Edward II of England

1305: 1685:. In response, Edward ordered the arrest of any French persons in England and seized Isabella's lands, on the basis that she was of French origin. In November 1324 he met with the earls and the English Church, who recommended that Edward should lead a force of 11,000 men to Gascony. Edward decided not to go personally, sending instead the Earl of Surrey. Meanwhile, Edward opened up fresh negotiations with the French king. Charles advanced various proposals, the most tempting of which was the suggestion that if Isabella and Prince Edward were to travel to Paris, and the prince was to give homage to Charles for Gascony, he would terminate the war and return the Agenais. Edward and his advisers had concerns about sending the prince to France, but agreed to send Isabella on her own as an envoy in March 1325. 934: 1985: 3374:

has remained there undisturbed since December 1327 or thereabouts"; Mira Rubin, who concludes that Edward may have been murdered; Michael Prestwich, who has "no doubt" that Mortimer plotted to murder Edward, and that he "almost certainly died at Berkeley"; Joe Burden, who believes that Mortimer issued orders for Edward to be killed, and that Edward was buried at Gloucester; Mark Ormrod, who argues that Edward was probably murdered, and Edward is buried at Gloucester; Jeffrey Hamilton, who finds the argument that Edward survived Berkeley "fantastic"; and Chris Given-Wilson, who believes it is "almost certainly ... true" that Edward died on the night of 21 September and was murdered.

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later role in governance, even if he did not necessarily prove to be a competent or successful administrator. Miri Rubin argues that he was "deeply involved" in governance and portrays Edward's abilities sympathetically; Anthony Musson stresses Edward's later involvement in the legal system; Seymour Phillips argues that Edward was more closely involved in governmental business than has been previously suggested, although his interest was "sporadic and unpredictable", and heavily influenced by his advisors; Roy Haines notes Edward's "idiosyncrasy" in engaging in business, and the dominant role of the Despensers in setting policy, but stops short of Prestwich's position.

1875:, made a series of public allegations about Edward's conduct as king, and in January 1327 a parliament convened at Westminster at which the question of Edward's future was raised; Edward refused to attend the gathering. Parliament, initially ambivalent, responded to the London crowds that called for the king's son Edward to take the throne. On 12 January the leading barons and clergy agreed that Edward II should be removed and replaced by his son. The following day it was presented to an assembly of the barons, where it was argued that Edward's weak leadership and personal faults had led the kingdom into disaster, and that he was incompetent to lead the country. 1715:

Isabella appears to have disliked Hugh Despenser the Younger intensely, not least because of his abuse of high-status women. Isabella was embarrassed that she had fled from Scottish armies three times during her marriage to Edward, and she blamed Hugh for the final occurrence in 1322. When Edward had negotiated the recent truce with Robert the Bruce, he had severely disadvantaged a range of noble families who owned land in Scotland, including the Beaumonts, close friends of Isabella. She was also angry about the arrest of her household and seizure of her lands in 1324. Finally, Edward had taken away her children and given custody of them to Hugh Despenser's wife.

1905: 1406:. It began with torrential rains in late 1314, followed by a very cold winter and heavy rains the following spring that killed many sheep and cattle. The bad weather continued, almost unabated, into 1321, resulting in a string of bad harvests. Revenues from the exports of wool plummeted and the price of food rose, despite attempts by Edward's government to control prices. Edward called for hoarders to release food, and tried to encourage both internal trade and the importation of grain, but with little success. The requisitioning of provisions for the royal court during the famine years only added to tensions. 1262:

Warwick's actions, and shifted their support to Edward in the aftermath. To Lancaster and his core of supporters, the execution had been both legal and necessary to preserve the stability of the kingdom. Civil war again appeared likely, but in December, the Earl of Pembroke negotiated a potential peace treaty between the two sides, which would pardon the opposition barons for the killing of Gaveston, in exchange for their support for a fresh campaign in Scotland. Lancaster and Warwick, however, did not give the treaty their immediate approval, and further negotiations continued through most of 1313.

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Edward's 1303 treaty with France, had been a bilateral agreement between the two kings, rather than a conventional feudal agreement. As such, Edward's offering homage for Gascony was dependent on the French crown delivering on its own commitments, rather than an absolute duty. Edward's lawyers also argued that Isabella had a potential claim to the lands in the south under customary French law. When granting Gascony to Isabella, Phillip IV appeared to have been dividing up his lands, as was customary at the time, rather than giving a conditional grant, which meant that Gascony was an

920:. Compacts of adoptive brotherhood, in which the participants pledged to support each other in a form of "brotherhood-in-arms", were not unknown between close male friends in the Middle Ages. Many chroniclers described Edward and Gaveston's relationship as one of brotherhood, and one explicitly noted that Edward had taken Gaveston as his adopted brother. Chaplais argues that the pair may have made a formal compact in either 1300 or 1301, and that they would have seen any later promises they made to separate or to leave each other as having been made under duress, and therefore invalid. 2226:". Although parliament often opposed raising fresh taxes, active opposition to Edward came largely from the barons, rather than parliament itself, although the barons did seek to use the parliamentary meetings as a way of giving legitimacy to their long-standing political demands. After resisting it for many years, Edward began intervening in parliament in the second half of his reign to achieve his own political aims. It remains unclear whether he was deposed in 1327 by a formal gathering of parliament or simply a gathering of the political classes alongside an existing parliament. 571: 1148:, who would carry out a widespread reform of both the government and the royal household. Under huge pressure, he agreed to the proposal and the Ordainers were elected, broadly evenly split between reformers and conservatives. While the Ordainers began their plans for reform, Edward and Gaveston took a new army of around 4,700 men to Scotland, where the military situation had continued to deteriorate. Robert the Bruce declined to give battle and the campaign progressed ineffectually over the winter until supplies and money ran out in 1311, forcing Edward to return south. 1512:

his excuses and declined to intervene, and war broke out in May. The Despensers' lands were quickly seized by a coalition of the Marcher Lords and the local gentry, and Lancaster held a high-level gathering of the barons and clergy in June which condemned the Despensers for having broken the Ordinances. Edward attempted reconciliation, but in July the opposition occupied London and called for the permanent removal of the Despensers. Fearing that he might be deposed if he refused, Edward agreed to exile the Despensers and pardoned the Marcher Lords for their actions.

1017:. As part of the coronation, Edward swore to uphold "the rightful laws and customs which the community of the realm shall have chosen". It is uncertain what this meant: It might have been intended to force Edward to accept future legislation, it may have been inserted to prevent him from overturning any future vows he might take, or it may have been an attempt by the king to ingratiate himself with the barons. The event was marred by the large crowds of eager spectators who surged into the palace, knocking down a wall and forcing Edward to flee by the back door. 2516: 1575: 11992: 10794: 2254:, along with other smaller rooms, but, due to the Scottish conflict, the court spent much of its time in Yorkshire and Northumbria. At the heart of the court was Edward's royal household, in turn divided into the "hall" and the "chamber"; the size of the household varied over time, but in 1317 was around five hundred people, including household knights, squires, and kitchen and transport staff. The household was surrounded by a wider group of courtiers, and appears to have also attracted a circle of prostitutes and criminal elements. 2302:, despite the king's repeated intervention in the operation of the English Church, including punishing bishops with whom he disagreed. With Clement's support, Edward attempted to gain the financial support of the English Church for his military campaigns in Scotland, including taxation and borrowing money against the funds gathered for the crusades. The Church did relatively little to influence or moderate Edward's behaviour during his reign, possibly because of the bishops' self-interest and concern for their own protection. 2582: 49: 1754: 819: 489: 2327: 1699: 1050: 12064: 12052: 2167: 2398:, focusing on the king's relationship with his favourites and, increasingly, alluding to his possible homosexuality. From the 1870s onwards, however, open academic discussion of Edward's sexuality was circumscribed by changing English values. By the start of the 20th century, English schools were being advised by the government to avoid overt discussion of Edward's personal relationships in history lessons. Views on his sexuality have continued to develop over the years. 2437: 1250: 2158: 1845: 12109: 12028: 1666:, Edward's brother-in-law, had become King of France in 1322, and was more aggressive than his predecessors. In 1323, he insisted that Edward come to Paris to give homage for Gascony, and demanded that Edward's administrators in Gascony allow French officials there to carry out orders given in Paris. Matters came to a head in October when a group of Edward's soldiers hanged a French sergeant for attempting to build a new 1327:. In response, Edward planned a major military campaign with the support of Lancaster and the barons, mustering a large army between 15,000 and 20,000 strong. Meanwhile, Robert had besieged Stirling Castle, a key fortification in Scotland; its English commander had stated that unless Edward arrived by 24 June, he would surrender. News of this reached the king in late May, and he decided to speed up his march north from 1534:, took the bait and her men killed several of Isabella's retinue, giving Edward an excuse to intervene. Lancaster refused to help Bartholomew, his personal enemy, and Edward quickly regained control of south-east England. Alarmed, Lancaster now mobilised his own army in the north of England, and Edward mustered his own forces in the south-west. The Despensers returned from exile and were pardoned by the royal council. 1065:

Accusations, probably untrue, were levelled at Gaveston that he had stolen royal funds and had purloined Isabella's wedding presents. Gaveston had played a key role at Edward's coronation, provoking fury from both the English and the French contingents about the earl's ceremonial precedence and magnificent clothes, and about Edward's apparent preference for Gaveston's company over that of Isabella at the feast.

12092: 1603:, but Robert the Bruce declined to meet him in battle, drawing Edward further into Scotland. Plans to resupply the campaign by sea failed, and the large army rapidly ran out of food. Edward was forced to retreat south of the border, pursued by Scottish raiding parties. Edward's illegitimate son, Adam, died during the campaign, and the raiding parties almost captured Isabella, who was staying at 3384:

across Europe, where he was captured in Naples; he died as he was being returned to England. John Maltravers was not formally accused of murdering Edward II but left for Europe and from there contacted Edward III, possibly to make a deal over what he knew about the events of 1327; after a period in exile he was ultimately pardoned and given permission to return to England in 1351.

2206:. Edward was also criticised by contemporaries for allowing the Despensers to exploit the royal justice system for their own ends; the Despensers certainly appear to have abused the system, although just how widely they did so is unclear. Amid the political turbulence, armed gangs and violence spread across England under Edward's reign, destabilising the position of many of the local 2235: 3305:, which would change the meaning of the oath from referring to future legislation, to a retrospective statement about respecting existing laws and customs. It is also uncertain to what extent any changes in the coronation oath were driven by wider political disagreements between Edward and the barons, or were specifically focused over concerns with Gaveston's position. 2194:

through often unpopular taxes, and requisitioning goods using his right of prise. He also took out many loans, first through the Frescobaldi family, and then through his banker Antonio Pessagno. Edward took a strong interest in financial matters towards the end of his reign, distrusting his own officials and directly cutting back on the expenses of his own household.

12040: 597:, who was responsible for his discipline, training him in riding and military skills. It is uncertain how well educated Edward was; there is little evidence for his ability to read and write, although his mother was keen that her other children be well educated, and Ferre was himself a relatively learned man for the period. Edward likely mainly spoke 1674:, a contested section of the Gascon border. Edward denied any responsibility for this incident, but relations between Edward and Charles soured. In 1324, Edward dispatched the Earl of Pembroke to Paris to broker a solution, but the earl died suddenly of an illness along the way. Charles mobilised his army and ordered the invasion of Gascony. 1802:, reaching Gloucester between 9 and 12 October; he hoped to reach Wales and from there mobilise an army against the invaders. Mortimer and Isabella were not far behind. Proclamations condemned the Despensers' recent regime. Day by day they gathered new supporters. Edward and the younger Despenser crossed over the border and set sail from 774:, who served as the royal treasurer, apparently over the amount of financial support Edward received from the Crown. The king defended his treasurer, and banished Prince Edward and his companions from his court, cutting off their financial support. After some negotiations involving family members and friends, the two men were reconciled. 2007:, the funeral having probably been delayed to allow Edward III to attend in person. Gloucester was probably chosen because other abbeys had refused or been forbidden to take the king's body, and because it was close to Berkeley. The funeral was a grand affair and cost £351 in total, complete with gilt lions, standards painted with 389:, along with other plays, films, novels and media. Many of these have focused on the possible sexual relationship between the two men. Edward's contemporaries criticised his performance as a king, noting his failures in Scotland and the oppressive regime of his later years, although 19th-century academics have argued that the growth of 356:, capturing and executing Lancaster. Edward and the Despensers strengthened their grip on power, revoking the 1311 reforms, executing their enemies and confiscating estates. Unable to make progress in Scotland, Edward finally signed a truce with Robert. Opposition to the regime grew, and when Isabella was sent to France to negotiate 1976:. He arrested Mortimer and then executed him on fourteen charges of treason, including the murder of Edward II. Edward III's government sought to blame Mortimer for all the recent problems, effectively politically rehabilitating Edward II. Edward III put his mother under arrest but she was released soon after. 1346:, whom Robert killed in personal combat. Edward continued his advance the following day, and encountered the bulk of the Scottish army as they emerged from the woods of New Park. Edward appears not to have expected the Scots to give battle here, and as a result had kept his forces in marching, rather than battle, order, with the 1944:"suspiciously timely", as it simplified Mortimer's political problems considerably, and most historians believe that Edward probably was murdered on the orders of the new regime, although it is impossible to be certain. Several of the individuals suspected of involvement in the death, including Sir Thomas Gurney, Maltravers and 1891:, representing the kingdom as a whole, withdrew his homage and formally ended Edward's reign. A proclamation was sent to London, announcing that Edward, now known as Edward of Caernarvon, had freely resigned his kingdom and that his son Edward would succeed him. The coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 1 February 1327. 856:, and the King responded furiously, pulling his son's hair out in great handfuls, before exiling Gaveston. The official court records, however, show Gaveston being only temporarily exiled, supported by a comfortable stipend; no reason is given for the order, suggesting that it may have been an act aimed at punishing the prince. 1791:, Edward attempted to garner support from within the capital. The city of London rose against his government, and on 2 October he left London, taking the Despensers with him. London descended into anarchy, as mobs attacked Edward's remaining officials and associates, killing his former treasurer Walter Stapledon in 1711:

in person to Charles for Gascony. Concerned about the consequences of war breaking out once again, Edward agreed to the treaty but decided to give Gascony to his son, Edward, and sent the prince to give homage in Paris. The young Prince Edward crossed the English Channel and completed the bargain in September.

3443:. His other biographer, Roy Haines, makes no reference at all to the red-hot poker story. Ian Mortimer, who argues that Edward did not die in 1327, naturally disputes the "anal rape" story. Paul Doherty notes that modern historians take the "lurid description of Edward's death with more than a pinch of salt". 1266:

problems in the south of France and to win Philip's support in the dispute with the barons; for Philip it was an opportunity to impress his son-in-law with his power and wealth. It proved a spectacular visit, including a grand ceremony in which the two kings knighted Philip's sons and two hundred other men in

2512:, where he is portrayed as weak and implicitly homosexual, wearing silk clothes and heavy makeup, shunning the company of women and incapable of dealing militarily with the Scots. The film received extensive criticism, both for its historical inaccuracies and for its negative portrayal of homosexuality. 2410:

authority under Edward, which they perceived as positive developments. During the 1970s the historiography of Edward's reign shifted away from this model, supported by the further publishing of records from the period in the last quarter of the 20th century. The work of Jeffrey Denton, Jeffrey Hamilton,

2110:. The body buried at Gloucester Cathedral was said to be that of the porter of Berkeley Castle, killed by the assassins and presented by them to Isabella as Edward's corpse to avoid punishment. The letter is often linked to an account of Edward III meeting with a man called William the Welshman in 1076:, who convinced the barons to back down. A fresh parliament was held in April, where the barons once again criticised Gaveston, demanding his exile, this time supported by Isabella and the French monarchy. Edward resisted, but finally acquiesced, agreeing to send Gaveston to Aquitaine, under threat of 3492:

The historian Miri Rubin argues that the displays show a lack of royal decorum. The historian Michael Prestwich notes that these court events imply to many "a decadent extravagance, fitting the familiar stereotype of the king", but goes on to argue that the court was really "conventional, and perhaps

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Edward's lawyers put forward various arguments in the dispute with the French kings. One line of argument stemmed from the 1259 treaty agreed by Edward's grandfather, Henry III, under which Henry had agreed to give homage for Gascony; Edward's lawyers observed that this treaty, which underpinned

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argues that he "was not so much an incompetent king as a reluctant one", preferring to rule through a powerful deputy, such as Piers Gaveston or Hugh Despenser the Younger. Edward's willingness to promote his favourites had serious political consequences, although he also attempted to buy the loyalty

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Isabella, with Edward's envoys, carried out negotiations with the French in late March. The negotiations proved difficult, and they arrived at a settlement only after Isabella personally intervened with her brother, Charles. The terms favoured the French Crown: In particular, Edward would give homage

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for his own loyalty. Edward was able to reward his loyal supporters, especially the Despenser family, with the confiscated estates and new titles. The fines and confiscations made Edward rich: almost £15,000 was brought in during the first few months, and by 1326, Edward's treasury contained £62,000.

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in 1316, promising to take forward the Ordinances through a new reform commission, but he appears to have abandoned this role soon afterwards, partially because of disagreements with the other barons, and possibly because of ill-health. Lancaster refused to meet with Edward in parliament for the next

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contained clauses limiting the king's right to go to war or to grant land without parliament's approval, giving parliament control over the royal administration, abolishing the system of prises, excluding the Frescobaldi bankers, and introducing a system to monitor the adherence to the Ordinances. In

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The possibility that Edward had a sexual relationship with Gaveston or his later favourites has been extensively discussed by historians, complicated by the paucity of surviving evidence to determine for certain the details of their relationships. Homosexuality was fiercely condemned by the Church in

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Mainstream historical interpretations of Edward's death include those of Seymour Phillips, who argues that it is "likely that he was murdered, probably by suffocation"; Roy Haines, who suggests that he was probably murdered and that "there is little reason to doubt that Edward of Caernarfon's corpse

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was first performed around 1592 and focuses on Edward's relationship with Piers Gaveston, reflecting 16th-century concerns about the relationships between monarchs and their favourites. Marlowe presents Edward's death as a murder, drawing parallels between the killing and martyrdom; although Marlowe

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Music and minstrels were very popular at Edward's court, but hunting appears to have been a much less important activity, and there was little emphasis on chivalric events. Edward was interested in buildings and paintings, but less so in literary works, which were not extensively sponsored at court.

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Edward was responsible for implementing royal justice through his network of judges and officials. It is uncertain to what extent Edward took a personal interest in dispensing justice, but he appears to have involved himself to some degree during the first part of his reign, and to have increasingly

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Edward was ultimately a failure as a king; the historian Michael Prestwich observes that he "was lazy and incompetent, liable to outbursts of temper over unimportant issues, yet indecisive when it came to major issues", echoed by Roy Haines' description of Edward as "incompetent and vicious", and as

1612:, independently negotiated a peace treaty with Robert the Bruce, proposing that Edward would recognise Robert as the King of Scotland and that, in return, Robert would cease to interfere in England. Edward was furious and immediately executed Harclay, but agreed to a thirteen-year truce with Robert. 1582:

Edward punished Lancaster's supporters through a system of special courts across the country, with the judges instructed in advance how to sentence the accused, who were not allowed to speak in their own defence. Many of these so-called "Contrariants" were simply executed, and others were imprisoned

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and Philip IV to allow Gaveston to return to England, offering in exchange to suppress the Knights Templar in England, and to release Bishop Langton from prison. Edward called a new meeting of members of the Church and key barons in January 1309, and the leading earls then gathered in March and

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on 25 April 1284, less than a year after Edward I had conquered the region, and as a result is sometimes called Edward of Caernarfon. The King probably chose the castle deliberately as the location for Edward's birth as it was an important symbolic location for the native Welsh, associated with

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of the original, depicting Edward as a strong, explicitly homosexual leader, ultimately overcome by powerful enemies. In Jarman's version, Edward finally escapes captivity, following the tradition in the Fieschi letter. Edward's current popular image was also shaped by his contrasting appearance in

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Under Edward's rule, parliament's importance grew as a means of making political decisions and answering petitions, although as the historian Claire Valente notes, the gatherings were "still as much an event as an institution". After 1311, parliament began to include, in addition to the barons, the

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Roger Mortimer, Isabella and thirteen-year-old Prince Edward, accompanied by King Edward's half-brother Edmund of Woodstock, landed in Orwell on 24 September with a small force of men and met with no resistance. Instead, enemies of the Despensers moved rapidly to join them, including Edward's other

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In early 1321, Lancaster mobilised a coalition of the Despensers' enemies across the Marcher territories. Edward and Hugh the Younger became aware of these plans in March and headed west, hoping that negotiations led by the moderate Earl of Pembroke would defuse the crisis. This time, Pembroke made

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met in February 1308 in a heated atmosphere. Edward was eager to discuss the potential for governmental reform, but the barons were unwilling to begin any such debate until the problem of Gaveston had been resolved. Violence seemed likely, but the situation was resolved through the mediation of the

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to them for the lands; the English kings saw this demand as insulting to their honour, and the issue remained unresolved. Edward I also faced increasing opposition from his barons over the taxation and requisitions required to resource his wars, and left his son debts of around £200,000 on his

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Historian Roy Haines stresses the lack of evidence for any earlier relationship, while Paul Doherty argues that there is no evidence for them having been closely involved before December 1325, although he suspects that they may have been friends by 1323. While agreeing that there is no documentary

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and J. C. Davies, who focused on the development of the English constitutional and governmental system during his reign. Although critical of what they regarded as Edward II's inadequacies as a king, they also emphasised the growth of the role of parliament and the reduction in personal royal

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Edward II's tomb rapidly became a popular site for visitors, probably encouraged by the local monks, who lacked an existing pilgrimage attraction. Visitors donated extensively to the abbey, allowing the monks to rebuild much of the surrounding church in the 1330s. Miracles reportedly took place at

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Edward's authority collapsed in England where, in his absence, Isabella's faction took over the administration with the support of the Church. Her forces surrounded Bristol, where Hugh Despenser the Elder had taken shelter; he surrendered and was promptly executed. Edward and Hugh the Younger fled

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By February 1326 it was clear that Isabella was involved in a relationship with an exiled Marcher Lord, Roger Mortimer. It is unclear when Isabella first met Mortimer or when their relationship began, but they both wanted to see Edward and the Despensers removed from power. Edward appealed for his

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Edward responded to the baronial threat by revoking the Ordinances and recalling Gaveston to England, being reunited with him at York in January 1312. The barons were furious and met in London, where Gaveston was excommunicated by the Archbishop of Canterbury and plans were put in place to capture

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events, the assembly took a collective oath to defeat Bruce. It is unclear what role Prince Edward's forces played in the campaign that summer, which, under the orders of Edward I, saw a punitive, brutal retaliation against Bruce's faction in Scotland. Edward returned to England in September,

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called Mariota or Mary Maunsel for a few months until she fell ill, when Alice de Leygrave became his foster mother. He would have barely known his natural mother, Eleanor, who was in Gascony with his father during his earliest years. An official household, complete with staff, was created for the

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Most historians suggest that Edward increased his engagement with administration in the 1320s, although Michael Prestwich suggests that many of Edward's later correspondence on governmental issues were written for him by the Despensers. Generally, current historians have tended to stress Edward's

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Thomas Berkeley was spared by Edward III, after a jury concluded in 1331 that he had not been involved in the killing of the late king. The same jury found that William Ockley and Thomas Gurney had been responsible for the death. Ockley was not heard of again, but Gurney fled and was pursued

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at his court, and Edward blessed the sick, although he did this less often than his predecessors. Edward remained close to the Dominican Order, which had helped to educate him, and followed their advice in asking for papal permission to be anointed with the Holy Oil of St. Thomas of Canterbury in

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Concerns continued to be raised over fresh plots to liberate Edward, some involving the Dominican order and former household knights, and one such attempt got at least as far as breaking into the prison within the castle. As a result of these threats, Edward was moved around to other locations in

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On his return from France, Edward found his political position greatly strengthened. After intense negotiation, the earls, including Lancaster and Warwick, came to a compromise in October 1313, fundamentally very similar to the draft agreement of the previous December. Edward's finances improved,

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Gaveston's return from exile in 1307 was initially accepted by the barons, but opposition quickly grew. He appeared to have an excessive influence on royal policy, leading to complaints from one chronicler that there were "two kings reigning in one kingdom, the one in name and the other in deed".

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and lands across North Wales; he seems to have hoped that this would help pacify the region, and that it would give his son some financial independence. Edward received homage from his Welsh subjects and then joined his father for the 1301 Scottish campaign; he took an army of around 300 soldiers

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Earlier histories of Edward II considered him poorly educated, principally because he took his coronation oath in French, rather than Latin, and because of his interest in agricultural crafts. His use of French at his coronation is no longer interpreted in this fashion, but there is little other

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suggests that the story in Fieschi's letter is broadly accurate, but argues that it was in fact Mortimer and Isabella who had Edward secretly released, and who then faked his death, a fiction later maintained by Edward III when he came to power. Ian Mortimer's account was criticised by most

2099:'s colourful account of the killing. It became incorporated into most later histories of Edward, typically being linked to his possible homosexuality. Most historians now dismiss this account of Edward's death, querying the logic in his captors murdering him in such an easily detectable fashion. 1778:

as a diversionary attack. Edward issued a nationalistic appeal for his subjects to defend the kingdom, but with little impact. The regime's hold on power at the local level was fragile, the Despensers were widely disliked, and many of those Edward entrusted with the defence of the kingdom proved

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Reactions to the death of Gaveston varied considerably. Edward was furious and deeply upset over what he saw as the murder of Gaveston; he made provisions for Gaveston's family, and intended to take revenge on the barons involved. The earls of Pembroke and Surrey were embarrassed and angry about

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Following his return, Gaveston's relationship with the major barons became increasingly difficult. He was considered arrogant, and he took to referring to the earls by offensive names, including calling one of their more powerful members the "dog of Warwick". The Earl of Lancaster and Gaveston's

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Despite Edward I's successes, when he died in 1307 he left a range of challenges for his son to resolve. One of the most critical was the problem of English rule in Scotland, where Edward I's long but ultimately inconclusive military campaign was ongoing when he died. His control of Gascony

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chronicles in the mid-1330s and 1340s, respectively. One of Edward's biographers, Seymour Phillips, notes that while the hot iron story could be true, it is much more likely that he was suffocated, noting that the account of the red-hot iron seems suspiciously similar to earlier accounts of the

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Earlier historical accounts of Edward have suggested that his childhood was marred by a lack of contact with his family and an absence of familial affection, influencing his later personality and problems; although Edward's father, Edward I, is still considered an "irascible and demanding"

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One of Edward's persistent challenges through most of his reign was a shortage of money; of the debts he inherited from his father, around £60,000 was still owing in the 1320s. Edward worked his way through many treasurers and other financial officials, few of whom stayed long, raising revenues

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with a copper crown was made for the funeral; this is the first known use of a funeral effigy in England, and was probably necessary because of the condition of the King's body, as he had been dead for three months. Edward's heart was removed, placed in a silver container, and later buried with

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met privately with Edward in the castle. They informed Edward that if he were to resign as monarch, his son Edward would succeed him, but if he failed to do so, his son might be disinherited as well, and the crown given to an alternative candidate. In tears, Edward agreed to abdicate, and on 21

1350:—who would usually have been used to break up enemy spear formations—at the back of his army, rather than the front. His cavalry found it hard to operate in the cramped terrain and were crushed by Robert's spearmen. The English army was overwhelmed and its leaders were unable to regain control. 908:

and Seymour Phillips have argued that the public nature of the English royal court would have made it unlikely that any homosexual affairs would have remained discreet; neither the contemporary Church, Edward's father nor his father-in-law appear to have made any adverse comments about Edward's

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is sympathetic to the argument that Edward and Gaveston had entered into a bond of adoptive brotherhood, but with a "sexual element" to both this and Edward's relationship with Despenser; Roy Haines echoes Prestwich's judgements; Miri Rubin argues in favour of their being friends, with a "very

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Edward now expected Isabella and their son to return to England, but instead she remained in France and showed no intention of making her way back. Until 1322, Edward and Isabella's marriage appears to have been successful, but by the time Isabella left for France in 1325, it had deteriorated.

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as his wife and agreed that Prince Edward would in due course marry Philip's daughter, Isabella, who was then only two years old. In theory, this marriage would mean that the disputed Duchy of Gascony would be inherited by a descendant of both Edward and Philip, providing a possible end to the

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Meanwhile, the Earl of Pembroke had been negotiating with France to resolve the long-standing disagreements over the administration of Gascony, and as part of this Edward and Isabella agreed to travel to Paris in June 1313 to meet with Philip IV. Edward probably hoped both to resolve the

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The contemporary evidence supporting their homosexual relationship comes primarily from an anonymous chronicler in the 1320s who described how Edward "felt such love" for Gaveston that "he entered into a covenant of constancy, and bound himself with him before all other mortals with a bond of

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The famine and the Scottish policy were felt to be a punishment from God, and complaints about Edward multiplied, one contemporary poem describing the "Evil Times of Edward II". Many criticised Edward's "improper" and ignoble interest in rural pursuits. In 1318, a mentally ill man named

1104:

Edward sent assurances to the Pope that the conflict surrounding Gaveston's role was at an end. On the basis of these promises, and procedural concerns about how the original decision had been taken, the Pope agreed to annul the Archbishop's threat to excommunicate Gaveston, thus opening the

1008:

to be lavishly restored in readiness for their coronation and wedding feast, complete with marble tables, forty ovens and a fountain that produced wine and pimento, a spiced medieval drink. After some delays, the ceremony went ahead on 25 February at Westminster Abbey, under the guidance of

2312:

in 1213; Edward soon ceased the payments, however, and never offered his homage, another part of the 1213 agreement. In 1325 Edward asked Pope John to instruct the Irish Church to openly preach in favour of his right to rule the island, and to threaten to excommunicate any contrary voices.

1943:

On 23 September Edward III was informed that his father had died at Berkeley Castle during the night of 21 September. Most historians agree that Edward II did die at Berkeley on that date, although there is a minority view that he died much later. His death was, as Mark Ormrod notes,

1541:

and advanced into the Welsh Marches, where the opposition forces had gathered. The coalition of Marcher Lords crumbled and the Mortimers surrendered to Edward, but Damory, Audley, and the Earl of Hereford marched north in January to join Lancaster, who had laid siege the king's castle at

980:. Edward probably hoped that the marriage would strengthen his position in Gascony and bring him much needed funds. The final negotiations, however, proved challenging: Edward and Philip IV did not like each other, and the French king drove a hard bargain over the size of Isabella's 3363:

reserved judgement, noting that "if he was indeed the author of the Anglo-Norman lament ascribed to him, he knew something of versification"; M. Smallwood feels that "the authorship question has not been settled"; Claire Valente writes "I think it unlikely that Edward II wrote the

557:, who died in August 1284, leaving Edward as the heir to the throne. Although Edward was a relatively healthy child, there were enduring concerns throughout his early years that he too might die and leave his father without a male heir. After his birth, Edward was looked after by a 2308:, elected in 1316, sought Edward's support for a new crusade, and was also inclined to support him politically. In 1317, in exchange for papal support in his war with Scotland, Edward agreed to recommence paying the annual Papal tribute, which had been first agreed to by King 1623:, the Despensers accumulated land and wealth, using their position in government to provide superficial cover for what historian Seymour Phillips describes as "the reality of fraud, threats of violence and abuse of legal procedure". Meanwhile, Edward faced growing opposition. 1822:

their castle around 2 November, leaving behind jewellery, considerable supplies, and at least £13,000 in cash, possibly once again hoping to reach Ireland, but on 16 November they were betrayed and captured by a search party north of Caerphilly. Edward was escorted first to

1507:

and the recently elevated Hugh Audley and Roger Damory. Edward, however, increasingly relied on the Despensers for advice and support, and he was particularly close to Hugh the Younger, whom one chronicler noted he "loved ... dearly with all his heart and mind".

1143:

The king and parliament met again in February 1310, and the proposed discussions of Scottish policy were replaced by debate of domestic problems. Edward was petitioned to abandon Gaveston as his counsellor and instead adopt the advice of 21 elected barons, termed

1156:

addition, the Ordinances exiled Gaveston once again, this time with instructions that he should not be allowed to live anywhere within Edward's lands, including Gascony and Ireland, and that he should be stripped of his titles. Edward retreated to his estates at

1417:, even threatening York itself. Edward undertook an expensive but unsuccessful campaign to stem the advance in 1319, but the famine made it increasingly difficult to keep his garrisons supplied with food. Meanwhile, a Scottish expedition led by Robert's brother 2422:'s study of Edward's final years, the focus of the major historical studies for several years was on the leading magnates rather than Edward himself, until substantial biographies of the king were published by Roy Haines and Seymour Phillips in 2003 and 2011. 1868:; the Earl of Arundel was beheaded. Edward's position, however, was problematic; he was still married to Isabella and, in principle, he remained the king, but most of the new administration had much to lose were he to be released and potentially regain power. 1353:

Edward stayed behind to fight, but it became obvious to the Earl of Pembroke that the battle was lost and he dragged the king away from the battlefield, hotly pursued by the Scottish forces. Edward only just escaped the heavy fighting, making a vow to found a

2114:

in 1338, who claimed to be Edward II. Some parts of the letter's content are considered broadly accurate by historians, although other aspects of its account have been criticised as implausible. A few historians have supported versions of its narrative.

1391:

two years, bringing effective governance to a standstill. This stymied any hopes for a fresh campaign into Scotland and raised fears of civil war. After much negotiation, once again involving the Earl of Pembroke, Edward and Lancaster finally agreed to the

1105:

possibility of Gaveston's return. Gaveston arrived back in England in June, where he was met by Edward. At the parliament the next month, Edward made a range of concessions to placate those opposed to Gaveston, including agreeing to limit the powers of the

2461:

does not describe the actual nature of Edward's murder in the script, it has usually been performed following the tradition that Edward was killed with a red-hot poker. The character of Edward in the play, who has been likened to Marlowe's contemporaries

1607:

and was forced to flee by sea. Edward planned a fresh campaign, backed by a round of further taxes, but confidence in his Scottish policy was diminishing. Andrew Harclay, instrumental in securing Edward's victories the previous year and recently made the

1631:

used to execute members of the opposition in Bristol. Law and order began to break down, encouraged by the chaos caused by the seizure of lands. The old opposition consisting of Marcher Lords' associates attempted to free the prisoners Edward held in

616:. In his letters, he shows a quirky sense of humour, joking about sending unsatisfactory animals to his friends, such as horses who disliked carrying their riders, or lazy hunting dogs too slow to catch rabbits. He was not particularly interested in 671:. Edward I was distraught at his wife's death and held a huge funeral for her; his son inherited the County of Ponthieu from Eleanor. Next, a French marriage was considered for the young Edward, to help secure a lasting peace with France, but 1020:

Isabella was only twelve at the time of her wedding, young even by the standards of the period, and Edward probably had sexual relations with mistresses during their first few years together. During this time he fathered an illegitimate son,

2190:

of a wider grouping of nobles through grants of money and fees. He could take a keen interest in the minutiae of administration, however, and on occasion engaged in the details of a wide range of issues across England and his wider domains.

984:

and the details of the administration of Edward's lands in France. As part of the agreement, Edward gave homage to Philip for the Duchy of Aquitaine and agreed to a commission to complete the implementation of the 1303 Treaty of Paris.

903:

in 1303 and 1308, respectively. Later accounts by chroniclers of Edward's activities may trace back to Orleton's original allegations, and were certainly adversely coloured by the events at the end of Edward's reign. Such historians as

1177:

Tensions between Edward and the barons remained high, and the earls opposed to the king kept their personal armies mobilised late into 1311. By now Edward had become estranged from his cousin, the Earl of Lancaster, who was also the

1091:

Edward called for a fresh military campaign for Scotland, but this idea was quietly abandoned, and instead the king and the barons met in August 1308 to discuss reform. Behind the scenes, Edward started negotiations to convince both

844:. Gaveston was the son of one of the King's household knights whose lands lay adjacent to Gascony, and had himself joined Prince Edward's household in 1300, possibly on Edward I's instruction. The two got on well; Gaveston became a 393:

during his reign was a positive development for England over the longer term. Debate has continued into the 21st century as to whether Edward was a lazy and incompetent king, or simply a reluctant and ultimately unsuccessful ruler.

3260:

John Boswell puts forward one of the most prominent arguments in favour of Edward and Gaveston having been lovers. Jeffrey Hamilton supports that the relationship was sexual, but that it was probably not overtly so. The historian

2086:

Controversy rapidly surrounded Edward's death. With Mortimer's execution in 1330, rumours began to circulate that Edward had been murdered at Berkeley Castle. Accounts that he had been killed by the insertion of a red-hot iron or

643:

Edward grew up to be tall and muscular, and was considered good-looking by the standards of the period. He had a reputation as a competent public speaker and was known for his generosity to household staff. Unusually, he enjoyed

3421:

Initial sources either did not suggest that Edward had been murdered at all, or suggested that he had been suffocated or strangled. The first sources to begin to successfully popularise the "anal rape" narrative were the longer

2337:

No chronicler for this period is entirely trustworthy or unbiased, often because their accounts were written to support a particular cause, but it is clear that most contemporary chroniclers were highly critical of Edward. The

1932:, who were given £5 a day for Edward's maintenance. It is unclear how well cared for Edward was; the records show luxury goods being bought on his behalf, but some chroniclers suggest that he was often mistreated. A poem, the " 1453:, swapped at birth. John was duly executed, but his claims resonated with those criticising Edward for his lack of regal behaviour and steady leadership. Opposition also grew around Edward's treatment of his royal favourites. 707: 1966:, but this move was highly unpopular. Isabella and Mortimer both amassed and spent great wealth, and criticism of them mounted. Relations between Mortimer and Edward III became strained and in 1330 the king conducted a 1214:

Gaveston and prevent him from fleeing to Scotland. Edward, Isabella and Gaveston left for Newcastle, pursued by Lancaster and his followers. Abandoning many of their belongings, the royal party fled by ship and landed at

3236:

Edward II faced criticism from contemporaries for favouring Gaveston above his half-brothers, although detailed research by Alison Marshall shows more generosity, Marshall arguing that "for once", Edward was criticised

1117:, and to abandon recently enacted customs legislation; in return, parliament agreed to fresh taxes for the war in Scotland. Temporarily, at least, Edward and the barons appeared to have come to a successful compromise. 763:, deploying his own siege engine in the operation. In the spring of 1304, Edward conducted negotiations with the rebel Scottish leaders on the King's behalf and, when these failed, he joined his father for the siege of 3250:

held Prince Edward responsible for savage attacks on the local population; the historian Seymour Phillips has noted that many of Rishanger's other details are incorrect, and casts doubt on the chronicle's more extreme

1765:

During August and September 1326, Edward mobilised his defences along the coasts of England to protect against the possibility of an invasion either by France or by Roger Mortimer. Fleets were gathered at the ports of

2011:

and oak barriers to manage the anticipated crowds. Edward III's government probably hoped to put a veneer of normality over the recent political events, increasing the legitimacy of the young king's own reign.

1362:

if he survived. The historian Roy Haines describes the defeat as a "calamity of stunning proportions" for the English, whose losses in the battle were huge. In the aftermath of the defeat, Edward retreated to

324:

provoked discontent both among the barons and the French royal family, and Edward was forced to exile him. On Gaveston's return, the barons pressured the King into agreeing to wide-ranging reforms called the

1385:

After the fiasco of Bannockburn, the Earls of Lancaster and Warwick saw their political influence increase, and they pressured Edward to re-implement the Ordinances of 1311. Lancaster became the head of the

945:. Edward travelled from London immediately after the news reached him, and on 20 July he was proclaimed king. He continued north into Scotland and on 4 August received homage from his Scottish supporters at 528:, a 16th-century clergyman, suggested that the baby was offered to the Welsh as a prince "that was borne in Wales and could speake never a word of English", but there is no evidence to support this account. 2358:

for example all condemned the king's personality, habits and choice of companions. Other records from his reign show criticism by his contemporaries, including the Church and members of his own household.

3393:

The historian Joel Burden notes that this delay in burial was not unusual for the period; the bodies of many other royalty, including Edward I and Isabella of France, remained unburied for a similar

2106:", sent to Edward III by an Italian priest called Manuel Fieschi, who claimed that Edward escaped Berkeley Castle in 1327 with the help of a servant and ultimately retired to become a hermit in the 1722:

Edward's opponents began to gather around Isabella and Mortimer in Paris, and Edward became increasingly anxious about the possibility that Mortimer might invade England. Isabella and Mortimer turned to

1515:

Edward began to plan his revenge. With the help of Pembroke, he formed a small coalition of his half-brothers, a few of the earls and some of the senior clergy, and prepared for war. Edward started with

1233:, where the Earl of Lancaster and the rest of his faction assembled on 18 June. At a brief trial, Gaveston was declared guilty of being a traitor under the terms of the Ordinances; he was beheaded on 1222:, on the promise that he would not be harmed. He had with him a huge collection of gold, silver and gems, probably part of the royal treasury, which he was later accused of having stolen from Edward. 953:, before arranging his marriage to the wealthy Margaret de Clare. Edward also arrested his old adversary Bishop Langton, and dismissed him from his post as treasurer. Edward I's body was kept at 2278:

Edward's approach to religion was normal for the period, and the historian Michael Prestwich describes him as "a man of wholly conventional religious attitudes". There were daily chapel services and

1583:

or fined, with their lands seized and their surviving relatives detained. The Earl of Pembroke, whom Edward now mistrusted, was arrested; he was released only after pledging all his possessions as

3447:

has noted that most of Geoffrey le Baker's story "belongs to the world of romance rather than of history", but has also noted that Edward "very possibly" died from the insertion of a red-hot iron.

1615:

Hugh Despenser the Younger lived and ruled in grand style, playing a leading role in Edward's government, and executing policy through a wide network of family retainers. Supported by Chancellor

333:, a group of the barons seized and executed Gaveston in 1312, beginning several years of armed confrontation. English forces were pushed back in Scotland, where Edward was decisively defeated by 3301:

It is unclear who wrote this part of the coronation oath, or what their intentions where. Historical discussions over the coronation oath have included debate over the tense of the Latin phrase

667:, who had a potential claim to the crown of Scotland. Margaret died later that year, bringing an end to the plan. Edward's mother, Eleanor, died shortly afterwards, followed by his grandmother, 368:

with a small army in 1326. Edward's regime collapsed and he fled into Wales, where he was captured in November. Edward was forced to relinquish his crown in January 1327 in favour of his son,

1940:

secret for a period, before returning to permanent custody at the castle in late summer 1327. The political situation remained unstable, and new plots appear to have been formed to free him.

585:

Spending increased on Edward's personal household as he grew older and, in 1293, William of Blyborough took over as its administrator. Edward was probably given a religious education by the

656:, and enjoyed associating with labourers and other lower-class workers. This behaviour was not considered normal for the nobility of the period and attracted criticism from contemporaries. 941:

Edward I mobilised another army for the Scottish campaign in 1307, which Prince Edward was due to join that summer, but the elderly king had been increasingly unwell and died on 7 July at

785:, and declared himself King of the Scots. Edward I mobilised a fresh army, but decided that, this time, his son would be formally in charge of the expedition. Prince Edward was made the 3227:

The historian Seymour Phillips notes, however, that there is relatively little hard evidence to support the statements made by contemporaries about Edward's enjoyment of rural pastimes.

1464:, instantly making them extremely rich. Many of the moderates who had helped deliver the peaceful compromise in 1318 now began to turn against Edward, making violence ever more likely. 1399: 352:, became close friends and advisers to Edward, but in 1321 Lancaster and many of the barons seized the Despensers' lands and forced the King to exile them. In response, Edward led a 3318:, the late Earl of Gloucester, who died fighting at Bannockburn. The estates were divided up among his three sisters, one of whom was already married to Hugh Despenser the Younger. 2370:

Historians in the 16th and 17th centuries focused on Edward's relationship with Gaveston, drawing comparisons between Edward's reign and the events surrounding the relationship of

2202:

during his reign when arguing in defence of his causes and favourites, which may have attracted criticism from those who perceived this as abandoning the established principles of

10966: 2250:

Edward's royal court was itinerant, travelling around the country with him. When housed in Westminster Palace, the court occupied a complex of two halls, seven chambers and three

3177:

It is impossible to accurately convert sums of medieval money into modern incomes and prices. For comparison, it cost Edward's father, Edward I, around £15,000 to build the

640:, either because he lacked the aptitude or because he had been banned from participating for his personal safety, but he was certainly enthusiastic in his support of the sport. 3412:

Earlier scholarship had argued that the effigy on the tomb was an idealised carving, although more recent work has put more emphasis on its likely resemblance to Edward II.

1503:. The Earl of Lancaster and the Despensers were fierce enemies, and Lancaster's antipathy was shared by most of the Despensers' neighbours, including the Earl of Hereford, the 1210:, Lancaster led a powerful faction in England, but he was not personally interested in practical administration, nor was he a particularly imaginative or effective politician. 895:

comments are vaguely worded; Orleton's allegations were at least in part politically motivated, and are very similar to the highly politicised sodomy allegations made against

2095:

slowly began to spread, possibly as a result of deliberate propaganda; chroniclers in the mid-1330s and 1340s disseminated this account further, supported in later years by

1878:

Shortly after this, a representative delegation of barons, clergy and knights was sent to Kenilworth to speak to the king. On 20 January 1327, the Earl of Lancaster and the

2072:

in 1395. The tomb was opened by officials in 1855, uncovering a wooden coffin, still in good condition, and a sealed lead coffin inside it. The tomb remains in what is now

12179: 1409:

Meanwhile, Robert the Bruce exploited his victory at Bannockburn to raid northern England, initially attacking Carlisle and Berwick, and then reaching further south into

1101:. Another parliament followed, which refused to allow Gaveston to return to England, but offered to grant Edward additional taxes if he agreed to a programme of reform. 848:

and was soon being referred to as a close companion of Edward, before being knighted by the King during the Feast of the Swans in 1306. The King then exiled Gaveston to

2363:

were written about him, complaining about his failure in war and his oppressive government. Later in the 14th century, some chroniclers, such as Geoffrey le Baker and

1779:

incompetent or promptly turned against the regime. Some 2,000 men were ordered to gather at Orwell to repel any invasion, but only 55 appear to have actually arrived.

1457: 10738: 3493:

even rather dull"; Seymour Phillips questions if the naked French dancers were genuinely extravagant or simply intended to fit in with local French royal culture.

2119:

questions the veracity of the letter and the identity of William the Welshman, but nonetheless has suspicions that Edward may have survived his imprisonment. The

2371: 1229:

in the Midlands, putting Gaveston under guard there while he went to visit his wife. The Earl of Warwick took this opportunity to seize Gaveston, taking him to

864:. Both men had sexual relationships with their wives, who bore them children; Edward also had an illegitimate son, and may have had an affair with his niece, 3403:

Although it was normal for Westminster Abbey to be used to bury English monarchs by the 14th century, the practice was not as formalised as it later became.

10959: 1140:

to acquire supplies for the war in Scotland. His attempts to raise an army for Scotland collapsed and the earls suspended the collection of the new taxes.

880:, was accused of having stated in 1326 that Edward was a "sodomite", although Orleton defended himself by arguing that he had meant that Edward's adviser, 872:

indissoluble love, firmly drawn up and fastened with a knot." The first specific suggestion that Edward engaged in sex with men was recorded in 1334, when

3199:

evidence to show to what extent Edward was educated. The links drawn between an interest in crafts and low intelligence are no longer considered accurate.

12204: 3158: 2418:

re-focused attention on the role of the individual leaders in the conflicts. With the exceptions of Hilda Johnstone's work on Edward's early years and

2283:

1319; this request was refused, causing the king some embarrassment. Edward supported the expansion of the universities during his reign, establishing

1304: 1132:

enemies refused to attend parliament in 1310 because Gaveston would be present. Edward was facing increasing financial problems, owing £22,000 to his

976:

in charge of the kingdom. This arrangement was unusual, and involved unprecedented powers being delegated to Gaveston, backed by a specially engraved

329:. The newly empowered barons banished Gaveston, to which Edward responded by revoking the reforms and recalling his favourite. Led by Edward's cousin 316:, who had joined his household in 1300. The precise nature of Edward and Gaveston's relationship is uncertain; they may have been friends, lovers, or 1852:

Isabella and Mortimer rapidly took revenge on the former regime. Hugh Despenser the Younger was put on trial, declared a traitor and sentenced to be

1739:

to assist in the invasion of England. Prince Edward and Philippa were betrothed on 27 August, and Isabella and Mortimer prepared for their campaign.

1151:

By now the Ordainers had drawn up their Ordinances for reform and Edward had little political choice but to give way and accept them in October. The

9500:

Burgtorf, Jochen (2008). "'With my life, his joyes began and ended': Piers Gaveston and King Edward II of England Revisited". In Saul, Nigel (ed.).

1787:, who had inherited the earldom from his brother Thomas; and a range of senior clergy. Ensconced in the residence halls of the fortified and secure 9436:(1988). "The Political Repercussions of Family Ties in the Early Fourteenth Century: The Marriage of Edward II of England and Isabelle of France". 1945: 10584:. The Durham Conference. Proceedings of the Durham Conference. Vol. X. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press (published 2005). pp. 197–209. 10952: 8028: 7942: 3292:

The story that Edward I had asked his son to swear to boil his body, bury the flesh and take bones on campaign in Scotland was a later invention.

1517: 742:

Edward I returned to Scotland once again in 1300, and this time took his son with him, making him the commander of the rearguard at the siege of

9725:

L'art de verifier les dates des faits historiques, des chartes, des chroniques et autres anciens monuments depuis la naissance de notre-seigneur

3346:

takes a more radical perspective, arguing that they met much earlier, and that Isabella helped Mortimer escape from the Tower of London in 1323.

10205:

Ormrod, W. Mark (2004). "Monarchy, Martyrdom and Masculinity: England in the Later Middle Ages". In Cullum, P. H.; Lewis, Katherine J. (eds.).

1916:

Those opposed to the new government began to make plans to free Edward, and Roger Mortimer decided to move him to the more secure location of

852:

in 1307 for reasons that remain unclear. According to one chronicler, Edward had asked his father to allow him to give Gaveston the County of

3186: 1810:

and then for Ireland, where the king hoped to receive refuge and raise a fresh army. Bad weather drove them back, though, and they landed at

1491:

had served both Edward and his father, while Hugh Despenser the Younger had married into the wealthy de Clare family, become the King's

512:, and it formed the centre of the new royal administration of North Wales. Edward's birth brought predictions of greatness from contemporary 8086: 7653: 3590: 2258:

There was an extensive use of gold and silver plates, jewels and enamelling at court, which would have been richly decorated. Edward kept a

1218:, where Gaveston stayed while Edward and Isabella returned to York. After a short siege, Gaveston surrendered to the earls of Pembroke and 1487:

finally broke out in England in 1321, triggered by the tension between many of the barons and the royal favourites, the Despenser family.

2535:

strongly hinted at a homosexual relationship between the pair, while avoiding making this aspect explicit. It was initially shown at the

2431: 1278:. Philip gave lenient terms for settling the problems in Gascony, and the event was spoiled only by a serious fire in Edward's quarters. 2126:

believes the events in the letter to be essentially true, using the letter to argue that Isabella was innocent of murdering Edward. and

1456:

Edward had managed to retain some of his previous advisers, despite attempts by the Ordainers to remove them, and divided the extensive

12169: 11736: 9903:

Horne, Peter (1999). "The besotted King and his Adonis: Representations of Edward II and Gaveston in late nineteenth-century England".

1731:. In return for the advantageous alliance with the English heir to the throne, and a sizeable dower for the bride, William offered 132 2185:"no man of business". Edward did not just delegate routine government to his subordinates, but also higher level decision making, and 12174: 9481:

Burden, Joel (2004). "Re-writing a Rite of Passage: The Peculiar Funeral of Edward II". In McDonald, Nicola; Ormrod, W. Mark (eds.).

1962:

The rule of Isabella and Mortimer did not last long after the announcement of Edward's death. They made peace with the Scots in the

12224: 12159: 3315: 1195: 949:, before abandoning the campaign and returning south. Edward promptly recalled Piers Gaveston, who was then in exile, and made him 439: 1190:, with an income of around £11,000 a year from his lands, almost double that of the next wealthiest baron. Backed by the earls of 12184: 2379: 2139:, who argues that there is no "convincing evidence for Edward’s survival, let alone for it being the result of a Mortimer plot”. 1199: 1595:

The English campaign against Scotland was planned on a massive scale, with a force of about 23,000 men. Edward advanced through

12154: 11797: 10778: 2539:

in 1872 but was marginalised in later decades as the issue of homosexuality became more sensitive. More recently, the director

2102:

Another set of theories surround the possibility that Edward did not really die in 1327. These theories typically involve the "

1925: 1531: 1207: 1203: 454:

over the country. He was considered an extremely successful ruler by his contemporaries, largely able to control the powerful

12189: 10638: 10608: 10589: 10485: 10466: 10445: 10408: 10389: 10331: 10251: 10214: 10195: 10153: 10091: 10069: 10050: 10031: 9986: 9949: 9891: 9817: 9798: 9776: 9706: 9687: 9637: 9614: 9587: 9561: 9531: 9509: 9490: 9423: 9404: 9348: 8292: 2797: 1395:

in August 1318, which pardoned Lancaster and his faction and established a new royal council, temporarily averting conflict.

1237:

the following day, under the authority of Lancaster. Gaveston's body was not buried until 1315, when his funeral was held in

722:

against Philip IV, who had occupied part of the English king's lands in Gascony. On his return, Edward I signed a

12149: 11817: 2367:, rehabilitated Edward, presenting him as a martyr and a potential saint, although this tradition died out in later years. 1830:. Edward's final remaining forces, by now besieged in Caerphilly Castle, surrendered after four months in March 1327. 1191: 1080:

by the Archbishop of Canterbury should he return. At the last moment, Edward changed his mind and instead sent Gaveston to

727: 10746: 3152: 2052:, and wearing a strawberry-leaf crown. The effigy features a pronounced lower lip, and may be a close likeness of Edward. 12209: 12080: 9574:(1991). "'Welcome My Brother': Edward II, John of Powderham and the Chronicles, 1318". In Wood, Ian; Loud, G. A. (eds.). 1546:. Bolstered by fresh reinforcements from the Marcher Lords, Edward pursued them, meeting Lancaster's army on 10 March at 1219: 1499:

in 1317. Hugh the Younger subsequently expanded his holdings and power across Wales, mainly at the expense of the other

12098: 2401:

By the end of the 19th century, more administrative records from the period had become available to historians such as

1073: 770:

In 1305, Edward and his father quarrelled, probably over the issue of money. The prince had an altercation with Bishop

731:

long-running tensions. The young Edward seems to have got on well with his new stepmother, who gave birth to two sons,

2735: 10789: 1924:, where Edward arrived around 5 April 1327. Once at the castle, he was kept in the custody of Mortimer's son-in-law, 1637: 361: 3332:, Edward's personal property, and as such not subject to the French king's laws on the carrying of weapons or money. 3208:

The historian Seymour Phillips considers it probable that Edward possessed some Latin; Roy Haines is less convinced.

11857: 2607: 1286:(£25,000) from the Pope, £33,000 borrowed from Philip, and further loans organised by Edward's new Italian banker, 1030: 203: 2056:

the tomb, and modifications had to be made to enable visitors to walk around it in larger numbers. The chronicler

12199: 12164: 10263:

Perry, Curtis (2000). "The politics of access and representations of the sodomite king in early modern England".

3456:

For a critique of the theory that Edward II survived his imprisonment, see David Carpenter's review in the

1342:, which was surrounded by marshland. Skirmishing between the two sides broke out, resulting in the death of Sir 891:

Alternatively, Edward and Gaveston may have simply been friends with a close working relationship. Contemporary

11729: 2945: 12194: 12134: 11991: 10580:

Tebbit, Alistair (2003). Written at Durham, UK. Prestwich, Michael; Britnell, Richard; Frame, Robin (eds.).

3003: 1403: 1380: 1098: 447: 423: 342: 330: 286: 208: 11626: 11589: 9358:

Alexander, James W. (1985). "A Historiographical Survey: Norman and Plantagenet Kings since World War II".

2977: 1999:

at Berkeley Castle, where it was viewed by local leaders from Bristol and Gloucester. It was then taken to

1784: 1215: 66: 8329: 589:, whom his mother invited into his household in 1290. He was assigned one of his grandmother's followers, 11887: 11351: 9519: 3097: 2223: 2136: 1724: 1338:

The battle began on 23 June as the English army attempted to force its way across the high ground of the

933: 710:

Early 14th-century depiction of Edward I (left) declaring his son Edward (right) the Prince of Wales

198: 11340: 2919: 12018: 11907: 11897: 11636: 11314: 11282: 3280: 3065: 2703: 2391: 2292: 1748: 1085: 881: 782: 365: 349: 31: 10785: 10767: 10507: 10006:

The childhood and household of Edward II's half-brothers, Thomas of Brotherton and Edmund of Woodstock

8032: 7946: 2527:

Edward's life has also been used in a wide variety of other media. In the Victorian era, the painting

2523:

shows Edward II cavorting with Gaveston at left, while nobles and courtiers look on with concern.

1588:

A parliament was held at York on 2 May 1322 at which the Ordinances were formally revoked through the

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in 1325, she turned against Edward and refused to return. Isabella allied herself with the exiled

309:, as part of a long-running effort to resolve the tensions between the English and French crowns. 301:. Edward succeeded to the throne the next year, following his father's death. In 1308, he married 11827: 11767: 11401: 11396: 11381: 11356: 9740: 9067: 8090: 7661: 3598: 2176: 1936:", has been attributed to Edward during his imprisonment by some scholars, but this is disputed. 1681:, numbered 7,000. Valois took the Agenais and then advanced further and cut off the main city of 1555: 977: 11063: 1904: 1864:; he was duly executed on 24 November 1326. Edward's former chancellor, Robert Baldock, died in 290: 12219: 11580: 11465: 11411: 11386: 11361: 11346: 11218: 11053: 10173: 10009: 9964: 9660: 9579: 2617: 2550: 2266:

with him on campaign to Scotland. The court could be entertained in exotic ways: by an Italian

1792: 1758: 957:

for several months before being taken for burial to Westminster, where Edward erected a simple

723: 695: 608:

Edward had a normal upbringing for a member of a royal family. He was interested in horses and

553:

names selected for Edward's brothers: John and Henry, who had died before Edward was born, and

11523: 10423: 10229: 9869: 12007: 11877: 11777: 11570: 11480: 11460: 11391: 11329: 11319: 11309: 11188: 11183: 11156: 11117: 11112: 10774: 9433: 9291:"Eleanor [Eleanor of Provence] (c.1223–1291), Queen of England, Consort of Henry III" 2677: 2641:), who accompanied his father in the Scottish campaigns of 1322 and died shortly afterwards. 2597: 2309: 1963: 1826:, and from there back into England, where he was held at the Earl of Lancaster's fortress at 1774:

on the east coast, and a raiding force of 1,600 men was sent across the English Channel into

1425:. He was finally defeated in 1318 by Edward II's Irish justiciar, Edmund Butler, at the 1309: 1299: 1068: 739:

in 1301. As king, Edward later provided his half-brothers with financial support and titles.

431: 390: 338: 11275: 11027: 3218:

figure, his childhood is no longer thought unusual for the period, or particularly isolated.

12144: 12139: 11867: 11548: 11495: 11485: 11475: 11448: 11366: 11289: 11223: 11168: 11162: 11151: 11145: 11095: 10914: 10808: 10742: 10683:—— (2002). "The 'Lament of Edward II': Religious lyric, political propaganda". 2627: 2613: 2601: 2462: 2383: 2346: 2073: 1989: 1728: 1663: 1658:

The disagreements between Edward and the French Crown over the Duchy of Gascony led to the

1584: 1492: 1422: 1034: 1014: 954: 877: 732: 698:, but this too failed after King Philip was able to have the proposed bride sent to Paris. 542: 148: 54: 9720: 1429:, and Edward Bruce's severed head was sent back to Edward II. Revolts also broke out 8: 12115: 11575: 11528: 11470: 11406: 11203: 11193: 11173: 11139: 10944: 9310:"Eleanor [Eleanor of Castile] (1241–1290), Queen of England, Consort of Edward I" 2823: 2515: 2466: 2451: 2375: 1933: 1659: 1653: 1320: 1267: 1254: 1057: 834: 743: 736: 672: 668: 598: 590: 380: 306: 244: 9769:

The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages: The fourteenth-century political community

2234: 1449:

appeared in Oxford, claiming that he was the real Edward II, and that Edward was a

1274:, and a public declaration that both kings and their queens would join a crusade to the 810:

where diplomatic negotiations to finalise a date for his wedding to Isabella continued.

12056: 11787: 11612: 11250: 11198: 11122: 10879: 10716: 10708: 10568: 10510:

King Edward II: Edward of Caernarfon, his life, his reign, and its aftermath, 1284–1330

10503: 10368: 10296: 10288: 9852: 9764: 9469: 9461: 9383: 2545: 2203: 2049: 1872: 1839: 1677:

Edward's forces in Gascony were around 4,400 strong, but the French army, commanded by

1633: 1430: 1426: 1328: 1152: 1126: 1053: 1005: 965: 896: 888:

from the 1390s simply notes that Edward gave himself "too much to the vice of sodomy".

798: 751: 706: 692: 570: 427: 326: 302: 294: 254: 162: 10793: 1955:, later fled. If Edward died from natural causes, his death may have been hastened by 1025:, who was born possibly as early as 1307. Edward and Isabella's first son, the future 11245: 11058: 10890: 10867: 10720: 10700: 10671: 10634: 10604: 10585: 10560: 10531: 10481: 10462: 10441: 10404: 10385: 10360: 10327: 10300: 10280: 10247: 10210: 10191: 10149: 10118: 10087: 10065: 10046: 10027: 9982: 9979:

Shakespeare's Marlowe: The influence of Christopher Marlowe on Shakespeare's artistry

9945: 9928: 9920: 9887: 9844: 9813: 9794: 9786: 9772: 9752: 9728: 9702: 9683: 9633: 9610: 9583: 9557: 9527: 9505: 9486: 9473: 9453: 9419: 9400: 9387: 9375: 9344: 8288: 3444: 3262: 3247: 2855: 2623: 2566: 2479: 2470: 2120: 2107: 2096: 2057: 1973: 1950: 1879: 1827: 1815: 1678: 1559: 1504: 1446: 1183: 1179: 1038: 905: 794: 786: 660: 575: 550: 500: 492: 459: 298: 213: 182: 121: 11106: 1968: 691:

in 1294. The idea was replaced with the proposal of a marriage to a daughter of the

12044: 11563: 11553: 11443: 11416: 11268: 11100: 11020: 11013: 10692: 10661: 10552: 10523: 10352: 10272: 10110: 9912: 9836: 9445: 9367: 3356: 3279:

Despite Edward appointing Piers Gaveston as the Earl of Cornwall in 1307, Edward's

3267: 3182: 2491: 2456: 2442: 2415: 2364: 2000: 1888: 1871:

There was no established procedure for removing an English king. Adam Orleton, the

1732: 1719:

son to return, and for Charles to intervene on his behalf, but this had no effect.

1620: 1609: 1287: 993: 950: 865: 802: 778: 756: 680: 385: 334: 1574: 1331:

to relieve the castle. Robert, with between 5,500 and 6,500 troops, predominantly

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giving homage in 1325 to Charles IV under the guidance of Isabella of France

1641: 1589: 1547: 1543: 1392: 1077: 969: 913: 900: 885: 764: 747: 586: 546: 471: 470:

created tension with the French kings. They insisted that the English kings give

463: 407: 373: 274: 134: 62: 10666: 10649: 10084:

The Greatest Traitor: The life of Sir Roger Mortimer, ruler of England 1327–1330

2565:

have focused on the sexual aspects of Edward and Gaveston's relationship, while

281:, Edward became the heir to the throne following the death of his older brother 12032: 11656: 11543: 11500: 11454: 11239: 10165: 9625: 9309: 9290: 3479:

Among his more esoteric valuables, Edward had a pitcher, allegedly made from a

2411: 2402: 2360: 2305: 2299: 2103: 1616: 1551: 1343: 1230: 1157: 1093: 1010: 942: 841: 830: 771: 760: 532: 419: 313: 10527: 3270:

believes it most likely that Edward regarded Gaveston as his adoptive brother.

2549:, first performed in 1995; the music from the ballet forms a part of composer 2044:

and gloves from his coronation, and his effigy depicts him as king, holding a

1640:, one of the most prominent of the imprisoned Marcher Lords, escaped from the 1460:

among two of his new favourites, the former household knights Hugh Audley and

1282:

thanks to parliament agreeing to the raising of taxes, a loan of 160,000

1029:, was born in 1312 amid great celebrations, and three more children followed: 12128: 10704: 10675: 10564: 10535: 10364: 10284: 10122: 9924: 9916: 9848: 9756: 9732: 9457: 9379: 2540: 2536: 2419: 2395: 2340: 2330: 2288: 2267: 2127: 2037: 1861: 1853: 1799: 1563: 1496: 1484: 1478: 1387: 1323:

once held by Edward, pushing raiding parties into northern England as far as

1313: 1234: 1187: 1161: 917: 759:. Prince Edward also took part in the 1303 campaign during which he besieged 633: 609: 509: 435: 430:

royal family. Edward I proved a successful military leader, leading the

353: 317: 48: 10495: 9996: 9866:

The Character of Edward II: The letters of Edward of Caernarfon reconsidered

9647: 2610:(15 August 1316 – 13 September 1336). Died aged 20. Never married. No issue. 2076:, and was extensively restored in 2007 and 2008 at a cost of over £100,000. 818: 12051: 11681: 11438: 10618: 9932: 9716: 9597: 9541: 8280: 3360: 3178: 2586: 2532: 2520: 2487: 1865: 1771: 1753: 1538: 1521: 1500: 1461: 1418: 1339: 1106: 1022: 997: 873: 624:, both popular activities in the 14th century. He enjoyed music, including 443: 218: 12063: 11033: 10132:

Sermons of sodomy: A reconsideration of Edward II's sodomitical reputation

9793:. Montreal, Canada and Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press. 937:

Edward II shown receiving the English crown in a contemporary illustration

11967: 11957: 11686: 11671: 11256: 10626: 10114: 2406: 2123: 1526: 1271: 1136:

Italian bankers, and facing protests about how he was using his right of

1133: 625: 536: 525: 521: 517: 504: 488: 234: 10022:

Martin, Matthew R. (2010). "Introduction". In Martin, Matthew R. (ed.).

9576:

Church and Chronicle in the Middle Ages: Essays Presented to John Taylor

2581: 2326: 1727:, and proposed a marriage between Prince Edward and William's daughter, 1421:

successfully invaded Ireland in 1315. Edward Bruce declared himself the

1290:. For the first time in his reign, Edward's government was well funded. 996:

as a wedding gift, and her father gave her gifts worth over 21,000

11937: 11917: 11837: 11661: 11651: 11641: 11228: 11090: 10858: 10712: 10572: 10372: 10292: 9856: 9465: 2508: 2503: 2495: 2474: 2279: 2065: 2029: 2004: 1767: 1703: 1450: 1410: 1226: 1114: 1049: 1026: 1001: 892: 688: 462:

describes Edward I as "a king to inspire fear and respect", while

451: 369: 105: 82: 10384:. Berkeley, CA & Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. 10146:

The Perfect King: The life of Edward III, father of the English nation

8465: 8463: 2166: 1558:, and captured the earl. Edward and Hugh the Younger met Lancaster at 11927: 11847: 11676: 11646: 11233: 11208: 3246:

The English 1306 campaign in Scotland was brutal, and the chronicler

3185:

of Conwy, while the annual income of a 14th-century nobleman such as

2239: 2130:

has claimed that Edward's survival is "a possibility". The historian

2088: 2069: 2025: 2008: 1857: 1604: 1600: 1438: 1414: 1355: 1145: 1004:. The pair returned to England in February, where Edward had ordered 806: 613: 558: 321: 11334: 10696: 10556: 10356: 10276: 10101:—— (2005). "The Death of Edward II in Berkeley Castle". 9840: 9449: 2386:. In the first half of the 19th century, popular historians such as 2157: 1698: 1550:. Lancaster, outnumbered, retreated without a fight, fleeing north. 1113:

of the royal household, to regulate the Crown's unpopular powers of

458:

that formed the senior ranks of the English nobility. The historian

376:

on 21 September, probably murdered on the orders of the new regime.

11947: 11807: 11714: 11666: 11607: 11213: 11038: 10883: 10837: 9371: 8460: 7933: 7931: 2498: 1996: 1803: 1775: 1682: 1627:

were reported around the late Earl of Lancaster's tomb, and at the

1332: 1324: 1225:

On the way back from the north, Pembroke stopped in the village of

1164:; Gaveston left England, possibly for northern France or Flanders. 989: 946: 853: 719: 637: 621: 579: 278: 95: 9524:

The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284

9504:. Vol. V. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 31–51. 9483:

Rites of Passage: Cultures of Transition in the Fourteenth Century

663:, in which he promised to marry his six-year-old son to the young 277:

from 1307 until he was deposed in January 1327. The fourth son of

11584: 11490: 10761: 9942:

The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the early fourteenth century

9827:

Hamilton, J. S. (1991). "Piers Gaveston and the royal treasure".

3480: 3435:; the similarities to this earlier story are also highlighted by 2436: 2135:

scholars when it was first published, in particular by historian

2111: 2045: 1811: 1736: 1671: 1667: 1628: 1624: 1596: 1434: 1347: 1249: 1110: 849: 826: 822: 617: 513: 411: 229: 10459:

English Identity and Political Culture in the Fourteenth Century

9791:

King Edward II: His life, his reign and its aftermath, 1284–1330

7928: 4142: 4140: 2024:

in London. His tomb includes a very early example of an English

1844: 1398:

Edward's difficulties were exacerbated by prolonged problems in

11376: 11324: 11048: 11043: 2251: 2215: 2207: 2061: 2033: 2016: 1761:, probably owned by Edward and looted during the events of 1326 1592:, and fresh taxes agreed for a new campaign against the Scots. 1364: 1359: 1283: 1275: 1081: 958: 861: 845: 790: 715: 645: 545:, and was chosen by his father instead of the more traditional 415: 10478:

The Hollow Crown: A history of Britain in the late Middle Ages

2198:

intervened in person after 1322. Edward made extensive use of

1335:, prepared to prevent Edward's forces from reaching Stirling. 562:

new baby, under the direction of a clerk, Giles of Oudenarde.

12074: 11296: 9961:

Rise of a Royal Favourite: The Early Career of Hugh Despenser

9657:

Parliament and Political Legitimacy in the Reign of Edward II

5948: 4137: 3329: 2287:

in Cambridge to promote training in religious and civil law,

2259: 1807: 1402:, part of a wider phenomenon in northern Europe known as the 1137: 981: 801:. Amid a huge feast in the neighbouring hall, reminiscent of 653: 649: 629: 612:, and became a good rider; he also liked dogs, in particular 602: 539: 10209:. Cardiff, UK: University of Wales Press. pp. 174–191. 2630:

on 17 July 1328 and became Queen of Scots, but had no issue.

2003:

on 21 October, and on 20 December, Edward was buried by the

601:

in his daily life, in addition to some English and possibly

11080: 6117: 6115: 4989: 4987: 4985: 3155:, specifically the note on historiographical considerations 2604:

on 24 January 1328. They had eight sons and five daughters.

2270:

in 1312, and the following year by 54 nude French dancers.

2263: 2092: 2041: 1795:, and taking the Tower and releasing the prisoners inside. 1368: 916:, suggests that Edward and Gaveston entered into a bond of 455: 10974: 9829:

Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies

6127: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 2068:

gave royal support for an unsuccessful bid to have Edward

5836: 5834: 4941: 4939: 4049: 3840: 3774: 3772: 1253:

Edward (left) and Philip IV at the knighting ceremony of

777:

The Scottish conflict flared up once again in 1306, when

6451: 6449: 6112: 4982: 4972: 4970: 2210:; much of Ireland similarly disintegrated into anarchy. 1578:

Edward (third from the left) hunting with Philip IV

565: 265:(25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327), also known as 9485:. Woodbridge, UK: York Medieval Press. pp. 13–30. 4061: 3859: 3857: 3855: 2557:, produced in 2000. Novels such as John Penford's 1984 2450:

Several plays have shaped Edward's contemporary image.

312:

Edward had a close and controversial relationship with

10403:(2nd ed.). London & New York, NY: Routledge. 10401:

The Three Edwards: War and state in England, 1272–1377

9743:(1935). "The literacy of the medieval English kings". 9715: 9284: 5831: 4936: 4280: 4278: 4082: 3897: 3769: 1367:, then travelled by ship to Berwick, and then back to 746:. In the spring of 1301, the King declared Edward the 285:. Beginning in 1300, Edward accompanied his father on 12016: 10326:. New Haven, CT & London: Yale University Press. 9607:

Prophecy and Public Affairs in Later Medieval England

9416:

Ecce Homo: The male-body-in-pain as redemptive figure

8997: 8995: 8866: 8864: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6446: 5766: 5764: 5072: 5070: 4999: 4967: 1848:

A 15th-century depiction of Isabella capturing Edward

1566:, the earl was found guilty of treason and beheaded. 1520:, and Isabella was sent to Bartholomew's stronghold, 1319:

By 1314, Robert the Bruce had recaptured most of the

1244: 345:

followed, and criticism of the King's reign mounted.

10775:"Archival material relating to Edward II of England" 8783: 8781: 8716: 8714: 7525: 7523: 6870: 6868: 6783: 6781: 6376: 6374: 5866: 5864: 5851: 5849: 5821: 5819: 5595: 5593: 4734: 4732: 4217: 4215: 3852: 2634:

Edward also fathered the illegitimate Adam FitzRoy (

2372:

Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette, Duke of Épernon

1912:, by tradition associated with Edward's imprisonment 12180:

English people of the Wars of Scottish Independence

10026:. Ontario, Canada: Broadview Press. pp. 9–32. 9092: 9090: 9088: 4331: 4329: 4275: 10170:Edward II: The public and private faces of the law 8992: 8861: 7615: 7613: 6569: 5761: 5067: 4127: 4125: 3759: 3757: 3159:List of earls in the reign of Edward II of England 2477:picked up the same theme for his unfinished work, 2465:and Henry III of France, may have influenced 789:and then, along with many other young men, he was 718:in charge of England while the King campaigned in 10543:Smallwood, M. (1973). "The Lament of Edward II". 9808:Hallam, Elizabeth M.; Everard, Judith A. (2001). 8778: 8711: 7520: 6865: 6778: 6371: 5861: 5846: 5816: 5590: 4729: 4717: 4212: 884:, was a sodomite, rather than the late king. The 12126: 9341:A Knight at the Movies: Medieval history on film 9085: 4326: 2543:used Marlowe's play as the basis for the ballet 1371:; in his absence, Stirling Castle quickly fell. 912:A more recent theory, proposed by the historian 520:of the world were imminent, declaring him a new 30:"Edward II" redirects here. For other uses, see 10764:at the official website of the British monarchy 10185: 9727:(in French). Vol. 12. Paris, France: n.p. 9280: 7610: 7540: 7538: 4122: 3754: 3644: 3642: 3640: 2147: 1518:Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere 813: 10631:Isabella: She-wolf of France, Queen of England 1688: 972:to France in January, leaving Gaveston as his 701: 414:in south-western France (which he held as the 11730: 10960: 10603:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 10461:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 10064:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 9944:. Princeton, US: Princeton University Press. 9807: 6922: 4150: 3283:declined to recognise him as such until 1309. 3187:Richard le Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Bolton 2440:Title page of the earliest published text of 1818:and attempted to rally his remaining forces. 379:Edward's relationship with Gaveston inspired 320:. Gaveston's arrogance and power as Edward's 10650:"The deposition and abdication of Edward II" 9763: 9554:Piers Gaveston: Edward II's Adoptive Brother 9418:. Chicago, US: University of Chicago Press. 9307: 9065: 8398: 8089:, Gloucester Cathedral, 2014, archived from 8031:, Gloucester Cathedral, 2014, archived from 7945:, Gloucester Cathedral, 2014, archived from 7651: 7643: 7535: 3680: 3637: 3568: 2573:transports the story into the 20th century. 1569: 1537:In December, Edward led his army across the 860:14th-century England, which equated it with 11527:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 10207:Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages 9680:Isabella and the Strange Death of Edward II 9288: 2600:(13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377). Married 2593:Edward II had four children with Isabella: 2432:Cultural depictions of Edward II of England 2222:, who in later years would constitute the " 659:In 1290, Edward's father had confirmed the 466:characterises him as an "efficient bully". 11737: 11723: 11704:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 10967: 10953: 10792: 10429: 10315: 10235: 10179: 10137: 10015: 9970: 9875: 9666: 9623: 3588: 2626:(5 July 1321 – 7 September 1362). Married 1467: 928: 923: 714:Between 1297 and 1298, Edward was left as 47: 12205:People knighted at the Feast of the Swans 10665: 10542: 10502: 10435: 10417: 10398: 10379: 10024:Edward the Second, by Christopher Marlowe 9739: 9518: 9413: 9357: 9276: 9272: 9192: 9061: 9053: 8787: 8764: 8744: 8720: 8705: 8693: 8681: 8669: 8653: 8641: 8469: 8454: 8422: 8370: 8354: 8327: 8191: 8123: 7623: 7552: 7544: 5743: 5448: 5017: 4802: 4651: 4555: 4543: 4076: 4039: 4023: 3664: 3580: 3560: 3548: 3536: 3524: 3314:The de Clare inheritance had belonged to 1908:Covered walkway leading to a cell within 1044: 840:During this time, Edward became close to 478: 446:princes from power and, in the 1290s, he 426:in northern France. Eleanor was from the 10321: 10307: 10246:. New Haven, US: Yale University Press. 10190:. Ithaca, US: Cornell University Press. 10143: 10129: 10100: 10078: 10040: 10003: 9958: 9881: 9863: 9826: 9630:The Reign of Edward II: New Perspectives 9548: 9499: 9268: 9256: 9240: 9200: 9196: 9164: 9152: 9108: 9096: 9049: 9037: 9017: 9005: 8962: 8950: 8938: 8926: 8914: 8902: 8894: 8870: 8831: 8815: 8799: 8768: 8748: 8732: 8473: 8450: 8434: 8386: 8323: 8311: 8307: 8287:. London: Continuum Books. p. 286. 8279: 8183: 8175: 8163: 8159: 8135: 8127: 7726: 7710: 7694: 7647: 7635: 7604: 7592: 7580: 7568: 7548: 7529: 7514: 7502: 7486: 7474: 7458: 7446: 7434: 7422: 7410: 7398: 7386: 7374: 7362: 7338: 7326: 7298: 7286: 7270: 7258: 7246: 7234: 7218: 7206: 7194: 7182: 7146: 7134: 7122: 7110: 7098: 7086: 7074: 7062: 7042: 7026: 7014: 6990: 6938: 6910: 6898: 6886: 6874: 6859: 6847: 6835: 6823: 6811: 6799: 6787: 6772: 6748: 6736: 6724: 6712: 6700: 6688: 6676: 6660: 6648: 6632: 6616: 6604: 6592: 6580: 6563: 6547: 6535: 6523: 6507: 6495: 6479: 6467: 6455: 6440: 6428: 6416: 6404: 6392: 6380: 6365: 6353: 6337: 6325: 6309: 6297: 6285: 6273: 6261: 6249: 6237: 6225: 6201: 6189: 6106: 6094: 6074: 6062: 6050: 6034: 6022: 5986: 5970: 5954: 5938: 5922: 5910: 5898: 5882: 5870: 5855: 5840: 5825: 5810: 5798: 5782: 5770: 5755: 5739: 5727: 5715: 5703: 5691: 5679: 5667: 5655: 5643: 5627: 5615: 5611: 5599: 5584: 5572: 5568: 5556: 5540: 5528: 5516: 5504: 5492: 5480: 5476: 5464: 5444: 5432: 5420: 5408: 5396: 5384: 5368: 5356: 5344: 5332: 5320: 5308: 5296: 5284: 5272: 5260: 5256: 5244: 5232: 5220: 5208: 5196: 5184: 5172: 5160: 5148: 5136: 5124: 5112: 5100: 5088: 5076: 5061: 5057: 5045: 5033: 4993: 4961: 4945: 4930: 4918: 4906: 4890: 4866: 4854: 4838: 4826: 4814: 4798: 4786: 4774: 4762: 4750: 4738: 4723: 4711: 4699: 4687: 4675: 4671: 4659: 4655: 4639: 4635: 4623: 4599: 4587: 4575: 4559: 4527: 4519: 4479: 4467: 4455: 4443: 4439: 4427: 4415: 4403: 4391: 4379: 4359: 4347: 4335: 4320: 4308: 4296: 4284: 4269: 4257: 4245: 4233: 4221: 4206: 4202: 4174: 4162: 4146: 4131: 4116: 4100: 4088: 4055: 4043: 4027: 4011: 4007: 3995: 3991: 3979: 3963: 3951: 3935: 3931: 3919: 3915: 3903: 3891: 3875: 3846: 3834: 3822: 3810: 3798: 3782: 3778: 3763: 3748: 3732: 3704: 3692: 3660: 3584: 3564: 2616:(18 June 1318 – 22 April 1355). Married 2580: 2514: 2435: 2325: 2298:Edward enjoyed a good relationship with 2233: 1983: 1903: 1843: 1752: 1697: 1573: 1303: 1293: 1248: 1167: 1097:April, possibly under the leadership of 1048: 932: 817: 705: 569: 487: 10682: 10647: 10456: 10059: 9674: 9632:. Woodbridge, UK: York Medieval Press. 9609:. Woodbridge, UK: York Medieval Press. 9314:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9295:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 8843: 8827: 8569: 8255: 8239: 8227: 8215: 8203: 8187: 7556: 7158: 7046: 7002: 6978: 6966: 6954: 3460:, and Roy Haines's biography of Edward. 2380:George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham 2060:depicted Edward as a saintly, tortured 1441:in Wales in 1316, but were suppressed. 1374: 1056:(third from the left) with her father, 14: 12127: 10579: 10342: 10241: 10223: 10204: 10164: 10021: 9939: 9884:The Plantagenets: History of a Dynasty 9785: 9570: 9480: 9394: 9338: 9252: 9236: 9212: 9180: 9168: 9124: 9112: 9021: 8898: 8882: 8855: 8811: 8549: 8537: 8525: 8513: 8501: 8485: 8438: 8430: 8374: 8358: 8243: 8179: 8147: 8131: 8073: 8057: 8011: 7995: 7910: 7894: 7882: 7870: 7858: 7854: 7826: 7810: 7786: 7774: 7762: 7750: 7738: 7714: 7698: 7682: 7639: 7631: 7627: 7490: 7462: 7350: 7314: 7302: 7274: 7222: 7170: 7050: 7030: 6942: 6926: 6760: 6664: 6636: 6620: 6551: 6511: 6483: 6341: 6313: 6213: 6177: 6173: 6161: 6157: 6145: 6133: 6121: 6078: 6038: 6010: 5998: 5982: 5966: 5942: 5926: 5886: 5786: 5631: 5544: 5452: 5372: 5005: 4976: 4949: 4878: 4563: 4539: 4523: 4511: 4499: 4495: 4483: 4367: 4104: 3967: 3939: 3879: 3863: 3786: 3736: 3708: 3676: 3631: 3619: 3512: 3019: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2777: 2667: 2663: 2473:. In the 17th century, the playwright 2425: 1926:Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley 1899: 992:on 25 January. Edward gave Isabella a 726:, under which he took Philip's sister 11718: 10948: 10598: 10475: 10262: 9976: 9902: 9812:(2nd ed.). Harlow, UK: Longman. 9696: 9604: 9432: 9224: 9140: 9136: 9057: 9033: 9001: 8986: 8974: 8772: 8752: 8657: 8605: 8577: 8557: 8553: 8489: 8426: 8410: 8111: 8069: 8053: 8023: 8007: 7991: 7979: 7967: 7937: 7922: 7906: 7850: 7838: 7822: 7798: 7619: 6090: 5021: 4894: 4850: 4611: 4515: 4363: 4190: 4178: 3720: 3648: 3095: 3085: 3081: 3069: 3063: 3053: 3037: 3027: 3023: 3007: 3001: 2991: 2975: 2965: 2961: 2949: 2943: 2933: 2917: 2907: 2903: 2879: 2869: 2853: 2843: 2839: 2827: 2821: 2811: 2798:Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence 2795: 2785: 2781: 2765: 2759: 2749: 2733: 2723: 2719: 2707: 2701: 2691: 2675: 2671: 2262:as a pet and, as a young man, took a 1693: 1120: 566:Childhood, personality and appearance 12081: 11744: 10625: 10343:Prasch, Thomas (1993). "Edward II". 9654: 9578:. London: Hambledon Press. pp. 9285:Durand, Clémencet & Dantine 1818 8629: 8617: 8601: 8589: 8573: 8267: 1783:half-brother, Thomas of Brotherton; 1472: 1172: 679:'s refusal to release fortresses in 578:, thought to be of Edward's father, 348:The Despenser family, in particular 10310:The Place of the Reign of Edward II 9066:Given-Wilson, Chris (9 July 2010), 7652:Given-Wilson, Chris (9 July 2010), 2519:An 1872 painting by English artist 2394:popularised Edward's life with the 524:, who would lead England to glory. 432:suppression of the baronial revolts 24: 11990: 10601:England in the Reign of Edward III 9745:Proceedings of the British Academy 6025:, pp. 248, 281, 329, 343–348. 2040:. Edward was buried in the shirt, 1979: 1647: 1245:Tensions with Lancaster and France 1074:Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln 448:intervened in Scotland's civil war 25: 12236: 12170:English people of Spanish descent 10790:National Portrait Gallery, London 10731: 10043:The Fourteenth Century: 1307–1399 9723:; Dantine, Maur-François (1818). 9308:Parsons, John Carmi (2004–2014), 3589:Gillingham, John (11 July 2008), 3153:History of same-sex relationships 2653:Ancestors of Edward II of England 2529:Edward II and Piers Gaveston 2321: 2142: 27:King of England from 1307 to 1327 12175:English people of French descent 12107: 12090: 12062: 12050: 12038: 12026: 9940:Jordan, William Chester (1996). 9262: 9246: 9230: 9218: 9206: 9186: 9174: 9158: 9146: 9143:, pp. 1055–1056, 1062–1063. 9130: 9118: 9102: 9043: 9027: 9011: 8980: 8968: 8956: 8944: 8932: 8920: 8908: 8888: 8876: 8849: 8837: 8821: 8805: 8793: 8758: 8738: 8726: 8699: 8687: 8675: 8663: 8647: 8635: 8623: 8611: 8595: 8583: 8563: 8543: 8531: 8519: 8507: 8495: 8479: 8444: 8416: 8404: 8392: 8380: 8364: 8348: 8328:Carpenter, David (7 June 2007). 8317: 8301: 8273: 8261: 8249: 8233: 8221: 8209: 8197: 8169: 8153: 8141: 8117: 8105: 8079: 8063: 8047: 8017: 8001: 7985: 7973: 7961: 7916: 7900: 7888: 7876: 7864: 7844: 7832: 7816: 7804: 7792: 7780: 7768: 7756: 7744: 7732: 7720: 7704: 7688: 7676: 7598: 7586: 7574: 7562: 7508: 7496: 7480: 7468: 7452: 7440: 7428: 7416: 7404: 7392: 7380: 7368: 7356: 7344: 7332: 7320: 7308: 7292: 7280: 7264: 7252: 7240: 7228: 7212: 7200: 7188: 7176: 7164: 7152: 7140: 7128: 7116: 7104: 7092: 7080: 7068: 7056: 7036: 7020: 7008: 6996: 6984: 6972: 6960: 6948: 6932: 6916: 6904: 6892: 6880: 6853: 6841: 6829: 6817: 6805: 6793: 6766: 6754: 6742: 6730: 6718: 6706: 6694: 6682: 6670: 6654: 6642: 6626: 6610: 6598: 6586: 6557: 6541: 6529: 6517: 6501: 6489: 6473: 6461: 6434: 6422: 6410: 6398: 6386: 6359: 6347: 6331: 6319: 6303: 6291: 6279: 6267: 6255: 6243: 6231: 6219: 6207: 6195: 6183: 6167: 6151: 6139: 6100: 6084: 6068: 6056: 6044: 6028: 6016: 6004: 5992: 5976: 5960: 5932: 5916: 5904: 5892: 5876: 5804: 5792: 5776: 5749: 5733: 5721: 5709: 5697: 5685: 5673: 5661: 5649: 5637: 5621: 5605: 5578: 5562: 5550: 5534: 5522: 5510: 5498: 5486: 5470: 5458: 5438: 5426: 5414: 5402: 5390: 5378: 5362: 5350: 5338: 5326: 5314: 5302: 5290: 5278: 5266: 5250: 5238: 5226: 5214: 5202: 5190: 5178: 5166: 5154: 5142: 5130: 5118: 5106: 5094: 5082: 5051: 5039: 5027: 5011: 4955: 4924: 4912: 4900: 4884: 4872: 4860: 4844: 4832: 4820: 4808: 3486: 3473: 3463: 3450: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3387: 3377: 3367: 3349: 3335: 3321: 3308: 3295: 3286: 2490:adapted the Marlowe play into a 2293:short-lived university in Dublin 2165: 2156: 2081: 1495:, and acquired Glamorgan in the 402:Edward II was the fourth son of 305:, daughter of the powerful King 77:7 July 1307 – 13/25 January 1327 12225:Children of Edward I of England 12160:Burials at Gloucester Cathedral 11004:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 10186:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1975). 9699:Royal Tombs of Medieval England 9331: 4792: 4780: 4768: 4756: 4744: 4705: 4693: 4681: 4665: 4645: 4629: 4617: 4605: 4593: 4581: 4569: 4549: 4533: 4505: 4489: 4473: 4461: 4449: 4433: 4421: 4409: 4397: 4385: 4373: 4353: 4341: 4314: 4302: 4290: 4263: 4251: 4239: 4227: 4196: 4184: 4168: 4156: 4110: 4094: 4033: 4017: 4001: 3985: 3973: 3957: 3945: 3925: 3909: 3885: 3869: 3828: 3816: 3804: 3792: 3742: 3726: 3714: 3698: 3686: 3670: 3654: 3273: 3266:intense working relationship"; 3254: 3240: 3230: 3221: 3211: 3202: 3192: 3171: 2736:Isabella, Countess of Angoulême 1894: 783:John Comyn III of Badenoch 171: 12185:14th-century murdered monarchs 11001:Monarchs of England until 1603 10438:Plantagenet England: 1225–1360 9289:Howell, Margaret (2004–2014), 5941:, pp. 280, 282–283, 294; 4853:, pp. 574–575, 578, 584; 3625: 3613: 3574: 3554: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3506: 2946:Ferdinand III, King of Castile 968:proceeded. Edward crossed the 964:In 1308, Edward's marriage to 535:in origin, linking him to the 13: 1: 12155:14th-century English monarchs 10654:The English Historical Review 8604:, pp. 170–171, 175–177; 8330:"What Happened to Edward II?" 3500: 3355:For a sceptical comment, see 3004:Eleanor, Countess of Ponthieu 2635: 2620:in May 1332 and had two sons. 1833: 1798:Edward continued west up the 1099:Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster 434:in the 1260s and joining the 424:Eleanor, Countess of Ponthieu 397: 331:Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster 209:Eleanor, Countess of Guelders 12190:14th-century peers of France 10226:The Sexualities of Edward II 7173:, pp. 160–164, 174–175. 7101:, pp. 493–494, 500–501. 5646:, pp. 193–196, 199–200. 2978:Berengaria, Queen of Castile 2471:portrayal of Richard II 2352:Vita et Mors Edwardi Secundi 2246:(top left) founded by Edward 2148:Kingship, government and law 1959:following his imprisonment. 1806:, probably aiming first for 1785:Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster 814:Piers Gaveston and sexuality 755:north with him and captured 7: 12150:13th-century English people 11611:British monarchs after the 10786:Portraits of King Edward II 10440:. Oxford University Press. 10380:Prestwich, Michael (1988). 10188:A History of Medieval Spain 10045:. Oxford University Press. 9556:. Oxford University Press. 9414:Brintnell, Kent L. (2011). 3146: 3098:Marie, Countess of Ponthieu 2644: 2618:Reinoud II of Guelders 2333:'s 1326 charter from Edward 2273: 1742: 1725:William I, Count of Hainaut 1689:Fall from power (1326–1327) 1524:, to deliberately create a 1270:, large banquets along the 702:Early campaigns in Scotland 199:Edward III, King of England 132:21 September 1327 (aged 43) 10: 12241: 12210:People murdered in England 10582:Thirteenth Century England 10345:American Historical Review 10308:Phillips, Seymour (2006). 9981:. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. 9605:Coote, Lesley Ann (2000). 9502:Fourteenth Century England 9360:Journal of British Studies 7642:, pp. 198, 226, 232; 6929:, pp. 19–20, 305–306. 5925:, pp. 246, 267, 276; 3066:Joan, Countess of Ponthieu 3013: 2897: 2882:Edward II, King of England 2771: 2704:Henry III, King of England 2665: 2429: 2356:Gesta Edwardi de Carnarvon 1837: 1749:Invasion of England (1326) 1746: 1651: 1554:cornered Lancaster at the 1476: 1378: 1297: 1124: 1086:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 882:Hugh Despenser the Younger 636:. He did not take part in 391:parliamentary institutions 350:Hugh Despenser the Younger 188: 137:, Gloucestershire, England 32:Edward II (disambiguation) 29: 12001: 11988: 11752: 11699: 11622: 11606: 11602: 11539: 11522: 11518: 10995: 10991: 10928: 10919: 10906: 10899: 10888: 10876: 10865: 10855: 10842: 10834: 10829: 10802: 10667:10.1093/ehr/cxiii.453.852 10528:10.1017/s0038713400001780 10103:English Historical Review 10004:Marshall, Alison (2006). 9977:Logan, Robert A. (2007). 9959:Lawrence, Martyn (2006). 9810:Capetian France, 987–1328 9316:, Oxford University Press 9297:, Oxford University Press 9072:Times Literary Supplement 8846:, pp. 66, 70–71, 73. 8552:, pp. 148, 300–301; 7658:Times Literary Supplement 7505:, pp. 536, 539, 541. 6923:Hallam & Everard 2001 5455:, pp. 82–83, 87, 95. 4151:Hallam & Everard 2001 3595:Times Literary Supplement 3189:, was around £600 a year. 3083: 3075: 3047: 3025: 3021: 2985: 2963: 2955: 2927: 2905: 2901: 2863: 2841: 2833: 2805: 2783: 2779: 2762:Edward I, King of England 2743: 2721: 2713: 2685: 2669: 2628:David II of Scotland 2463:James VI of Scotland 2316: 1570:Edward and the Despensers 1458:de Clare inheritance 1381:Great Famine of 1315–1317 988:The pair were married in 404:Edward I, King of England 250: 240: 228: 181: 156: 141: 128: 115: 111: 101: 91: 81: 73: 61: 46: 41: 10937:Edward, the Black Prince 10648:Valente, Claire (1998). 10599:Waugh, Scott L. (1991). 10457:Ruddick, Andrea (2013). 10060:Menache, Sophia (2002). 9905:History Workshop Journal 9741:Galbraith, Vivian Hunter 8632:, pp. 167–168, 179. 8592:, pp. 169, 172–173. 6775:, pp. 461, 464–465. 6703:, pp. 438, 440–441. 6651:, pp. 440–442, 445. 6252:, pp. 364, 366–367. 6053:, pp. 248, 253–254. 5801:, pp. 223, 227–228. 5435:, pp. 152, 174–175. 5399:, pp. 178–179, 182. 5199:, pp. 155, 157–158. 4909:, pp. 135, 139–140. 4458:, pp. 112, 120–121. 3667:, pp. 30–31, 93–94. 3164: 3040:Simon, Count of Ponthieu 2920:Alfonso IX, King of León 2576: 2376:Henry III of France 2229: 1934:Lament of Edward II 1489:Hugh Despenser the Elder 1084:, appointing him as the 1058:Philip IV of France 793:in a lavish ceremony at 516:, who believed that the 483: 11768:Edward the Black Prince 10436:—— (2007). 10418:—— (2006). 10399:—— (2003). 10322:—— (2011). 10242:—— (2011). 10224:—— (2006). 10144:—— (2008). 10130:—— (2006). 9882:—— (2010). 9864:—— (2006). 9655:—— (2006). 9395:Ashbee, Jeremy (2007). 4442:, pp. 96–97, 120; 2214:representatives of the 1556:Battle of Boroughbridge 1468:Later reign (1321–1326) 929:Coronation and marriage 924:Early reign (1307–1311) 897:Pope Boniface VIII 632:instrument, as well as 628:and the newly invented 354:short military campaign 12200:People from Caernarfon 12165:English murder victims 11995: 10545:Modern Language Review 10504:Schofield, Phillipp R. 10430:Dodd & Musson 2006 10420:The court of Edward II 10316:Dodd & Musson 2006 10236:Dodd & Musson 2006 10180:Dodd & Musson 2006 10138:Dodd & Musson 2006 10016:Dodd & Musson 2006 9971:Dodd & Musson 2006 9917:10.1093/hwj/1999.47.30 9876:Dodd & Musson 2006 9701:. Stroud, UK: Tempus. 9667:Dodd & Musson 2006 9434:Brown, Elizabeth A. R. 9227:, pp. 31, 40, 42. 8401:, pp. 31–33, 154. 8334:London Review of Books 3458:London Review of Books 2590: 2561:and Chris Hunt's 1992 2524: 2447: 2334: 2247: 1992: 1913: 1849: 1814:. Edward retreated to 1762: 1707: 1579: 1530:. Bartholomew's wife, 1316: 1258: 1061: 1045:Tensions over Gaveston 1000:and a fragment of the 938: 837: 711: 696:Guy, Count of Flanders 582: 510:Roman imperial history 499:Edward II was born in 496: 479:Early life (1284–1307) 438:. During the 1280s he 204:John, Earl of Cornwall 12008:Principality of Wales 11994: 11798:Edward of Westminster 10804:Edward II of England 10512:by Roy Martin Haines" 10265:Renaissance Quarterly 10041:McKisack, M. (1959). 9886:. London: Continuum. 9771:. London: Routledge. 9399:. Cardiff, UK: Cadw. 9343:. London: Routledge. 9339:Aberth, John (2003). 9183:, pp. 1165–1166. 8989:, pp. 32, 40–41. 8010:, pp. 119, 122; 7940:, pp. 119, 122; 7909:, pp. 106, 119; 7885:, pp. 16–17, 25. 6925:, pp. 322, 387; 5447:, pp. 182, 276; 3882:, pp. 11, 45–46. 2678:John, King of England 2598:Edward III of England 2584: 2518: 2439: 2329: 2237: 2032:and a canopy made of 1987: 1964:Treaty of Northampton 1907: 1880:bishops of Winchester 1847: 1756: 1701: 1577: 1310:Battle of Bannockburn 1307: 1300:Battle of Bannockburn 1294:Battle of Bannockburn 1252: 1239:King's Langley Priory 1168:Mid-reign (1311–1321) 1052: 961:tomb for his father. 936: 821: 709: 573: 495:, Edward's birthplace 491: 440:conquered North Wales 339:Battle of Bannockburn 289:, and in 1306 he was 287:campaigns in Scotland 12195:House of Plantagenet 12135:Edward II of England 12077:Edward II of England 11758:Edward of Caernarfon 11581:William III & II 11146:Henry the Young King 11096:Edward the Confessor 11064:Æthelred the Unready 10915:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 10809:House of Plantagenet 10779:UK National Archives 10743:Gloucester Cathedral 10476:Rubin, Miri (2006). 9697:Duffy, Mark (2003). 9682:. London: Robinson. 9275:, pp. 532–536; 8576:, pp. 165–166; 8433:, pp. 140–141; 8377:, pp. 142, 164. 8242:, pp. 189–208; 8178:, pp. 562–564; 8162:, pp. 193–194; 7970:, pp. 106, 119. 7713:, pp. 575–576; 7697:, pp. 572–576; 7341:, pp. 515, 518. 7301:, pp. 512–513; 7273:, pp. 510–511; 7185:, pp. 501, 504. 7029:, pp. 489–491; 6941:, pp. 485–486; 6663:, pp. 445–446; 6635:, pp. 434–435; 6619:, pp. 423–433; 6510:, pp. 411–413; 6482:, pp. 408–409; 6312:, pp. 377–379; 6077:, pp. 247–248; 6037:, pp. 343–348; 5957:, pp. 308, 330. 5913:, pp. 239, 243. 5901:, pp. 233, 238. 5885:, pp. 234–236; 5785:, pp. 225–227; 5742:, pp. 218–219; 5571:, pp. 190–191; 5479:, pp. 184–185; 5060:, pp. 144–146; 4948:, pp. 140–143; 4482:, pp. 120–123; 3342:evidence available, 2614:Eleanor of Woodstock 2602:Philippa of Hainault 2494:in 1991, creating a 2384:Charles I of England 2347:Vita Edwardi Secundi 2074:Gloucester Cathedral 1990:Gloucester Cathedral 1988:Edward II's tomb at 1644:and fled to France. 1483:The long-threatened 1423:High King of Ireland 1375:Famine and criticism 1015:Bishop of Winchester 918:adoptive brotherhood 878:Bishop of Winchester 733:Thomas of Brotherton 543:Edward the Confessor 267:Edward of Caernarfon 214:Joan, Queen of Scots 149:Gloucester Cathedral 55:Gloucester Cathedral 11818:Edward of Middleham 11778:Richard of Bordeaux 11529:Union of the Crowns 10633:. London: Pimlico. 10480:. London: Penguin. 10312:. pp. 220–233. 10148:. London: Vintage. 10086:. London: Pimlico. 9765:Given-Wilson, Chris 9526:. London: Penguin. 9259:, pp. 428–429. 9215:, pp. 303–304. 8767:, pp. 61, 74; 8747:, pp. 61, 69; 8620:, pp. 180–182. 8540:, pp. 159–160. 8516:, pp. 162–163. 8504:, pp. 140–141. 8476:, pp. 218–219. 8441:, pp. 164–165. 8361:, pp. 234–237. 8314:, pp. 408–410. 8270:, pp. 285–291. 8258:, pp. 213–217. 8246:, pp. 222–229. 8218:, pp. 186–188. 8206:, pp. 185–188. 8186:, pp. 51, 55; 8138:, pp. 191–194. 8014:, pp. 177–178. 7861:, pp. 228–229. 7789:, pp. 177–178. 7777:, pp. 216–217. 7765:, pp. 214–216. 7753:, pp. 199–200. 7741:, pp. 198–199. 7717:, pp. 236–237. 7701:, pp. 235–236. 7583:, pp. 546–547. 7571:, pp. 543–544. 7517:, pp. 542–543. 7493:, pp. 191–192. 7437:, pp. 529–530. 7413:, pp. 524–525. 7401:, pp. 523–524. 7389:, pp. 520–522. 7365:, pp. 516–518. 7329:, pp. 514–515. 7261:, pp. 508–509. 7237:, pp. 506–507. 7225:, pp. 178–179. 7209:, pp. 503–504. 7137:, pp. 501–502. 7113:, pp. 500–501. 7089:, pp. 493–494. 7077:, pp. 491–492. 7017:, pp. 488–489. 6993:, pp. 437–438. 6901:, pp. 473–476. 6889:, pp. 472–473. 6862:, pp. 470–471. 6763:, pp. 274–275. 6751:, pp. 461–462. 6739:, pp. 456–457. 6715:, pp. 455–456. 6691:, pp. 419–420. 6595:, pp. 428–431. 6583:, pp. 426–427. 6566:, pp. 423–425. 6498:, pp. 410–411. 6458:, pp. 406–407. 6431:, pp. 403–404. 6419:, pp. 400–401. 6407:, pp. 399–400. 6395:, pp. 397–398. 6368:, pp. 395–397. 6344:, pp. 128–129. 6328:, pp. 383–387. 6300:, pp. 376–377. 6288:, pp. 375–377. 6276:, pp. 374–375. 6264:, pp. 367–368. 6240:, pp. 365–366. 6228:, pp. 364–365. 6216:, pp. 121–123. 6204:, pp. 372–378. 6164:, pp. 104–105. 6136:, pp. 160–162. 6093:, pp. 17, 36; 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9139:, pp. 83–84; 8901:, pp. 36–39; 8696:, pp. 69, 72. 8684:, pp. 63, 65. 8656:, pp. 64–65; 8472:, pp. 94–95; 8357:, pp. 32–34; 8134:, pp. 37–38; 8087:"Edward II's Tomb" 8029:"Edward II's Tomb" 7943:"Edward II's Tomb" 7622:, pp. 54–55; 7049:, pp. 86–88; 4654:, pp. 70–71; 4546:, pp. 70, 72. 4542:, pp. 23–25; 4366:, pp. 29–30; 4205:, pp. 81–82; 4177:, pp. 80–81; 4149:, pp. 77–78; 3938:, pp. 43–45; 3707:, pp. 35–36; 3695:, pp. 33, 36. 2591: 2525: 2448: 2335: 2248: 2204:English common law 1995:Edward's body was 1993: 1914: 1873:bishop of Hereford 1850: 1840:Parliament of 1327 1763: 1708: 1694:Rift with Isabella 1634:Wallingford Castle 1580: 1427:Battle of Faughart 1329:Berwick-upon-Tweed 1317: 1259: 1153:Ordinances of 1311 1127:Ordinances of 1311 1121:Ordinances of 1311 1062: 1054:Isabella of France 1006:Westminster Palace 966:Isabella of France 939: 909:sexual behaviour. 838: 799:Feast of the Swans 752:earldom of Chester 712: 665:Margaret of Norway 583: 531:Edward's name was 497: 327:Ordinances of 1311 255:Eleanor of Castile 163:Isabella of France 12014: 12013: 11788:Henry of Monmouth 11712: 11711: 11695: 11694: 11598: 11597: 11514: 11513: 11509: 11508: 11059:Edward the Martyr 10943: 10942: 10891:Count of Ponthieu 10868:Duke of Aquitaine 10856:Succeeded by 10824:21 September 1327 10640:978-0-7126-4194-4 10610:978-0-5213-1039-0 10591:978-1-8438-3122-8 10487:978-0-1401-4825-1 10468:978-1-1070-0726-0 10447:978-0-1992-2687-0 10410:978-0-4153-0309-5 10391:978-0-5200-6266-5 10333:978-0-3001-7802-9 10253:978-0-3001-1910-7 10216:978-0-7083-1894-2 10197:978-0-8014-0880-9 10155:978-0-0995-2709-1 10134:. pp. 48–60. 10093:978-0-7126-9715-6 10071:978-0-5215-9219-2 10052:978-0-1982-1712-1 10033:978-1-7704-8120-6 9988:978-1-4094-8974-0 9951:978-0-6910-5891-7 9893:978-1-4411-5712-6 9819:978-0-5824-0428-1 9800:978-0-7735-3157-4 9778:978-0-4151-4883-2 9708:978-0-7524-2579-5 9689:978-1-8411-9843-9 9639:978-1-9031-5319-2 9616:978-1-9031-5303-1 9589:978-0-8264-6938-0 9563:978-0-1982-0449-7 9533:978-0-1401-4824-4 9511:978-1-8438-3387-1 9492:978-1-9031-5315-4 9425:978-0-2260-7471-9 9406:978-1-8576-0259-3 9350:978-0-4159-3885-3 9127:, pp. 19–20. 9115:, pp. 19–20. 9040:, pp. 29–30. 9024:, pp. 35–36. 8977:, pp. 34–35. 8965:, pp. 24–25. 8953:, pp. 22–23. 8941:, pp. 17–19. 8929:, pp. 15–17. 8818:, pp. 61–62. 8802:, pp. 65–66. 8708:, pp. 66–68. 8580:, pp. 50–52. 8457:, pp. 93–94. 8399:Given-Wilson 1996 8294:978-1-85285-528-4 8150:, pp. 37–39. 7897:, pp. 25–27. 7829:, pp. 18–19. 7801:, pp. 55–56. 7644:Given-Wilson 1996 7005:, pp. 79–80. 6981:, pp. 75–77. 6969:, pp. 74–75. 6957:, pp. 78–79. 6124:, pp. 43–44. 6081:, pp. 98–99. 6013:, pp. 16–17. 5547:, pp. 86–87. 4952:, pp. 56–58. 4841:, pp. 34–41. 4714:, pp. 20–22. 4690:, pp. 14–19. 4678:, pp. 11–13. 4626:, pp. 51–53. 4566:, pp. 42–43. 4530:, pp. 98–99. 4502:, pp. 20–21. 4486:, pp. 20–21. 4430:, pp. 96–97. 4370:, pp. 16–17. 4311:, pp. 95–96. 4287:, pp. 94–95. 4272:, pp. 91–93. 4260:, pp. 88–90. 4248:, pp. 85–87. 4236:, pp. 82–84. 4165:, pp. 78–79. 4058:, pp. 72–73. 3982:, pp. 73–74. 3849:, pp. 55–57. 3837:, pp. 53–54. 3723:, pp. 84–86. 3681:Given-Wilson 1996 3571:, pp. 29–30. 3569:Given-Wilson 1996 3527:, pp. 13–14. 3445:Michael Prestwich 3263:Michael Prestwich 3248:William Rishanger 3143: 3142: 3139: 3138: 2856:Beatrice of Savoy 2624:Joan of the Tower 2567:Stephanie Merritt 2480:Mortimer His Fall 2121:popular historian 2108:Holy Roman Empire 2097:Geoffrey le Baker 2058:Geoffrey le Baker 1974:Nottingham Castle 1816:Caerphilly Castle 1770:in the south and 1733:transport vessels 1679:Charles of Valois 1562:, where, after a 1560:Pontefract Castle 1473:The Despenser War 1447:John of Powderham 1312:in 1314 from the 1308:Depiction of the 1180:Earl of Leicester 1173:Death of Gaveston 906:Michael Prestwich 803:Arthurian legends 795:Westminster Abbey 787:duke of Aquitaine 781:killed his rival 683:offered by Edward 661:Treaty of Birgham 576:Westminster Abbey 501:Caernarfon Castle 493:Caernarfon Castle 460:Michael Prestwich 372:, and he died in 343:Widespread famine 299:Westminster Abbey 260: 259: 151:, Gloucestershire 122:Caernarfon Castle 16:(Redirected from 12232: 12215:Princes of Wales 12120: 12112: 12111: 12110: 12103: 12095: 12094: 12093: 12083: 12067: 12066: 12055: 12054: 12043: 12042: 12041: 12031: 12030: 12029: 12022: 11983: 11973: 11963: 11953: 11943: 11933: 11923: 11913: 11903: 11893: 11883: 11873: 11863: 11853: 11843: 11833: 11823: 11813: 11803: 11793: 11783: 11773: 11763: 11746:Princes of Wales 11739: 11732: 11725: 11716: 11715: 11604: 11603: 11564:Richard Cromwell 11554:The Protectorate 11544:James I & VI 11520: 11519: 11101:Harold Godwinson 11021:Edward the Elder 11014:Alfred the Great 10998: 10997: 10993: 10992: 10969: 10962: 10955: 10946: 10945: 10877:Preceded by 10835:Preceded by 10825: 10818: 10800: 10799: 10796: 10782: 10758: 10756: 10754: 10749:on 6 August 2019 10745:. Archived from 10724: 10679: 10669: 10660:(453): 852–881. 10644: 10622: 10595: 10576: 10539: 10522:(4): 1295–1296. 10499: 10472: 10451: 10427: 10414: 10395: 10376: 10351:(4): 1164–1166. 10337: 10313: 10304: 10271:(4): 1054–1083. 10257: 10233: 10220: 10201: 10177: 10159: 10135: 10126: 10097: 10075: 10056: 10037: 10013: 10000: 9968: 9955: 9936: 9897: 9873: 9860: 9823: 9804: 9782: 9760: 9736: 9712: 9693: 9664: 9651: 9620: 9601: 9572:Childs, Wendy R. 9567: 9550:Chaplais, Pierre 9545: 9520:Carpenter, David 9515: 9496: 9477: 9429: 9410: 9391: 9354: 9326: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9281:O'Callaghan 1975 9271:, p. viii; 9266: 9260: 9250: 9244: 9234: 9228: 9222: 9216: 9210: 9204: 9190: 9184: 9178: 9172: 9162: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9134: 9128: 9122: 9116: 9106: 9100: 9094: 9083: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9064:, p. 1295; 9047: 9041: 9031: 9025: 9015: 9009: 8999: 8990: 8984: 8978: 8972: 8966: 8960: 8954: 8948: 8942: 8936: 8930: 8924: 8918: 8917:, pp. 9–14. 8912: 8906: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8868: 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12025: 12017: 12015: 12010: 11997: 11986: 11976: 11966: 11956: 11946: 11936: 11926: 11916: 11906: 11896: 11886: 11876: 11866: 11858:Henry Frederick 11856: 11846: 11836: 11826: 11816: 11806: 11796: 11786: 11776: 11766: 11756: 11748: 11743: 11713: 11708: 11691: 11618: 11594: 11559:Oliver Cromwell 11535: 11510: 11505: 11352:Constantine III 11261: 11086:Harold Harefoot 11076:Edmund Ironside 10987: 10982: and 10973: 10934: 10925: 10922:Prince of Wales 10912: 10901:English royalty 10894: 10886: 10871: 10861: 10852: 10849:Lord of Ireland 10847: 10845:King of England 10840: 10819: 10813: 10812: 10805: 10773: 10752: 10750: 10737: 10734: 10729: 10697:10.2307/3301327 10641: 10611: 10592: 10557:10.2307/3724989 10518:(book review). 10488: 10469: 10448: 10411: 10392: 10357:10.2307/2166608 10334: 10277:10.2307/2901456 10254: 10217: 10198: 10166:Musson, Anthony 10156: 10094: 10072: 10053: 10034: 9989: 9952: 9894: 9841:10.2307/4050602 9820: 9801: 9779: 9709: 9690: 9640: 9626:Musson, Anthony 9617: 9590: 9564: 9534: 9512: 9493: 9450:10.2307/2852635 9426: 9407: 9351: 9334: 9329: 9319: 9317: 9300: 9298: 9287:, p. 435; 9283:, p. 681; 9279:, p. 574; 9267: 9263: 9255:, p. 270; 9251: 9247: 9239:, p. 355; 9235: 9231: 9223: 9219: 9211: 9207: 9191: 9187: 9179: 9175: 9171:, p. 1165. 9163: 9159: 9151: 9147: 9135: 9131: 9123: 9119: 9111:, p. 206; 9107: 9103: 9095: 9086: 9076: 9074: 9060:, p. 241; 9056:, p. 103; 9048: 9044: 9036:, p. 241; 9032: 9028: 9016: 9012: 9004:, p. 241; 9000: 8993: 8985: 8981: 8973: 8969: 8961: 8957: 8949: 8945: 8937: 8933: 8925: 8921: 8913: 8909: 8893: 8889: 8881: 8877: 8869: 8862: 8854: 8850: 8842: 8838: 8826: 8822: 8814:, p. 157; 8810: 8806: 8798: 8794: 8786: 8779: 8763: 8759: 8743: 8739: 8731: 8727: 8719: 8712: 8704: 8700: 8692: 8688: 8680: 8676: 8668: 8664: 8652: 8648: 8640: 8636: 8628: 8624: 8616: 8612: 8600: 8596: 8588: 8584: 8572:, p. 868; 8568: 8564: 8548: 8544: 8536: 8532: 8524: 8520: 8512: 8508: 8500: 8496: 8488:, p. 164; 8484: 8480: 8468: 8461: 8453:, p. 129; 8449: 8445: 8437:, p. 608; 8425:, p. 219; 8421: 8417: 8409: 8405: 8397: 8393: 8389:, pp. 2–3. 8385: 8381: 8369: 8365: 8353: 8349: 8339: 8337: 8326:, p. 408; 8322: 8318: 8306: 8302: 8295: 8278: 8274: 8266: 8262: 8254: 8250: 8238: 8234: 8226: 8222: 8214: 8210: 8202: 8198: 8190:, p. 131; 8174: 8170: 8158: 8154: 8146: 8142: 8130:, p. 562; 8122: 8118: 8110: 8106: 8096: 8094: 8085: 8084: 8080: 8072:, p. 123; 8068: 8064: 8056:, p. 122; 8052: 8048: 8038: 8036: 8035:on 6 March 2014 8027: 8026:, p. 122; 8022: 8018: 8006: 8002: 7994:, p. 121; 7990: 7986: 7978: 7974: 7966: 7962: 7952: 7950: 7949:on 6 March 2014 7941: 7936: 7929: 7921: 7917: 7905: 7901: 7893: 7889: 7881: 7877: 7869: 7865: 7853:, p. 118; 7849: 7845: 7837: 7833: 7825:, p. 118; 7821: 7817: 7809: 7805: 7797: 7793: 7785: 7781: 7773: 7769: 7761: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7737: 7733: 7725: 7721: 7709: 7705: 7693: 7689: 7681: 7677: 7667: 7665: 7650:, p. 133; 7638:, p. 563; 7634:, p. 177; 7618: 7611: 7603: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7579: 7575: 7567: 7563: 7555:, p. 528; 7547:, p. 221; 7543: 7536: 7528: 7521: 7513: 7509: 7501: 7497: 7489:, p. 535; 7485: 7481: 7473: 7469: 7461:, p. 534; 7457: 7453: 7445: 7441: 7433: 7429: 7421: 7417: 7409: 7405: 7397: 7393: 7385: 7381: 7373: 7369: 7361: 7357: 7349: 7345: 7337: 7333: 7325: 7321: 7313: 7309: 7297: 7293: 7285: 7281: 7269: 7265: 7257: 7253: 7245: 7241: 7233: 7229: 7221:, p. 505; 7217: 7213: 7205: 7201: 7193: 7189: 7181: 7177: 7169: 7165: 7157: 7153: 7145: 7141: 7133: 7129: 7121: 7117: 7109: 7105: 7097: 7093: 7085: 7081: 7073: 7069: 7061: 7057: 7045:, p. 284; 7041: 7037: 7025: 7021: 7013: 7009: 7001: 6997: 6989: 6985: 6977: 6973: 6965: 6961: 6953: 6949: 6937: 6933: 6921: 6917: 6909: 6905: 6897: 6893: 6885: 6881: 6873: 6866: 6858: 6854: 6846: 6842: 6834: 6830: 6822: 6818: 6810: 6806: 6798: 6794: 6786: 6779: 6771: 6767: 6759: 6755: 6747: 6743: 6735: 6731: 6723: 6719: 6711: 6707: 6699: 6695: 6687: 6683: 6675: 6671: 6659: 6655: 6647: 6643: 6631: 6627: 6615: 6611: 6603: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6579: 6570: 6562: 6558: 6550:, p. 419; 6546: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6522: 6518: 6506: 6502: 6494: 6490: 6478: 6474: 6466: 6462: 6454: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6379: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6340:, p. 390; 6336: 6332: 6324: 6320: 6308: 6304: 6296: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6248: 6244: 6236: 6232: 6224: 6220: 6212: 6208: 6200: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6176:, p. 205; 6172: 6168: 6160:, p. 205; 6156: 6152: 6144: 6140: 6132: 6128: 6120: 6113: 6105: 6101: 6089: 6085: 6073: 6069: 6061: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6033: 6029: 6021: 6017: 6009: 6005: 5997: 5993: 5985:, p. 171; 5981: 5977: 5969:, p. 171; 5965: 5961: 5953: 5949: 5937: 5933: 5921: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5881: 5877: 5869: 5862: 5854: 5847: 5839: 5832: 5824: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5797: 5793: 5781: 5777: 5769: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5738: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5654: 5650: 5642: 5638: 5630:, p. 191; 5626: 5622: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5567: 5563: 5555: 5551: 5543:, p. 189; 5539: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5503: 5499: 5491: 5487: 5475: 5471: 5463: 5459: 5443: 5439: 5431: 5427: 5423:, pp. 182. 5419: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5395: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5371:, p. 176; 5367: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5319: 5315: 5307: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5259:, p. 161; 5255: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5068: 5056: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4983: 4975: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4944: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4893:, p. 135; 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4801:, p. 123; 4797: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4737: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4674:, p. 100; 4670: 4666: 4650: 4646: 4634: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4610: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4562:, p. 101; 4554: 4550: 4538: 4534: 4522:, p. 102; 4514:, p. 374; 4510: 4506: 4494: 4490: 4478: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4438: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4362:, p. 111; 4358: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4334: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4220: 4213: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4038: 4034: 4022: 4018: 4006: 4002: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3962: 3958: 3954:, pp. 6–8. 3950: 3946: 3942:, pp. 4–5. 3930: 3926: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3878:, pp. 53; 3874: 3870: 3862: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3777: 3770: 3762: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3739:, pp. 3–4. 3731: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3675: 3671: 3663:, p. 129; 3659: 3655: 3647: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3591:"Hard on Wales" 3579: 3575: 3559: 3555: 3551:, pp. 5–6. 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3497: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3455: 3451: 3441:Pierre Chaplais 3433:Edmund Ironside 3431:murder of King 3420: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3336: 3326: 3322: 3313: 3309: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3278: 3274: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3149: 3144: 2647: 2638: 2579: 2434: 2428: 2388:Charles Dickens 2361:Political songs 2324: 2319: 2276: 2232: 2200:Roman civil law 2187:Pierre Chaplais 2182: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2162: 2161: 2150: 2145: 2137:David Carpenter 2117:Paul C. Doherty 2084: 2066:Richard II 2028:effigy, with a 1982: 1980:Burial and cult 1948: 1930:John Maltravers 1922:Gloucestershire 1918:Berkeley Castle 1910:Berkeley Castle 1902: 1897: 1842: 1836: 1824:Monmouth Castle 1789:Tower of London 1757:Replica of the 1751: 1745: 1696: 1691: 1656: 1650: 1648:War with France 1642:Tower of London 1590:Statute of York 1572: 1548:Burton-on-Trent 1505:Mortimer family 1481: 1475: 1470: 1393:Treaty of Leake 1383: 1377: 1302: 1296: 1247: 1175: 1170: 1129: 1123: 1078:excommunication 1047: 1027:Edward III 970:English Channel 931: 926: 914:Pierre Chaplais 901:Knights Templar 886:Meaux Chronicle 816: 765:Stirling Castle 748:Prince of Wales 704: 687:I provoked the 684: 674: 568: 486: 481: 464:John Gillingham 442:, removing the 410:, and ruler of 408:Lord of Ireland 400: 374:Berkeley Castle 366:invaded England 275:King of England 224: 186: 185: 177: 174: 1308) 169: 165: 152: 146: 135:Berkeley Castle 133: 120: 69: 63:King of England 57: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12238: 12228: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12122: 12121: 12104: 12075: 12072: 12071: 12059: 12047: 12035: 12012: 12011: 12002: 11999: 11998: 11989: 11987: 11985: 11984: 11981:(2022–present) 11974: 11964: 11954: 11944: 11934: 11924: 11914: 11904: 11894: 11884: 11874: 11864: 11854: 11844: 11834: 11824: 11814: 11804: 11794: 11784: 11774: 11764: 11753: 11750: 11749: 11742: 11741: 11734: 11727: 11719: 11710: 11709: 11707: 11706: 11700: 11697: 11696: 11693: 11692: 11690: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11623: 11620: 11619: 11617: 11616: 11600: 11599: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11592: 11587: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11567: 11566: 11561: 11551: 11546: 11540: 11537: 11536: 11534: 11533: 11516: 11515: 11512: 11511: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11455:Edward Balliol 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11315:Constantine II 11312: 11307: 11300: 11293: 11286: 11279: 11272: 11264: 11262: 11260: 11259: 11254: 11243: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11142: 11137: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11107:Edgar Ætheling 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11024: 11017: 11009: 11006: 11005: 11002: 10996: 10989: 10988: 10972: 10971: 10964: 10957: 10949: 10941: 10940: 10932: 10927: 10918: 10910: 10904: 10903: 10897: 10896: 10887: 10878: 10874: 10873: 10863: 10862: 10857: 10854: 10841: 10836: 10832: 10831: 10830:Regnal titles 10827: 10826: 10806: 10803: 10798: 10797: 10783: 10771: 10770:at BBC History 10765: 10759: 10733: 10732:External links 10730: 10728: 10727: 10726: 10725: 10691:(2): 422–439. 10645: 10639: 10623: 10609: 10596: 10590: 10577: 10551:(3): 521–529. 10540: 10500: 10486: 10473: 10467: 10454: 10453: 10452: 10446: 10433: 10415: 10409: 10390: 10377: 10340: 10339: 10338: 10332: 10305: 10260: 10259: 10258: 10252: 10239: 10215: 10202: 10196: 10183: 10162: 10161: 10160: 10154: 10141: 10127: 10092: 10076: 10070: 10057: 10051: 10038: 10032: 10019: 10001: 9987: 9974: 9956: 9950: 9937: 9900: 9899: 9898: 9892: 9879: 9835:(2): 201–207. 9824: 9818: 9805: 9799: 9783: 9777: 9761: 9737: 9713: 9707: 9694: 9688: 9672: 9671: 9670: 9638: 9624:Dodd, Gwilym; 9621: 9615: 9602: 9588: 9568: 9562: 9546: 9532: 9516: 9510: 9497: 9491: 9478: 9444:(3): 573–595. 9430: 9424: 9411: 9405: 9392: 9372:10.1086/385826 9355: 9349: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9327: 9277:Prestwich 1988 9273:Carpenter 2004 9261: 9245: 9243:, p. 102. 9229: 9217: 9205: 9199:, p. 31; 9193:Brintnell 2011 9185: 9173: 9167:, p. 31; 9157: 9155:, p. 206. 9145: 9129: 9117: 9101: 9084: 9062:Schofield 2005 9054:Alexander 1985 9042: 9026: 9020:, p. 29; 9010: 8991: 8979: 8967: 8955: 8943: 8931: 8919: 8907: 8887: 8885:, p. 286. 8875: 8873:, p. 263. 8860: 8858:, p. 337. 8848: 8836: 8834:, p. 263. 8830:, p. 60; 8820: 8804: 8792: 8788:Prestwich 2006 8777: 8771:, p. 75; 8765:Prestwich 2006 8757: 8751:, p. 75; 8745:Prestwich 2006 8737: 8725: 8721:Prestwich 2006 8710: 8706:Prestwich 2006 8698: 8694:Prestwich 2006 8686: 8682:Prestwich 2006 8674: 8670:Prestwich 2006 8662: 8654:Prestwich 2006 8646: 8642:Prestwich 2006 8634: 8622: 8610: 8594: 8582: 8562: 8560:, p. 161. 8556:, p. 50; 8542: 8530: 8528:, p. 157. 8518: 8506: 8494: 8478: 8470:Prestwich 2003 8459: 8455:Prestwich 2003 8443: 8429:, p. 39; 8423:Prestwich 2007 8415: 8403: 8391: 8379: 8373:, p. 73; 8371:Prestwich 2003 8363: 8355:Carpenter 2007 8347: 8316: 8300: 8293: 8272: 8260: 8248: 8232: 8230:, p. 213. 8220: 8208: 8196: 8194:, p. 219. 8192:Prestwich 2007 8168: 8166:, p. 563. 8152: 8140: 8126:, p. 88; 8124:Prestwich 2003 8116: 8104: 8078: 8076:, p. 232. 8062: 8060:, p. 179. 8046: 8016: 8000: 7998:, p. 229. 7984: 7982:, p. 121. 7972: 7960: 7927: 7925:, p. 119. 7915: 7899: 7887: 7875: 7863: 7857:, p. 19; 7843: 7841:, p. 118. 7831: 7815: 7803: 7791: 7779: 7767: 7755: 7743: 7731: 7729:, p. 563. 7719: 7703: 7687: 7685:, p. 177. 7675: 7646:, p. 33; 7630:, p. 16; 7626:, p. 88; 7624:Prestwich 2003 7609: 7607:, p. 548. 7597: 7595:, p. 547. 7585: 7573: 7561: 7559:, p. 422. 7553:Smallwood 1973 7545:Galbraith 1935 7534: 7532:, p. 541. 7519: 7507: 7495: 7479: 7477:, p. 534. 7467: 7465:, p. 191. 7451: 7449:, p. 533. 7439: 7427: 7425:, p. 526. 7415: 7403: 7391: 7379: 7377:, p. 516. 7367: 7355: 7353:, p. 186. 7343: 7331: 7319: 7317:, p. 181. 7307: 7305:, p. 187. 7291: 7289:, p. 512. 7279: 7277:, p. 181. 7263: 7251: 7249:, p. 508. 7239: 7227: 7211: 7199: 7197:, p. 504. 7187: 7175: 7163: 7161:, p. 205. 7151: 7149:, p. 502. 7139: 7127: 7125:, p. 519. 7115: 7103: 7091: 7079: 7067: 7065:, p. 495. 7055: 7053:, p. 169. 7035: 7033:, p. 169. 7019: 7007: 6995: 6983: 6971: 6959: 6947: 6945:, p. 169. 6931: 6915: 6913:, p. 479. 6903: 6891: 6879: 6877:, p. 472. 6864: 6852: 6850:, p. 470. 6840: 6838:, p. 469. 6828: 6826:, p. 468. 6816: 6814:, p. 467. 6804: 6802:, p. 466. 6792: 6790:, p. 464. 6777: 6765: 6753: 6741: 6729: 6727:, p. 456. 6717: 6705: 6693: 6681: 6679:, p. 436. 6669: 6667:, p. 157. 6653: 6641: 6639:, p. 273. 6625: 6623:, p. 148. 6609: 6607:, p. 433. 6597: 6585: 6568: 6556: 6554:, p. 151. 6540: 6538:, p. 417. 6528: 6526:, p. 425. 6516: 6514:, p. 144. 6500: 6488: 6486:, p. 141. 6472: 6470:, p. 408. 6460: 6445: 6443:, p. 404. 6433: 6421: 6409: 6397: 6385: 6383:, p. 397. 6370: 6358: 6356:, p. 394. 6346: 6330: 6318: 6302: 6290: 6278: 6266: 6254: 6242: 6230: 6218: 6206: 6194: 6192:, p. 336. 6182: 6180:, p. 259. 6166: 6150: 6148:, p. 201. 6138: 6126: 6111: 6109:, p. 277. 6099: 6097:, p. 328. 6083: 6067: 6055: 6043: 6027: 6015: 6003: 5991: 5989:, p. 253. 5975: 5959: 5947: 5945:, p. 205. 5931: 5929:, p. 104. 5915: 5903: 5891: 5889:, p. 259. 5875: 5873:, p. 233. 5860: 5858:, p. 232. 5845: 5830: 5828:, p. 230. 5815: 5803: 5791: 5775: 5760: 5748: 5744:Prestwich 2003 5732: 5730:, p. 217. 5720: 5718:, p. 214. 5708: 5706:, p. 213. 5696: 5684: 5672: 5660: 5648: 5636: 5620: 5618:, p. 192. 5614:, p. 82; 5604: 5589: 5587:, p. 241. 5577: 5561: 5549: 5533: 5521: 5509: 5507:, p. 187. 5497: 5485: 5469: 5457: 5451:, p. 77; 5449:Prestwich 2003 5437: 5425: 5413: 5401: 5389: 5377: 5361: 5349: 5337: 5335:, p. 166. 5325: 5313: 5301: 5299:, p. 163. 5289: 5277: 5275:, p. 162. 5265: 5249: 5247:, p. 161. 5237: 5235:, p. 160. 5225: 5223:, p. 159. 5213: 5211:, p. 158. 5201: 5189: 5187:, p. 155. 5177: 5165: 5153: 5141: 5139:, p. 151. 5129: 5117: 5105: 5093: 5091:, p. 146. 5081: 5066: 5050: 5038: 5026: 5020:, p. 74; 5018:Prestwich 2003 5010: 4998: 4996:, p. 102. 4981: 4966: 4964:, p. 144. 4954: 4935: 4933:, p. 141. 4923: 4921:, p. 140. 4911: 4899: 4897:, p. 574. 4883: 4871: 4859: 4843: 4831: 4829:, p. 133. 4819: 4817:, p. 132. 4807: 4805:, p. 557. 4803:Prestwich 1988 4791: 4789:, p. 131. 4779: 4777:, p. 129. 4767: 4755: 4743: 4728: 4726:, p. 123. 4716: 4704: 4702:, p. 102. 4692: 4680: 4664: 4652:Prestwich 2006 4644: 4642:, p. 102. 4638:, p. 52; 4628: 4616: 4614:, pp. 31. 4604: 4592: 4580: 4568: 4558:, p. 71; 4556:Prestwich 2006 4548: 4544:Prestwich 2006 4532: 4526:, p. 23; 4518:, p. 31; 4504: 4498:, p. 22; 4488: 4472: 4460: 4448: 4432: 4420: 4408: 4396: 4384: 4372: 4352: 4340: 4338:, p. 109. 4325: 4323:, p. 107. 4313: 4301: 4289: 4274: 4262: 4250: 4238: 4226: 4211: 4209:, p. 190. 4195: 4193:, p. 574. 4183: 4167: 4155: 4153:, p. 360. 4136: 4121: 4109: 4103:, p. 41; 4093: 4081: 4077:Prestwich 2003 4060: 4048: 4042:, p. 73; 4040:Prestwich 2003 4032: 4026:, p. 71; 4024:Prestwich 2003 4016: 4000: 3984: 3972: 3956: 3944: 3924: 3908: 3906:, pp. 53. 3896: 3884: 3868: 3851: 3839: 3827: 3825:, p. 226. 3815: 3803: 3791: 3768: 3753: 3741: 3735:, p. 36; 3725: 3713: 3697: 3685: 3683:, p. 157. 3669: 3665:Prestwich 2003 3653: 3651:, p. 575. 3636: 3634:, p. 241. 3624: 3612: 3583:, p. 38; 3581:Prestwich 2003 3573: 3563:, p. 38; 3561:Prestwich 2003 3553: 3549:Prestwich 2003 3541: 3537:Prestwich 2003 3529: 3525:Prestwich 1988 3517: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3485: 3472: 3462: 3449: 3414: 3405: 3396: 3386: 3376: 3366: 3348: 3334: 3320: 3307: 3294: 3285: 3272: 3253: 3239: 3229: 3220: 3210: 3201: 3191: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3156: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2655: 2654: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2632: 2631: 2621: 2611: 2608:John of Eltham 2605: 2578: 2575: 2555:Edward II 2546:Edward II 2486:The filmmaker 2457:Edward II 2443:Edward II 2430:Main article: 2427: 2424: 2412:John Maddicott 2403:William Stubbs 2392:Charles Knight 2378:, and between 2323: 2322:Historiography 2320: 2318: 2315: 2306:Pope John XXII 2275: 2272: 2231: 2228: 2174: 2173: 2164: 2163: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2143:Edward as king 2141: 2104:Fieschi Letter 2083: 2080: 2022:Newgate Church 1981: 1978: 1946:William Ockley 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1838:Main article: 1835: 1832: 1747:Main article: 1744: 1741: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1668:fortified town 1652:Main article: 1649: 1646: 1638:Roger Mortimer 1617:Robert Baldock 1571: 1568: 1552:Andrew Harclay 1477:Main article: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1379:Main article: 1376: 1373: 1344:Henry de Bohun 1298:Main article: 1295: 1292: 1246: 1243: 1231:Warwick Castle 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1125:Main article: 1122: 1119: 1046: 1043: 1011:Henry Woodlock 943:Burgh by Sands 930: 927: 925: 922: 842:Piers Gaveston 831:Piers Gaveston 815: 812: 772:Walter Langton 761:Brechin Castle 703: 700: 634:musical organs 567: 564: 485: 482: 480: 477: 420:king of France 418:vassal of the 399: 396: 362:Roger Mortimer 358:a peace treaty 318:sworn brothers 314:Piers Gaveston 258: 257: 252: 248: 247: 242: 238: 237: 232: 226: 225: 223: 222: 221:(illegitimate) 216: 211: 206: 201: 195: 193: 179: 178: 167: 161: 160: 158: 154: 153: 147: 143: 139: 138: 130: 126: 125: 117: 113: 112: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 85: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 65: 59: 58: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12237: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12220:Sons of kings 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12132: 12130: 12118: 12117: 12105: 12101: 12100: 12088: 12087: 12084: 12078: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12046: 12036: 12034: 12024: 12023: 12020: 12009: 12005: 12000: 11993: 11982: 11979: 11975: 11972: 11969: 11965: 11962: 11959: 11955: 11952: 11949: 11945: 11942: 11939: 11938:Albert Edward 11935: 11932: 11929: 11925: 11922: 11919: 11915: 11912: 11909: 11905: 11902: 11899: 11895: 11892: 11889: 11885: 11882: 11879: 11875: 11872: 11869: 11865: 11862: 11859: 11855: 11852: 11849: 11845: 11842: 11839: 11835: 11832: 11829: 11825: 11822: 11819: 11815: 11812: 11809: 11805: 11802: 11799: 11795: 11792: 11789: 11785: 11782: 11779: 11775: 11772: 11769: 11765: 11762: 11759: 11755: 11754: 11751: 11747: 11740: 11735: 11733: 11728: 11726: 11721: 11720: 11717: 11705: 11702: 11701: 11698: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11624: 11621: 11615: 11614: 11609: 11608: 11605: 11601: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11556: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11541: 11538: 11532: 11530: 11525: 11524: 11521: 11517: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11456: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11434: 11430: 11428: 11427:Alexander III 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11342: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11305: 11301: 11299: 11298: 11294: 11292: 11291: 11287: 11285: 11284: 11283:Constantine I 11280: 11278: 11277: 11273: 11271: 11270: 11266: 11265: 11263: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11252: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11241: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11164: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11147: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11135: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11108: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11071: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11029: 11025: 11023: 11022: 11018: 11016: 11015: 11011: 11010: 11008: 11007: 11003: 11000: 10999: 10994: 10990: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10970: 10965: 10963: 10958: 10956: 10951: 10950: 10947: 10939: 10938: 10931: 10924: 10923: 10917: 10916: 10909: 10905: 10902: 10898: 10893: 10892: 10885: 10881: 10875: 10870: 10869: 10864: 10860: 10851: 10850: 10846: 10839: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10817:25 April 1284 10816: 10811: 10810: 10801: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10769: 10766: 10763: 10760: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10736: 10735: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10681: 10680: 10677: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10659: 10655: 10651: 10646: 10642: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10612: 10606: 10602: 10597: 10593: 10587: 10583: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10541: 10537: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10513: 10511: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10483: 10479: 10474: 10470: 10464: 10460: 10455: 10449: 10443: 10439: 10434: 10431: 10425: 10421: 10416: 10412: 10406: 10402: 10397: 10396: 10393: 10387: 10383: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10341: 10335: 10329: 10325: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10311: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10261: 10255: 10249: 10245: 10240: 10237: 10231: 10227: 10222: 10221: 10218: 10212: 10208: 10203: 10199: 10193: 10189: 10184: 10181: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10157: 10151: 10147: 10142: 10139: 10133: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10099: 10098: 10095: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10080:Mortimer, Ian 10077: 10073: 10067: 10063: 10058: 10054: 10048: 10044: 10039: 10035: 10029: 10025: 10020: 10017: 10011: 10007: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9984: 9980: 9975: 9972: 9966: 9962: 9957: 9953: 9947: 9943: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9911:(47): 30–48. 9910: 9906: 9901: 9895: 9889: 9885: 9880: 9877: 9871: 9867: 9862: 9861: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9825: 9821: 9815: 9811: 9806: 9802: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9717:Durand, Ursin 9714: 9710: 9704: 9700: 9695: 9691: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9676:Doherty, Paul 9673: 9668: 9662: 9658: 9653: 9652: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9622: 9618: 9612: 9608: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9507: 9503: 9498: 9494: 9488: 9484: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9421: 9417: 9412: 9408: 9402: 9398: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9366:(1): 94–109. 9365: 9361: 9356: 9352: 9346: 9342: 9337: 9336: 9315: 9311: 9296: 9292: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9269:Hamilton 2010 9265: 9258: 9257:Phillips 2011 9254: 9249: 9242: 9241:Phillips 2011 9238: 9233: 9226: 9221: 9214: 9209: 9203:, p. 31. 9202: 9201:Phillips 2011 9198: 9197:Burgtorf 2008 9194: 9189: 9182: 9177: 9170: 9166: 9165:Burgtorf 2008 9161: 9154: 9153:Lawrence 2006 9149: 9142: 9138: 9133: 9126: 9121: 9114: 9110: 9109:Lawrence 2006 9105: 9099:, p. 31. 9098: 9097:Burgtorf 2008 9093: 9091: 9089: 9073: 9069: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9052:, p. 5; 9051: 9050:Hamilton 2006 9046: 9039: 9038:Phillips 2011 9035: 9030: 9023: 9019: 9018:Phillips 2011 9014: 9008:, p. 29. 9007: 9006:Phillips 2011 9003: 8998: 8996: 8988: 8983: 8976: 8971: 8964: 8963:Phillips 2011 8959: 8952: 8951:Phillips 2011 8947: 8940: 8939:Phillips 2011 8935: 8928: 8927:Phillips 2011 8923: 8916: 8915:Phillips 2011 8911: 8904: 8903:Phillips 2011 8900: 8897:, p. 5; 8896: 8895:Chaplais 1994 8891: 8884: 8879: 8872: 8871:Phillips 2011 8867: 8865: 8857: 8852: 8845: 8840: 8833: 8832:Phillips 2011 8829: 8824: 8817: 8816:Phillips 2011 8813: 8808: 8801: 8800:Phillips 2011 8796: 8790:, p. 67. 8789: 8784: 8782: 8775:, p. 33. 8774: 8770: 8769:Phillips 2011 8766: 8761: 8755:, p. 33. 8754: 8750: 8749:Phillips 2011 8746: 8741: 8735:, p. 75. 8734: 8733:Phillips 2011 8729: 8723:, p. 69. 8722: 8717: 8715: 8707: 8702: 8695: 8690: 8683: 8678: 8672:, p. 63. 8671: 8666: 8660:, p. 33. 8659: 8655: 8650: 8644:, p. 64. 8643: 8638: 8631: 8626: 8619: 8614: 8608:, p. 32. 8607: 8603: 8598: 8591: 8586: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8566: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8546: 8539: 8534: 8527: 8522: 8515: 8510: 8503: 8498: 8492:, p. 37. 8491: 8487: 8482: 8475: 8474:Phillips 2011 8471: 8466: 8464: 8456: 8452: 8451:Phillips 2011 8447: 8440: 8436: 8435:Phillips 2011 8432: 8428: 8424: 8419: 8413:, p. 39. 8412: 8407: 8400: 8395: 8388: 8387:Chaplais 1994 8383: 8376: 8372: 8367: 8360: 8356: 8351: 8335: 8331: 8325: 8324:Mortimer 2008 8320: 8313: 8312:Mortimer 2008 8309: 8308:Mortimer 2005 8304: 8296: 8290: 8286: 8285:The Capetians 8282: 8281:Bradbury, Jim 8276: 8269: 8264: 8257: 8252: 8245: 8241: 8236: 8229: 8224: 8217: 8212: 8205: 8200: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8184:Mortimer 2006 8181: 8177: 8176:Phillips 2011 8172: 8165: 8164:Phillips 2011 8161: 8160:Mortimer 2004 8156: 8149: 8144: 8137: 8136:Mortimer 2004 8133: 8129: 8128:Phillips 2011 8125: 8120: 8114:, p. 55. 8113: 8108: 8092: 8088: 8082: 8075: 8071: 8066: 8059: 8055: 8050: 8034: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8013: 8009: 8004: 7997: 7993: 7988: 7981: 7976: 7969: 7964: 7948: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7932: 7924: 7919: 7913:, p. 21. 7912: 7908: 7903: 7896: 7891: 7884: 7879: 7873:, p. 20. 7872: 7867: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7847: 7840: 7835: 7828: 7824: 7819: 7813:, p. 16. 7812: 7807: 7800: 7795: 7788: 7783: 7776: 7771: 7764: 7759: 7752: 7747: 7740: 7735: 7728: 7727:Phillips 2011 7723: 7716: 7712: 7711:Phillips 2011 7707: 7700: 7696: 7695:Phillips 2011 7691: 7684: 7679: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7649: 7648:Hamilton 2010 7645: 7641: 7637: 7636:Phillips 2011 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7616: 7614: 7606: 7605:Phillips 2011 7601: 7594: 7593:Phillips 2011 7589: 7582: 7581:Phillips 2011 7577: 7570: 7569:Phillips 2011 7565: 7558: 7554: 7551:, p. 2; 7550: 7549:McKisack 1959 7546: 7541: 7539: 7531: 7530:Phillips 2011 7526: 7524: 7516: 7515:Phillips 2011 7511: 7504: 7503:Phillips 2011 7499: 7492: 7488: 7487:Phillips 2011 7483: 7476: 7475:Phillips 2011 7471: 7464: 7460: 7459:Phillips 2011 7455: 7448: 7447:Phillips 2011 7443: 7436: 7435:Phillips 2011 7431: 7424: 7423:Phillips 2011 7419: 7412: 7411:Phillips 2011 7407: 7400: 7399:Phillips 2011 7395: 7388: 7387:Phillips 2011 7383: 7376: 7375:Phillips 2011 7371: 7364: 7363:Phillips 2011 7359: 7352: 7347: 7340: 7339:Phillips 2011 7335: 7328: 7327:Phillips 2011 7323: 7316: 7311: 7304: 7300: 7299:Phillips 2011 7295: 7288: 7287:Phillips 2011 7283: 7276: 7272: 7271:Phillips 2011 7267: 7260: 7259:Phillips 2011 7255: 7248: 7247:Phillips 2011 7243: 7236: 7235:Phillips 2011 7231: 7224: 7220: 7219:Phillips 2011 7215: 7208: 7207:Phillips 2011 7203: 7196: 7195:Phillips 2011 7191: 7184: 7183:Phillips 2011 7179: 7172: 7167: 7160: 7155: 7148: 7147:Phillips 2011 7143: 7136: 7135:Phillips 2011 7131: 7124: 7123:Phillips 2011 7119: 7112: 7111:Phillips 2011 7107: 7100: 7099:Phillips 2011 7095: 7088: 7087:Phillips 2011 7083: 7076: 7075:Phillips 2011 7071: 7064: 7063:Phillips 2011 7059: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7043:Mortimer 2004 7039: 7032: 7028: 7027:Phillips 2011 7023: 7016: 7015:Phillips 2011 7011: 7004: 6999: 6992: 6991:Phillips 2011 6987: 6980: 6975: 6968: 6963: 6956: 6951: 6944: 6940: 6939:Phillips 2011 6935: 6928: 6924: 6919: 6912: 6911:Phillips 2011 6907: 6900: 6899:Phillips 2011 6895: 6888: 6887:Phillips 2011 6883: 6876: 6875:Phillips 2011 6871: 6869: 6861: 6860:Phillips 2011 6856: 6849: 6848:Phillips 2011 6844: 6837: 6836:Phillips 2011 6832: 6825: 6824:Phillips 2011 6820: 6813: 6812:Phillips 2011 6808: 6801: 6800:Phillips 2011 6796: 6789: 6788:Phillips 2011 6784: 6782: 6774: 6773:Phillips 2011 6769: 6762: 6757: 6750: 6749:Phillips 2011 6745: 6738: 6737:Phillips 2011 6733: 6726: 6725:Phillips 2011 6721: 6714: 6713:Phillips 2011 6709: 6702: 6701:Phillips 2011 6697: 6690: 6689:Phillips 2011 6685: 6678: 6677:Phillips 2011 6673: 6666: 6662: 6661:Phillips 2011 6657: 6650: 6649:Phillips 2011 6645: 6638: 6634: 6633:Phillips 2011 6629: 6622: 6618: 6617:Phillips 2011 6613: 6606: 6605:Phillips 2011 6601: 6594: 6593:Phillips 2011 6589: 6582: 6581:Phillips 2011 6577: 6575: 6573: 6565: 6564:Phillips 2011 6560: 6553: 6549: 6548:Phillips 2011 6544: 6537: 6536:Phillips 2011 6532: 6525: 6524:Phillips 2011 6520: 6513: 6509: 6508:Phillips 2011 6504: 6497: 6496:Phillips 2011 6492: 6485: 6481: 6480:Phillips 2011 6476: 6469: 6468:Phillips 2011 6464: 6457: 6456:Phillips 2011 6452: 6450: 6442: 6441:Phillips 2011 6437: 6430: 6429:Phillips 2011 6425: 6418: 6417:Phillips 2011 6413: 6406: 6405:Phillips 2011 6401: 6394: 6393:Phillips 2011 6389: 6382: 6381:Phillips 2011 6377: 6375: 6367: 6366:Phillips 2011 6362: 6355: 6354:Phillips 2011 6350: 6343: 6339: 6338:Phillips 2011 6334: 6327: 6326:Phillips 2011 6322: 6316:, p. 84. 6315: 6311: 6310:Phillips 2011 6306: 6299: 6298:Phillips 2011 6294: 6287: 6286:Phillips 2011 6282: 6275: 6274:Phillips 2011 6270: 6263: 6262:Phillips 2011 6258: 6251: 6250:Phillips 2011 6246: 6239: 6238:Phillips 2011 6234: 6227: 6226:Phillips 2011 6222: 6215: 6210: 6203: 6202:Phillips 2011 6198: 6191: 6190:Phillips 2011 6186: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6163: 6159: 6154: 6147: 6142: 6135: 6130: 6123: 6118: 6116: 6108: 6107:Phillips 2011 6103: 6096: 6095:Phillips 2011 6092: 6087: 6080: 6076: 6075:Phillips 2011 6071: 6064: 6063:Phillips 2011 6059: 6052: 6051:Phillips 2011 6047: 6041:, p. 97. 6040: 6036: 6035:Phillips 2011 6031: 6024: 6023:Phillips 2011 6019: 6012: 6007: 6000: 5995: 5988: 5987:Phillips 2011 5984: 5979: 5972: 5971:Phillips 2011 5968: 5963: 5956: 5955:Phillips 2011 5951: 5944: 5940: 5939:Phillips 2011 5935: 5928: 5924: 5923:Phillips 2011 5919: 5912: 5911:Phillips 2011 5907: 5900: 5899:Phillips 2011 5895: 5888: 5884: 5883:Phillips 2011 5879: 5872: 5871:Phillips 2011 5867: 5865: 5857: 5856:Phillips 2011 5852: 5850: 5842: 5841:Phillips 2011 5837: 5835: 5827: 5826:Phillips 2011 5822: 5820: 5812: 5811:Phillips 2011 5807: 5800: 5799:Phillips 2011 5795: 5789:, p. 94. 5788: 5784: 5783:Phillips 2011 5779: 5772: 5771:Phillips 2011 5767: 5765: 5757: 5756:Phillips 2011 5752: 5746:, p. 16. 5745: 5741: 5740:Phillips 2011 5736: 5729: 5728:Phillips 2011 5724: 5717: 5716:Phillips 2011 5712: 5705: 5704:Phillips 2011 5700: 5693: 5692:Phillips 2011 5688: 5681: 5680:Phillips 2011 5676: 5669: 5668:Phillips 2011 5664: 5657: 5656:Phillips 2011 5652: 5645: 5644:Phillips 2011 5640: 5634:, p. 86. 5633: 5629: 5628:Phillips 2011 5624: 5617: 5616:Phillips 2011 5613: 5612:Chaplais 1994 5608: 5602:, p. 89. 5601: 5600:Chaplais 1994 5596: 5594: 5586: 5585:Phillips 2011 5581: 5575:, p. 88. 5574: 5573:Chaplais 1994 5570: 5569:Phillips 2011 5565: 5558: 5557:Phillips 2011 5553: 5546: 5542: 5541:Phillips 2011 5537: 5530: 5529:Hamilton 1991 5525: 5518: 5517:Phillips 2011 5513: 5506: 5505:Phillips 2011 5501: 5494: 5493:Phillips 2011 5489: 5483:, p. 82. 5482: 5481:Chaplais 1994 5478: 5477:Phillips 2011 5473: 5466: 5465:Phillips 2011 5461: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5445:Phillips 2011 5441: 5434: 5433:Phillips 2011 5429: 5422: 5421:Phillips 2011 5417: 5410: 5409:Phillips 2011 5405: 5398: 5397:Phillips 2011 5393: 5386: 5385:Phillips 2011 5381: 5375:, p. 76. 5374: 5370: 5369:Phillips 2011 5365: 5358: 5357:Phillips 2011 5353: 5346: 5345:Phillips 2011 5341: 5334: 5333:Phillips 2011 5329: 5322: 5321:Phillips 2011 5317: 5310: 5309:Phillips 2011 5305: 5298: 5297:Phillips 2011 5293: 5286: 5285:Phillips 2011 5281: 5274: 5273:Phillips 2011 5269: 5263:, p. 68. 5262: 5261:Chaplais 1994 5258: 5257:Phillips 2011 5253: 5246: 5245:Phillips 2011 5241: 5234: 5233:Phillips 2011 5229: 5222: 5221:Phillips 2011 5217: 5210: 5209:Phillips 2011 5205: 5198: 5197:Phillips 2011 5193: 5186: 5185:Phillips 2011 5181: 5174: 5173:Phillips 2011 5169: 5162: 5161:Phillips 2011 5157: 5150: 5149:Phillips 2011 5145: 5138: 5137:Phillips 2011 5133: 5126: 5125:Phillips 2011 5121: 5114: 5113:Phillips 2011 5109: 5102: 5101:Phillips 2011 5097: 5090: 5089:Phillips 2011 5085: 5078: 5077:Phillips 2011 5073: 5071: 5064:, p. 44. 5063: 5062:Chaplais 1994 5059: 5058:Phillips 2011 5054: 5047: 5046:Phillips 2011 5042: 5035: 5034:Phillips 2011 5030: 5024:, p. 31. 5023: 5019: 5014: 5008:, p. 93. 5007: 5002: 4995: 4994:Phillips 2011 4990: 4988: 4986: 4979:, p. 61. 4978: 4973: 4971: 4963: 4962:Phillips 2011 4958: 4951: 4947: 4946:Phillips 2011 4942: 4940: 4932: 4931:Phillips 2011 4927: 4920: 4919:Phillips 2011 4915: 4908: 4907:Phillips 2011 4903: 4896: 4892: 4891:Phillips 2011 4887: 4881:, p. 52. 4880: 4875: 4868: 4867:Phillips 2011 4863: 4856: 4855:Phillips 2011 4852: 4847: 4840: 4839:Chaplais 1994 4835: 4828: 4827:Phillips 2011 4823: 4816: 4815:Phillips 2011 4811: 4804: 4800: 4799:Phillips 2011 4795: 4788: 4787:Phillips 2011 4783: 4776: 4775:Phillips 2011 4771: 4765:, p. 53. 4764: 4763:Chaplais 1994 4759: 4752: 4751:Phillips 2011 4747: 4740: 4739:Phillips 2011 4735: 4733: 4725: 4724:Phillips 2011 4720: 4713: 4712:Chaplais 1994 4708: 4701: 4700:Phillips 2011 4696: 4689: 4688:Chaplais 1994 4684: 4677: 4676:Chaplais 1994 4673: 4672:Phillips 2011 4668: 4662:, p. 99. 4661: 4660:Phillips 2011 4658:, p. 9; 4657: 4656:Chaplais 1994 4653: 4648: 4641: 4640:Phillips 2011 4637: 4636:Mortimer 2006 4632: 4625: 4624:Mortimer 2006 4620: 4613: 4608: 4602:, p. 52. 4601: 4600:Mortimer 2006 4596: 4590:, p. 50. 4589: 4588:Mortimer 2006 4584: 4578:, p. 97. 4577: 4576:Phillips 2011 4572: 4565: 4561: 4560:Phillips 2011 4557: 4552: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4529: 4528:Hamilton 2010 4525: 4521: 4520:Phillips 2011 4517: 4513: 4508: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4485: 4481: 4480:Phillips 2011 4476: 4469: 4468:Phillips 2011 4464: 4457: 4456:Phillips 2011 4452: 4445: 4444:Chaplais 1994 4441: 4440:Phillips 2011 4436: 4429: 4428:Phillips 2011 4424: 4418:, p. 96. 4417: 4416:Phillips 2011 4412: 4405: 4404:Phillips 2011 4400: 4393: 4392:Phillips 2006 4388: 4381: 4380:Phillips 2011 4376: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4360:Phillips 2011 4356: 4349: 4348:Phillips 2011 4344: 4337: 4336:Phillips 2011 4332: 4330: 4322: 4321:Phillips 2011 4317: 4310: 4309:Phillips 2011 4305: 4298: 4297:Phillips 2011 4293: 4286: 4285:Phillips 2011 4281: 4279: 4271: 4270:Phillips 2011 4266: 4259: 4258:Phillips 2011 4254: 4247: 4246:Phillips 2011 4242: 4235: 4234:Phillips 2011 4230: 4223: 4222:Marshall 2006 4218: 4216: 4208: 4207:Marshall 2006 4204: 4203:Phillips 2011 4199: 4192: 4187: 4181:, p. 30. 4180: 4176: 4175:Phillips 2011 4171: 4164: 4163:Phillips 2011 4159: 4152: 4148: 4147:Phillips 2011 4143: 4141: 4134:, p. 43. 4133: 4132:Phillips 2011 4128: 4126: 4119:, p. 42. 4118: 4117:Phillips 2011 4113: 4107:, p. 19. 4106: 4102: 4101:Phillips 2011 4097: 4091:, p. 72. 4090: 4089:Phillips 2011 4085: 4079:, p. 72. 4078: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4057: 4056:Phillips 2011 4052: 4046:, p. 61. 4045: 4044:Phillips 2011 4041: 4036: 4030:, p. 41. 4029: 4028:Phillips 2011 4025: 4020: 4014:, p. 40. 4013: 4012:Phillips 2011 4010:, p. 6; 4009: 4008:Hamilton 2006 4004: 3997: 3996:Hamilton 2006 3993: 3992:Phillips 2011 3988: 3981: 3980:Phillips 2011 3976: 3969: 3966:, p. 8; 3965: 3964:Hamilton 2006 3960: 3953: 3952:Hamilton 2006 3948: 3941: 3937: 3936:Phillips 2011 3933: 3932:Hamilton 2006 3928: 3922:, p. 45. 3921: 3920:Phillips 2011 3917: 3916:Hamilton 2006 3912: 3905: 3904:Phillips 2006 3900: 3894:, p. 60. 3893: 3892:Phillips 2011 3888: 3881: 3877: 3876:Phillips 2006 3872: 3866:, p. 11. 3865: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3848: 3847:Phillips 2011 3843: 3836: 3835:Phillips 2011 3831: 3824: 3823:Phillips 2006 3819: 3813:, p. 48. 3812: 3811:Phillips 2011 3807: 3801:, p. 47. 3800: 3799:Phillips 2011 3795: 3788: 3785:, p. 5; 3784: 3783:Chaplais 1994 3780: 3779:Phillips 2011 3775: 3773: 3766:, p. 40. 3765: 3764:Phillips 2011 3760: 3758: 3751:, p. 39. 3750: 3749:Phillips 2011 3745: 3738: 3734: 3733:Phillips 2011 3729: 3722: 3717: 3710: 3706: 3705:Phillips 2011 3701: 3694: 3693:Phillips 2011 3689: 3682: 3679:, p. 9; 3678: 3673: 3666: 3662: 3661:Phillips 2011 3657: 3650: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3633: 3628: 3622:, p. 25. 3621: 3616: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3587:, p. 5; 3586: 3585:Phillips 2011 3582: 3577: 3570: 3567:, p. 5; 3566: 3565:Phillips 2011 3562: 3557: 3550: 3545: 3539:, p. 33. 3538: 3533: 3526: 3521: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3489: 3482: 3476: 3466: 3459: 3453: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3428:Polychronicon 3425: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3390: 3380: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3345: 3338: 3331: 3324: 3317: 3311: 3304: 3298: 3289: 3282: 3276: 3269: 3264: 3257: 3249: 3243: 3233: 3224: 3214: 3205: 3195: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3017: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2893: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2775: 2774: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2717: 2716: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2642: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2588: 2583: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2541:David Bintley 2538: 2537:Royal Academy 2534: 2530: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2506:'s 1995 film 2505: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2445: 2444: 2438: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2420:Natalie Fryde 2417: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2341:Polychronicon 2332: 2331:Oriel College 2328: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2289:Oriel College 2286: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2268:snake-charmer 2265: 2261: 2255: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2178: 2168: 2159: 2140: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2128:Natalie Fryde 2125: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2082:Controversies 2079: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038:Purbeck stone 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1991: 1986: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1952: 1947: 1941: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1911: 1906: 1892: 1890: 1887:January, Sir 1885: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1854:disembowelled 1846: 1841: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1800:Thames Valley 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1760: 1759:Oxwich Brooch 1755: 1750: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1705: 1700: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1586: 1576: 1567: 1565: 1564:summary trial 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1501:Marcher Lords 1498: 1497:Welsh Marches 1494: 1490: 1486: 1480: 1479:Despenser War 1465: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1431:in Lancashire 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1389: 1388:royal council 1382: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1315: 1314:Holkham Bible 1311: 1306: 1301: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1263: 1256: 1251: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1235:Blacklow Hill 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1165: 1163: 1162:Kings Langley 1159: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1107:royal steward 1102: 1100: 1095: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 986: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 962: 960: 956: 955:Waltham Abbey 952: 948: 944: 935: 921: 919: 915: 910: 907: 902: 898: 894: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 869: 867: 863: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 811: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 775: 773: 768: 766: 762: 758: 753: 749: 745: 740: 738: 734: 729: 725: 721: 717: 708: 699: 697: 694: 690: 682: 678: 670: 666: 662: 657: 655: 651: 648:, as well as 647: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 610:horsebreeding 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 581: 580:Edward I 577: 572: 563: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 541: 538: 534: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 506: 502: 494: 490: 476: 473: 467: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 436:Ninth Crusade 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 395: 392: 388: 387: 383:'s 1592 play 382: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 323: 319: 315: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 256: 253: 249: 246: 243: 239: 236: 233: 231: 227: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 196: 194: 191: 190: 184: 180: 164: 159: 155: 150: 144: 140: 136: 131: 127: 123: 119:25 April 1284 118: 114: 110: 107: 104: 100: 97: 94: 90: 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 12114: 12102:from Commons 12097: 12076: 12003: 11980: 11970: 11960: 11950: 11940: 11930: 11920: 11910: 11900: 11890: 11880: 11870: 11860: 11850: 11840: 11830: 11820: 11810: 11800: 11790: 11780: 11770: 11760: 11757: 11703: 11682:Elizabeth II 11610: 11526: 11453: 11431: 11422:Alexander II 11339: 11302: 11295: 11288: 11281: 11274: 11267: 11249: 11238: 11178: 11161: 11144: 11132: 11105: 11068: 11026: 11019: 11012: 10935: 10929: 10920: 10913: 10907: 10889: 10866: 10843: 10821: 10814: 10807: 10751:. Retrieved 10747:the original 10688: 10684: 10657: 10653: 10630: 10627:Weir, Alison 10600: 10581: 10548: 10544: 10519: 10515: 10509: 10477: 10458: 10437: 10419: 10400: 10381: 10348: 10344: 10323: 10309: 10268: 10264: 10243: 10225: 10206: 10187: 10169: 10145: 10131: 10106: 10102: 10083: 10061: 10042: 10023: 10005: 9978: 9960: 9941: 9908: 9904: 9883: 9865: 9832: 9828: 9809: 9790: 9768: 9748: 9744: 9724: 9698: 9679: 9656: 9629: 9606: 9575: 9553: 9523: 9501: 9482: 9441: 9437: 9415: 9397:Conwy Castle 9396: 9363: 9359: 9340: 9332:Bibliography 9318:, retrieved 9313: 9299:, retrieved 9294: 9264: 9248: 9232: 9220: 9208: 9188: 9176: 9160: 9148: 9132: 9120: 9104: 9075:, retrieved 9071: 9045: 9029: 9013: 8982: 8970: 8958: 8946: 8934: 8922: 8910: 8905:, p. 9. 8890: 8878: 8851: 8844:Menache 2002 8839: 8828:Menache 2002 8823: 8807: 8795: 8760: 8740: 8728: 8701: 8689: 8677: 8665: 8649: 8637: 8625: 8613: 8597: 8585: 8570:Valente 1998 8565: 8545: 8533: 8521: 8509: 8497: 8481: 8446: 8418: 8406: 8394: 8382: 8366: 8350: 8338:. Retrieved 8333: 8319: 8303: 8284: 8275: 8263: 8256:Doherty 2004 8251: 8240:Doherty 2004 8235: 8228:Doherty 2004 8223: 8216:Doherty 2004 8211: 8204:Doherty 2004 8199: 8188:Doherty 2004 8171: 8155: 8143: 8119: 8107: 8095:, retrieved 8091:the original 8081: 8065: 8049: 8037:, retrieved 8033:the original 8019: 8003: 7987: 7975: 7963: 7951:, retrieved 7947:the original 7918: 7902: 7890: 7878: 7866: 7846: 7834: 7818: 7806: 7794: 7782: 7770: 7758: 7746: 7734: 7722: 7706: 7690: 7678: 7666:, retrieved 7662:the original 7657: 7600: 7588: 7576: 7564: 7557:Valente 2002 7510: 7498: 7482: 7470: 7454: 7442: 7430: 7418: 7406: 7394: 7382: 7370: 7358: 7346: 7334: 7322: 7310: 7294: 7282: 7266: 7254: 7242: 7230: 7214: 7202: 7190: 7178: 7166: 7159:Ruddick 2013 7154: 7142: 7130: 7118: 7106: 7094: 7082: 7070: 7058: 7047:Doherty 2004 7038: 7022: 7010: 7003:Doherty 2004 6998: 6986: 6979:Doherty 2004 6974: 6967:Doherty 2004 6962: 6955:Doherty 2004 6950: 6934: 6918: 6906: 6894: 6882: 6855: 6843: 6831: 6819: 6807: 6795: 6768: 6756: 6744: 6732: 6720: 6708: 6696: 6684: 6672: 6656: 6644: 6628: 6612: 6600: 6588: 6559: 6543: 6531: 6519: 6503: 6491: 6475: 6463: 6436: 6424: 6412: 6400: 6388: 6361: 6349: 6333: 6321: 6305: 6293: 6281: 6269: 6257: 6245: 6233: 6221: 6209: 6197: 6185: 6169: 6153: 6141: 6129: 6102: 6086: 6070: 6058: 6046: 6030: 6018: 6006: 5994: 5978: 5962: 5950: 5934: 5918: 5906: 5894: 5878: 5806: 5794: 5778: 5751: 5735: 5723: 5711: 5699: 5687: 5675: 5663: 5651: 5639: 5623: 5607: 5580: 5564: 5552: 5536: 5524: 5512: 5500: 5488: 5472: 5460: 5440: 5428: 5416: 5404: 5392: 5380: 5364: 5352: 5340: 5328: 5316: 5304: 5292: 5280: 5268: 5252: 5240: 5228: 5216: 5204: 5192: 5180: 5168: 5156: 5144: 5132: 5120: 5108: 5096: 5084: 5053: 5041: 5029: 5013: 5001: 4957: 4926: 4914: 4902: 4886: 4874: 4862: 4846: 4834: 4822: 4810: 4794: 4782: 4770: 4758: 4746: 4719: 4707: 4695: 4683: 4667: 4647: 4631: 4619: 4607: 4595: 4583: 4571: 4551: 4535: 4507: 4491: 4475: 4463: 4451: 4446:, p. 4. 4435: 4423: 4411: 4399: 4387: 4375: 4355: 4343: 4316: 4304: 4292: 4265: 4253: 4241: 4229: 4198: 4186: 4170: 4158: 4112: 4096: 4084: 4051: 4035: 4019: 4003: 3998:, p. 9. 3987: 3975: 3970:, p. 7. 3959: 3947: 3927: 3911: 3899: 3887: 3871: 3842: 3830: 3818: 3806: 3794: 3789:, p. 4. 3744: 3728: 3716: 3711:, p. 3. 3700: 3688: 3672: 3656: 3627: 3615: 3603:, retrieved 3599:the original 3594: 3576: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3515:, p. 3. 3508: 3488: 3475: 3465: 3457: 3452: 3437:Ian Mortimer 3427: 3423: 3417: 3408: 3399: 3389: 3379: 3369: 3361:May McKisack 3351: 3344:Ian Mortimer 3337: 3323: 3310: 3302: 3297: 3288: 3275: 3256: 3242: 3232: 3223: 3213: 3204: 3194: 3173: 2881: 2633: 2592: 2587:coat of arms 2570: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2553:'s symphony 2544: 2533:Marcus Stone 2528: 2526: 2521:Marcus Stone 2507: 2488:Derek Jarman 2485: 2478: 2455: 2449: 2441: 2400: 2369: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2336: 2304: 2297: 2277: 2256: 2249: 2242:showing the 2238:1575 map of 2212: 2196: 2192: 2183: 2132:Ian Mortimer 2101: 2085: 2078: 2054: 2020:Isabella at 2014: 1994: 1967: 1961: 1942: 1938: 1915: 1895:Death (1327) 1877: 1870: 1866:Fleet Prison 1851: 1820: 1797: 1781: 1764: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1676: 1657: 1614: 1594: 1581: 1539:River Severn 1536: 1525: 1522:Leeds Castle 1514: 1510: 1482: 1462:Roger Damory 1455: 1443: 1419:Edward Bruce 1408: 1404:Great Famine 1397: 1384: 1352: 1340:Bannock Burn 1337: 1318: 1280: 1264: 1260: 1224: 1212: 1176: 1150: 1142: 1130: 1103: 1090: 1067: 1063: 1037:in 1318 and 1019: 987: 974:custos regni 973: 963: 940: 911: 890: 874:Adam Orleton 870: 858: 839: 776: 769: 741: 735:in 1300 and 724:peace treaty 713: 658: 642: 607: 594: 584: 574:Portrait in 530: 498: 468: 444:native Welsh 401: 384: 378: 347: 311: 270: 266: 262: 261: 219:Adam FitzRoy 187: 36: 12145:1327 deaths 12140:1284 births 12057:Middle Ages 11971:(1958–2022) 11961:(1910–1936) 11951:(1901–1910) 11941:(1841–1901) 11931:(1762–1820) 11921:(1751–1760) 11911:(1728–1751) 11901:(1714–1727) 11881:(1641–1649) 11871:(1616–1625) 11861:(1610–1612) 11851:(1537–1547) 11841:(1504–1509) 11831:(1489–1502) 11821:(1483–1484) 11811:(1471–1483) 11801:(1454–1471) 11791:(1399–1413) 11781:(1376–1377) 11771:(1343–1376) 11761:(1301–1307) 11687:Charles III 11672:Edward VIII 11402:Alexander I 11382:Malcolm III 11357:Kenneth III 11257:Elizabeth I 11219:Richard III 10422:. pp. 10228:. pp. 10172:. pp. 10008:. pp. 9963:. pp. 9868:. pp. 9659:. pp. 9253:Haines 2003 9237:Haines 2003 9213:Aberth 2003 9181:Prasch 1993 9169:Prasch 1993 9125:Martin 2010 9113:Martin 2010 9068:"Holy Fool" 9022:Haines 2003 8899:Haines 2003 8883:Haines 2003 8856:Haines 2003 8812:Musson 2006 8550:Haines 2003 8538:Musson 2006 8526:Musson 2006 8514:Musson 2006 8502:Musson 2006 8486:Haines 2003 8439:Haines 2003 8431:Musson 2006 8375:Haines 2003 8359:Haines 2003 8244:Haines 2003 8180:Haines 2003 8148:Ormrod 2006 8132:Ormrod 2006 8074:Haines 2003 8058:Ormrod 2004 8012:Ormrod 2004 7996:Haines 2003 7911:Burden 2004 7895:Burden 2004 7883:Burden 2004 7871:Burden 2004 7859:Haines 2003 7855:Burden 2004 7827:Burden 2004 7811:Burden 2004 7787:Ormrod 2004 7775:Haines 2003 7763:Haines 2003 7751:Haines 2003 7739:Haines 2003 7715:Haines 2003 7699:Haines 2003 7683:Ormrod 2004 7654:"Holy Fool" 7640:Haines 2003 7632:Ormrod 2004 7628:Burden 2004 7491:Haines 2003 7463:Haines 2003 7351:Haines 2003 7315:Haines 2003 7303:Haines 2003 7275:Haines 2003 7223:Haines 2003 7171:Haines 2003 7051:Haines 2003 7031:Haines 2003 6943:Haines 2003 6927:Haines 2003 6761:Haines 2003 6665:Haines 2003 6637:Haines 2003 6621:Haines 2003 6552:Haines 2003 6512:Haines 2003 6484:Haines 2003 6342:Haines 2003 6314:Jordan 1996 6214:Haines 2003 6178:Haines 2003 6174:Tebbit 2003 6162:Haines 2003 6158:Tebbit 2003 6146:Tebbit 2003 6134:Childs 1991 6122:Haines 2003 6079:Haines 2003 6039:Haines 2003 6011:Ormrod 2011 5999:Jordan 1996 5983:Jordan 1996 5967:Jordan 1996 5943:Tebbit 2003 5927:Haines 2003 5887:Haines 2003 5787:Haines 2003 5632:Haines 2003 5545:Haines 2003 5453:Haines 2003 5373:Haines 2003 5006:Haines 2003 4977:Haines 2003 4950:Haines 2003 4879:Haines 2003 4564:Haines 2003 4540:Ormrod 2006 4524:Ormrod 2006 4512:Haines 2003 4500:Haines 2003 4496:Ormrod 2006 4484:Haines 2003 4368:Haines 2003 4105:Haines 2003 3968:Haines 2003 3940:Haines 2003 3880:Haines 2003 3864:Haines 2003 3787:Haines 2003 3737:Haines 2003 3709:Haines 2003 3677:Ashbee 2007 3632:Haines 2003 3620:Haines 2003 3513:Haines 2003 3251:statements. 2551:John McCabe 2407:Thomas Tout 2285:King's Hall 2244:King's Hall 2124:Alison Weir 1969:coup d'état 1949: [ 1702:The future 1527:casus belli 1493:chamberlain 1272:River Seine 1216:Scarborough 1182:, Lincoln, 1134:Frescobaldi 797:called the 673:King Philip 626:Welsh music 537:Anglo-Saxon 526:David Powel 522:King Arthur 505:north Wales 450:, claiming 235:Plantagenet 92:Predecessor 12129:Categories 11662:Edward VII 11652:William IV 11642:George III 11571:Charles II 11466:Robert III 11412:Malcolm IV 11387:Donald III 11362:Malcolm II 11347:Kenneth II 11229:Henry VIII 11189:Richard II 11184:Edward III 11118:William II 11091:Harthacnut 10926:1301–1307 10895:1290–1325 10872:1306–1325 10859:Edward III 10853:1307–1327 10244:Edward III 9751:: 78–111. 9225:Horne 1999 9141:Perry 2000 9137:Logan 2007 9058:Waugh 1991 9034:Waugh 1991 9002:Waugh 1991 8987:Horne 1999 8975:Horne 1999 8773:Rubin 2006 8753:Rubin 2006 8658:Rubin 2006 8606:Rubin 2006 8578:Rubin 2006 8558:Waugh 1991 8554:Rubin 2006 8490:Rubin 2006 8427:Rubin 2006 8411:Rubin 2006 8112:Rubin 2006 8070:Duffy 2003 8054:Duffy 2003 8024:Duffy 2003 8008:Duffy 2003 7992:Duffy 2003 7980:Duffy 2003 7968:Duffy 2003 7938:Duffy 2003 7923:Duffy 2003 7907:Duffy 2003 7851:Duffy 2003 7839:Duffy 2003 7823:Duffy 2003 7799:Rubin 2006 7620:Rubin 2006 6091:Rubin 2006 5022:Rubin 2006 4895:Brown 1988 4851:Brown 1988 4612:Rubin 2006 4516:Rubin 2006 4364:Rubin 2006 4191:Brown 1988 4179:Rubin 2006 3721:Coote 2000 3649:Brown 1988 3501:References 3303:aura eslau 3183:town walls 2559:The Gascon 2509:Braveheart 2504:Mel Gibson 2496:postmodern 2475:Ben Jonson 2280:almsgiving 2177:Great Seal 2030:tomb chest 2005:high altar 1957:depression 1834:Abdication 1828:Kenilworth 1768:Portsmouth 1735:and eight 1704:Edward III 1585:collateral 1451:changeling 1411:Lancashire 1255:Notre Dame 1227:Deddington 1196:Gloucester 1115:purveyance 1069:Parliament 1002:True Cross 978:Great Seal 893:chronicler 693:rebellious 689:Gascon War 614:greyhounds 452:suzerainty 398:Background 370:Edward III 271:Caernarvon 106:Edward III 83:Coronation 67:(more ...) 53:Effigy in 12045:Biography 11908:Frederick 11677:George VI 11647:George IV 11637:George II 11549:Charles I 11531:from 1603 11481:James III 11461:Robert II 11417:William I 11392:Duncan II 11320:Malcolm I 11310:Donald II 11234:Edward VI 11224:Henry VII 11209:Edward IV 11179:Edward II 11169:Henry III 11152:Richard I 11113:William I 11034:Æthelstan 10768:Edward II 10762:Edward II 10721:154602148 10705:0038-7134 10676:0013-8266 10565:0026-7937 10536:0038-7134 10496:18287761M 10365:0002-8762 10324:Edward II 10301:155958161 10285:1935-0236 10123:0013-8266 10062:Clement V 9997:10852938M 9925:1477-4569 9849:0095-1390 9757:0068-1202 9733:221519473 9648:17882067M 9474:154858717 9458:0038-7134 9388:154988120 9380:0021-9371 8630:Dodd 2006 8618:Dodd 2006 8602:Dodd 2006 8590:Dodd 2006 8574:Dodd 2006 8268:Weir 2006 3237:unfairly. 2585:Edward's 2240:Cambridge 2220:burgesses 2175:Edward's 2091:into his 2070:canonised 2026:alabaster 2009:gold leaf 1862:quartered 1858:castrated 1662:in 1324. 1605:Tynemouth 1601:Edinburgh 1485:civil war 1439:Glamorgan 1415:Yorkshire 1356:Carmelite 1184:Salisbury 1146:Ordainers 1072:moderate 1060:(tallest) 1041:in 1321. 1033:in 1316, 829:granting 825:from the 807:crusading 593:, as his 591:Guy Ferre 559:wet nurse 551:Castilian 518:Last Days 428:Castilian 386:Edward II 341:in 1314. 322:favourite 263:Edward II 102:Successor 42:Edward II 18:Edward II 12069:Monarchy 12004:See also 11667:George V 11657:Victoria 11632:George I 11501:James VI 11486:James IV 11476:James II 11449:David II 11444:Robert I 11433:Margaret 11367:Duncan I 11276:Donald I 11214:Edward V 11204:Henry VI 11194:Henry IV 11174:Edward I 11140:Henry II 11039:Edmund I 11028:Ælfweard 10986:monarchs 10980:Scottish 10884:Edward I 10838:Edward I 10753:6 August 10685:Speculum 10629:(2006). 10619:1850113M 10516:Speculum 10506:(2005). 10382:Edward I 10168:(2006). 10082:(2004). 9933:11623897 9789:(2003). 9767:(1996). 9678:(2004). 9628:(2006). 9598:8976202M 9552:(1994). 9542:7348814M 9522:(2004). 9438:Speculum 9320:22 April 9301:22 April 8340:20 April 8283:(2007). 8097:22 April 8039:22 April 7953:22 April 7668:22 April 3605:22 April 3281:chancery 3147:See also 2645:Ancestry 2571:Gaveston 2569:'s 2002 2563:Gaveston 2499:pastiche 2454:'s play 2354:and the 2274:Religion 1997:embalmed 1804:Chepstow 1776:Normandy 1743:Invasion 1737:warships 1729:Philippa 1683:Bordeaux 1625:Miracles 1599:towards 1544:Tickhill 1532:Margaret 1333:spearmen 1325:Carlisle 1204:Pembroke 1200:Hereford 1109:and the 990:Boulogne 947:Dumfries 899:and the 854:Ponthieu 791:knighted 728:Margaret 720:Flanders 654:ditching 638:jousting 622:falconry 595:magister 555:Alphonso 514:prophets 303:Isabella 291:knighted 283:Alphonso 279:Edward I 96:Edward I 12033:England 12019:Portals 11978:William 11968:Charles 11878:Charles 11868:Charles 11585:Mary II 11491:James V 11471:James I 11407:David I 11372:Macbeth 11304:Eochaid 11199:Henry V 11134:Matilda 11128:Stephen 11123:Henry I 10984:British 10978:, 10976:English 10880:Eleanor 10788:at the 10713:3301327 10573:3724989 10373:2166608 10293:2901456 9857:4050602 9466:2852635 9077:26 June 3483:'s egg. 3481:griffin 3394:period. 2589:as king 2252:chapels 2224:commons 2216:knights 2112:Antwerp 2046:sceptre 1884:Lincoln 1812:Cardiff 1672:Agenais 1670:in the 1664:Charles 1629:gallows 1597:Lothian 1435:Bristol 1348:archers 1284:florins 1208:Warwick 1192:Arundel 1158:Windsor 1111:marshal 1035:Eleanor 994:psalter 850:Gascony 827:charter 823:Initial 681:Gascony 650:hedging 618:hunting 533:English 475:death. 422:), and 412:Gascony 337:at the 176: 168: 11958:Edward 11948:George 11928:George 11918:George 11898:George 11891:(1688) 11848:Edward 11828:Arthur 11808:Edward 11496:Mary I 11377:Lulach 11341:Amlaíb 11335:Cuilén 11325:Indulf 11251:Philip 11246:Mary I 11049:Eadwig 11044:Eadred 10930:Vacant 10908:Vacant 10820: 10719: 10711: 10703: 10674: 10637: 10617: 10607: 10588: 10571: 10563: 10534: 10494: 10484: 10465: 10444: 10407: 10388: 10371: 10363: 10330: 10299: 10291: 10283: 10250: 10213: 10194: 10152: 10121: 10090: 10068: 10049: 10030: 9995: 9985: 9948: 9931: 9923: 9890: 9855: 9847: 9816: 9797: 9775: 9755: 9731: 9705: 9686: 9646: 9636: 9613: 9596: 9586: 9582:–164. 9560: 9540: 9530: 9508: 9489: 9472: 9464: 9456: 9422: 9403: 9386: 9378: 9347: 8291: 3364:poem". 3179:castle 2446:(1594) 2382:, and 2374:, and 2317:Legacy 2208:gentry 2064:, and 2062:martyr 2034:oolite 2017:effigy 1928:, and 1772:Orwell 1636:, and 1365:Dunbar 1360:Oxford 1276:Levant 1257:, 1312 1220:Surrey 1138:prises 1082:Dublin 1013:, the 998:livres 959:marble 876:, the 862:heresy 846:squire 716:regent 685: 675: 646:rowing 547:Norman 472:homage 416:feudal 364:, and 273:, was 251:Mother 241:Father 189:Detail 157:Spouse 142:Burial 12116:Texts 12099:Media 11888:James 11838:Henry 11397:Edgar 11297:Giric 11163:Louis 11070:Sweyn 10822:Died: 10815:Born: 10717:S2CID 10709:JSTOR 10569:JSTOR 10369:JSTOR 10297:S2CID 10289:JSTOR 10176:–164. 10012:–204. 9967:–219. 9853:JSTOR 9663:–189. 9470:S2CID 9462:JSTOR 9384:S2CID 3330:allod 3165:Notes 2577:Issue 2260:camel 2230:Court 2089:poker 1953:] 1808:Lundy 1188:Derby 982:dower 630:crwth 603:Latin 540:saint 484:Birth 456:earls 230:House 183:Issue 170:( 166: 74:Reign 11627:Anne 11590:Anne 11583:and 11439:John 11248:and 11240:Jane 11157:John 11081:Cnut 10882:and 10755:2019 10701:ISSN 10672:ISSN 10635:ISBN 10605:ISBN 10586:ISBN 10561:ISSN 10532:ISSN 10482:ISBN 10463:ISBN 10442:ISBN 10426:–76. 10405:ISBN 10386:ISBN 10361:ISSN 10328:ISBN 10281:ISSN 10248:ISBN 10232:–47. 10211:ISBN 10192:ISBN 10150:ISBN 10119:ISSN 10088:ISBN 10066:ISBN 10047:ISBN 10028:ISBN 9983:ISBN 9946:ISBN 9929:PMID 9921:ISSN 9888:ISBN 9872:–21. 9845:ISSN 9814:ISBN 9795:ISBN 9773:ISBN 9753:ISSN 9729:OCLC 9703:ISBN 9684:ISBN 9634:ISBN 9611:ISBN 9584:ISBN 9558:ISBN 9528:ISBN 9506:ISBN 9487:ISBN 9454:ISSN 9420:ISBN 9401:ISBN 9376:ISSN 9345:ISBN 9322:2014 9303:2014 9079:2014 8342:2014 8289:ISBN 8099:2014 8041:2014 7955:2014 7670:2014 3607:2014 3439:and 3426:and 3424:Brut 3181:and 3096:15. 3038:14. 2976:13. 2918:12. 2854:11. 2796:10. 2492:film 2414:and 2390:and 2310:John 2264:lion 2218:and 2093:anus 2048:and 2042:coif 2036:and 1882:and 1860:and 1433:and 1413:and 1369:York 1206:and 1186:and 1160:and 1039:Joan 1031:John 1023:Adam 833:the 805:and 652:and 549:and 129:Died 116:Born 11330:Dub 11290:Áed 10693:doi 10662:doi 10658:113 10553:doi 10524:doi 10428:in 10353:doi 10314:in 10273:doi 10234:in 10178:in 10174:140 10136:in 10111:doi 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