11640: 11636: 11578: 11569: 11561: 11556: 11538: 11530: 11515: 11505: 11492: 11484: 11479: 11452: 11317:Watson, Fiona J. (1998). 11212:10.1017/S1474691300002663 11112:. In Prestwich, Michael; 10869:Jewish Historical Studies 10314:English Historical Review 9991:Jewish Historical Studies 9949:Journal of Jewish Studies 9791:Times Literary Supplement 9785:Gillingham, John (2008). 9664:English Historical Review 9478:. Yale University Press. 9426:Chancellor, John (1981). 9309:English Historical Review 9213:. London: Edward Arnold. 8843:, p. 43, see note 2. 4113:, pp. 180–81, 193–4. 3753:10.1017/S0261340900016301 3718:St John's College, Oxford 3567:Alphonso, Earl of Chester 3332: 3330: 3271: 3269: 3257: 3255: 3247: 3230: 3187: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3094: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3016: 2974: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2923: 2921: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2869: 2867: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2829: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2754: 2718:chronicle indicates that 2667:Unnamed child (1278–1278) 2589: 2450: 2204:Battle of Stirling Bridge 2064:Administration in Ireland 2060:can hardly be imagined." 2058:ritual crucifixion charge 1904:of Edward I (4 1665:Archbishop Thomas of York 329: 319: 307: 267:Alphonso, Earl of Chester 234: 166: 151: 138: 122: 118: 108: 98: 88: 77: 65: 53: 48: 39:Edward I (disambiguation) 18:Edward I, King of England 11072:Spencer, Andrew (2014). 11055:Jews in Medieval Britain 11036:Shakespeare and the Jews 10640:—— (1997) . 9976:. University of London. 9311:. cxxii (498): 865–891. 9129:—— (1983) . 8734:, p. 306-9, 408-9, 8706:, pp. 185–86, 203, 7395:, pp. 196–7, 202–3. 7323:, p. 174. See also 5421:, pp. 216–22, 232, 3699:1292–1294 papal election 3676:John I, Duke of Brittany 3439:after the death of King 3431:Henry III's mother 3388: 3354:Margaret, Maid of Norway 2396:; Aymer de Valence; and 1868:The Statute of Merchants 1859:De donis conditionalibus 1599:Malcolm II, Earl of Fife 1452:Mongol court of the east 1377:Philip IV of France 1243:Battle of Llandeilo Fawr 1181: Kingdom of England 1103:Archbishop of Canterbury 257:Eleanor, Countess of Bar 81:20 November 1272 – 12590:Antisemitism in England 12545:People from Westminster 11135:—— (2001). 11116:; Frame, Robin (eds.). 11108:—— (1997). 11034:Shapiro, James (1996). 10897:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. 10850:The Crusades: A History 10713:—— (2008). 10686:—— (2005). 10667:—— (2003). 10599:—— (1962). 10564:Legislation of Edward I 10484:—— (1995). 10371:—— (2010). 10352:—— (1994). 10274:Oxford University Press 10231:Oxford University Press 10091:Jobson, Adrian (2012). 9867:Hamilton, J.S. (2010). 9766:Friar, Stephen (2003). 9733:—— (1998). 9708:Oxford University Press 9676:10.1093/ehr/CIV.413.981 9620:—— (1990). 9472:Cornell, David (2009). 9345:—— (2004). 9266:Burt, Caroline (2013). 6761:, pp. 45, 102–104. 5545:, pp. 384, 382–3, 5417:, pp. 367, 382–3, 3484:The disease was either 2502:constitutional monarchy 1892:Finances and Parliament 1655:A 1290 seal of Edward I 1398:Capetian House of Anjou 1340:more seriously, in 1294 1267:Battle of Orewin Bridge 1166: Lordships of the 742:Louis IX of France 558:Edward was born at the 294:Thomas, Earl of Norfolk 11582:Sir Matthew de Bezille 11375:10.1093/ref:odnb/27196 11281:Tout, Thomas Frederick 10983:Salzman, Louis Francis 10779:Raban, Sandra (2000). 10715:"Edward I (1239–1307)" 10523:10.1093/ref:odnb/18046 10488:. St. Martin's Press. 10095:. London: Bloomsbury. 10064:Jenks, Edward (1902). 9382:. London: Croom Helm. 8762:, p. 306-9, 408-9 7070:, p. 149-51,123, 6294:, pp. 37–38, 565. 3922:, pp. 27, 46, 69. 2607: 2549:R. R. Davies 2474: 2471:Constitutional History 2412: 2374:Battle of Loudoun Hill 2369: 2343:was executed by being 2339:. His younger brother 2290:Barons' Letter of 1301 2284:The Scots appealed to 2253: 2163: 2103:Later reign, 1297–1307 2083: 2021: 1955: 1910: 1846:Statute of Marlborough 1793: 1751: 1721:stories of King Arthur 1656: 1545: 1481:the counts of Flanders 1388: 1363:Franco-Mongol alliance 1290: 1212:Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn 1183: 1109:Early reign, 1274–1296 1018:, who was the nominal 907: 814: 555: 534:Childhood and marriage 529:Early years, 1239–1263 525:from England in 1290. 37:. For other uses, see 12560:Deaths from dysentery 11348:10.1093/ref:odnb/8506 11300:Veach, Colin (2014). 10989:. London: Constable. 10852:. London: Continuum. 10846:Riley-Smith, Jonathan 10783:. Oxford: Blackwell. 10727:10.1093/ref:odnb/8517 10477:10.1484/J.MS.2.306316 10444:Morris, Marc (2009). 10399:. London: Hambledon. 10156:Lloyd, Simon (1986). 9961:10.18647/682/JJS-1974 9833:10.1093/ref:odnb/2966 9739:Bloomsbury Publishing 9702:Frame, Robin (1990). 9550:. Oxford: Macmillan. 8943:See chapters 1 and 2. 8754:, pp. 314, 325, 8726:, pp. 314, 325, 7118:, pp. 91–92, 98. 6153:, pp. 88–91, 99. 5141:, pp. 175, 178, 5117:, pp. 175, 178, 4594:, pp. 83, 90–92. 3433:Isabella of Angoulême 2602: 2464: 2447:in the 16th century. 2406: 2367: 2245: 2214:Charter of the Forest 2168:Walter of Guisborough 2149: 2108:Constitutional crisis 2081: 2068:Further information: 2013: 2000:Further information: 1949: 1899: 1872:Statute of Winchester 1830:Richard the Lionheart 1815:Statute of Gloucester 1746: 1654: 1620:massacre of civilians 1531: 1504:Treaties of Montreuil 1374: 1361:Further information: 1319:James of Saint George 1299:principality of Wales 1283: 1131: 887: 870:Crusade and accession 805: 560:Palace of Westminster 541: 523:expulsion of the Jews 459:. After the death of 368:in his capacity as a 147:, Cumberland, England 142:7 July 1307 (aged 68) 129:Palace of Westminster 12585:House of Plantagenet 12226:William III & II 11791:Henry the Young King 11741:Edward the Confessor 11709:Æthelred the Unready 11459:House of Plantagenet 11454:Edward I of England 11424:UK National Archives 11256:Chaucer and the Jews 11227:Tolan, John (2023). 11114:Britnell, Richard H. 11017:A history of Britain 10276:. pp. 240–274. 10233:. pp. 179–204. 9943:Hyams, Paul (1974). 9894:Harding, V. (2002). 9683:Duffy, Mark (2003). 9548:The Isles: A History 9516:(Revised ed.). 9171:Brand, Paul (2003). 8371:, pp. 38, 567, 8038:, pp. 556–557; 7443:, pp. 271, 273. 7210:, pp. 226–228, 7178:, pp. 344–345, 7114:, pp. 170–171, 7082:, pp. 140, 170. 6745:, pp. 280–281; 6486:, pp. 116–117; 6470:, pp. 164–166; 6454:, pp. 120–121; 6370:, pp. 112–113; 6105:, pp. 358, 367. 5612:, pp. 323–325; 5441:, pp. 221–225, 5369:, pp. 129, 136. 4316:, pp. 171–172; 3540:of the Jews in 1290. 3303:Margaret of Scotland 3234:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 2209:Confirmatio cartarum 2200:campaign in Flanders 2198:, preparing for the 2188:Constable of England 2034:Statute of the Jewry 1952:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 1854:Statutes of Mortmain 1839:The 1290 statute of 1608:alliance with France 1564:Edward of Caernarfon 1512:1303 Treaty of Paris 1263:Battle of Moel-y-don 1188:Treaty of Montgomery 1153:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 1134:Treaty of Montgomery 1077:, and Edward's heir 981:Kingdom of Jerusalem 851:Dictum of Kenilworth 730:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 711:Provisions of Oxford 647:Alfonso X of Castile 628:drooping left eyelid 594:three days later at 584:Edward the Confessor 471:. He claimed feudal 469:a succession dispute 386:Provisions of Oxford 380:. The eldest son of 324:Henry III of England 299:Edmund, Earl of Kent 196:; died 12495:Edward I of England 12420:Edward I of England 12174:Union of the Crowns 11565:Matthew de Hastings 10810:. London: Methuen. 10174:10.1484/J.NMS.3.133 9066:, pp. 572–573. 8618:, pp. 375–377. 8542:, pp. 38, 567. 8530:, p. 225, 226. 8255:, pp. 364–365. 8184:, pp. 566–567. 8002:, pp. 508–509. 7966:, pp. 507–508. 7942:, pp. 506–507. 7894:, pp. 711–713. 7870:, pp. 709–711. 7786:, pp. 688–689. 7774:, pp. 123–126. 7750:, pp. 172–173. 7738:, pp. 537–538. 7507:, pp. 403–404. 7022:, pp. 283–284. 6863:, pp. 470–471. 6839:, p. plate 14. 6815:, pp. 246–247. 6733:, pp. 140–144. 6637:, pp. 378–379. 6601:, pp. 138–139. 6589:, pp. 204–205. 6577:, pp. 146–147. 6550:, pp. 130–131. 6538:, pp. 163–164. 6474:, pp. 121–122. 6458:, pp. 125–127. 6442:, pp. 120–121. 6193:, pp. 473–474. 6181:, pp. 471–473. 6165:, pp. 99–100, 6066:, pp. 361–363. 5868:, pp. 387–390. 5856:, pp. 395–396. 5844:, pp. 230–231. 5820:, pp. 203–204. 5767:, pp. 330–331. 5740:, pp. 265–270. 5724:, pp. 180–81, 5704:, pp. 180–81, 5664:, pp. 204–217. 5600:, pp. 252–253. 5561:, pp. 326–328. 5533:, pp. 126–127. 5405:, pp. 218–220. 5265:, pp. 104–106. 5181:, pp. 191–192. 5017:, pp. 174–175. 4993:, pp. 322–323. 4684:, pp. 210–211. 4648:, pp. 268–269. 4636:, pp. 107–110. 4558:, pp. 164–165. 4492:, pp. 105–109. 4468:, pp. 201–202. 4416:, pp. 592–599. 3672:Philip II of France 3227:Eleanor de Montfort 3002:Richard of Cornwall 2971:Eleanor of Provence 2714:A genealogy in the 2710:Eleanor (1306–1311) 2279:Caerlaverock Castle 2266:Hugh de Cressingham 2074:Lordship of Ireland 1701:Saint Thomas Becket 1632:King Edward's Chair 1618:which included the 1461:Geoffrey of Langley 1402:Peter III of Aragon 1387:of the French king. 1295:Statute of Rhuddlan 1231:Treaty of Aberconwy 1050:for castles in the 1002:helped bring about 736: – and retook 604:Richard of Cornwall 568:Eleanor of Provence 350:Hammer of the Scots 334:Eleanor of Provence 33:Hammer of the Scots 12258:Acts of Union 1707 12221:James II & VII 11914:Kenneth I MacAlpin 11699:Edgar the Peaceful 11557:Political offices 10619:Prestwich, Michael 10041:. Stroud: Tempus. 9974:Reviews in History 9687:. Stroud: Tempus. 9655:10.1007/BF02335453 9514:A History of Wales 9317:10.1093/ehr/cem214 8955:, pp. 245–265 8931:, pp. 69–70, 8806:, pp. 185–6, 8786:, pp. 118–9, 8774:, pp. 288–90. 8578:, pp. 13, 15. 8518:, pp. xi–xii. 7467:, pp. 272–3, 7383:, pp. 185–86. 7327:, pp. 176–7, 7194:, pp. 44–45, 7162:, pp. 214–6, 6887:, pp. 99–100. 6342:, pp. 394–5, 5931:, pp. n13, 77 5720:, pp. 145–6, 5700:, pp. 145–6, 5485:, pp. 35–36; 5347:Cathcart King 1988 5335:Cathcart King 1988 5301:, pp. 39–40; 5137:, pp. 346–7, 5121:, pp. 153–4, 5113:, pp. 346–7, 5109:, pp. 51–69, 4812:, pp. 78, 82. 4428:, pp. 47–48; 4001:, pp. 14–18; 3800:, pp. 865–891 3788:, pp. xv–xvi. 3437:Hugh X of Lusignan 3031:William de Valence 2820:Count of La Marche 2816:Hugh X of Lusignan 2758:Ramon Berenguer IV 2726:Genealogical table 2608: 2475: 2413: 2370: 2286:Pope Boniface VIII 2254: 2232:Return to Scotland 2084: 2022: 2006:Edict of Expulsion 1956: 1941:long cross coinage 1911: 1752: 1657: 1642:Government and law 1616:Berwick-upon-Tweed 1603:English Parliament 1546: 1414:Charles of Salerno 1389: 1291: 1184: 1087:Kingdom of Navarre 1073:, the heir to the 1024:Order of Assassins 1016:Hugh III of Cyprus 908: 815: 769:Second Barons' War 763:Second Barons' War 757:Second Barons' War 687:William de Valence 664:Earldom of Chester 556: 548:Eleanor of Castile 502:Gaelic territories 481:at war with France 396:, Edward was held 390:Second Barons' War 211:Margaret of France 178:Eleanor of Castile 12357: 12356: 12340: 12339: 12243: 12242: 12159: 12158: 12154: 12153: 11704:Edward the Martyr 11588: 11587: 11579:Succeeded by 11541:Count of Ponthieu 11518:Duke of Aquitaine 11506:Succeeded by 11403:978-1-8421-7380-0 11381:(Subscription or 11354:(Subscription or 11127:978-0-85115-674-3 11083:978-1-1070-2675-9 11045:978-0-231-17867-9 10974:978-1-8441-5831-7 10952:978-1-1076-0474-2 10904:978-1-7829-7152-8 10790:978-0-6312-2320-7 10769:978-1-8421-7380-0 10749:(subscription or 10736:978-0-1986-1412-8 10697:978-0-1982-2844-8 10678:978-0-4153-0309-5 10651:978-0-3000-7209-9 10554:978-0-3001-7802-9 10541:Phillips, Seymour 10529:(Subscription or 10455:978-0-0994-8175-1 10382:978-0-1995-8550-2 10354:Simon de Montfort 10148:978-1-8421-7380-0 10102:978-1-8472-5226-5 9905:978-0-5218-1126-2 9878:978-1-4411-5712-6 9859:978-0-7735-3157-4 9839:(Subscription or 9797:on 25 March 2020. 9777:978-0-7509-3994-2 9694:978-0-7524-2579-5 9485:978-0-3001-4568-7 9464:978-1-8421-7380-0 9360:978-0-1401-4824-4 9296:978-0-571-31198-9 9277:978-0-5218-8999-5 9201:978-1-8421-7380-0 8935:, pp. 55–7, 8822:, pp. 62–3, 8802:, p. 142-3, 8758:, pp. 142–4 8730:, pp. 142–4 8690:, p. 384-5, 8331:, pp. 25–26. 8291:, pp. 21–22. 8243:, pp. 16–18. 8172:, pp. 96–98. 7990:, pp. 63–65. 7822:, pp. 92–93. 7407:, pp. 202–3. 7371:, pp. 193–4. 7331:, p. 115-6, 7098:, pp. 96–7, 6986:, pp. 70–71. 6974:, pp. 41–42. 6899:, pp. 80–81. 6875:, pp. 65–66. 6709:, pp. 94–98. 6697:, pp. 29–30. 6562:, pp. 64–65. 6490:, pp. 65–66. 6358:, pp. 33–34. 6141:, pp. 86–88. 5425:, pp. 168–9 5125:, pp. 185–88 4965:, pp. 57–58. 4910:, pp. 56–57. 4895:, pp. 34–35. 4761:, pp. 97–98. 4504:, pp. 75–76. 4456:, pp. 49–50. 4444:, pp. 48–49. 4404:, pp. 55–69. 4392:, pp. 42–43. 4288:, pp. 44–45. 4276:, pp. 32–33. 4264:, pp. 31–32. 4240:, pp. 25–26. 4228:, pp. 15–16. 4180:, pp. 22–23. 4101:, pp. 11–14. 4089:, pp. 34–35. 3465:paying the fines. 3369: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3358:Queen of Scotland 3206:Earl of Leicester 3202:Edmund Crouchback 3024:Earl of Leicester 3020:Simon de Montfort 2762:Count of Provence 2751:Beatrice of Savoy 2605:Lincoln Cathedral 2318:Battle of Methven 2271:Battle of Falkirk 2260:in the north and 2129:Robert Winchelsey 2054:Little Saint Hugh 1850:royal prerogative 1725:Glastonbury Abbey 1661:Dean of St Paul's 1647:Character as king 1560:Treaty of Birgham 1538:Westminster Abbey 1381:Duke of Aquitaine 1344:Madog ap Llywelyn 1327:concentric castle 1285:Caernarfon Castle 1194:and his title of 1114:Conquest of Wales 1085:, heiress to the 1081:was betrothed to 1020:king of Jerusalem 912:Edmund Crouchback 835:Battle of Evesham 831:Kenilworth Castle 808:Earl of Leicester 679:Peter II of Savoy 623:Michael Prestwich 596:Westminster Abbey 422:Westminster Abbey 406:Battle of Evesham 402:Simon de Montfort 366:Duke of Aquitaine 346:Edward Longshanks 339: 338: 277:Mary of Woodstock 159:Westminster Abbey 16:(Redirected from 12617: 12575:Earls of Chester 12480: 12472: 12471: 12470: 12463: 12455: 12454: 12453: 12446: 12438: 12437: 12436: 12426: 12410: 12409: 12398: 12397: 12386: 12385: 12384: 12374: 12373: 12372: 12365: 12249: 12248: 12209:Richard Cromwell 12199:The Protectorate 12189:James I & VI 12165: 12164: 11746:Harold Godwinson 11666:Edward the Elder 11659:Alfred the Great 11643: 11642: 11638: 11637: 11614: 11607: 11600: 11591: 11590: 11562:Preceded by 11531:Preceded by 11485:Preceded by 11475: 11468: 11450: 11449: 11446: 11432: 11427: 11407: 11386: 11378: 11359: 11351: 11332: 11313: 11296: 11276: 11250: 11223: 11194: 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B. 10386: 10367: 10348: 10329: 10320:(338): 588–603. 10303: 10260: 10214: 10177: 10152: 10133: 10106: 10087: 10060: 10033: 10006: 9985: 9964: 9939: 9909: 9890: 9863: 9844: 9836: 9817: 9798: 9781: 9760: 9729: 9698: 9679: 9670:(413): 981–984. 9658: 9635: 9616: 9591: 9569: 9539: 9505: 9468: 9449: 9422: 9393: 9372: 9341: 9332:(138): 226–237. 9320: 9305:Carpenter, David 9300: 9281: 9262: 9232: 9205: 9186: 9165: 9156:(186): 205–208. 9144: 9125: 9105: 9067: 9061: 9055: 9050: 9044: 9039: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9016: 9010: 9004: 8995: 8989: 8956: 8950: 8944: 8922: 8916: 8906: 8900: 8894: 8888: 8878: 8872: 8866: 8860: 8850: 8844: 8837: 8831: 8817: 8811: 8810:, pp. 314–5 8797: 8791: 8781: 8775: 8769: 8763: 8745: 8739: 8738:, pp. 22–30 8717: 8711: 8710:, pp. 272–3 8701: 8695: 8694:, pp. 173–5 8685: 8679: 8673: 8667: 8661: 8655: 8649: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8613: 8607: 8601: 8595: 8585: 8579: 8573: 8567: 8561: 8555: 8549: 8543: 8537: 8531: 8525: 8519: 8513: 8507: 8497: 8491: 8477: 8471: 8453: 8447: 8429: 8423: 8414:, p. viii; 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5496: 5490: 5480: 5474: 5473:, pp. 173–5 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5436: 5430: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5393:, pp. 362–3 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5360: 5354: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5312: 5306: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5145:, pp. 188–9 5132: 5126: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5030: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4911: 4905: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4869: 4863: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4711:Riley-Smith 2005 4708: 4702: 4696: 4685: 4682:Riley-Smith 2005 4679: 4673: 4670:Riley-Smith 2005 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4610: 4604: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4532: 4526: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4311: 4305: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 3996: 3990: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3896: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3747:: 386, 398–412. 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3708: 3702: 3695: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3653: 3642: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3616: 3610: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3570: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3510: 3507:Otto de Grandson 3499: 3493: 3482: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3444: 3429: 3423: 3412: 3406: 3399: 3359: 3308: 3293: 3292: 3291: 1307–1327 3290: 3239: 3207: 3196: 3195:King of Scotland 3178: 3177: 3176: 1272–1307 3175: 3036: 3035:Earl of Pembroke 3025: 3007: 2990: 2989: 2988: 1216–1272 2987: 2821: 2789: 2788: 2787: 1199–1216 2786: 2763: 2739: 2738: 2730: 2729: 2628:John (1266–1271) 2625:Joan (1265–1265) 2617: 2616: 1307–1327 2615: 2492:The influential 2487:Justinian I 2360:Death and burial 2331:for four years. 2298:John de Menteith 2294:Robert the Bruce 2252: 2170: 1986:Model Parliament 1803:Henry de Bracton 1748:Long cross penny 1628:Stone of Destiny 1624:Battle of Dunbar 1597:Macduff, son of 1534:Coronation Chair 1496:Barrau de Sescas 1457:Rabban Bar Sauma 1440: 1425:Otto de Grandson 1406:Sicilian Vespers 1331:Byzantine Empire 1180: 1174: 1165: 1159: 1150: 1140: 1132:Wales after the 1099:Robert Kilwardby 975:was precarious. 948:Charles of Anjou 904: 898: 892: 576:Anglo-Saxon name 509: 492: 449:conquering Wales 285: 252:Henry of England 245: 227: 225: 221: 201: 199: 195: 191: 84: 58: 46: 45: 21: 12625: 12624: 12620: 12619: 12618: 12616: 12615: 12614: 12485: 12484: 12483: 12479:from Wikisource 12473: 12468: 12466: 12456: 12451: 12449: 12439: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12425:sister projects 12422:at Knowledge's 12416: 12404: 12392: 12382: 12380: 12370: 12368: 12360: 12358: 12353: 12336: 12263: 12239: 12204:Oliver Cromwell 12180: 12155: 12150: 11997:Constantine III 11906: 11731:Harold Harefoot 11721:Edmund Ironside 11632: 11627: and 11618: 11584: 11575: 11567: 11546: 11544: 11536: 11525: 11522:Duke of Gascony 11520: 11511: 11502: 11499:Lord of Ireland 11497: 11495:King of England 11490: 11469: 11463: 11462: 11455: 11418: 11415: 11410: 11404: 11380: 11353: 11329: 11266: 11239: 11170:Stubbs, William 11162: 11128: 11084: 11065: 11046: 11027: 10997: 10975: 10953: 10927: 10905: 10860: 10838: 10824:Richmond, Colin 10791: 10770: 10748: 10741: 10739: 10737: 10698: 10679: 10652: 10633: 10555: 10528: 10496: 10456: 10429: 10407: 10383: 10364: 10345: 10310:Maddicott, John 10292: 10249: 10195:10.2307/2847184 10149: 10122: 10103: 10076: 10049: 10022: 9928: 9906: 9879: 9860: 9838: 9814: 9787:"Hard on Wales" 9778: 9749: 9726: 9695: 9632: 9613: 9588: 9558: 9528: 9486: 9465: 9438: 9411:10.2307/2864011 9390: 9361: 9297: 9278: 9251: 9221: 9202: 9183: 9141: 9094:10.2307/4054365 9075: 9070: 9062: 9058: 9051: 9047: 9040: 9036: 9028: 9024: 9017: 9013: 9005: 8998: 8990: 8959: 8951: 8947: 8923: 8919: 8915:, pp. 55–6 8907: 8903: 8895: 8891: 8879: 8875: 8867: 8863: 8851: 8847: 8838: 8834: 8826:, p. 408, 8818: 8814: 8798: 8794: 8782: 8778: 8770: 8766: 8746: 8742: 8718: 8714: 8702: 8698: 8686: 8682: 8674: 8670: 8662: 8658: 8650: 8646: 8638: 8634: 8626: 8622: 8614: 8610: 8602: 8598: 8586: 8582: 8574: 8570: 8564:Gillingham 2008 8562: 8558: 8550: 8546: 8538: 8534: 8526: 8522: 8514: 8510: 8506:, pp. 7–8. 8502:, p. 267; 8498: 8494: 8482:, p. 371; 8478: 8474: 8466:, p. 225; 8462:, p. 982; 8454: 8450: 8430: 8426: 8410: 8406: 8398: 8394: 8389:Gillingham 2008 8383:, p. 265; 8379:, p. 225; 8367: 8363: 8355: 8351: 8339: 8335: 8327: 8323: 8315: 8311: 8299: 8295: 8287: 8283: 8275: 8271: 8263: 8259: 8251: 8247: 8239: 8232: 8224:, p. 566; 8220: 8216: 8208:, p. 378; 8204: 8200: 8192: 8188: 8180: 8176: 8168: 8164: 8156: 8152: 8144: 8137: 8129: 8125: 8117:, p. 246; 8113: 8109: 8101: 8097: 8089: 8085: 8077: 8073: 8065: 8061: 8053: 8046: 8034: 8030: 8022: 8018: 8010: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7986: 7982: 7974: 7970: 7962: 7958: 7950: 7946: 7938: 7934: 7926: 7922: 7914: 7910: 7902: 7898: 7890: 7886: 7878: 7874: 7866: 7862: 7854: 7850: 7842: 7838: 7830: 7826: 7818: 7814: 7806: 7802: 7794: 7790: 7782: 7778: 7770: 7766: 7758: 7754: 7746: 7742: 7734: 7730: 7722: 7718: 7710: 7706: 7698: 7694: 7686: 7682: 7674: 7670: 7662: 7658: 7650: 7646: 7638: 7634: 7626: 7622: 7614: 7610: 7602: 7598: 7590: 7586: 7578: 7574: 7566: 7562: 7554: 7550: 7542: 7538: 7530: 7526: 7518: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7479: 7475: 7463: 7459: 7451: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7403: 7399: 7391: 7387: 7379: 7375: 7367: 7363: 7355: 7351: 7343: 7339: 7335:, p. 94-98 7318: 7314: 7306: 7302: 7294:, p. 226, 7290:, p. 346, 7286: 7282: 7262: 7258: 7250:, p. 345; 7246: 7242: 7234: 7230: 7222: 7218: 7206: 7202: 7190: 7186: 7174: 7170: 7160:Richardson 1960 7158:, p. 135, 7156:Chancellor 1981 7154: 7150: 7142:, p. 226, 7138: 7134: 7130:, pp. 97–8 7126: 7122: 7110: 7106: 7094:, p. 322, 7090: 7086: 7066: 7062: 7054: 7050: 7042: 7038: 7030: 7026: 7018: 7014: 7006: 7002: 6994: 6990: 6982: 6978: 6970: 6966: 6958: 6954: 6946: 6939: 6931: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6859: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6835: 6831: 6823: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6799: 6792: 6784: 6777: 6769: 6765: 6757: 6753: 6747:Chancellor 1981 6741: 6737: 6729: 6725: 6717: 6713: 6705: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6659:Sutherland 1963 6657: 6653: 6647:Sutherland 1963 6645: 6641: 6633: 6629: 6623:Sutherland 1963 6621: 6617: 6609: 6605: 6599:Chancellor 1981 6597: 6593: 6585: 6581: 6575:Sutherland 1963 6573: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6548:Chancellor 1981 6546: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6522: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6498: 6494: 6482: 6478: 6466: 6462: 6450: 6446: 6438:, p. 192; 6434: 6430: 6424:Chancellor 1981 6422: 6418: 6410:, p. 140; 6406: 6402: 6394: 6390: 6382: 6378: 6366: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6338: 6334: 6330:, p. 125-6 6326: 6322: 6314: 6310: 6306:, p. 142-3 6302: 6298: 6290: 6286: 6278: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6254: 6250: 6242: 6233: 6225: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6161: 6157: 6149: 6145: 6137: 6133: 6125: 6121: 6113: 6109: 6101: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6026: 6019: 6011: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5967:, pp. 3–4. 5963: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5939: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5903: 5899: 5891: 5884: 5876: 5872: 5864: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5818:Chancellor 1981 5816: 5812: 5804: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5775: 5771: 5763: 5759: 5751: 5744: 5736: 5732: 5716: 5712: 5696: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5608: 5604: 5596: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5572: 5565: 5557: 5553: 5541: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5507:Chancellor 1981 5497: 5493: 5481: 5477: 5469:, p. 385, 5465: 5461: 5453: 5449: 5437: 5433: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5361: 5357: 5345: 5341: 5333: 5329: 5317:, p. 160; 5313: 5309: 5303:Chancellor 1981 5299:Coldstream 2010 5297: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5153: 5149: 5133: 5129: 5105: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5081: 5074: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5050: 5042: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4977:, p. 386; 4973: 4969: 4961: 4957: 4951:Chancellor 1981 4949:, p. 226; 4945: 4941: 4935:Chancellor 1981 4933: 4929: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4879: 4872: 4864: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4784: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4697: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4613: 4605: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4535: 4527: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4478:Chancellor 1981 4476: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4312: 4308: 4296: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4140: 4129: 4125:, pp. 7–8. 4121: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4073:, p. 362, 4069: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4003:Chancellor 1981 3997: 3993: 3987:Chancellor 1981 3981: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3957: 3950: 3944:Chancellor 1981 3942: 3938: 3934:, pp. 5–6. 3930: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3899: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3859:, pp. 3–4. 3855: 3851: 3843: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3712:Jones, Graham. 3709: 3705: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3682: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3650:All Saints' Day 3643: 3636: 3630: 3626: 3617: 3613: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3569:, died in 1284. 3560: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3500: 3496: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3441:John of England 3430: 3426: 3416:accounting unit 3413: 3409: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3374: 3357: 3356: 3307:Queen of Norway 3306: 3305: 3287: 3286: 3285: 3238:Prince of Wales 3237: 3236: 3213:Henry of Almain 3205: 3204: 3194: 3193: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3034: 3033: 3023: 3022: 3006:King of Germany 3005: 3004: 2984: 2983: 2982: 2819: 2818: 2783: 2782: 2781: 2761: 2760: 2728: 2692: 2690:Second marriage 2612: 2597: 2592: 2539:G. W. S. Barrow 2531:John Gillingham 2526:G. W. S. Barrow 2459: 2453: 2362: 2329:Roxburgh Castle 2275:Stirling Castle 2262:William Wallace 2258:Andrew de Moray 2250: 2240: 2234: 2172: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2154: 2137:Clericis laicos 2110: 2105: 2076: 2066: 2008: 1998: 1894: 1741: 1649: 1644: 1636:Tower of London 1526: 1520: 1500:suffered defeat 1489:the Burgundians 1477:the German king 1469:Eleanor crosses 1438: 1383:, Edward was a 1369: 1359: 1288: 1196:Prince of Wales 1182: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1170: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1148: 1146: 1138: 1126: 1116: 1111: 1097:and crowned by 1075:Crown of Aragon 1059:Gaston de Béarn 961:signed a treaty 906: 902: 900: 899: Crusaders 896: 894: 890: 882: 872: 843:Isle of Axholme 789:Battle of Lewes 765: 759: 754: 702: 700:Early ambitions 611:Godfrey Giffard 600:Henry of Almain 580:Norman conquest 536: 531: 507: 490: 394:Battle of Lewes 378:the Lord Edward 358:Lord of Ireland 354:King of England 303: 281: 239: 238: 230: 229: 217: 213: 203: 187: 183: 180: 162: 156: 155:27 October 1307 143: 127: 126:17/18 June 1239 82: 73: 67:King of England 61: 42: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12623: 12613: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12482: 12481: 12464: 12462:from Wikiquote 12447: 12418: 12415: 12414: 12402: 12390: 12378: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12351: 12345: 12342: 12341: 12338: 12337: 12335: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12268: 12265: 12264: 12262: 12261: 12245: 12244: 12241: 12240: 12238: 12237: 12232: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12212: 12211: 12206: 12196: 12191: 12185: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12178: 12161: 12160: 12157: 12156: 12152: 12151: 12149: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12100:Edward Balliol 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11960:Constantine II 11957: 11952: 11945: 11938: 11931: 11924: 11917: 11909: 11907: 11905: 11904: 11899: 11888: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11787: 11782: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11752:Edgar Ætheling 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11669: 11662: 11654: 11651: 11650: 11647: 11641: 11634: 11633: 11617: 11616: 11609: 11602: 11594: 11586: 11585: 11580: 11577: 11568: 11563: 11559: 11558: 11554: 11553: 11537: 11532: 11528: 11527: 11513: 11512: 11507: 11504: 11491: 11486: 11482: 11481: 11480:Regnal titles 11477: 11476: 11456: 11453: 11448: 11447: 11433: 11414: 11413:External links 11411: 11409: 11408: 11402: 11389: 11388: 11387: 11333: 11327: 11314: 11306:Óenach Reviews 11297: 11277: 11264: 11251: 11238:978-1512823899 11237: 11224: 11195: 11178: 11166: 11160: 11147: 11146: 11145: 11132: 11126: 11088: 11082: 11069: 11063: 11050: 11044: 11031: 11025: 11009: 10995: 10979: 10973: 10957: 10951: 10931: 10926:978-0198224884 10925: 10909: 10903: 10885: 10864: 10858: 10842: 10836: 10820: 10803: 10789: 10776: 10775: 10774: 10768: 10755: 10735: 10710: 10696: 10683: 10677: 10664: 10650: 10631: 10615: 10614: 10613: 10576: 10559: 10553: 10537: 10536: 10535: 10508: 10494: 10460: 10454: 10441: 10427: 10411: 10405: 10389: 10388: 10387: 10381: 10368: 10362: 10349: 10343: 10306: 10305: 10304: 10290: 10247: 10215: 10189:(1): 114–127. 10178: 10153: 10147: 10134: 10120: 10107: 10101: 10088: 10074: 10061: 10047: 10034: 10020: 10007: 9986: 9965: 9955:(2): 270–293. 9940: 9926: 9910: 9904: 9891: 9877: 9864: 9858: 9845: 9818: 9813:978-0814315453 9812: 9799: 9782: 9776: 9763: 9762: 9761: 9747: 9724: 9699: 9693: 9680: 9659: 9643:Jewish History 9638: 9637: 9636: 9630: 9617: 9611: 9586: 9570: 9557:978-0333692837 9556: 9544:Davies, Norman 9540: 9526: 9506: 9484: 9469: 9463: 9450: 9436: 9423: 9405:(1): 225–227. 9394: 9388: 9375: 9374: 9373: 9359: 9342: 9301: 9295: 9282: 9276: 9263: 9249: 9237:Brown, Michael 9233: 9219: 9206: 9200: 9187: 9181: 9168: 9167: 9166: 9145: 9140:978-0713156256 9139: 9131:Feudal Britain 9106: 9088:(3): 393–406. 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9068: 9064:Prestwich 2008 9056: 9045: 9034: 9022: 9011: 9009:, p. 131. 9007:Prestwich 1997 8996: 8994:, p. 126. 8992:Prestwich 1997 8957: 8945: 8939:, p. 47, 8927:, p. 42, 8917: 8901: 8889: 8873: 8861: 8845: 8832: 8812: 8792: 8776: 8764: 8740: 8712: 8696: 8680: 8668: 8656: 8644: 8642:, p. 344. 8632: 8620: 8608: 8596: 8580: 8568: 8556: 8544: 8540:Prestwich 1997 8532: 8520: 8516:Prestwich 1997 8508: 8500:McFarlane 1981 8492: 8488:Goldsmith 2009 8472: 8470:, p. 566. 8468:Carpenter 2004 8456:Prestwich 1997 8448: 8446:, p. 225. 8424: 8404: 8400:Templeman 1950 8392: 8375:, p. 16; 8373:Templeman 1950 8369:Prestwich 1997 8361: 8349: 8347:, p. 190. 8343:, p. 25; 8341:Templeman 1950 8333: 8329:Templeman 1950 8321: 8309: 8305:Templeman 1950 8293: 8289:Templeman 1950 8281: 8277:Templeman 1950 8269: 8265:Templeman 1950 8257: 8245: 8241:Templeman 1950 8230: 8222:Prestwich 1997 8214: 8198: 8186: 8182:Prestwich 1997 8174: 8162: 8160:, p. 175. 8150: 8135: 8133:, p. 179. 8131:Prestwich 2005 8123: 8107: 8105:, p. 377. 8095: 8093:, p. 557. 8091:Prestwich 1997 8083: 8081:, p. 719. 8071: 8059: 8057:, p. 303. 8044: 8036:Prestwich 1997 8028: 8026:, p. 244. 8016: 8014:, p. 239. 8012:Prestwich 2005 8004: 8000:Prestwich 1997 7992: 7980: 7978:, p. 173. 7968: 7964:Prestwich 1997 7956: 7954:, p. 216. 7944: 7940:Prestwich 1997 7932: 7930:, p. 506. 7928:Prestwich 2005 7920: 7908: 7896: 7884: 7882:, p. 211. 7872: 7860: 7858:, p. 496. 7856:Prestwich 2005 7848: 7846:, p. 497. 7844:Prestwich 2005 7836: 7834:, p. 233. 7832:Prestwich 2005 7824: 7812: 7810:, p. 565. 7808:Prestwich 1997 7800: 7798:, p. 479. 7796:Prestwich 1997 7788: 7776: 7764: 7762:, p. 175. 7760:Prestwich 2005 7752: 7748:Prestwich 2005 7740: 7736:Prestwich 1997 7728: 7726:, p. 697. 7716: 7712:Prestwich 1997 7704: 7692: 7690:, p. 170. 7688:Prestwich 2005 7680: 7678:, p. 427. 7676:Prestwich 1997 7668: 7666:, p. 683. 7656: 7654:, p. 425. 7652:Prestwich 1997 7644: 7642:, p. 682. 7632: 7630:, p. 422. 7628:Prestwich 1997 7620: 7608: 7606:, p. 251. 7604:Prestwich 1972 7596: 7594:, p. 416. 7592:Prestwich 1997 7584: 7582:, p. 562. 7580:Prestwich 1997 7572: 7570:, p. 430. 7568:Prestwich 1997 7560: 7558:, p. 417. 7556:Prestwich 1997 7548: 7546:, p. 675. 7536: 7534:, p. 674. 7524: 7522:, p. 671. 7509: 7505:Prestwich 1997 7497: 7485: 7483:, p. 179. 7481:Prestwich 1972 7473: 7457: 7455:, p. 115. 7445: 7433: 7431:, p. 203. 7421: 7419:, p. 201. 7409: 7397: 7385: 7373: 7361: 7359:, p. 181. 7349: 7337: 7312: 7300: 7288:Prestwich 1997 7280: 7266:, p. 90, 7256: 7254:, p. 513. 7248:Prestwich 1997 7240: 7228: 7216: 7200: 7184: 7176:Prestwich 1997 7168: 7148: 7146:, p. 172. 7132: 7120: 7104: 7102:, p. 170. 7084: 7078:, p. 86, 7074:, p. 13, 7060: 7058:, p. 344. 7056:Prestwich 1997 7048: 7036: 7024: 7012: 7010:, p. 252. 7000: 6988: 6976: 6964: 6962:, p. 185. 6952: 6950:, p. 251. 6937: 6935:, p. 342. 6925: 6913: 6911:, p. 403. 6909:Prestwich 1997 6901: 6889: 6885:Prestwich 1997 6877: 6865: 6861:Carpenter 2004 6853: 6841: 6837:Prestwich 1997 6829: 6827:, p. 248. 6825:Prestwich 1997 6817: 6813:Prestwich 1997 6805: 6803:, p. 246. 6801:Prestwich 1997 6790: 6788:, p. 247. 6786:Prestwich 1997 6775: 6773:, p. 293. 6771:Prestwich 1997 6763: 6759:Plucknett 1949 6751: 6749:, p. 139. 6743:Prestwich 1997 6735: 6731:Plucknett 1949 6723: 6721:, p. 273. 6719:Prestwich 1997 6711: 6707:Plucknett 1949 6699: 6695:Plucknett 1949 6687: 6675: 6673:, p. 267. 6671:Prestwich 1997 6663: 6661:, p. 149. 6651: 6649:, p. 188. 6639: 6627: 6615: 6613:, p. 469. 6611:Carpenter 2004 6603: 6591: 6579: 6564: 6552: 6540: 6528: 6526:, p. 115. 6516: 6512:Prestwich 1997 6504: 6500:Prestwich 1997 6492: 6476: 6472:Prestwich 1997 6460: 6452:Prestwich 1997 6444: 6440:Prestwich 1997 6428: 6426:, p. 113. 6416: 6412:Prestwich 2003 6400: 6398:, p. 115. 6388: 6386:, p. 396. 6376: 6368:Prestwich 1997 6360: 6356:Prestwich 2003 6348: 6332: 6320: 6308: 6296: 6292:Prestwich 2003 6284: 6282:, p. 559. 6280:Prestwich 1997 6272: 6268:Prestwich 1997 6260: 6258:, p. 552. 6256:Prestwich 1997 6248: 6231: 6229:, p. 177. 6227:Prestwich 2005 6219: 6207: 6205:, p. 376. 6203:Prestwich 1997 6195: 6191:Prestwich 1997 6183: 6179:Prestwich 1997 6171: 6169:, p. 396. 6155: 6143: 6131: 6129:, p. 371. 6127:Prestwich 1997 6119: 6117:, p. 370. 6115:Prestwich 1997 6107: 6103:Prestwich 1997 6092: 6090:, p. 365. 6088:Prestwich 1997 6080: 6068: 6064:Prestwich 1997 6056: 6054:, p. 601. 6044: 6042:, p. 231. 6040:Prestwich 2005 6032: 6030:, p. 253. 6017: 6015:, p. 237. 6005: 5993: 5991:, p. 235. 5981: 5979:, p. 361. 5977:Prestwich 1997 5969: 5957: 5955:, p. 357. 5953:Prestwich 1997 5945: 5943:, p. 518. 5941:Carpenter 2004 5933: 5921: 5919:, p. 553. 5917:Prestwich 1997 5909: 5897: 5895:, p. 172. 5893:Prestwich 1972 5882: 5880:, p. 392. 5878:Prestwich 1997 5870: 5866:Prestwich 1997 5858: 5854:Prestwich 1997 5846: 5834: 5822: 5810: 5793: 5791:, p. 229. 5781: 5779:, p. 331. 5777:Prestwich 1997 5769: 5765:Prestwich 1997 5757: 5755:, p. 330. 5753:Prestwich 1997 5742: 5730: 5710: 5690: 5688:, p. 306. 5686:Prestwich 1997 5678: 5676:, p. 180. 5666: 5654: 5652:, p. 304. 5650:Prestwich 1997 5642: 5630: 5628:, p. 329. 5626:Prestwich 1997 5618: 5610:Prestwich 1997 5602: 5590: 5578: 5576:, p. 333. 5574:Prestwich 1997 5563: 5559:Prestwich 1997 5551: 5535: 5531:Prestwich 1997 5523: 5511: 5509:, p. 206. 5501:, p. 36; 5491: 5475: 5459: 5447: 5439:Prestwich 1997 5431: 5419:Prestwich 1997 5407: 5403:Prestwich 1997 5395: 5383: 5381:, pp. 361 5371: 5363:Prestwich 2010 5355: 5349:, p. 83; 5339: 5327: 5325:, p. 360. 5321:, p. 86; 5315:Prestwich 1997 5307: 5305:, p. 116. 5291: 5279: 5267: 5255: 5253:, p. 216. 5251:Prestwich 1997 5243: 5241:, p. 368. 5231: 5229:, p. 511. 5227:Carpenter 2004 5219: 5207: 5205:, p. 510. 5203:Carpenter 2004 5195: 5193:, p. 353. 5183: 5179:Prestwich 1997 5171: 5169:, p. 180. 5159: 5157:, p. 348. 5147: 5143:Prestwich 1997 5127: 5123:Prestwich 1997 5099: 5097:, p. 413. 5087: 5085:, p. 151. 5083:Prestwich 2005 5072: 5070:, p. 150. 5068:Prestwich 2005 5060: 5056:Prestwich 1997 5048: 5046:, p. 409. 5031: 5029:, p. 327. 5019: 5015:Prestwich 1997 5007: 5005:, p. 175. 5003:Prestwich 1997 4995: 4983: 4981:, p. 132. 4975:Carpenter 2004 4967: 4955: 4939: 4927: 4912: 4897: 4885: 4883:, p. 466. 4881:Carpenter 2004 4870: 4868:, p. 104. 4855: 4851:Prestwich 1997 4843: 4826: 4814: 4810:Prestwich 1997 4802: 4798:Prestwich 1997 4790: 4788:, p. 101. 4775: 4771:Prestwich 1997 4763: 4751: 4747:Prestwich 1997 4739: 4727: 4723:Prestwich 1997 4715: 4713:, p. 211. 4703: 4686: 4674: 4672:, p. 210. 4662: 4650: 4646:Maddicott 2010 4638: 4634:Maddicott 1989 4626: 4622:Prestwich 1997 4611: 4607:Prestwich 1997 4596: 4584: 4580:Prestwich 1997 4572: 4560: 4548: 4546:, p. 121. 4544:Prestwich 2005 4533: 4531:, p. 117. 4529:Prestwich 2005 4518: 4514:Prestwich 1997 4506: 4494: 4482: 4470: 4458: 4454:Prestwich 1997 4446: 4442:Prestwich 1997 4434: 4426:Prestwich 1997 4418: 4414:Maddicott 1983 4406: 4394: 4390:Prestwich 1997 4382: 4370: 4368:, p. 113. 4366:Prestwich 2005 4358: 4354:Prestwich 1997 4346: 4344:, p. 178. 4334: 4332:, p. 225. 4330:Maddicott 1994 4322: 4306: 4302:Prestwich 1997 4300:, p. 48; 4290: 4278: 4274:Prestwich 1997 4266: 4262:Prestwich 1997 4254: 4250:Carpenter 1985 4242: 4238:Prestwich 1997 4230: 4226:Prestwich 1997 4218: 4214:Prestwich 1997 4206: 4202:Prestwich 2005 4194: 4190:Prestwich 1997 4182: 4178:Prestwich 1997 4170: 4158: 4154:Prestwich 2005 4146: 4127: 4123:Prestwich 1997 4115: 4103: 4099:Prestwich 1997 4091: 4087:Prestwich 2005 4079: 4071:Carpenter 2004 4063: 4061:, p. 316. 4059:Prestwich 1997 4051: 4049:, p. xiv. 4039: 4033:, p. 17; 4029:, p. 10; 4027:Prestwich 1997 4019: 4007: 4005:, p. 202. 3991: 3983:Prestwich 2008 3975: 3973:, p. 467. 3971:Carpenter 2004 3963: 3948: 3936: 3932:Prestwich 1997 3924: 3920:Prestwich 1997 3912: 3908:Prestwich 1997 3897: 3885:Carpenter 1985 3883:, p. 75; 3873: 3861: 3849: 3826: 3814: 3802: 3798:Carpenter 2007 3790: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3758: 3730: 3703: 3690: 3680: 3663: 3654: 3634: 3624: 3611: 3598: 3589: 3580: 3571: 3554: 3542: 3529: 3520: 3511: 3494: 3477: 3467: 3454: 3445: 3424: 3420:pound sterling 3407: 3402:Regnal numbers 3393: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3309: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3231: 3229: 3224: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3199: 3197: 3188: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3028: 3026: 3017: 3015: 3010: 3008: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2975: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2755: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2735: 2734: 2727: 2724: 2720:John Botetourt 2712: 2711: 2708: 2702: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2596: 2595:First marriage 2593: 2591: 2588: 2581:antisemitism. 2578:Colin Richmond 2467:William Stubbs 2452: 2449: 2445:John Feckenham 2425:Purbeck marble 2382:Burgh by Sands 2361: 2358: 2337:Berwick Castle 2233: 2230: 2148: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2093:Gaelic Ireland 2065: 2062: 1997: 1994: 1990:William Stubbs 1982:plena potestas 1893: 1890: 1886:subinfeudation 1765:abuse of power 1740: 1737: 1669:Piers Gaveston 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1542:Stone of Scone 1519: 1516: 1358: 1355: 1351:Edward II 1259:pontoon bridge 1204:Roger Mortimer 1177: 1171: 1168:Marcher barons 1162: 1156: 1147: 1137: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1048:Count Philip I 1036:Pope Gregory X 1032:Robert Burnell 987:leadership of 952:king of Sicily 901: 895: 889: 876:Eighth Crusade 871: 868: 799:to Leicester. 761:Main article: 758: 755: 753: 750: 746:Mise of Amiens 738:Windsor Castle 701: 698: 564:Henry III 552:blepharoptosis 535: 532: 530: 527: 457:English people 382:Henry III 337: 336: 331: 327: 326: 321: 317: 316: 311: 305: 304: 302: 301: 296: 291: 286: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 248: 246: 232: 231: 215: 209: 208: 207: 206: 185: 181: 176: 175: 174: 173: 170: 168: 164: 163: 157: 153: 149: 148: 145:Burgh by Sands 140: 136: 135: 124: 120: 119: 116: 115: 110: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 94:19 August 1274 92: 86: 85: 79: 75: 74: 69: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12622: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12600:Sons of kings 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12492: 12490: 12478: 12477: 12465: 12461: 12460: 12448: 12444: 12443: 12431: 12430: 12427: 12421: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12389: 12379: 12377: 12367: 12366: 12363: 12350: 12347: 12346: 12343: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12269: 12266: 12260: 12259: 12254: 12253: 12250: 12246: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12201: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12186: 12183: 12177: 12175: 12170: 12169: 12166: 12162: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12101: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12079: 12075: 12073: 12072:Alexander III 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11987: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11950: 11946: 11944: 11943: 11939: 11937: 11936: 11932: 11930: 11929: 11928:Constantine I 11925: 11923: 11922: 11918: 11916: 11915: 11911: 11910: 11908: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11897: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11886: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11809: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11792: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11780: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11753: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11716: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11674: 11670: 11668: 11667: 11663: 11661: 11660: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11652: 11648: 11645: 11644: 11639: 11635: 11630: 11626: 11622: 11615: 11610: 11608: 11603: 11601: 11596: 11595: 11592: 11583: 11574: 11573: 11566: 11560: 11555: 11552: 11551: 11543: 11542: 11535: 11529: 11524: 11523: 11519: 11514: 11510: 11501: 11500: 11496: 11489: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11466: 11461: 11460: 11451: 11445: 11441: 11437: 11434: 11431: 11425: 11421: 11417: 11416: 11405: 11399: 11395: 11390: 11384: 11376: 11372: 11368: 11367: 11361: 11360: 11357: 11349: 11345: 11341: 11340: 11334: 11330: 11328:1-8623-2031-4 11324: 11320: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11298: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11265:9780415938822 11261: 11257: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11234: 11230: 11225: 11221: 11217: 11213: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11196: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11161:9780907307143 11157: 11153: 11148: 11142: 11138: 11133: 11129: 11123: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11106: 11105: 11103:(2): 307–308. 11102: 11098: 11097:The Historian 11094: 11089: 11085: 11079: 11075: 11070: 11066: 11060: 11056: 11051: 11047: 11041: 11037: 11032: 11028: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11013:Schama, Simon 11010: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10996:0-4861-2766-4 10992: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10948: 10943: 10942: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10900: 10896: 10895: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10865: 10861: 10859:0-8264-7269-9 10855: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10837:0-7146-3464-6 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10786: 10782: 10777: 10771: 10765: 10761: 10756: 10752: 10738: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10716: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10693: 10689: 10684: 10680: 10674: 10670: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10647: 10643: 10638: 10637: 10634: 10632:0-5710-9042-7 10628: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10597: 10596: 10593: 10589: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10560: 10556: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10532: 10524: 10520: 10516: 10515: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10491: 10487: 10482: 10481: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10461: 10457: 10451: 10447: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10428:9781405129640 10424: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10406:0-9506-8825-8 10402: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10384: 10378: 10374: 10369: 10365: 10363:0-5213-7493-6 10359: 10355: 10350: 10346: 10344:0-8511-5513-8 10340: 10336: 10331: 10330: 10327: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10307: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10291:9780199539703 10287: 10283: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10266:Cosgrove, Art 10262: 10261: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10248:9780199539703 10244: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10223:Cosgrove, Art 10220: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10154: 10150: 10144: 10140: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10121:0-669-25598-X 10117: 10113: 10108: 10104: 10098: 10094: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10075:0-8369-5070-4 10071: 10067: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10048:9780752437293 10044: 10040: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10021:9780230278165 10017: 10013: 10008: 10004: 10000: 9996: 9992: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9927:0-1982-2435-4 9923: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9901: 9897: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9874: 9871:. Continuum. 9870: 9865: 9861: 9855: 9851: 9846: 9842: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9825: 9819: 9815: 9809: 9805: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9783: 9779: 9773: 9769: 9764: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9748:9781852851491 9744: 9740: 9736: 9731: 9730: 9727: 9725:9780198206040 9721: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9700: 9696: 9690: 9686: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9644: 9639: 9633: 9631:0-521-38069-3 9627: 9623: 9618: 9614: 9612:0-7083-0890-2 9608: 9604: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9592: 9589: 9587:0-1982-0878-2 9583: 9579: 9575: 9574:Davies, R. R. 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9527:9780140284751 9523: 9519: 9518:Penguin Books 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9481: 9477: 9476: 9470: 9466: 9460: 9456: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9437:0-2977-7840-4 9433: 9429: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9395: 9391: 9389:0-9184-0008-2 9385: 9381: 9376: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9356: 9352: 9351:Penguin Books 9348: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9322: 9321: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9292: 9288: 9283: 9279: 9273: 9269: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9250:0-7486-1238-6 9246: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9220:0-8047-1730-3 9216: 9212: 9207: 9203: 9197: 9193: 9188: 9184: 9182:0-5213-7246-1 9178: 9174: 9169: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9146: 9142: 9136: 9132: 9127: 9126: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9078: 9077: 9065: 9060: 9054: 9049: 9043: 9038: 9031: 9026: 9020: 9015: 9008: 9003: 9001: 8993: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8954: 8949: 8942: 8941:Glassman 1975 8938: 8934: 8933:Richmond 1992 8930: 8926: 8921: 8914: 8913:Richmond 1992 8910: 8905: 8898: 8897:Richmond 1992 8893: 8887:, p. 177 8886: 8882: 8881:Richmond 1992 8877: 8871:, p. 288 8870: 8865: 8859:, p. 303 8858: 8855:, p. 45, 8854: 8853:Richmond 1992 8849: 8842: 8841:Richmond 1992 8836: 8830:, p. 172 8829: 8825: 8821: 8816: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8796: 8790:, p. 172 8789: 8785: 8780: 8773: 8768: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8744: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8716: 8709: 8705: 8700: 8693: 8689: 8684: 8677: 8672: 8666:, p. 384 8665: 8660: 8653: 8648: 8641: 8636: 8630:, p. 44. 8629: 8624: 8617: 8612: 8606:, p. 13. 8605: 8600: 8594:, p. 13. 8593: 8589: 8584: 8577: 8572: 8565: 8560: 8553: 8548: 8541: 8536: 8529: 8524: 8517: 8512: 8505: 8501: 8496: 8489: 8486:, p. 1; 8485: 8481: 8476: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8452: 8445: 8442:, p. 2; 8441: 8437: 8433: 8428: 8421: 8418:, p. 1; 8417: 8413: 8408: 8402:, p. 16. 8401: 8396: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8365: 8358: 8353: 8346: 8342: 8337: 8330: 8325: 8318: 8313: 8307:, p. 22. 8306: 8302: 8297: 8290: 8285: 8279:, p. 18. 8278: 8273: 8267:, p. 17. 8266: 8261: 8254: 8249: 8242: 8237: 8235: 8228:, p. 97. 8227: 8223: 8218: 8212:, p. 97. 8211: 8207: 8202: 8196:, p. 87. 8195: 8194:Hamilton 2010 8190: 8183: 8178: 8171: 8166: 8159: 8154: 8148:, p. 96. 8147: 8142: 8140: 8132: 8127: 8121:, p. 99. 8120: 8119:Hamilton 2010 8116: 8111: 8104: 8099: 8092: 8087: 8080: 8075: 8069:, p. 86. 8068: 8067:Hamilton 2010 8063: 8056: 8051: 8049: 8042:, p. 86. 8041: 8040:Hamilton 2010 8037: 8032: 8025: 8020: 8013: 8008: 8001: 7996: 7989: 7984: 7977: 7972: 7965: 7960: 7953: 7948: 7941: 7936: 7929: 7924: 7917: 7912: 7906:, p. 81. 7905: 7904:Hamilton 2010 7900: 7893: 7888: 7881: 7876: 7869: 7864: 7857: 7852: 7845: 7840: 7833: 7828: 7821: 7816: 7809: 7804: 7797: 7792: 7785: 7780: 7773: 7768: 7761: 7756: 7749: 7744: 7737: 7732: 7725: 7720: 7713: 7708: 7701: 7700:Hamilton 2010 7696: 7689: 7684: 7677: 7672: 7665: 7660: 7653: 7648: 7641: 7636: 7629: 7624: 7618:, p. 61. 7617: 7612: 7605: 7600: 7593: 7588: 7581: 7576: 7569: 7564: 7557: 7552: 7545: 7540: 7533: 7528: 7521: 7516: 7514: 7506: 7501: 7495:, p. 57. 7494: 7489: 7482: 7477: 7471:, p. 203 7470: 7466: 7461: 7454: 7449: 7442: 7437: 7430: 7425: 7418: 7413: 7406: 7401: 7394: 7389: 7382: 7377: 7370: 7365: 7358: 7353: 7346: 7341: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7310:, p. 138 7309: 7304: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7284: 7277: 7276:Huscroft 2006 7274:, p. 1, 7273: 7269: 7265: 7260: 7253: 7249: 7244: 7237: 7236:Huscroft 2006 7232: 7225: 7224:Huscroft 2006 7220: 7214:, p. 87. 7213: 7209: 7204: 7197: 7193: 7192:Richmond 1992 7188: 7182:, p. 93. 7181: 7177: 7172: 7166:, p. 93. 7165: 7161: 7157: 7152: 7145: 7141: 7136: 7129: 7124: 7117: 7113: 7108: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7088: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7064: 7057: 7052: 7045: 7040: 7034:, p. 78. 7033: 7028: 7021: 7016: 7009: 7004: 6998:, p. 71. 6997: 6992: 6985: 6980: 6973: 6968: 6961: 6956: 6949: 6944: 6942: 6934: 6929: 6922: 6917: 6910: 6905: 6898: 6893: 6886: 6881: 6874: 6869: 6862: 6857: 6851:, p. 49. 6850: 6845: 6838: 6833: 6826: 6821: 6814: 6809: 6802: 6797: 6795: 6787: 6782: 6780: 6772: 6767: 6760: 6755: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6732: 6727: 6720: 6715: 6708: 6703: 6696: 6691: 6685:, p. 362 6684: 6679: 6672: 6667: 6660: 6655: 6648: 6643: 6636: 6631: 6625:, p. 14. 6624: 6619: 6612: 6607: 6600: 6595: 6588: 6583: 6576: 6571: 6569: 6561: 6560:Hamilton 2010 6556: 6549: 6544: 6537: 6532: 6525: 6520: 6514:, p. 93. 6513: 6508: 6502:, p. 92. 6501: 6496: 6489: 6488:Hamilton 2010 6485: 6480: 6473: 6469: 6464: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6441: 6437: 6432: 6425: 6420: 6414:, p. 34. 6413: 6409: 6404: 6397: 6392: 6385: 6384:Bachrach 2004 6380: 6374:, p. 59. 6373: 6372:Hamilton 2010 6369: 6364: 6357: 6352: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6329: 6324: 6317: 6312: 6305: 6300: 6293: 6288: 6281: 6276: 6270:, p. 24. 6269: 6264: 6257: 6252: 6246:, p. 60. 6245: 6244:Hamilton 2010 6240: 6238: 6236: 6228: 6223: 6217:, p. 61. 6216: 6215:Hamilton 2010 6211: 6204: 6199: 6192: 6187: 6180: 6175: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6152: 6147: 6140: 6135: 6128: 6123: 6116: 6111: 6104: 6099: 6097: 6089: 6084: 6078:, p. 45. 6077: 6072: 6065: 6060: 6053: 6048: 6041: 6036: 6029: 6024: 6022: 6014: 6009: 6003:, p. 42. 6002: 5997: 5990: 5985: 5978: 5973: 5966: 5961: 5954: 5949: 5942: 5937: 5930: 5925: 5918: 5913: 5907:, p. 92. 5906: 5905:Hamilton 2010 5901: 5894: 5889: 5887: 5879: 5874: 5867: 5862: 5855: 5850: 5843: 5838: 5832:, p. 40. 5831: 5826: 5819: 5814: 5808:, p. 62. 5807: 5806:Hamilton 2010 5802: 5800: 5798: 5790: 5785: 5778: 5773: 5766: 5761: 5754: 5749: 5747: 5739: 5734: 5728:, p. 226 5727: 5723: 5719: 5718:Huscroft 2006 5714: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5698:Huscroft 2006 5694: 5687: 5682: 5675: 5670: 5663: 5658: 5651: 5646: 5640:, p. 73. 5639: 5638:Hamilton 2010 5634: 5627: 5622: 5616:, p. 72. 5615: 5614:Hamilton 2010 5611: 5606: 5599: 5594: 5587: 5586:Runciman 1958 5582: 5575: 5570: 5568: 5560: 5555: 5548: 5544: 5539: 5532: 5527: 5520: 5519:Phillips 2011 5515: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5499:Phillips 2011 5495: 5488: 5484: 5483:Phillips 2011 5479: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5457:, p. 384 5456: 5451: 5445:, p. 71. 5444: 5443:Hamilton 2010 5440: 5435: 5429:, p. 196 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5404: 5399: 5392: 5387: 5380: 5375: 5368: 5367:Wheatley 2010 5365:, p. 6; 5364: 5359: 5353:, p. 77. 5352: 5348: 5343: 5337:, p. 84. 5336: 5331: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5289:, p. 70. 5288: 5287:Hamilton 2010 5283: 5277:, p. 143 5276: 5271: 5264: 5259: 5252: 5247: 5240: 5235: 5228: 5223: 5217:, p. 69. 5216: 5215:Hamilton 2010 5211: 5204: 5199: 5192: 5187: 5180: 5175: 5168: 5163: 5156: 5151: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5079: 5077: 5069: 5064: 5058:, p. 170 5057: 5052: 5045: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5028: 5023: 5016: 5011: 5004: 4999: 4992: 4987: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4964: 4963:Hamilton 2010 4959: 4953:, p. 88. 4952: 4948: 4943: 4937:, p. 86. 4936: 4931: 4925:, p. 57. 4924: 4923:Hamilton 2010 4919: 4917: 4909: 4908:Hamilton 2010 4904: 4902: 4894: 4889: 4882: 4877: 4875: 4867: 4862: 4860: 4853:, p. 82. 4852: 4847: 4841:, p. 56. 4840: 4839:Hamilton 2010 4835: 4833: 4831: 4824:, p. 33. 4823: 4818: 4811: 4806: 4800:, p. 78. 4799: 4794: 4787: 4782: 4780: 4773:, p. 77. 4772: 4767: 4760: 4755: 4749:, p. 76. 4748: 4743: 4737:, p. 95. 4736: 4731: 4725:, p. 75. 4724: 4719: 4712: 4707: 4701:, p. 55. 4700: 4699:Hamilton 2010 4695: 4693: 4691: 4683: 4678: 4671: 4666: 4660:, p. 92. 4659: 4654: 4647: 4642: 4635: 4630: 4624:, p. 72. 4623: 4618: 4616: 4609:, p. 71. 4608: 4603: 4601: 4593: 4588: 4582:, p. 63. 4581: 4576: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4552: 4545: 4540: 4538: 4530: 4525: 4523: 4516:, p. 55. 4515: 4510: 4503: 4498: 4491: 4486: 4480:, p. 63. 4479: 4474: 4467: 4462: 4455: 4450: 4443: 4438: 4432:, p. 53. 4431: 4430:Hamilton 2010 4427: 4422: 4415: 4410: 4403: 4398: 4391: 4386: 4380:, p. 53. 4379: 4378:Hamilton 2010 4374: 4367: 4362: 4356:, p. 41. 4355: 4350: 4343: 4338: 4331: 4326: 4320:, p. 54. 4319: 4315: 4310: 4304:, p. 34. 4303: 4299: 4294: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4270: 4263: 4258: 4251: 4246: 4239: 4234: 4227: 4222: 4216:, p. 23. 4215: 4210: 4204:, p. 95. 4203: 4198: 4192:, p. 21. 4191: 4186: 4179: 4174: 4167: 4162: 4156:, p. 96. 4155: 4150: 4144:, p. 52. 4143: 4142:Hamilton 2010 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4124: 4119: 4112: 4107: 4100: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4060: 4055: 4048: 4043: 4037:, p. 91. 4036: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4017:, p. 20. 4016: 4011: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3989:, p. 92. 3988: 3984: 3979: 3972: 3967: 3961:, p. 58. 3960: 3959:Hamilton 2010 3955: 3953: 3946:, p. 27. 3945: 3940: 3933: 3928: 3921: 3916: 3909: 3904: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3871:, p. 74. 3870: 3865: 3858: 3853: 3847:, p. 51. 3846: 3845:Hamilton 2010 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3823: 3818: 3812:, p. 22. 3811: 3806: 3799: 3794: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3734: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3700: 3694: 3688:Jewish bonds. 3684: 3677: 3673: 3670:For example, 3667: 3658: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3639: 3628: 3621: 3615: 3608: 3607:primogeniture 3602: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3568: 3564: 3563:heir apparent 3558: 3551: 3546: 3539: 3533: 3524: 3515: 3508: 3504: 3503:John de Vescy 3498: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3471: 3464: 3458: 3449: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3362: 3355: 3337: 3335: 3313: 3311: 3304: 3284: 3283: 3276: 3274: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3235: 3228: 3221: 3214: 3203: 3192: 3191:Alexander III 3185: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3132: 3130: 3122: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3102: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3056: 3054: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3039: 3032: 3021: 3014: 3003: 2981: 2980: 2972: 2956: 2953: 2945: 2943: 2929: 2927: 2926: 2903: 2899: 2897: 2879: 2877: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2817: 2802: 2780: 2779: 2759: 2752: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2606: 2601: 2587: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2574:Barrie Dobson 2570: 2568: 2567:Norman Davies 2564: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2544:Michael Brown 2540: 2535: 2532: 2527: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2514:F. M. Powicke 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2498:parliamentary 2495: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2417:Waltham Abbey 2410: 2405: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2366: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2222:royal forests 2217: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2192:Remonstrances 2189: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2171: 2169: 2166:Chronicle of 2162: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2144: 2143:Etsi de statu 2139: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2039: 2038:coin-clippers 2035: 2031: 2027: 2019: 2018: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1937:Low Countries 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1877:Quia emptores 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1780:Domesday Book 1777: 1776:Hundred Rolls 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1749: 1745: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1674:Song of Lewes 1670: 1666: 1662: 1653: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1418:captured Acre 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1394:the Continent 1386: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1354: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1276: 1275:London Bridge 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1200:Marcher Lords 1197: 1193: 1189: 1169: 1154: 1144: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040:paying homage 1037: 1033: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 969: 967: 962: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 917: 916:John de Vescy 913: 905: Mongols 893: Mamluks 886: 881: 880:Ninth Crusade 877: 867: 865: 861: 857: 852: 848: 844: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 813: 809: 804: 800: 798: 794: 793:Mise of Lewes 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 764: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 726: 724: 718: 716: 712: 708: 697: 695: 694:Matthew Paris 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 671: 669: 665: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 631: 629: 624: 620: 614: 612: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 553: 549: 545: 540: 526: 524: 519: 513: 511: 503: 499: 494: 486: 485:Scottish ally 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 410:Ninth Crusade 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 335: 332: 328: 325: 322: 318: 315: 312: 310: 306: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 284: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 247: 244: 243: 237: 233: 212: 205: 204: 179: 172: 171: 169: 165: 160: 154: 150: 146: 141: 137: 134: 130: 125: 121: 117: 114: 111: 107: 104: 101: 97: 93: 91: 87: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 57: 52: 47: 44: 40: 36: 34: 19: 12474: 12457: 12445:from Commons 12440: 12419: 12348: 12327:Elizabeth II 12255: 12171: 12098: 12076: 12067:Alexander II 11984: 11947: 11940: 11933: 11926: 11919: 11912: 11894: 11883: 11818: 11806: 11789: 11777: 11750: 11713: 11671: 11664: 11657: 11570: 11547: 11539: 11516: 11493: 11471: 11467:17 June 1239 11464: 11457: 11393: 11364: 11337: 11318: 11309: 11305: 11284: 11255: 11228: 11206:(1): 16–35. 11203: 11199: 11182: 11173: 11151: 11140: 11117: 11100: 11096: 11073: 11054: 11035: 11016: 10986: 10964: 10961:Sadler, John 10940: 10916: 10893: 10872: 10868: 10849: 10827: 10807: 10780: 10759: 10740:. Retrieved 10718: 10687: 10668: 10641: 10622: 10600: 10583: 10563: 10544: 10512: 10485: 10468: 10464: 10445: 10418: 10415:Moore, R. I. 10396: 10372: 10353: 10334: 10317: 10313: 10269: 10226: 10219:Lydon, James 10186: 10182: 10165: 10161: 10138: 10111: 10092: 10065: 10038: 10011: 9994: 9990: 9973: 9952: 9948: 9917: 9895: 9868: 9849: 9822: 9803: 9795:the original 9790: 9767: 9734: 9703: 9684: 9667: 9663: 9646: 9642: 9621: 9601: 9597:K. O. Morgan 9577: 9547: 9513: 9510:Davies, John 9474: 9454: 9427: 9402: 9398: 9379: 9346: 9329: 9325: 9308: 9286: 9267: 9240: 9210: 9191: 9172: 9153: 9149: 9130: 9113: 9085: 9081: 9073:Bibliography 9059: 9048: 9042:Parsons 2008 9037: 9025: 9014: 8953:Parsons 1984 8948: 8937:Despres 1998 8929:Tomasch 2002 8925:Shapiro 1996 8920: 8904: 8899:, p. 44 8892: 8876: 8864: 8848: 8835: 8815: 8795: 8779: 8767: 8743: 8715: 8699: 8683: 8671: 8659: 8647: 8635: 8623: 8611: 8599: 8588:Spencer 2014 8583: 8571: 8559: 8547: 8535: 8523: 8511: 8495: 8475: 8451: 8436:Powicke 1962 8432:Powicke 1947 8427: 8422:, p. 4. 8420:Spencer 2014 8407: 8395: 8381:Spencer 2014 8364: 8359:, p. 1. 8352: 8336: 8324: 8319:, p. 2. 8312: 8296: 8284: 8272: 8260: 8248: 8217: 8201: 8189: 8177: 8165: 8158:Salzman 1968 8153: 8126: 8110: 8098: 8086: 8079:Powicke 1962 8074: 8062: 8031: 8019: 8007: 7995: 7988:Cornell 2009 7983: 7976:Salzman 1968 7971: 7959: 7947: 7935: 7923: 7911: 7899: 7892:Powicke 1962 7887: 7875: 7868:Powicke 1962 7863: 7851: 7839: 7827: 7815: 7803: 7791: 7784:Powicke 1962 7779: 7767: 7755: 7743: 7731: 7724:Powicke 1962 7719: 7707: 7695: 7683: 7671: 7664:Powicke 1962 7659: 7647: 7640:Powicke 1962 7635: 7623: 7616:Harriss 1975 7611: 7599: 7587: 7575: 7563: 7551: 7544:Powicke 1962 7539: 7532:Powicke 1962 7527: 7520:Powicke 1962 7500: 7493:Harriss 1975 7488: 7476: 7460: 7448: 7436: 7424: 7412: 7400: 7388: 7376: 7364: 7352: 7345:Hillaby 1994 7340: 7333:Hillaby 1994 7329:Stocker 1986 7315: 7303: 7283: 7278:, p. 12 7272:Skinner 2003 7259: 7252:Powicke 1962 7243: 7231: 7219: 7203: 7198:, p. 85 7187: 7171: 7151: 7135: 7123: 7107: 7092:Powicke 1962 7087: 7068:Parsons 1995 7063: 7051: 7039: 7027: 7015: 7003: 6991: 6979: 6972:Harriss 1975 6967: 6955: 6933:Powicke 1962 6928: 6921:Parsons 1995 6916: 6904: 6892: 6880: 6868: 6856: 6849:Harriss 1975 6844: 6832: 6820: 6808: 6766: 6754: 6738: 6726: 6714: 6702: 6690: 6678: 6666: 6654: 6642: 6635:Powicke 1962 6630: 6618: 6606: 6594: 6587:Salzman 1968 6582: 6555: 6543: 6531: 6519: 6507: 6495: 6479: 6463: 6447: 6431: 6419: 6403: 6396:Stocker 1986 6391: 6379: 6363: 6351: 6335: 6323: 6311: 6299: 6287: 6275: 6263: 6251: 6222: 6210: 6198: 6186: 6174: 6158: 6146: 6134: 6122: 6110: 6083: 6071: 6059: 6052:Powicke 1962 6047: 6035: 6008: 5996: 5984: 5972: 5960: 5948: 5936: 5929:Rodwell 2013 5924: 5912: 5900: 5873: 5861: 5849: 5837: 5825: 5813: 5784: 5772: 5760: 5733: 5713: 5693: 5681: 5669: 5657: 5645: 5633: 5621: 5605: 5598:Powicke 1962 5593: 5581: 5554: 5538: 5526: 5514: 5494: 5489:, p. 3. 5478: 5462: 5450: 5434: 5410: 5398: 5386: 5374: 5358: 5342: 5330: 5310: 5294: 5282: 5270: 5258: 5246: 5234: 5222: 5210: 5198: 5186: 5174: 5162: 5150: 5130: 5102: 5095:Powicke 1962 5090: 5063: 5051: 5044:Powicke 1962 5022: 5010: 4998: 4986: 4970: 4958: 4947:Powicke 1962 4942: 4930: 4893:Salzman 1968 4888: 4846: 4822:Salzman 1968 4817: 4805: 4793: 4766: 4754: 4742: 4730: 4718: 4706: 4677: 4665: 4653: 4641: 4629: 4587: 4575: 4570:, p. 76 4563: 4551: 4509: 4497: 4485: 4473: 4466:Powicke 1962 4461: 4449: 4437: 4421: 4409: 4397: 4385: 4373: 4361: 4349: 4342:Powicke 1962 4337: 4325: 4314:Powicke 1962 4309: 4293: 4281: 4269: 4257: 4245: 4233: 4221: 4209: 4197: 4185: 4173: 4168:, p. 7. 4161: 4149: 4118: 4106: 4094: 4082: 4077:, p. 84 4066: 4054: 4047:Harding 2002 4042: 4031:Salzman 1968 4022: 4010: 3994: 3978: 3966: 3939: 3927: 3915: 3910:, p. 6. 3893:Powicke 1947 3876: 3864: 3852: 3824:, p. 2. 3817: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3761: 3744: 3741:Archaeologia 3740: 3733: 3721:. Retrieved 3706: 3693: 3683: 3666: 3657: 3627: 3614: 3601: 3592: 3583: 3574: 3557: 3545: 3532: 3523: 3514: 3497: 3480: 3470: 3462: 3457: 3448: 3427: 3410: 3397: 3280: 3167: 2977: 2776: 2716:Hailes Abbey 2713: 2693: 2609: 2583:Robert Moore 2571: 2563:Simon Schama 2542:centuries". 2536: 2522: 2510: 2491: 2476: 2470: 2440: 2439:inscription 2414: 2386: 2371: 2322: 2303: 2283: 2255: 2218: 2207: 2177:Earl Marshal 2173: 2164: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2141: 2135: 2118: 2111: 2089: 2085: 2042: 2026:English Jews 2023: 2015: 1981: 1978: 1957: 1912: 1882:Quo warranto 1881: 1875: 1857: 1841:Quo warranto 1840: 1838: 1834:Quo warranto 1833: 1823: 1794:Quo warranto 1785:Quo warranto 1783: 1773: 1753: 1718: 1689: 1680: 1672: 1658: 1595: 1587:John Balliol 1584: 1568:overlordship 1547: 1465: 1449: 1434: 1422: 1390: 1348: 1316: 1293:By the 1284 1292: 1255:Luke de Tany 1247:John Peckham 1239: 1224: 1185: 1056: 1028: 970: 937: 909: 847:Cinque Ports 839: 816: 766: 727: 719: 703: 672: 632: 615: 557: 514: 453:settled them 445:property law 426: 392:. After the 377: 349: 345: 341: 340: 240: 43: 35:(board game) 32: 12505:1307 deaths 12500:1239 births 12400:Middle Ages 12332:Charles III 12317:Edward VIII 12047:Alexander I 12027:Malcolm III 12002:Kenneth III 11902:Elizabeth I 11864:Richard III 11474:7 July 1307 11312:(2): 11–18. 10913:Roth, Cecil 10742:28 February 10471:: 245–265. 9053:Gorski 2009 9030:Waugh 2004a 9019:Waugh 2004b 8885:Stacey 2001 8857:Stacey 1990 8824:Barrow 1983 8820:Davies 1990 8808:Davies 1999 8804:Schama 2000 8784:Davies 1990 8760:Barrow 1983 8752:Davies 1999 8748:Schama 2000 8736:Davies 1990 8732:Barrow 1983 8724:Davies 1999 8720:Schama 2000 8708:Lydon 2008b 8704:Lydon 2008a 8692:Davies 2007 8688:Davies 2000 8676:Davies 2007 8664:Davies 2000 8652:Davies 2000 8628:Barrow 1965 8616:Morris 2009 8552:Barrow 1989 8480:Morris 2009 8460:Denton 1989 8412:Morris 2009 8301:Stubbs 1880 8253:Morris 2009 8206:Morris 2009 8115:Barrow 1965 8103:Morris 2009 8024:Barrow 1965 7952:Barrow 1965 7916:Barrow 1965 7880:Watson 1998 7820:Watson 1998 7772:Barrow 1965 7702:, p. 2 7469:Lydon 2008a 7465:Lydon 2008b 7453:Davies 1990 7441:Lydon 2008b 7429:Lydon 2008a 7417:Lydon 2008a 7405:Lydon 2008a 7393:Lydon 2008a 7381:Lydon 2008a 7369:Lydon 2008a 7357:Lydon 2008a 7325:Stacey 2001 7321:Stacey 2001 7292:Morris 2009 7268:Stacey 2001 7208:Morris 2009 7180:Stacey 1997 7164:Stacey 1997 7140:Morris 2009 7128:Rokéah 1988 7116:Rokéah 1988 7112:Morris 2009 7096:Stacey 1997 7076:Morris 2009 7032:Stacey 1997 7020:Morris 2009 6524:Morris 2009 6484:Morris 2009 6468:Morris 2009 6456:Loomis 1953 6436:Morris 2009 6344:Davies 2000 6340:Barrow 1983 6328:Davies 1990 6316:Davies 2000 6167:Barrow 1983 6163:Barrow 1965 6151:Barrow 1965 6139:Barrow 1965 6076:Barrow 1965 6028:Morris 2009 6013:Morris 2009 6001:Barrow 1965 5989:Morris 2009 5965:Barrow 1965 5842:Morris 2009 5789:Morris 2009 5738:Morris 2009 5726:Morris 2009 5706:Morris 2009 5662:Morris 2009 5547:Davies 2007 5543:Davies 2000 5503:Haines 2003 5487:Haines 2003 5471:Davies 2007 5467:Davies 2000 5455:Davies 2000 5427:Morris 2009 5423:Davies 2007 5415:Davies 2000 5391:Davies 2000 5379:Davies 2000 5323:Davies 2000 5319:Brears 2010 5263:Lilley 2010 5239:Davies 2000 5191:Davies 2000 5167:Morris 2009 5155:Davies 2000 5139:Morris 2009 5135:Davies 2000 5119:Davies 2007 5115:Morris 2009 5111:Davies 2000 5107:Davies 1984 5027:Davies 2000 4991:Davies 2000 4979:Morris 2009 4866:Morris 2009 4786:Morris 2009 4759:Morris 2009 4735:Morris 2009 4658:Morris 2009 4592:Morris 2009 4568:Morris 2009 4556:Jobson 2012 4502:Morris 2009 4490:Sadler 2008 4402:Sadler 2008 4318:Morris 2009 4298:Morris 2009 4286:Morris 2009 4166:Morris 2009 4111:Lydon 2008a 4075:Davies 1990 4015:Morris 2009 3999:Morris 2009 3857:Morris 2009 3822:Morris 2009 3810:Morris 2009 3786:Morris 2009 3646:ninth of Ab 3550:David Powel 2707:(1301–1330) 2701:(1300–1338) 2685:(1284–1327) 2679:(1282–1316) 2673:(1278–1332) 2661:(1275–1333) 2655:(1273–1284) 2649:(1272–1307) 2640:(1269–1298) 2634:(1268–1274) 2558:James Lydon 2553:John Davies 2518:Marc Morris 2506:Thomas Tout 2483:Edward Coke 2479:chroniclers 2421:sarcophagus 2409:Burgh Marsh 2158:Roger Bigod 1970:Frescobaldi 1705:royal touch 1580:Great Cause 1518:Great Cause 1445:La Rochelle 1379:(left). As 1335:King Arthur 1308:Aberystwyth 925:Magna Carta 781:Northampton 489:King Philip 439:regulating 374:French king 314:Plantagenet 99:Predecessor 83:7 July 1307 12489:Categories 12459:Quotations 12307:Edward VII 12297:William IV 12287:George III 12216:Charles II 12111:Robert III 12057:Malcolm IV 12032:Donald III 12007:Malcolm II 11992:Kenneth II 11874:Henry VIII 11834:Richard II 11829:Edward III 11763:William II 11736:Harthacnut 11576:1265–1266 11526:1254–1306 11503:1272–1307 11385:required.) 11358:required.) 11064:0851159311 11026:0563384972 10875:: 83–109. 10533:required.) 10495:0312086490 10272:. Oxford: 10229:. Oxford: 9997:: 69–109. 9843:required.) 9737:. London: 9706:. Oxford: 9349:. London: 8909:Moore 2006 8869:Hyams 1974 8839:Quoted in 8828:Frame 1998 8800:Frame 1990 8788:Frame 1998 8772:Brown 2004 8756:Frame 1990 8728:Frame 1990 8640:Brown 2004 8604:Veach 2014 8592:Veach 2014 8576:Veach 2014 8528:Cazel 1991 8464:Cazel 1991 8444:Cazel 1991 8377:Cazel 1991 8226:Duffy 2003 8210:Duffy 2003 8170:Duffy 2003 8146:Duffy 2003 8055:Jenks 1902 7144:Tolan 2023 7100:Tolan 2023 7080:Tolan 2023 7044:Tolan 2023 6996:Brown 1989 6984:Brown 1989 6960:Brown 1989 6897:Brown 1989 6873:Brown 1989 6683:Brand 2003 6536:Jenks 1902 6408:Raban 2000 6304:Frame 1990 5830:Raban 2000 5722:Tolan 2023 5702:Tolan 2023 5674:Tolan 2023 5351:Friar 2003 4035:Jenks 1902 3889:Lloyd 1986 3869:Jenks 1902 3774:References 2455:See also: 2306:John Comyn 2236:See also: 2196:Winchelsea 2133:papal bull 2097:Gaelic law 1920:halfpences 1757:escheators 1713:the Papacy 1522:See also: 1429:chancellor 1323:arrowslits 1271:Shrewsbury 1118:See also: 1091:coronation 966:Philip III 874:See also: 773:Gloucester 691:chronicler 608:Chancellor 518:Parliament 473:suzerainty 429:common law 131:, London, 90:Coronation 12388:Biography 12322:George VI 12292:George IV 12282:George II 12194:Charles I 12176:from 1603 12126:James III 12106:Robert II 12062:William I 12037:Duncan II 11965:Malcolm I 11955:Donald II 11879:Edward VI 11869:Henry VII 11854:Edward IV 11824:Edward II 11814:Henry III 11797:Richard I 11758:William I 11679:Æthelstan 11545:1279–1290 11509:Edward II 11488:Henry III 11293:832154714 11247:39646815M 11005:18353247M 10915:(1964) . 10816:17927110M 10799:22376314M 10753:required) 10545:Edward II 10211:164043032 10168:: 46–66. 10030:28086241M 9982:1749-8155 9887:28013041M 9576:(2000) . 9512:(2007) . 9502:23958360M 9494:256769491 9229:16832664M 9122:655056131 8504:Burt 2013 8484:Burt 2013 8440:Burt 2013 8416:Burt 2013 8385:Burt 2013 8357:Burt 2013 8345:Tout 1920 8317:Burt 2013 7319:Quote at 7296:Roth 1964 7264:Roth 1964 7212:Roth 1964 7196:Roth 1964 3881:Burt 2013 3632:executed. 3538:expulsion 3486:dysentery 3282:Edward II 2979:Henry III 2683:Edward II 2677:Elizabeth 2494:Victorian 2469:, in his 2378:dysentery 2251:Edward II 2247:Miniature 2226:Clement V 2050:Crucified 1924:farthings 1798:liberties 1769:the Crown 1729:Guinevere 1622:. At the 1136:of 1267: 1004:an attack 977:Jerusalem 973:Holy Land 944:Palestine 827:Worcester 675:Savoyards 635:Castilian 414:Holy Land 113:Edward II 109:Successor 103:Henry III 71:(more...) 12412:Monarchy 12312:George V 12302:Victoria 12277:George I 12146:James VI 12131:James IV 12121:James II 12094:David II 12089:Robert I 12078:Margaret 12012:Duncan I 11921:Donald I 11859:Edward V 11849:Henry VI 11839:Henry IV 11819:Edward I 11785:Henry II 11684:Edmund I 11673:Ælfweard 11631:monarchs 11625:Scottish 11283:(1920). 11274:7496826M 11172:(1880). 10987:Edward I 10985:(1968). 10963:(2008). 10937:(1958). 10891:(2013). 10881:29779864 10848:(2005). 10706:3404029M 10642:Edward I 10621:(1972). 10582:(1947). 10543:(2011). 10504:3502870W 10437:8405718M 10417:(2006). 10395:(1981). 10300:9793047M 10257:9793047M 10183:Speculum 10130:7629944M 10084:8205523M 10057:7982808M 10003:29779954 9936:5255143M 9916:(1975). 9599:(eds.). 9546:(1999). 9536:7352278M 9446:3817070M 9399:Speculum 9369:7348814M 9259:9890348M 9239:(2004). 9162:25530422 9112:(1965). 3435:married 3372:See also 3184:Margaret 3168:Edward I 2659:Margaret 2653:Alphonso 2353:daughter 2125:outlawry 1974:Florence 1961:Riccardi 1909:London". 1761:sheriffs 1709:scrofula 1612:Carlisle 1556:Margaret 1508:Chartres 1485:Guelders 1473:Margaret 1427:and the 1312:Rhuddlan 1289:Edward I 1251:Anglesey 1095:anointed 819:Hereford 797:hostages 707:magnates 683:Lusignan 659:Ponthieu 592:baptised 487:) after 465:Scottish 461:the heir 441:criminal 437:statutes 348:and the 342:Edward I 161:, London 49:Edward I 12376:England 12362:Portals 12230:Mary II 12136:James V 12116:James I 12052:David I 12017:Macbeth 11949:Eochaid 11844:Henry V 11779:Matilda 11773:Stephen 11768:Henry I 11629:British 11623:, 11621:English 11550:Eleanor 11438:at the 11220:3021067 10660:704063M 10609:3693188 10592:1044503 10268:(ed.). 10225:(ed.). 10203:2847184 9757:697345M 9419:2864011 9102:4054365 3723:17 July 3013:Eleanor 2638:Eleanor 2465:Bishop 2120:maltolt 1932:moneyer 1916:pennies 1864:entails 1826:licence 1684:regalia 1678:court. 1493:admiral 1410:the war 1235:Gwynedd 1220:Eleanor 1143:Gwynedd 1071:Alfonso 1067:Eleanor 1000:Mongols 998:of the 989:Baibars 933:knights 864:crusade 856:steward 812:Evesham 775:. When 643:Eleanor 639:Gascony 619:epithet 544:initial 463:to the 418:crowned 412:to the 404:at the 398:hostage 372:of the 362:Gascony 228: 216: 202: 186: 182: 167:Spouses 133:England 12141:Mary I 12022:Lulach 11986:Amlaíb 11980:Cuilén 11970:Indulf 11896:Philip 11891:Mary I 11694:Eadwig 11689:Eadred 11470: 11400: 11379: 11352: 11325: 11291: 11272: 11262: 11245: 11235: 11218: 11191:408401 11189: 11158: 11124: 11080: 11061: 11042: 11023: 11003: 10993: 10971: 10949: 10923: 10901: 10879: 10856: 10834: 10814: 10797: 10787: 10766: 10733: 10704: 10694: 10675: 10658: 10648: 10629: 10607: 10590: 10572:983476 10570: 10551: 10527: 10502: 10492: 10452: 10435: 10425: 10403: 10379: 10360: 10341: 10298: 10288: 10255: 10245: 10209: 10201: 10145: 10128: 10118: 10099: 10082: 10072: 10055: 10045: 10028: 10018: 10001: 9980: 9934: 9924: 9902: 9885: 9875: 9856: 9837: 9810: 9774: 9755: 9745: 9722: 9691: 9649:: 47. 9628: 9609: 9584: 9566:39554M 9564: 9554: 9534: 9524: 9500: 9492: 9482: 9461: 9444: 9434: 9417: 9386: 9367: 9357: 9293: 9274: 9257: 9247: 9227: 9217: 9198: 9179: 9160: 9137: 9120: 9100: 9082:Albion 3490:typhus 3463:before 3405:usage. 2705:Edmund 2699:Thomas 2590:Family 2451:Legacy 2429:effigy 2312:, and 2152:Edward 2115:prises 2072:, and 2017:tabula 2004:, and 1902:groats 1576:Orkney 1572:Norway 1487:, and 1439: 1437:Philip 1385:vassal 1297:, the 1208:Dafydd 1179: 1173: 1164: 1158: 1149: 1141: 1139: 1101:, the 1063:Iberia 1008:Aleppo 993:Ilkhan 985:Mamluk 950:, the 903: 897: 891: 572:Edward 508: 506:Edward 491: 433:feudal 370:vassal 352:, was 330:Mother 320:Father 242:Detail 222: 192: 152:Burial 12476:Texts 12442:Media 12042:Edgar 11942:Giric 11808:Louis 11715:Sweyn 11548:with 11472:Died: 11465:Born: 11216:JSTOR 10877:JSTOR 10207:S2CID 10199:JSTOR 9999:JSTOR 9415:JSTOR 9158:JSTOR 9098:JSTOR 3389:Notes 2632:Henry 2437:Latin 2030:usury 1965:Lucca 1928:groat 1906:pence 1819:eyres 1790:Latin 1408:. 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