1623:. The objectives were divided into three domains: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. The cognitive domain deals with how we think. It is divided into categories that are on a continuum from easiest to more complex. The categories are knowledge or recall, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. The affective domain deals with emotions and has 5 categories. The categories are receiving phenomenon, responding to that phenomenon, valuing, organization, and internalizing values. The psychomotor domain deals with the development of motor skills, movement, and coordination and has 7 categories that also go from simplest to most complex. The 7 categories of the psychomotor domain are perception, set, guided response, mechanism, complex overt response, adaptation, and origination. The taxonomy provided broad educational objectives that could be used to help expand the curriculum to match the ideas in the taxonomy. The taxonomy is considered to have a greater influence internationally than in the United States. Internationally, the taxonomy is used in every aspect of education from the training of the teachers to the development of testing material. Bloom believed in communicating clear learning goals and promoting an active student. He thought that teachers should provide feedback to the students on their strengths and weaknesses. Bloom also did research on college students and their problem-solving processes. He found that they differ in understanding the basis of the problem and the ideas in the problem. He also found that students differ in process of problem-solving in their approach and attitude toward the problem.
2034:): one process always prepares the other process, and vice versa. Vygotsky rejected these three major theories because he believed that learning should always precede development in the ZPD. According to Vygotsky, through the assistance of a more knowledgeable other, a child can learn skills or aspects of a skill that go beyond the child's actual developmental or maturational level. The lower limit of ZPD is the level of skill reached by the child working independently (also referred to as the child's developmental level). The upper limit is the level of potential skill that the child can reach with the assistance of a more capable instructor. In this sense, the ZPD provides a prospective view of cognitive development, as opposed to a retrospective view that characterizes development in terms of a child's independent capabilities. The advancement through and attainment of the upper limit of the ZPD is limited by the instructional and scaffolding-related capabilities of the more knowledgeable other (MKO). The MKO is typically assumed to be an older, more experienced teacher or parent, but often can be a learner's peer or someone their junior. The MKO need not even be a person, it can be a machine or book, or other source of visual and/or audio input.
2014:" (ZPD) is a term Vygotsky used to characterize an individual's mental development. He believed that tasks individuals can do on their own do not give a complete understanding of their mental development. He originally defined the ZPD as “the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.” He cited a famous example to make his case. Two children in school who originally can solve problems at an eight-year-old developmental level (that is, typical for children who were age 8) might be at different developmental levels. If each child received assistance from an adult, one was able to perform at a nine-year-old level and one was able to perform at a twelve-year-old level. He said “This difference between twelve and eight, or between nine and eight, is what we call
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he began to look for a way to distinguish children with developmental disabilities. Binet strongly supported special education programs because he believed that "abnormality" could be cured. The Binet-Simon test was the first intelligence test and was the first to distinguish between "normal children" and those with developmental disabilities. Binet believed that it was important to study individual differences between age groups and children of the same age. He also believed that it was important for teachers to take into account individual students' strengths and also the needs of the classroom as a whole when teaching and creating a good learning environment. He also believed that it was important to train teachers in observation so that they would be able to see individual differences among children and adjust the curriculum to the students. Binet also emphasized that practice of material was important. In 1916
1939:, and especially the psychology of cognitive development, opens a special perspective for educational psychology. This is so because education and the psychology of cognitive development converge on a number of crucial assumptions. First, the psychology of cognitive development defines human cognitive competence at successive phases of development. Education aims to help students acquire knowledge and develop skills that are compatible with their understanding and problem-solving capabilities at different ages. Thus, knowing the students' level on a developmental sequence provides information on the kind and level of knowledge they can assimilate, which, in turn, can be used as a frame for organizing the subject matter to be taught at different school grades. This is the reason why
2003:. The social constructivist paradigm views the context in which the learning occurs as central to the learning itself. It regards learning as a process of enculturation. People learn by exposure to the culture of practitioners. They observe and practice the behavior of practitioners and 'pick up relevant jargon, imitate behavior, and gradually start to act in accordance with the norms of the practice'. So, a student learns to become a mathematician through exposure to mathematician using tools to solve mathematical problems. So in order to master a particular domain of knowledge it is not enough for students to learn the concepts of the domain. They should be exposed to the use of the concepts in authentic activities by the practitioners of the domain.
2112:, according to which children mature through four stages of cognitive capability. Piaget hypothesized that children are not capable of abstract logical thought until they are older than about 11 years, and therefore younger children need to be taught using concrete objects and examples. Researchers have found that transitions, such as from concrete to abstract logical thought, do not occur at the same time in all domains. A child may be able to think abstractly about mathematics but remain limited to concrete thought when reasoning about human relationships. Perhaps Piaget's most enduring contribution is his insight that people actively construct their understanding through a self-regulatory process.
1506:. The theory stated that intelligence developed in four different stages. The stages are the sensorimotor stage from birth to 2 years old, the preoperational state from 2 to 7 years old, the concrete operational stage from 7 to 10 years old, and the formal operational stage from 12 years old and up. He also believed that learning was constrained to the child's cognitive development. Piaget influenced educational psychology because he was the first to believe that cognitive development was important and something that should be paid attention to in education. Most of the research on Piagetian theory was carried out by American educational psychologists.
1297:(1746–1827), a Swiss educational reformer, emphasized the child rather than the content of the school. Pestalozzi fostered an educational reform backed by the idea that early education was crucial for children, and could be manageable for mothers. Eventually, this experience with early education would lead to a "wholesome person characterized by morality." Pestalozzi has been acknowledged for opening institutions for education, writing books for mother's teaching home education, and elementary books for students, mostly focusing on the kindergarten level. In his later years, he published teaching manuals and methods of teaching.
1787:. This causes the student to read through the material without absorbing the information and being able to retain it. When working memory is absent from the reader's representations of the working memory, they experience something called "deactivation." When deactivation occurs, the student has an understanding of the material and is able to retain information. If deactivation occurs during the first reading, the reader does not need to undergo deactivation in the second reading. The reader will only need to reread to get a "gist" of the text to spark their
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against racial inequality and segregation was still very prominent, during the early to mid-1900s. However, "school psychology" itself has built a fairly new profession based upon the practices and theories of several psychologists among many different fields. Educational psychologists are working side by side with psychiatrists, social workers, teachers, speech and language therapists, and counselors in an attempt to understand the questions being raised when combining behavioral, cognitive, and social psychology in the classroom setting.
1666:. There is evidence that tangible rewards decrease intrinsic motivation in specific situations, such as when the student already has a high level of intrinsic motivation to perform the goal behavior. But the results showing detrimental effects are counterbalanced by evidence that, in other situations, such as when rewards are given for attaining a gradually increasing standard of performance, rewards enhance intrinsic motivation. Many effective therapies have been based on the principles of applied behavior analysis, including
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found that students with disabilities learning through technology such as iPad applications and videos are more engaged and motivated to learn in the classroom setting. Liu et al. explain that learning-based technology allows for students to be more focused, and learning is more efficient with learning technologies. The authors explain that learning technology also allows for students with social-emotional disabilities to participate in distance learning.
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1122:. Some other educational topics they spoke about were the effects of music, poetry, and the other arts on the development of the individual, role of the teacher, and the relations between teacher and student. Plato saw knowledge acquisition as an innate ability, which evolves through experience and understanding of the world. This conception of human cognition has evolved into a continuing argument of
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useful, because knowing how students differ in regard to the various dimensions of cognitive development, such as processing and representational capacity, self-understanding and self-regulation, and the various domains of understanding, such as mathematical, scientific, or verbal abilities, would enable the teacher to cater for the needs of the different students so that no one is left behind.
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1658:, is effective in a range of educational settings. For example, teachers can alter student behavior by systematically rewarding students who follow classroom rules with praise, stars, or tokens exchangeable for sundry items. Despite the demonstrated efficacy of awards in changing behavior, their use in education has been criticized by proponents of
1460:. He developed tests that were standardized to measure performance in school-related subjects. His biggest contribution to testing was the CAVD intelligence test which used a multidimensional approach to intelligence and was the first to use a ratio scale. His later work was on programmed instruction, mastery learning, and computer-based learning:
1761:. For example, students have been found to perform better on a test of knowledge about a text passage when a second reading of the passage is delayed rather than immediate (see figure). Educational psychology research has confirmed the applicability to the education of other findings from cognitive psychology, such as the benefits of using
2344:, an instructional strategy in which learners only advance to a new learning objective after they have mastered its prerequisite objectives. Bloom discovered that a combination of mastery learning with one-to-one tutoring is highly effective, producing learning outcomes far exceeding those normally achieved in classroom instruction.
2018:” He further said that the ZPD “defines those functions that have not yet matured but are in the process of maturation, functions that will mature tomorrow but are currently in an embryonic state.” The zone is bracketed by the learner's current ability and the ability they can achieve with the aid of an instructor of some capacity.
1576:. He emphasized the importance of the subject matter. He also believed that how the subject was structured was important for the student's understanding of the subject and that it was the goal of the teacher to structure the subject in a way that was easy for the student to understand. In the early 1960s, Bruner went to
1304:, Pestalozzi's ideals introduced "educationalization". This created the bridge between social issues and education by introducing the idea of social issues to be solved through education. Horlacher describes the most prominent example of this during The Enlightenment to be "improving agricultural production methods."
1270:. He suggested that a school should be located away from disturbing noises; the air quality should be good and there should be plenty of food for the students and teachers. Vives emphasized the importance of understanding individual differences of the students and suggested practice as an important tool for learning.
1791:. When the problem is assigned to the wrong schema, the student's attention is subsequently directed away from features of the problem that are inconsistent with the assigned schema. The critical step of finding a mapping between the problem and a pre-existing schema is often cited as supporting the centrality of
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in driving human behavior and posits inherent growth and development tendencies. It emphasizes the degree to which an individual's behavior is self-motivated and self-determined. When applied to the realm of education, the self-determination theory is concerned primarily with promoting in students an
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as a setting for his educational ideals; with this, he explains that the different parts of the soul (similar to that of
Aristotle's ideas) are each responsible for different operations, which function distinctively. The first book covers the different "souls": "The Vegetative Soul"; this is the soul
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As a field of study, educational psychology is fairly new and was not considered a specific practice until the 20th century. Reflections on everyday teaching and learning allowed some individuals throughout history to elaborate on developmental differences in cognition, the nature of instruction, and
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Technology is essential to the field of educational psychology, not only for the psychologist themselves as far as testing, organization, and resources, but also for students. Educational psychologists who reside in the K-12 setting focus most of their time on special education students. It has been
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beliefs (beliefs about knowledge) have been described in terms of gradual changes in people's belief in: certainty and permanence of knowledge, fixedness of ability, and credibility of authorities such as teachers and experts. People develop more sophisticated beliefs about knowledge as they gain in
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in 1898, in which he attempted to apply the experimental method to educational psychology. In this experimental method he advocated for two types of experiments, experiments done in the lab and experiments done in the classroom. In 1904 he was appointed the
Minister of Public Education. This is when
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was influenced by interest in the subject and the teacher. He thought that teachers should consider the students' existing mental sets—what they already know—when presenting new information or material. Herbart came up with what are now known as the formal steps. The 5 steps that teachers should use
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in regard to the importance of internal control and successful academic performance. Whyte reported that individuals who perceive and believe that their hard work may lead to more successful academic outcomes, instead of depending on luck or fate, persist and achieve academically at a higher level.
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Constructivism is a category of learning theory in which emphasis is placed on the agency and prior "knowing" and experience of the learner, and often on the social and cultural determinants of the learning process. Educational psychologists distinguish individual (or psychological) constructivism,
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The number of people receiving a high school and college education increased dramatically from 1920 to 1960. Because very few jobs were available to teens coming out of eighth grade, there was an increase in high school attendance in the 1930s. The progressive movement in the United States took off
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as "the organization of acquired habits of conduct and tendencies to behavior". He states that teachers should "train the pupil to behavior" so that he fits into the social and physical world. Teachers should also realize the importance of habit and instinct. They should present information that is
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The period of 1890–1920 is considered the golden era of educational psychology when aspirations of the new discipline rested on the application of the scientific methods of observation and experimentation to educational problems. From 1840 to 1920 37 million people immigrated to the United States.
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degrees in order to hold the "psychologist" title. Educational psychologists work in a variety of settings. Some work in university settings where they carry out research on the cognitive and social processes of human development, learning and education. Educational psychologists may also work as
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Introductory educational psychology is a commonly required area of study in most North
American teacher education programs. When taught in that context, its content varies, but it typically emphasizes learning theories (especially cognitively oriented ones), issues about motivation, assessment of
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In the late 1600s, John Locke advanced the hypothesis that people learn primarily from external forces. He believed that the mind was like a blank tablet (tabula rasa), and that successions of simple impressions give rise to complex ideas through association and reflection. Locke is credited with
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Finally, the psychology of cognitive development is concerned with individual differences in the organization of cognitive processes and abilities, in their rate of change, and in their mechanisms of change. The principles underlying intra- and inter-individual differences could be educationally
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in the United States. He believed that the classroom should prepare children to be good citizens and facilitate creative intelligence. He pushed for the creation of practical classes that could be applied outside of a school setting. He also thought that education should be student-oriented, not
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began with the concept of intelligence testing leading to provisions for special education students, who could not follow the regular classroom curriculum in the early part of the 20th century. Another main focus of school psychology was to help close the gap for children of colour, as the fight
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is conducted to guide teaching practice and form a foundation for teacher education programs. The goals of classroom management are to create an environment conducive to learning and to develop students' self-management skills. More specifically, classroom management strives to create positive
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revised the Binet-Simon so that the average score was always 100. The test became known as the
Stanford-Binet and was one of the most widely used tests of intelligence. Terman, unlike Binet, was interested in using intelligence test to identify gifted children who had high intelligence. In his
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In recent years, many university training programs in the US have included curriculum that focuses on issues of race, gender, disability, trauma, and poverty, and how those issues affect learning and academic outcomes. A growing number of universities offer specialized certificates that allow
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Vygotsky viewed the ZPD as a better way to explain the relation between children's learning and cognitive development. Prior to the ZPD, the relation between learning and development could be boiled down to the following three major positions: 1) Development always precedes learning (e.g.,
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and doctoral levels. In addition to conducting assessments, school psychologists provide services such as academic and behavioral intervention, counseling, teacher consultation, and crisis intervention. However, school psychologists are generally more individual-oriented towards students.
1214:. More generally Rousseau's thinking had significant direct and indirect influence on the development of pedagogy in Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands. In addition, Jean Piaget's stage-based approach to child development has been observed to have parallels to Rousseau's theories.
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subject-oriented. For Dewey, education was a social experience that helped bring together generations of people. He stated that students learn by doing. He believed in an active mind that was able to be educated through observation, problem-solving, and enquiry. In his 1910 book
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in which a terminal learning goal is expanded into a hierarchy of learning objectives connected by prerequisite relationships. The following list of technological resources incorporate computer-aided instruction and intelligence for educational psychologists and their students:
1638:(1963), which helped develop early research in teaching and educational psychology. Gage founded the Stanford Center for Research and Development in Teaching, which contributed research on teaching as well as influencing the education of important educational psychologists.
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There were three major figures in educational psychology in this period: William James, G. Stanley Hall, and John Dewey. These three men distinguished themselves in general psychology and educational psychology, which overlapped significantly at the end of the 19th century.
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that guide their behavior, and their belief about the causes of their success or failure. As intrinsic motivation deals with activities that act as their own rewards, extrinsic motivation deals with motivations that are brought on by consequences or punishments. A form of
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In order to become an educational psychologist, students can complete an undergraduate degree of their choice. They then must go to graduate school to study education psychology, counseling psychology, or school counseling. Most students today are also receiving their
1519:. John Flanagan, an educational psychologist, developed tests for combat trainees and instructions in combat training. In 1954 the work of Kenneth Clark and his wife on the effects of segregation on black and white children was influential in the Supreme Court case
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He followed by contrasting Plato's theory of innate learning processes. Locke believed the mind was formed by experiences, not innate ideas. Locke introduced this idea as "empiricism", or the understanding that knowledge is only built on knowledge and experience.
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Within the UK, students must hold a degree that is accredited by the
British Psychological Society (either undergraduate or at the master's level) before applying for a three-year doctoral course that involves further education, placement, and a research thesis.
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describes how students' beliefs about the causes of academic success or failure affect their emotions and motivations. For example, when students attribute failure to lack of ability, and ability is perceived as uncontrollable, they experience the emotions of
2332:, the systematic design of materials, activities, and interactive environments for learning, is broadly informed by educational psychology theories and research. For example, in defining learning goals or objectives, instructional designers often use a
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goals are driven by fear of failure and avoid situations where their abilities are exposed. Research has found that mastery goals are associated with many positive outcomes such as persistence in the face of failure, preference for challenging tasks,
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actions vis-Ă -vis alternative solutions to problems, tagging new concepts or solutions to symbols that help one recall and mentally manipulate them are just a few examples of how mechanisms of cognitive development may be used to facilitate learning.
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Many high schools and colleges are increasingly offering educational psychology courses, with some colleges offering it as a general education requirement. Similarly, colleges offer students opportunities to obtain a Ph.D. in educational psychology.
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is considered one of the most influential philosophers in post-renaissance Europe, a time period that began around the mid-1600s. Locke is considered the "Father of
English Psychology". One of Locke's most important works was written in 1690, named
1486:, he emphasizes that material should be provided in a way that is stimulating and interesting to the student since it encourages original thought and problem-solving. He also stated that material should be relative to the student's own experience.
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based to determine the words and definitions used. The dictionaries were the first to take into consideration the users' maturity level. He also integrated pictures and easier pronunciation guide into each of the definitions. Thorndike contributed
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If, by a miracle of mechanical ingenuity, a book could be so arranged that only to him who had done what was directed on page one would page two become visible, and so on, much that now requires personal instruction could be managed by
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did significant educational research studying locus of control as related to the academic achievement of students pursuing higher education coursework. Much of her educational research and publications focused upon the theories of
1038:. In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks.
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Anticipated to grow by 18–26%, employment for psychologists in the United States is expected to grow faster than most occupations in 2014. One in four psychologists is employed in educational settings. In the United States, the
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Philosophers of education such as Juan Vives, Johann
Pestalozzi, Friedrich Fröbel, and Johann Herbart had examined, classified and judged the methods of education centuries before the beginnings of psychology in the late 1800s.
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influenced the beliefs of the prominent educational psychologists. Even in the earliest years of the discipline, educational psychologists recognized the limitations of this new approach. The pioneering
American psychologist
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operating at birth that he called "reflexes". Piaget identified four stages in cognitive development. The four stages are sensorimotor stage, pre-operational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage.
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This created an expansion of elementary schools and secondary schools. The increase in immigration also provided educational psychologists the opportunity to use intelligence testing to screen immigrants at Ellis Island.
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or the law of effect. The law of effect states that associations are strengthened when it is followed by something pleasing and associations are weakened when followed by something not pleasing. He also found that
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is an invention of educational psychology and is coincident with the development of that discipline. Continuing debates about the nature of intelligence revolve on whether it can be characterized by a single
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change, because the construction of knowledge presupposes effective teaching methods that would move the student from a lower to a higher level of understanding. Mechanisms such as reflection on actual or
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teacher-student and peer relationships, manage student groups to sustain on-task behavior, and use counseling and other psychological methods to aid students who present persistent psychosocial problems.
1045:, conceptual processes, and individual differences (via cognitive psychology) in conceptualizing new strategies for learning processes in humans. Educational psychology has been built upon theories of
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Demetriou, A. & Valanides, N. (1998). A three-level theory of the developing mind: Basic principles and implications for instruction and assessment. In R.J. Sternberg & W.M. Williams (Eds.),
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Three experiments reported by Krug, Davis and Glover demonstrated the advantage of delaying a 2nd reading of a text passage by one week (distributed) compared with no delay between readings (massed).
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and consequently decrease effort and show poorer performance. In contrast, when students attribute failure to lack of effort, and effort is perceived as controllable, they experience the emotion of
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clear and interesting and relate this new information and material to things the student already knows about. He also addresses important issues such as attention, memory, and association of ideas.
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on the theory of transfer found that learning one subject will only influence your ability to learn another subject if the subjects are similar. This discovery led to less emphasis on learning the
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Psychology is a science, and teaching is an art; and sciences never generate arts directly out of themselves. An intermediate inventive mind must make that application, by using its originality".
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McGoey, K.E. & DuPaul, G.J. (2000) Token reinforcement, and response cost procedures: Reducing the disruptive behavior of preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
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A class size experiment in the United States found that attending small classes for 3 or more years in the early grades increased high school graduation of students from low-income families.
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Wallace, Tanner LeBaron; Kuo, Eric (April 2020). "Publishing qualitative research in the
Journal of Educational Psychology: Synthesizing research perspectives across methodological silos".
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Among current educational psychologists, the cognitive perspective is more widely held than the behavioral perspective, perhaps because it admits causally related mental constructs such as
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Each person has an individual profile of characteristics, abilities, and challenges that result from predisposition, learning, and development. These manifest as individual differences in
1604:. He also helped with the development of the head start program. He was interested in the influence of culture on education and looked at the impact of poverty on educational development.
1154:. In this essay, he introduced the term "tabula rasa" meaning "blank slate." Locke explained that learning was attained through experience only and that we are all born without knowledge.
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the transfer of knowledge and learning. These topics are important to education and, as a result, they are important in understanding human cognition, learning, and social perception.
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Liu, Gi Zen; Wu, No- Wei; Chen, Ye- Wen. Identifying
Emerging Trends for implementing learning technology in special education. "Research in Development disabilities", 2013, 3618–3628
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Case, R. (1992). The role of central conceptual structures in the development of children's mathematical and scientific thought. In A. Demetriou, M. Shayer, & A. Efklides (Eds.),
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1523:. From the 1960s to present day, educational psychology has switched from a behaviorist perspective to a more cognitive-based perspective because of the influence and development of
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consultants in designing and creating educational materials, classroom programs and online courses. Educational psychologists who work in K–12 school settings (closely related are
1634:(1917–2008) is an important figure in educational psychology as his research focused on improving teaching and understanding the processes involved in teaching. He edited the book
1166:" as a criterion for testing the validity of knowledge, thus providing a conceptual framework for later development of experimental methodology in the natural and social sciences.
983:. The field of educational psychology relies heavily on quantitative methods, including testing and measurement, to enhance educational activities related to instructional design,
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is an internal state that activates, guides and sustains behavior. Motivation can have several impacting effects on how students learn and how they behave towards subject matter:
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2026:): children first need to meet a particular maturation level before learning can occur; 2) Learning and development cannot be separated, but instead occur simultaneously (e.g.,
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are the predominant mode of inquiry in educational psychology, but qualitative and mixed-methods studies are also common. Educational psychology, as much as any other field of
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Demetriou, A.; Spanoudis, G. & Mouyi, A. (2010). A Three-level Model of the Developing Mind: Functional and Neuronal Substantiation. In M. Ferrari and L. Vuletic (Eds.),
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Berliner, David C. (1993). "The 100-year journey of educational psychology: From interest, to disdain, to respect for practice". In Fagan, T. K.; VandenBos, G. R. (eds.).
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2286:. Performance approach goals are associated with positive outcomes, and some negative outcomes such as an unwillingness to seek help and shallow information processing.
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because they found that studying the classics does not contribute to overall general intelligence. Thorndike was one of the first to say that individual differences in
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and psychological variables in school settings, educational psychologists have been at the forefront of the development of several common statistical tools, including
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Developmental theories are sometimes presented not as shifts between qualitatively different stages, but as gradual increments on separate dimensions. Development of
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Lucas, J.L.; Blazek, M.A. & Riley, A.B. (2005). The lack of representation of educational psychology and school psychology in introductory psychology textbooks.
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McMahon, M. (1997, December). Social Constructivism and the World Wide Web - A Paradigm for Learning. Paper presented at the ASCILITE conference. Perth, Australia.
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2010:'s work on sociocultural learning, describing how interactions with adults, more capable peers, and cognitive tools are internalized to form mental constructs. "
1422:(1874–1949) supported the scientific movement in education. He based teaching practices on empirical evidence and measurement. Thorndike developed the theory of
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approach to education, and that the age of the child should be accounted for in choosing what and how to teach them. In particular he insisted on the primacy of
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Theodore, L.A.; Bray, M.A.; Kehle, T.J. & Jenson, W.R. (2001) Randomization of group contingencies and reinforcers to reduce classroom disruptive behavior.
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Horlacher, Rebekka (2011). Schooling as a means of popular education: Pestalozzi's method as a popular education experiment. "Paedagogica Historica": 47, 65-75
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are often provided with accelerated or enriched programs. Children with identified deficits may be provided with enhanced education in specific skills such as
2131:. There is evidence that the moral reasoning described in stage theories is not sufficient to account for moral behavior. For example, other factors such as
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Vives, J, & Watson, F. (1913). On education: a translation of the de tradendis disciplinis of juan luis vives. Cambridge : The University Press.
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Cano, F. (2005). Epistemological beliefs and approaches to learning: Their change through secondary school and their influence on academic performance.
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tasks were due to how many stimulus-response patterns a person had rather than general intellectual ability. He contributed word dictionaries that were
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facilities. The second book involves functions of the rational soul: mind, will, and memory. Lastly, the third book explains the analysis of emotions.
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1282:, growth, and reproduction, "The Sensitive Soul", which involves the five external senses; "The Cogitative soul", which includes internal senses and
1182:. Despite stating that the book should not be used as a practical guide to nurturing children, the pedagogical approach outlined in it was lauded by
1827:, and the capacity to process information, communicate, and relate to others. The most prevalent disabilities found among school age children are
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Cameron, J.; Pierce, W.D.; Banko, K.M. & Gear, A. (2005). Achievement-based rewards and intrinsic motivation: A test of cognitive mediators.
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are widely used in economically developed countries to identify children in need of individualized educational treatment. Children classified as
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is done a little at a time or in increments, learning is an automatic process and its principles apply to all mammals. Thorndike's research with
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Emmer, E.T. & Stough, L.M. (2001). Classroom management: A critical part of educational psychology with implications for teacher education.
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Finn, J.D.; Gerber, S.B.; Boyd-Zaharias, J. (2005). Small classes in the early grades, academic achievement, and graduating from high school.
1783:. A problem students run into while reading is called "activation." This is when the student's representations of the text are present during
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based on behavior and outcomes to a more advanced understanding based on intentions. Piaget's views of moral development were elaborated by
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In recent decades, the participation of women as professional researchers in North American educational psychology has risen dramatically.
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1118:, training of the body and the cultivation of psycho-motor skills, the formation of good character, the possibilities and limits of moral
2683:
Farrell, P. (2010). School psychology: Learning lessons from history and moving forward. School Psychology International, 31(6), 581-598.
1996:
1940:
1381:
James is the father of psychology in America, but he also made contributions to educational psychology. In his famous series of lectures
2045:, in which the social or information environment offers supports for learning that are gradually withdrawn as they become internalized.
1775:. It resides as an important research topic in educational psychology. A student is thought to interpret a problem by assigning it to a
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Whyte, C. (1980). An Integrated Counseling and Learning Assistance Center. New Directions Sourcebook. Jossey-Bass, Inc. San Francisco.
1947:
suggest that in addition to the concerns above, sequencing of concepts and skills in teaching must take account of the processing and
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2382:
2128:
2101:. Often represented as stages through which people pass as they mature, developmental theories describe changes in mental abilities (
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2441:
1899:
1828:
1202:, in order to develop the child's ability to reason autonomously. Rousseau's philosophy influenced educational reformers including
368:
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Barry, W.J. (2012). Challenging the Status Quo Meaning of Educational Quality: Introducing Transformational Quality (TQ) Theory©.
3231:
Crocker, Laura D.; Heller, Wendy; Warren, Stacie L.; O'Hare, Aminda J.; Infantolino, Zachary P.; Miller, Gregory A. (2013-06-11).
1718:. Among the memory structures theorized by cognitive psychologists are separate but linked visual and verbal systems described by
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2000:
1411:
longitudinal study of gifted children, who became known as the Termites, Terman found that gifted children become gifted adults.
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interrelates physical, emotional, cognitive, and moral development in developmental stages similar to those later described by
595:
17:
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Evans, J.; Hsieh, P.P. & Robinson, D.H. (2005). Women's Involvement in educational psychology journals from 1976 to 2004.
3233:"Relationships among cognition, emotion, and motivation: implications for intervention and neuroplasticity in psychopathology"
2429:
2246:
1502:(1896–1980) was one of the most powerful researchers in of developmental psychology during the 20th century. He developed the
990:
Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by
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5319:
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Love, P. (2009). Educational psychologists: the early search for an identity. Educational Psychology In Practice, 25(1), 3-8.
3308:
Krug, D.; Davis, T.B.; Glover, J.A. (1990). Massed versus distributed repeated reading: A case of forgetting helping recall?
1058:
3589:
1490:"The material furnished by way of information should be relevant to a question that is vital in the students own experience"
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4111:
2656:
Snowman, Jack (1997). Educational Psychology: What Do We Teach, What Should We Teach?. "Educational Psychology", 9, 151-169
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included succession, contiguity, similarity, and contrast. His studies examined recall and facilitated learning processes.
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Carrie Y. Nordlund, "Art Experiences in Waldorf Education," Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Missouri-Columbia, May 2006
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Hope uniquely predicts objective academic achievement above intelligence, personality, and previous academic achievement.
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2136:
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gives more detail about the educational psychology topics that are typically presented in preservice teacher education.
2030:): essentially, learning is development; and 3) learning and development are separate, but interactive processes (e.g.,
51:
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3188:(1973). Undermining children's intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A test of the "overjustification" hypothesis.
2708:
2333:
2322:
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Vives introduced his educational ideas in his writing, "De anima et vita" in 1538. In this publication, Vives explores
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3002:(2010). "Quid sit anima": Juan Luis Vives on the soul and its relation to the body". Renaissance Studies, 24, 496- 517
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Pierce, W.D. & Cameron, J. (2002). A summary of the effects of reward contingencies on interest and performance.
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espoused a set of theories which would become highly influential in the field of education, particularly through his
987:, and assessment, which serve to facilitate learning processes in various educational settings across the lifespan.
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1989:
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1456:. He made all the problems more realistic and relevant to what was being studied, not just to improve the general
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3852:(1984). The two sigma problem: The search for methods of group instruction as effective as one-to-one tutoring.
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was interested in how an organism adapts to its environment. Piaget hypothesized that infants are born with a
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1619:, where he worked in the department of education. He believed that all students can learn. He developed the
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2011:
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change takes place and recognizing the factors and processes which enable cognitive competence to develop.
1943:
was so influential for education, especially mathematics and science education. In the same direction, the
1006:. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialties within educational studies, including
610:
523:
3838:
A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives
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Brown, John Seely; Collins, Allan; Duguid, Paul (1989). "Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning".
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attaining superior academic achievements, even after controlling for intelligence and past performance.
1266:. He was one of the first prominent thinkers to emphasize that the location of a school is important to
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Educational psychology has seen rapid growth and development as a profession in the last twenty years.
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interest in learning, a value of education, and a confidence in their own capacities and attributes.
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For example, educational psychologists have conducted research on the instructional applicability of
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is a salient factor in the successful academic performance of students. During the 1970s and '80s,
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3751:(2000). Interpersonal and intrapersonal theories of motivation from an attributional perspective.
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2609: – Theory that describes how students receive, process, and retain knowledge during learning
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while studying, disorganized studying, less self-regulation, shallow information processing, and
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professionals to work and study in these fields (i.e. autism specialists, trauma specialists).
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The Developmental Relations between Mind, Brain, and Education: Essays in Honor of Robbie Case
3055:
Hergenhahn, B.R. (2009). An introduction to the history of psychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
1328:
Prepare the student for new material by giving them an overview of what they are learning next
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Carney, R.N. & Levin, J.R. (2000). Fading mnemonic memories: Here's looking anew, again!
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strive for high grades and seek opportunities to demonstrate their abilities. Those who have
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Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development: Implications and applications to education
2777:
2603: – Theory that offers explicit guidance on how to better help people learn and develop
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1894:), or whether it can be measured at all. In practice, standardized instruments such as the
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Show how the student can apply the new material and show the material they will learn next.
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Some of the ideas and issues pertaining to educational psychology date back to the time of
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to teach math and science to school children, which influenced his view as schooling as a
8:
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125:
3765:
Deci, Edward L. (1991). "Motivation and Education: The Self-Determination Perspective".
2502:
salary for psychologists in primary and secondary schools is US$ 58,360 as of May 2004.
1757:
phenomenon strongly supported by psychological research, has broad applicability within
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3321:
Dempster, F.N. (1989). Spacing effects and their implications for theory and practice.
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2529:, correlational, and experimental study designs. Given the complexities of modeling
1030:, and student motivation. Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to
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1246:, which opposed scholasticism and was influenced by a variety of sources including
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733:
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393:
378:
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231:
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Explorations in Learning & Instructional Design: Theory Into Practice Database
3778:
994:, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between
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5802:
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5714:
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4933:
4898:
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4058:
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3597:
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2362:
2278:. Performance avoidance goals are associated with negative outcomes such as poor
2231:
2161:
2116:
1880:
1840:
1820:
1768:
1750:
1601:
1597:
1555:
1234:(1493–1540) proposed induction as the method of study and believed in the direct
1207:
875:
763:
236:
3384:
Spearman, C. (1904) "General intelligence" objectively determined and measured.
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8109:
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5863:
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5344:
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4748:
4728:
4519:
4046:
3849:
3816:
Whyte, C. (1978). Effective Counseling Methods for High-Risk College Freshmen.
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2337:
2302:
Therefore, it is important to provide education and counseling in this regard.
2242:
2218:
2146:
1948:
1888:
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1731:
1702:. Cognitive theories claim that memory structures determine how information is
1631:
1612:
1444:
42:
6028:
4079:
3794:
Elliot, A.J. (1999). Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals.
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6225:
5827:
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5629:
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2538:
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2105:), social roles, moral reasoning, and beliefs about the nature of knowledge.
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Day, L.; Hanson, K.; Maltby, J.; Proctor, C.L. & Wood, A.M. (in press).
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2007:
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1407:
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528:
221:
6048:
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The Psychology of Educational Quality-Transformational Quality (TQ) Theory
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1334:
Relate the new material to the old material that has already been learned.
66:
Branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of human learning
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5235:
5119:
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4758:
4743:
4708:
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3078:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1899)
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2526:
2446:
2254:
2154:
2086:
2053:
2027:
1539:
1499:
1235:
1130:, on the other hand, ascribed to the idea of knowledge by association or
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963:
perspectives, allows researchers to understand individual differences in
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855:
443:
150:
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Talks to teachers on psychology and to students on some of life's ideals
2317:
1803:
5878:
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5207:
4903:
4738:
4534:
4391:
4282:
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3553:
3130:
Clark, D. (n.d.). Bloom's taxonomy of learning domains. Retrieved from
2829:"Jean Jacques Rousseau, modern developmental psychology, and education"
2522:
2348:, another psychologist, had earlier developed an influential method of
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2041:
and other educational psychologists developed the important concept of
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948:
343:
241:
77:
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3355:(2001). When problem-solving is superior to studying worked examples.
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1584:
institution. Bruner was also influential in the development of MACOS,
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493:
4052:
Psychology of Education Section of the British Psychological Society
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Educational psychology research on motivation is concerned with the
1771:, according to prominent cognitive psychologists, is fundamental to
85:
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Johann Herbart (1776–1841) is considered the father of educational
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1243:
995:
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473:
3575:
Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes
2742:(2011). "Plato on the Rationality of Belief, Trames", 15, 339-364.
5749:
4083:
2094:
1699:
1687:
1593:
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and consequently increase effort and show improved performance.
2097:, educational psychology develops and applies theories of human
4322:
3680:, University of West of England, Bristol: Research Report RR645
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2499:
2261:
strive to increase their ability and knowledge. Those who have
2257:
affect the way they engage with academic tasks. Those who have
2074:
1910:. In addition to basic abilities, the individual's personality
1903:
1788:
1715:
1577:
1239:
1042:
2006:
A dominant influence on the social constructivist paradigm is
1654:, a research-based science utilizing behavioral principles of
979:, self-regulation, and self-concept, as well as their role in
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3996:
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2223:
2082:
2077:
provides concrete experiences for learning abstract concepts.
2069:
1871:
1099:
5391:
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3219:
3108:
Dewey J. (1910). How we think. New York D.C. Heath & Co.
1325:
Review material that has already been learned by the student
5172:
4667:
2701:
Exploring applied psychology: Origins and critical analyses
2428:
students' learning, and classroom management. A developing
2204:
that students bring to a task, their level of interest and
1972:
1919:
533:
3682:, section 1.5, "Findings from the survey and case studies"
1041:
The field of educational psychology involves the study of
2591: – Application of psychological theories or findings
2119:
in which children progress from a naĂŻve understanding of
1568:
Bruner stated that the structure of the material and the
1477:(1859–1952) had a major influence on the development of
4075:
The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing
3653:"Educational Psychology Promotes Teaching and Learning"
2635:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2183:
Enhance cognitive processing abilities and performance.
3922:
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
3611:
3371:
Woolfolk, A.E.; Winne, P.H. & Perry, N.E. (2006).
2048:
4047:
Division 15 of the American Psychological Association
3466:
3464:
3462:
2192:
Increase initiation of and persistence in activities.
1807:
An example of an item from a cognitive abilities test
3441:
Thinking goes to school: Piaget's theory in practice
3399:
Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences
3146:(6th ed.). Columbus, OH, USA: Prentice-Hall-Merrill.
2556:
1951:
capacities that characterize successive age levels.
1765:
for immediate and delayed retention of information.
1662:, who claim that praise and other rewards undermine
2245:and Richard Ryan. SDT focuses on the importance of
3521:
3459:
2974:Educational psychology: A century of contributions
2633: – Inner state causing goal-directed behavior
2627:– an educational psychology action research method
1126:in understanding conditioning and learning today.
3926:. 2006–07 Edition. Psychologists. retrieved from
2081:To understand the characteristics of learners in
1798:
1588:, which was an educational program that combined
1558:environment that allows the student to question,
8143:
3716:"Educational Theme: Motivation in the Classroom"
1945:neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development
1932:Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development
7975:
7525:
3456:(pp. 149–99). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
3351:Kalyuga, S.; Chandler, P.; Tuovinen, J. &
3132:http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.html
3051:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
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2923:
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2907:
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2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
5407:
5105:
4105:
3867:How to write and use instructional objectives
3485:Intellectual development: Birth to adulthood.
3412:The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
3375:(3rd Canadian ed.). Toronto, Canada: Pearson.
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
955:. The study of learning processes, from both
951:concerned with the scientific study of human
925:
652:
8080:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
5178:Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder
3721:. Green Education Foundation. Archived from
3623:. Global Text Project, 2009, pp. 33–37.
3378:
3296:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3190:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
3021:
3019:
3017:
2833:European Journal of Developmental Psychology
2064:
1350:
3828:
3826:
3632:
3367:
3365:
3011:Glover, J, & Ronning, R. (Ed.). (1987).
5414:
5400:
5112:
5098:
4112:
4098:
3952:
3635:"Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development"
3028:
2866:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2115:Piaget proposed a developmental theory of
1914:are also important, with people higher in
1870:have been discussed by philosophers since
932:
918:
659:
645:
3790:
3788:
3744:
3742:
3702:British Journal of Educational Psychology
3535:
3454:Intelligence, instruction, and assessment
3266:
3248:
3081:
3014:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2652:
2650:
2472:in the US and Canada) are trained at the
2383:Computer-supported collaborative learning
1572:abilities of the person are important in
1206:, whose practice in his model school the
7777:
3859:
3840:. New York, USA: Addison-Wesley Longman.
3823:
3617:Seifert, Kelvin & Sutton, Rosemary.
3571:
3362:
3315:
3162:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
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3104:
3102:
3100:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2697:
2406:
2316:
2310:For broader coverage of this topic, see
2068:
1997:Piaget's theory of cognitive development
1941:Piaget's theory of cognitive development
1829:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1802:
1740:
1734:theory to explain how people learn from
1354:
7152:
6380:
6369:
3801:
3345:
3304:
3302:
3195:
3136:
2803:"The History of Educational Psychology"
2686:
2618:List of educational psychology journals
2597: – Paradigm of the education field
2253:Motivational theories also explain how
1615:(1903–1999) spent over 50 years at the
1152:An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
14:
8144:
3993:Educational Journal of Living Theories
3869:(6th ed.). Columbus, OH, USA: Merrill.
3818:Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance
3785:
3739:
3620:Educational Psychology: Second Edition
3330:
3175:
3149:
3144:Applied behavior analysis for teachers
3142:Alberto, P. & Troutman, A. (2003)
3005:
2993:
2672:
2647:
2508:
2340:and colleagues. Bloom also researched
2186:Direct behavior toward specific goals.
1726:. Educational psychologists have used
7974:
7776:
7524:
7151:
6772:
6771:
6379:
6368:
6070:
5433:
5395:
5320:Learning problems in childhood cancer
5093:
4093:
4070:Classics in the History of Psychology
3933:
3894:
3843:
3626:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3517:
3515:
3283:
3111:
3097:
3058:
2979:
2826:
2492:
2430:Wikibook about educational psychology
2241:(SDT) was developed by psychologists
3907:
3881:
3764:
3694:
3439:Furth, H.G. & Wachs, H. (1975).
3299:
2659:
2325:: categories in the cognitive domain
2189:Lead to increased effort and energy.
1515:at this time and led to the idea of
1289:
1242:. His studies focused on humanistic
1169:In the 18th century the philosopher
26:
8126:
5264:Developmental coordination disorder
3916:
3872:
3339:Contemporary Educational Psychology
2733:
2513:As opposed to some other fields of
2137:social cognitive theory of morality
2110:Jean Piaget's theory of development
2049:Jean Piaget's Cognitive Development
1843:. Less common disabilities include
1414:
1141:
24:
3985:
3928:http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos056.htm
3639:Educational Psychology Interactive
3560:
3512:
3428:Journal of Research in Personality
2709:American Psychological Association
2334:taxonomy of educational objectives
2323:taxonomy of educational objectives
2247:intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
2037:Elaborating on Vygotsky's theory,
1621:taxonomy of educational objectives
1238:and investigation of the study of
25:
8163:
4002:
3955:Journal of Educational Psychology
3889:Journal of Educational Psychology
3713:
3572:Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich (1980).
3443:. Oxford: Oxford University Press
3357:Journal of Educational Psychology
3310:Journal of Educational Psychology
3203:Journal of Educational Psychology
2613:List of educational psychologists
2129:stage theory of moral development
2016:the zone of proximal development.
1983:
1626:
1607:
1307:
8125:
8116:
8115:
8103:
7639:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
7133:
7124:
7123:
6681:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
6451:Democratic Republic of the Congo
6345:
5125:specific developmental disorders
4321:
4038:Educational Psychology Resources
2827:Koops, Willem (9 October 2012).
2573:
2559:
2180:Provide direction towards goals.
1925:
1892:theory of multiple intelligences
1636:Handbook of Research on Teaching
1530:
1210:drew upon his ideas, as well as
626:
84:
31:
3946:
3810:
3779:10.1207/s15326985ep2603&4_6
3758:
3707:
3685:
3645:
3582:
3503:
3500:(pp. 52–65). London: Routledge.
3490:
3477:
3446:
3433:
3417:
3404:
3391:
3237:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
3224:
3208:
2397:
1641:
1509:
1504:theory of cognitive development
1393:
1383:Talks to Teachers on Psychology
7796:Federated States of Micronesia
7091:British Indian Ocean Territory
5269:Developmental verbal dyspraxia
5246:Disorder of written expression
5188:Speech and language impairment
4119:
3590:"Vygotsky | Simply Psychology"
3386:American Journal of Psychology
2820:
2795:
2770:
2745:
1799:Cognitive view of intelligence
1494:
1217:
13:
1:
5421:
4417:Industrial and organizational
3941:Educational Psychology Review
3924:Occupational Outlook Handbook
3753:Educational Psychology Review
3414:New York: Psychological Corp.
3324:Educational Psychology Review
2640:
2452:
2305:
2168:
1795:thinking to problem-solving.
1646:
1469:
1226:
369:Industrial and organizational
7764:United States Virgin Islands
5434:
5285:Auditory processing disorder
5183:Specific language impairment
5153:Expressive language disorder
4658:Human factors and ergonomics
4066:(archived 30 September 2011)
4028:Resources in other libraries
3633:Huitt, W; Hummel, J (2003).
3170:Journal of School Psychology
2845:10.1080/17405629.2012.730996
2012:Zone of Proximal Development
1677:
1562:and experiment. In his book
1546:approaches into educational
1341:
1093:
524:Human factors and ergonomics
7:
7526:Education in North America
5290:Sensory processing disorder
3578:. Harvard university press.
3157:School Psychology Quarterly
2607:Learning theory (education)
2552:
2457:
2402:
2358:Intelligent tutoring system
1958:involves understanding how
1538:is notable for integrating
1521:Brown v. Board of Education
1385:, published in 1899, James
57:Proposed since August 2024.
40:It has been suggested that
10:
8168:
7976:Education in South America
6071:
3997:http://ejolts.net/node/191
3678:Steiner Schools in England
3216:The Behavior Analyst Today
2976:. Mahwah, NJ, US: Erlbaum.
2309:
2263:performance approach goals
2139:) are required to explain
1987:
1954:Second, the psychology of
1929:
1887:, multiple factors (e.g.,
1212:Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
1192:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
1084:
8097:
8054:
7981:
7887:
7864:
7783:
7739:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
7657:
7531:
7504:
7456:
7418:
7160:
7119:
7078:
7038:
6780:
6694:
6669:
6388:
6375:
6364:
6340:
6294:
6260:
6219:
6201:
6162:
6144:
6110:
6086:Early childhood education
6079:
6066:
6016:
5846:
5793:
5615:
5468:
5440:
5429:
5368:
5302:
5277:
5256:
5221:
5138:
5131:
5044:
4981:
4688:
4598:
4510:
4347:Applied behavior analysis
4330:
4319:
4155:
4127:
4023:Resources in your library
3675:Woods, Ashley and Woods,
3487:New York: Academic Press.
2625:Living educational theory
2239:self-determination theory
2065:Conditioning and learning
2043:instructional scaffolding
1672:autism spectrum disorders
1660:self-determination theory
1652:Applied behavior analysis
1424:instrumental conditioning
1351:William James (1842–1910)
1331:Present the new material.
1186:contemporaries including
1114:discussed the purpose of
1002:. It is also informed by
301:Applied behavior analysis
7947:Northern Mariana Islands
7759:Turks and Caicos Islands
6840:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
6436:Central African Republic
5335:Multisensory integration
5163:Landau–Kleffner syndrome
3902:Educational Psychologist
3796:Educational Psychologist
3767:Educational Psychologist
3594:www.simplypsychology.org
3401:. New York: Basic Books.
3397:Gardner, Howard. (1983)
3250:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00261
2782:Encyclopaedia Britannica
2595:Evidence-based education
2547:latent variable modeling
2543:regression discontinuity
2165:education and maturity.
1937:Developmental psychology
1668:pivotal response therapy
1565:The Process of Education
1554:where teachers create a
7912:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
7101:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4623:Behavioral neuroscience
4187:Behavioral neuroscience
3865:Gronlund, N.E. (2000).
3092:Education: A first book
2839:(Supplement 1): 46–56.
2525:relies on a balance of
1845:intellectual disability
1670:which is used to treat
1596:. The program explored
1204:Johann Bernhard Basedow
1194:. Rousseau advocated a
1020:organizational learning
901:Participant observation
896:Multivariate statistics
729:International education
489:Behavioral neuroscience
146:Behavioral neuroscience
8152:Educational psychology
7689:British Virgin Islands
7203:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5330:Management of dyslexia
4673:Psychology of religion
4613:Behavioral engineering
4550:Human subject research
4206:Cognitive neuroscience
4172:Affective neuroscience
4014:Educational psychology
3854:Educational Researcher
3773:(3 & 4): 325–346.
3524:Educational Researcher
3373:Educational Psychology
3094:. New York: MacMillan.
2667:Educational Psychology
2412:
2388:Constructive alignment
2378:Problem-based learning
2373:Collaborative learning
2326:
2312:Educational technology
2208:, the personally held
2078:
1908:phonological awareness
1896:Stanford-Binet IQ test
1808:
1746:
1586:Man: a Course of Study
1492:
1467:
1379:
1360:
1200:experiential education
1179:Emile, or On Education
1071:information processing
1016:curriculum development
1012:educational technology
945:Educational psychology
539:Psychology of religion
479:Behavioral engineering
165:Cognitive neuroscience
131:Affective neuroscience
18:Educational Psychology
7890:and other territories
7629:Saint Kitts and Nevis
6596:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
6456:Republic of the Congo
5203:Speech sound disorder
5049:Wiktionary definition
4585:Self-report inventory
4580:Quantitative research
3832:Anderson, L.W. &
3474:. New York: Springer.
3410:Wechsler, D. (1949).
2410:
2320:
2267:performance avoidance
2135:(as described by the
2072:
2001:social constructivism
1956:cognitive development
1866:Although theories of
1806:
1744:
1617:University of Chicago
1517:progressive education
1488:
1479:progressive education
1462:
1375:
1358:
1171:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1063:humanistic psychology
861:Conversation analysis
633:Psychology portal
7778:Education in Oceania
7154:Education in Europe
7015:United Arab Emirates
6382:Education in Africa
5605:Instructional design
5381:People with dyslexia
4575:Qualitative research
4530:Behavior epigenetics
4042:Athabasca University
2601:Instructional theory
2535:psychometric methods
2519:quantitative methods
2515:educational research
2470:school psychologists
2417:classroom management
2368:Cooperative learning
2330:Instructional design
2276:intrinsic motivation
2206:intrinsic motivation
1966:also capitalizes on
1885:general intelligence
1876:intelligence testing
1664:intrinsic motivation
1656:operant conditioning
1525:cognitive psychology
1047:operant conditioning
1028:classroom management
1008:instructional design
985:classroom management
881:Factorial experiment
675:Educational research
50:into this article. (
7644:Trinidad and Tobago
7539:Antigua and Barbuda
7419:States with limited
7042:limited recognition
6671:States with limited
6370:Education by region
6096:Secondary education
6008:Teaching philosophy
5911:Pedagogical pattern
5854:21st century skills
5833:Religious education
5476:Aims and objectives
5376:Dyslexia in fiction
5350:Reading acquisition
5223:Learning disability
5054:Wiktionary category
4618:Behavioral genetics
4590:Statistical surveys
4447:Occupational health
4182:Behavioral genetics
3294:Multimedia learning
3184:; Greene, D. &
2509:Methods of research
2442:Secondary Education
1833:learning disability
1550:. He advocated for
1316:. He believed that
1300:During the time of
1175:philosophical novel
1136:laws of association
754:Religious education
484:Behavioral genetics
399:Occupational health
141:Behavioral genetics
72:Part of a series on
8110:Schools portal
7579:Dominican Republic
6774:Education in Asia
6101:Tertiary education
6039:Learning resources
5530:Education sciences
5026:Schools of thought
4929:Richard E. Nisbett
4809:Donald T. Campbell
4487:Sport and exercise
4057:2019-01-24 at the
3967:10.1037/edu0000474
2711:. pp. 37–78.
2589:Applied psychology
2493:Employment outlook
2413:
2327:
2294:Cassandra B. Whyte
2215:attribution theory
2079:
1849:hearing impairment
1809:
1747:
1728:dual coding theory
1724:dual coding theory
1552:discovery learning
1361:
1124:nature vs. nurture
1067:Gestalt psychology
866:Discourse analysis
772:Curricular domains
694:Education sciences
689:Curriculum studies
601:Schools of thought
439:Sport and exercise
287:Applied psychology
8139:
8138:
8093:
8092:
8089:
8088:
8061:other territories
7970:
7969:
7962:Wallis and Futuna
7907:Clipperton Island
7865:Associated states
7772:
7771:
7661:other territories
7520:
7519:
7147:
7146:
7084:other territories
6767:
6766:
6698:other territories
6471:Equatorial Guinea
6360:
6359:
6335:
6334:
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6091:Primary education
6062:
6061:
5951:Dialogic learning
5921:Teacher retention
5874:Critical thinking
5869:Class arrangement
5838:Special education
5513:Standardized test
5496:Course evaluation
5389:
5388:
5310:Dyslexia research
5298:
5297:
5213:Tip of the tongue
5168:Language disorder
5087:
5086:
5064:Wikimedia Commons
4991:Counseling topics
4954:Ronald C. Kessler
4944:Shelley E. Taylor
4869:Lawrence Kohlberg
4844:Stanley Schachter
4643:Consumer behavior
4525:Archival research
4293:Psycholinguistics
4177:Affective science
4009:Library resources
3930:on June 30, 2006.
3820:, 6 (4), 198–200.
3483:Case, R. (1985).
2717:10.1037/11104-002
2631:Motivation theory
2581:Psychology portal
2437:Special education
2151:child development
2125:Lawrence Kohlberg
1916:conscientiousness
1387:defines education
1302:The Enlightenment
1295:Johann Pestalozzi
1290:Johann Pestalozzi
1078:School psychology
1036:learning sciences
1032:cognitive science
1024:special education
947:is the branch of
942:
941:
759:Teacher education
739:Special education
734:School counseling
669:
668:
566:Counseling topics
509:Consumer behavior
252:Psycholinguistics
136:Affective science
64:
63:
59:
16:(Redirected from
8159:
8129:
8128:
8119:
8118:
8108:
8107:
8106:
8081:
8069:Falkland Islands
7983:Sovereign states
7972:
7971:
7952:Pitcairn Islands
7922:French Polynesia
7902:Christmas Island
7831:Papua New Guinea
7811:Marshall Islands
7784:Sovereign states
7774:
7773:
7729:Saint Barthélemy
7659:Dependencies and
7532:Sovereign states
7522:
7521:
7457:Dependencies and
7161:Sovereign states
7149:
7148:
7137:
7127:
7126:
7096:Christmas Island
6782:Sovereign states
6769:
6768:
6759:
6758:(United Kingdom)
6754:Tristan da Cunha
6750:Ascension Island
6742:
6729:
6720:
6696:Dependencies and
6389:Sovereign states
6377:
6376:
6366:
6365:
6349:
6297:
6296:
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6291:
6267:Higher education
6263:
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6208:Secondary school
6204:
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6147:
6146:
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6141:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6107:
6082:
6081:
6068:
6067:
5996:Student-centered
5981:Phenomenon-based
5971:Peer instruction
5936:Blended learning
5859:Bloom's taxonomy
5823:Gifted education
5818:Education reform
5650:Computer science
5431:
5430:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5393:
5392:
5158:Infantile speech
5140:Speech, language
5136:
5135:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5091:
5090:
5021:Research methods
4964:Richard Davidson
4959:Joseph E. LeDoux
4834:George A. Miller
4824:David McClelland
4819:Herbert A. Simon
4719:Edward Thorndike
4540:Content analysis
4325:
4298:Psychophysiology
4114:
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3663:
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3630:
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3615:
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3605:
3596:. Archived from
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3569:
3558:
3557:
3539:
3519:
3510:
3507:
3501:
3494:
3488:
3481:
3475:
3468:
3457:
3450:
3444:
3437:
3431:
3421:
3415:
3408:
3402:
3395:
3389:
3382:
3376:
3369:
3360:
3349:
3343:
3334:
3328:
3319:
3313:
3306:
3297:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3270:
3252:
3228:
3222:
3212:
3206:
3199:
3193:
3179:
3173:
3166:
3160:
3153:
3147:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3109:
3106:
3095:
3085:
3079:
3069:
3056:
3053:
3026:
3023:
3012:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2977:
2963:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2755:. Archived from
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2706:
2695:
2684:
2681:
2670:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2636:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2567:Education portal
2564:
2563:
2342:mastery learning
2299:Julian B. Rotter
2290:Locus of control
1995:identified with
1781:long-term memory
1433:Robert Woodworth
1420:Edward Thorndike
1415:Edward Thorndike
1373:commented that:
1275:moral philosophy
1142:Early Modern era
934:
927:
920:
790:Computer science
749:Female education
744:Gifted education
671:
670:
661:
654:
647:
631:
630:
629:
596:Research methods
257:Psychophysiology
117:Basic psychology
88:
69:
68:
55:
35:
34:
27:
21:
8167:
8166:
8162:
8161:
8160:
8158:
8157:
8156:
8142:
8141:
8140:
8135:
8104:
8102:
8085:
8079:
8062:
8060:
8050:
7977:
7966:
7889:
7883:
7866:
7860:
7841:Solomon Islands
7779:
7768:
7662:
7660:
7653:
7527:
7516:
7500:
7458:
7452:
7438:Northern Cyprus
7420:
7414:
7335:North Macedonia
7156:
7143:
7115:
7083:
7074:
7055:Northern Cyprus
7041:
7034:
6776:
6763:
6762:
6757:
6740:
6727:
6718:
6699:
6697:
6690:
6674:
6672:
6665:
6384:
6371:
6356:
6355:
6336:
6327:
6318:
6310:
6303:
6281:
6269:
6250:
6241:
6233:
6228:
6210:
6191:
6182:
6174:
6169:
6153:
6134:
6126:
6119:
6075:
6058:
6012:
5931:Active learning
5926:Teaching method
5901:Learning theory
5842:
5808:Autodidacticism
5803:Adult education
5789:
5730:Performing arts
5611:
5518:Teacher quality
5508:Standards-based
5464:
5436:
5425:
5420:
5390:
5385:
5364:
5340:Neuropsychology
5294:
5273:
5252:
5217:
5193:Speech disorder
5143:
5127:
5118:
5088:
5083:
5040:
5016:Psychotherapies
4977:
4934:Martin Seligman
4899:Daniel Kahneman
4839:Richard Lazarus
4789:Raymond Cattell
4693:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4594:
4506:
4333:
4326:
4317:
4278:Neuropsychology
4158:
4151:
4123:
4118:
4059:Wayback Machine
4034:
4033:
4032:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4005:
3988:
3986:Further reading
3983:
3982:
3951:
3947:
3938:
3934:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3899:
3895:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3864:
3860:
3856:, 13 (6), 4–16.
3848:
3844:
3834:Krathwohl, D.R.
3831:
3824:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3793:
3786:
3763:
3759:
3747:
3740:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3714:Omrod, Jeanne.
3712:
3708:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3674:
3670:
3661:
3659:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3631:
3627:
3616:
3612:
3603:
3601:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3570:
3561:
3520:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3495:
3491:
3482:
3478:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3447:
3438:
3434:
3422:
3418:
3409:
3405:
3396:
3392:
3383:
3379:
3370:
3363:
3350:
3346:
3335:
3331:
3320:
3316:
3307:
3300:
3288:
3284:
3229:
3225:
3213:
3209:
3200:
3196:
3180:
3176:
3167:
3163:
3154:
3150:
3141:
3137:
3129:
3112:
3107:
3098:
3088:Thorndike, E.L.
3086:
3082:
3070:
3059:
3054:
3029:
3024:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3000:Casini, Lorenzo
2998:
2994:
2989:
2980:
2972:(Eds.) (2003).
2966:Zimmerman, B.J.
2964:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2762:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2704:
2696:
2687:
2682:
2673:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2634:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2511:
2495:
2460:
2455:
2405:
2400:
2363:Cognitive tutor
2315:
2308:
2255:learners' goals
2171:
2162:epistemological
2117:moral reasoning
2067:
2051:
1992:
1986:
1934:
1928:
1841:speech disorder
1821:cognitive style
1801:
1779:retrieved from
1769:Problem solving
1751:spaced learning
1738:presentations.
1680:
1649:
1644:
1629:
1610:
1602:social behavior
1598:human evolution
1556:problem solving
1533:
1512:
1497:
1472:
1454:learning theory
1452:books based on
1417:
1396:
1353:
1344:
1310:
1292:
1229:
1220:
1208:Philanthropinum
1144:
1096:
1087:
938:
876:Factor analysis
820:Performing arts
795:Early childhood
764:Teaching method
665:
627:
625:
618:
617:
616:
615:
591:Psychotherapies
559:
549:
548:
469:
461:
460:
459:
458:
289:
279:
278:
277:
276:
237:Neuropsychology
119:
67:
60:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8165:
8155:
8154:
8137:
8136:
8134:
8133:
8123:
8113:
8098:
8095:
8094:
8091:
8090:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8083:
8076:
8071:
8065:
8063:
8055:
8052:
8051:
8049:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7987:
7985:
7979:
7978:
7968:
7967:
7965:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7942:Norfolk Island
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7897:American Samoa
7893:
7891:
7885:
7884:
7882:
7881:
7876:
7870:
7868:
7867:of New Zealand
7862:
7861:
7859:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7787:
7785:
7781:
7780:
7770:
7769:
7767:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7749:Sint Eustatius
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7694:Cayman Islands
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7665:
7663:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7535:
7533:
7529:
7528:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7512:European Union
7508:
7506:
7505:Other entities
7502:
7501:
7499:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7462:
7460:
7459:other entities
7454:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7424:
7422:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7412:
7410:United Kingdom
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7223:Czech Republic
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7164:
7162:
7158:
7157:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7141:
7131:
7120:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7087:
7085:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7046:
7044:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6786:
6784:
6778:
6777:
6765:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6743:
6730:
6721:
6707:Canary Islands
6703:
6702:
6700:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6683:
6677:
6675:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6373:
6372:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6342:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6333:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6305:
6295:
6288:
6287:
6276:
6271:
6261:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6247:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6230:
6220:
6213:
6212:
6202:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6188:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6163:
6156:
6155:
6151:Primary school
6145:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6121:
6111:
6104:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6005:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5864:Cognitive load
5861:
5856:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5799:
5797:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5621:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5535:Evidence-based
5532:
5527:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5483:
5478:
5472:
5470:
5469:By perspective
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5446:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5427:
5426:
5419:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5396:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5360:Writing system
5357:
5352:
5347:
5345:Neurodiversity
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5306:
5304:
5303:Related topics
5300:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5238:
5233:
5227:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5117:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5094:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4987:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:Roy Baumeister
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4909:Michael Posner
4906:
4901:
4896:
4894:Elliot Aronson
4891:
4889:Walter Mischel
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4854:Albert Bandura
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4829:Leon Festinger
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4799:Neal E. Miller
4796:
4794:Abraham Maslow
4791:
4786:
4781:
4779:Ernest Hilgard
4776:
4774:Donald O. Hebb
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4754:J. P. Guilford
4751:
4749:Gordon Allport
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4729:John B. Watson
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4694:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4520:Animal testing
4516:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4338:
4336:
4328:
4327:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4223:Cross-cultural
4220:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4203:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4161:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4117:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4049:
4044:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:External links
4001:
4000:
3999:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3961:(3): 579–583.
3945:
3932:
3915:
3906:
3893:
3880:
3871:
3858:
3842:
3822:
3809:
3800:
3784:
3757:
3738:
3706:
3693:
3684:
3668:
3644:
3625:
3610:
3581:
3559:
3511:
3502:
3489:
3476:
3458:
3445:
3432:
3416:
3403:
3390:
3377:
3361:
3344:
3342:, 25, 499–508.
3329:
3314:
3298:
3282:
3223:
3207:
3194:
3174:
3161:
3148:
3135:
3110:
3096:
3080:
3057:
3027:
3013:
3004:
2992:
2978:
2865:
2819:
2794:
2769:
2744:
2732:
2725:
2707:. Washington:
2685:
2671:
2658:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2585:
2584:
2570:
2554:
2551:
2531:dependent data
2510:
2507:
2494:
2491:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2338:Benjamin Bloom
2307:
2304:
2219:Bernard Weiner
2194:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2170:
2167:
2147:Rudolf Steiner
2066:
2063:
2050:
2047:
2024:constructivism
1990:Constructivism
1988:Main article:
1985:
1984:Constructivist
1982:
1949:working memory
1930:Main article:
1927:
1924:
1853:cerebral palsy
1800:
1797:
1785:working memory
1732:cognitive load
1679:
1676:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1632:Nathaniel Gage
1628:
1627:Nathaniel Gage
1625:
1613:Benjamin Bloom
1609:
1608:Benjamin Bloom
1606:
1532:
1529:
1527:at this time.
1511:
1508:
1496:
1493:
1471:
1468:
1445:scientifically
1416:
1413:
1403:Mental Fatigue
1395:
1392:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1309:
1308:Johann Herbart
1306:
1291:
1288:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1196:child-centered
1162:establishing "
1143:
1140:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1059:constructivism
940:
939:
937:
936:
929:
922:
914:
911:
910:
909:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
871:Evidence-based
868:
863:
858:
850:
849:
845:
844:
843:
842:
837:
832:
830:Social science
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
774:
773:
769:
768:
767:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
683:
682:
678:
677:
667:
666:
664:
663:
656:
649:
641:
638:
637:
636:
635:
620:
619:
614:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
562:
561:
560:
555:
554:
551:
550:
547:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
457:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
292:
291:
290:
285:
284:
281:
280:
275:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
182:Cross-cultural
179:
174:
173:
172:
162:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
122:
121:
120:
115:
114:
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
90:
89:
81:
80:
74:
73:
65:
62:
61:
43:Psychopedagogy
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8164:
8153:
8150:
8149:
8147:
8132:
8124:
8122:
8114:
8112:
8111:
8100:
8099:
8096:
8082:
8077:
8075:
8074:French Guiana
8072:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8058:
8053:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7984:
7980:
7973:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7937:New Caledonia
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7917:Easter Island
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7886:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7863:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7782:
7775:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7664:
7656:
7650:
7649:United States
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7530:
7523:
7513:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7503:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7471:Faroe Islands
7469:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7455:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7443:South Ossetia
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7417:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7295:Liechtenstein
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7150:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7130:
7122:
7121:
7118:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7081:
7077:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7065:South Ossetia
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7037:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6770:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6744:
6738:
6734:
6731:
6725:
6722:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6701:
6693:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6668:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6511:Guinea-Bissau
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6378:
6374:
6367:
6363:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6343:
6339:
6314:
6309:
6306:
6302:
6301:Undergraduate
6299:
6298:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6285:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6256:
6237:
6231:
6227:
6226:Middle school
6224:
6223:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6200:
6197:
6178:
6172:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6140:
6130:
6125:
6122:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6074:
6069:
6065:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6009:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5991:Project-based
5989:
5987:
5986:Problem-based
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5946:Demonstration
5944:
5942:
5941:Contemplative
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5828:Homeschooling
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5675:Environmental
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5600:Instructional
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5503:Psychometrics
5501:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5417:
5412:
5410:
5405:
5403:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5315:Learning Ally
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5145:communication
5141:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5115:
5110:
5108:
5103:
5101:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5011:Psychologists
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
5001:Organizations
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4949:John Anderson
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4879:Ulric Neisser
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4864:Endel Tulving
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4849:Robert Zajonc
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:Jerome Bruner
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4769:B. F. Skinner
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4734:Clark L. Hull
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4714:Sigmund Freud
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4704:William James
4702:
4700:
4699:Wilhelm Wundt
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:Psychologists
4687:
4679:
4678:Psychometrics
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4638:Consciousness
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4570:Psychophysics
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
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4548:
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4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
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4518:
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4515:
4513:
4512:Methodologies
4509:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4472:Psychotherapy
4470:
4468:
4467:Psychometrics
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
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4408:
4405:
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4400:
4398:
4395:
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4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
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4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4329:
4324:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
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4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4233:Developmental
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4202:
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4195:
4193:
4190:
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4183:
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4178:
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4173:
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4140:
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4126:
4122:
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4110:
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4103:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
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3994:
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3989:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3943:, 17, 263–71.
3942:
3936:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3910:
3904:, 36, 103–12.
3903:
3897:
3891:, 97, 214–33.
3890:
3884:
3875:
3868:
3862:
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3851:
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3839:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3819:
3813:
3804:
3798:, 34, 169–89.
3797:
3791:
3789:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3750:
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3743:
3728:on 2017-12-15
3724:
3717:
3710:
3704:, 75, 203–21.
3703:
3697:
3688:
3681:
3679:
3672:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3621:
3614:
3600:on 2019-08-05
3599:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3577:
3576:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3555:
3551:
3547:
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3538:
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3506:
3499:
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3486:
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3467:
3465:
3463:
3455:
3449:
3442:
3436:
3429:
3426:
3420:
3413:
3407:
3400:
3394:
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3387:
3381:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3359:, 93, 579–88.
3358:
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3340:
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3326:
3325:
3318:
3312:, 82, 366–71.
3311:
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3295:
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3278:
3274:
3269:
3264:
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3234:
3227:
3221:
3218:, 3, 222–26.
3217:
3211:
3205:, 97, 641–55.
3204:
3198:
3192:, 28, 129–37.
3191:
3187:
3186:Nisbett, R.E.
3183:
3182:Lepper, M. R.
3178:
3172:, 39, 267–77.
3171:
3165:
3159:, 15, 330–43.
3158:
3152:
3145:
3139:
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3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
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3101:
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3089:
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3073:
3068:
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3064:
3062:
3052:
3050:
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3044:
3042:
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3034:
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3008:
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2996:
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2985:
2983:
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2962:
2960:
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2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
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2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
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2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
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2886:
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2882:
2880:
2878:
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2874:
2872:
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2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2759:on 2014-12-05
2758:
2754:
2748:
2741:
2736:
2728:
2726:1-55798-206-6
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2702:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2669:, 25, 347–51.
2668:
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2653:
2651:
2646:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
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2602:
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2587:
2586:
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2540:
2539:meta-analysis
2536:
2532:
2528:
2527:observational
2524:
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2516:
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2486:
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2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:task analysis
2347:
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2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2280:concentration
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2259:mastery goals
2256:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:embarrassment
2225:
2220:
2217:developed by
2216:
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2207:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2188:
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2179:
2178:
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2166:
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2152:
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2118:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2071:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2039:Jerome Bruner
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1926:Developmental
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1603:
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1591:
1587:
1583:
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1575:
1571:
1567:
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1531:Jerome Bruner
1528:
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1434:
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1425:
1421:
1412:
1409:
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1400:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1371:William James
1367:
1359:William James
1357:
1348:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:Immanuel Kant
1185:
1184:Enlightenment
1181:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
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1109:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:structuralism
1052:
1051:functionalism
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
971:development,
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
935:
930:
928:
923:
921:
916:
915:
913:
912:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
891:Meta-analysis
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
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841:
838:
836:
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818:
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813:
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806:
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801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
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783:
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778:
777:
776:
775:
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770:
765:
762:
760:
757:
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750:
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742:
740:
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680:
679:
676:
673:
672:
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657:
655:
650:
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643:
642:
640:
639:
634:
624:
623:
622:
621:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
586:Psychologists
584:
582:
579:
577:
576:Organizations
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
558:
553:
552:
545:
544:Psychometrics
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
504:Consciousness
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
465:
464:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
424:Psychotherapy
422:
420:
419:Psychometrics
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
288:
283:
282:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
192:Developmental
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
171:
168:
167:
166:
163:
161:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
118:
113:
112:
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104:
102:
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97:
94:
93:
92:
91:
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76:
75:
71:
70:
58:
53:
49:
45:
44:
38:
29:
28:
19:
8101:
8057:Dependencies
7888:Dependencies
7874:Cook Islands
7754:Sint Maarten
7734:Saint Martin
7448:Transnistria
7080:Dependencies
7010:Turkmenistan
6975:Saudi Arabia
6746:Saint Helena
6717:
6621:South Africa
6611:Sierra Leone
6416:Burkina Faso
6308:Postgraduate
6124:Kindergarten
5976:Personalized
5956:Experiential
5916:Teacher look
5625:Agricultural
5574:
5481:Anthropology
5198:Speech error
5123:and related
4924:Larry Squire
4919:Bruce McEwen
4914:Amos Tversky
4884:Jerome Kagan
4874:Noam Chomsky
4814:Hans Eysenck
4784:Harry Harlow
4764:Erik Erikson
4663:Intelligence
4560:Neuroimaging
4386:
4303:Quantitative
4268:Mathematical
4263:Intelligence
4253:Experimental
4248:Evolutionary
4238:Differential
4147:Psychologist
4013:
3992:
3958:
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3760:
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3730:. Retrieved
3723:the original
3709:
3701:
3696:
3687:
3677:
3671:
3660:. Retrieved
3656:
3647:
3638:
3628:
3618:
3613:
3602:. Retrieved
3598:the original
3593:
3584:
3574:
3530:(1): 32–42.
3527:
3523:
3505:
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3091:
3083:
3075:
3007:
2995:
2973:
2970:Schunk, D.H.
2856:. Retrieved
2836:
2832:
2822:
2810:. Retrieved
2807:cortland.edu
2806:
2797:
2785:. Retrieved
2781:
2778:"John Locke"
2772:
2761:. Retrieved
2757:the original
2753:"John Locke"
2747:
2735:
2700:
2666:
2661:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2461:
2426:
2415:Research on
2414:
2398:Applications
2392:
2328:
2288:
2284:test anxiety
2266:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2236:
2195:
2172:
2159:
2149:'s model of
2145:
2114:
2107:
2080:
2052:
2036:
2020:
2015:
2008:Lev Vygotsky
2005:
1993:
1978:
1953:
1935:
1868:intelligence
1865:
1813:intelligence
1810:
1767:
1748:
1720:Allan Paivio
1681:
1650:
1642:Perspectives
1635:
1630:
1611:
1590:anthropology
1563:
1534:
1513:
1510:1920–present
1498:
1489:
1484:How We Think
1483:
1473:
1463:
1458:intelligence
1418:
1408:Lewis Terman
1402:
1399:Alfred Binet
1397:
1394:Alfred Binet
1382:
1380:
1376:
1362:
1345:
1311:
1299:
1293:
1272:
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1177:
1168:
1160:
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1108:Philosophers
1097:
1088:
1075:
1040:
1004:neuroscience
989:
965:intelligence
944:
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529:Intelligence
262:Quantitative
227:Mathematical
222:Intelligence
212:Experimental
207:Evolutionary
197:Differential
56:
41:
8131:WikiProject
7821:New Zealand
7724:Puerto Rico
7634:Saint Lucia
7584:El Salvador
7486:Isle of Man
7421:recognition
7395:Switzerland
7330:Netherlands
7139:Asia portal
7040:States with
6960:Philippines
6900:South Korea
6895:North Korea
6790:Afghanistan
6673:recognition
6626:South Sudan
6516:Ivory Coast
6232:High school
6029:Definitions
5906:Lesson plan
5795:Alternative
5700:Mathematics
5670:Engineering
5236:Dyscalculia
4996:Disciplines
4969:Susan Fiske
4859:Roger Brown
4759:Carl Rogers
4744:Jean Piaget
4709:Ivan Pavlov
4565:Observation
4545:Experiments
4492:Suicidology
4387:Educational
4342:Anomalistic
4313:Theoretical
4288:Personality
4218:Comparative
4201:Cognitivism
4192:Behaviorism
3995:. 4, 1-29.
3850:Bloom, B.S.
3755:, 12, 1–14.
3353:Sweller, J.
3290:Mayer, R.E.
2858:20 December
2740:Toomas Lott
2447:Lesson plan
2336:created by
2243:Edward Deci
2099:development
2087:adolescence
2054:Jean Piaget
2028:behaviorism
1696:motivations
1500:Jean Piaget
1495:Jean Piaget
1236:observation
1218:Before 1890
1134:. His four
1110:as well as
886:Focus group
856:Case method
815:Mathematics
800:Engineering
681:Disciplines
571:Disciplines
444:Suicidology
340:Educational
296:Anomalistic
272:Theoretical
247:Personality
177:Comparative
160:Cognitivism
151:Behaviorism
7719:Montserrat
7714:Martinique
7709:Guadeloupe
7564:Costa Rica
7365:San Marino
7325:Montenegro
7305:Luxembourg
7285:Kazakhstan
7188:Azerbaijan
7020:Uzbekistan
6995:Tajikistan
6910:Kyrgyzstan
6890:Kazakhstan
6810:Bangladesh
6800:Azerbaijan
6728:(Portugal)
6686:Somaliland
6606:Seychelles
6571:Mozambique
6556:Mauritania
6541:Madagascar
6496:The Gambia
6431:Cape Verde
6284:Continuing
6274:Vocational
5879:Curriculum
5813:Democratic
5785:Vocational
5775:Technology
5735:Philosophy
5617:By subject
5595:Technology
5575:Psychology
5560:Philosophy
5550:Leadership
5491:Evaluation
5486:Assessment
5241:Dysgraphia
5208:Stuttering
5132:Conditions
5059:Wikisource
4904:Paul Ekman
4739:Kurt Lewin
4633:Competence
4555:Interviews
4535:Case study
4412:Humanistic
4392:Ergonomics
4377:Counseling
4352:Assessment
4334:psychology
4283:Perception
4243:Ecological
4159:psychology
4137:Philosophy
4121:Psychology
4082:(video on
3749:Weiner, B.
3732:2013-04-01
3662:2017-08-29
3604:2019-10-16
3537:2142/17979
2763:2018-06-19
2641:References
2523:psychology
2453:Counseling
2306:Technology
2272:creativity
2174:Motivation
2169:Motivation
2032:gestaltism
1825:motivation
1817:creativity
1793:analogical
1753:effect, a
1736:multimedia
1710:, stored,
1647:Behavioral
1548:psychology
1475:John Dewey
1470:John Dewey
1450:arithmetic
1401:published
1314:psychology
1252:psychology
1248:philosophy
1232:Juan Vives
1227:Juan Vives
1164:empiricism
1147:John Locke
992:psychology
977:motivation
961:behavioral
949:psychology
840:Vocational
835:Technology
724:Technology
714:Psychology
709:Philosophy
699:Evaluation
499:Competence
364:Humanistic
344:Ergonomics
331:Counseling
306:Assessment
242:Perception
202:Ecological
78:Psychology
8046:Venezuela
7991:Argentina
7791:Australia
7704:Greenland
7619:Nicaragua
7594:Guatemala
7476:Gibraltar
7300:Lithuania
7106:Hong Kong
7060:Palestine
6985:Sri Lanka
6980:Singapore
6860:Indonesia
6561:Mauritius
6117:Preschool
6017:Wikimedia
5755:Religious
5680:Euthenics
5665:Economics
5645:Chemistry
5635:Bilingual
5590:Sociology
5545:Inclusion
5525:Economics
5423:Education
5079:Wikibooks
5069:Wikiquote
4939:Ed Diener
4724:Carl Jung
4628:Cognition
4457:Political
4367:Community
4197:Cognitive
3975:216468301
3546:0013-189X
3259:1662-5161
3072:James, W.
2853:144516273
2103:cognition
2091:adulthood
2083:childhood
1968:cognitive
1964:Education
1960:cognitive
1889:Gardner's
1883:known as
1861:blindness
1763:mnemonics
1759:education
1755:cognitive
1716:forgotten
1712:retrieved
1708:processed
1704:perceived
1678:Cognitive
1570:cognitive
1544:cognitive
1441:cognitive
1366:Darwinism
1342:1890–1920
1284:cognitive
1280:nutrition
1128:Aristotle
1120:education
1116:education
1104:Aristotle
1094:Antiquity
969:cognitive
957:cognitive
494:Cognition
409:Political
321:Community
156:Cognitive
106:Subfields
8146:Category
8121:Category
8036:Suriname
8026:Paraguay
8011:Colombia
7806:Kiribati
7669:Anguilla
7604:Honduras
7574:Dominica
7549:Barbados
7496:Svalbard
7481:Guernsey
7428:Abkhazia
7380:Slovenia
7375:Slovakia
7350:Portugal
7208:Bulgaria
7129:Category
7050:Abkhazia
7000:Thailand
6955:Pakistan
6935:Mongolia
6930:Maldives
6925:Malaysia
6825:Cambodia
6752: /
6748: /
6741:(France)
6735: /
6713: /
6709: /
6661:Zimbabwe
6636:Tanzania
6486:Ethiopia
6481:Eswatini
6461:Djibouti
6426:Cameroon
6411:Botswana
6001:Socratic
5961:Feedback
5847:Concepts
5740:Physical
5710:Military
5690:Language
5640:Business
5580:Research
5570:Politics
5555:Pedagogy
5450:Glossary
5435:Overview
5355:Spelling
5325:Literacy
5231:Dyslexia
5121:Dyslexia
5074:Wikinews
5031:Timeline
4653:Feelings
4648:Emotions
4608:Behavior
4599:Concepts
4477:Religion
4462:Positive
4452:Pastoral
4437:Military
4402:Forensic
4397:Feminist
4382:Critical
4372:Consumer
4362:Coaching
4357:Clinical
4332:Applied
4228:Cultural
4167:Abnormal
4055:Archived
3836:(2001).
3292:(2001).
3277:23781184
3090:(1912).
3074:(1983).
2553:See also
2474:master's
2465:doctoral
2458:Training
2421:pedagogy
2403:Teaching
2321:Bloom's
2198:volition
2141:bullying
2133:modeling
2121:morality
1898:and the
1857:epilepsy
1837:dyslexia
1831:(ADHD),
1773:learning
1700:emotions
1692:memories
1582:cultural
1574:learning
1437:classics
1429:learning
1318:learning
1268:learning
1260:religion
1256:politics
1244:learning
1112:sophists
1034:and the
996:medicine
981:learning
953:learning
810:Literacy
805:Language
785:Business
606:Timeline
519:Feelings
514:Emotions
474:Behavior
468:Concepts
429:Religion
414:Positive
404:Pastoral
389:Military
354:Forensic
349:Feminist
336:Critical
326:Consumer
316:Coaching
311:Clinical
187:Cultural
126:Abnormal
8041:Uruguay
8016:Ecuador
7996:Bolivia
7957:Tokelau
7856:Vanuatu
7699:Curaçao
7684:Bonaire
7679:Bermuda
7609:Jamaica
7589:Grenada
7544:Bahamas
7405:Ukraine
7355:Romania
7315:Moldova
7273:Ireland
7268:Iceland
7263:Hungary
7253:Germany
7248:Georgia
7238:Finland
7233:Estonia
7228:Denmark
7213:Croatia
7198:Belgium
7193:Belarus
7183:Austria
7178:Armenia
7173:Andorra
7168:Albania
7025:Vietnam
6940:Myanmar
6920:Lebanon
6850:Georgia
6805:Bahrain
6795:Armenia
6737:RĂ©union
6733:Mayotte
6724:Madeira
6719:(Spain)
6715:Melilla
6646:Tunisia
6616:Somalia
6601:Senegal
6586:Nigeria
6576:Namibia
6566:Morocco
6531:Liberia
6526:Lesotho
6476:Eritrea
6446:Comoros
6421:Burundi
6396:Algeria
6304:→
6279:Further
6234:→
6229:→
6211:→
6175:→
6170:→
6154:→
6127:→
6120:→
5966:Passive
5889:Studies
5770:Teacher
5760:Science
5750:Reading
5745:Physics
5720:Nursing
5705:Medical
5540:History
5460:Outline
5442:General
5278:Sensory
5006:Outline
4502:Traffic
4497:Systems
4432:Medical
4258:Gestalt
4132:History
4084:YouTube
3657:apa.org
3554:1176008
3268:3678097
3243:: 261.
2127:into a
2095:old age
1999:, from
1688:beliefs
1594:science
1560:explore
1264:history
1085:History
1000:biology
848:Methods
825:Science
716: (
704:History
581:Outline
454:Traffic
449:Systems
384:Medical
217:Gestalt
101:History
96:Outline
52:Discuss
8021:Guyana
8001:Brazil
7932:Hawaii
7851:Tuvalu
7624:Panama
7614:Mexico
7559:Canada
7554:Belize
7491:Jersey
7433:Kosovo
7400:Turkey
7390:Sweden
7370:Serbia
7360:Russia
7345:Poland
7340:Norway
7320:Monaco
7290:Latvia
7258:Greece
7243:France
7218:Cyprus
7070:Taiwan
7005:Turkey
6970:Russia
6905:Kuwait
6885:Jordan
6875:Israel
6835:Cyprus
6820:Brunei
6815:Bhutan
6756:
6739:
6726:
6656:Zambia
6651:Uganda
6591:Rwanda
6546:Malawi
6506:Guinea
6401:Angola
6351:Portal
6311:
6270:
6173:Junior
6168:Infant
6073:Stages
6049:Quotes
6034:Images
5894:Theory
5884:Hidden
5780:Values
5685:Health
5660:Design
5585:Rights
5565:Policy
5142:, and
5036:Topics
4482:School
4407:Health
4308:Social
4211:Social
4157:Basic
4142:Portal
4011:about
3973:
3552:
3544:
3275:
3265:
3257:
2968:&
2851:
2812:May 5,
2787:21 May
2723:
2500:median
2274:, and
2155:Piaget
2093:, and
2075:abacus
2058:schema
1973:mental
1912:traits
1904:gifted
1881:factor
1859:, and
1839:, and
1789:memory
1777:schema
1698:, and
1684:traits
1578:Africa
1540:Piaget
1465:print.
1262:, and
1240:nature
1132:schema
1069:, and
1043:memory
973:affect
906:Reform
718:school
611:Topics
434:School
359:Health
267:Social
170:Social
48:merged
8006:Chile
7846:Tonga
7836:Samoa
7826:Palau
7816:Nauru
7674:Aruba
7599:Haiti
7466:Ă…land
7385:Spain
7310:Malta
7280:Italy
7111:Macau
7030:Yemen
6990:Syria
6965:Qatar
6945:Nepal
6880:Japan
6855:India
6845:Egypt
6830:China
6711:Ceuta
6631:Sudan
6581:Niger
6536:Libya
6521:Kenya
6501:Ghana
6491:Gabon
6466:Egypt
6406:Benin
6054:Texts
6024:Books
5725:Peace
5715:Music
5695:Legal
5655:Death
5455:Index
5369:Lists
5257:Motor
4983:Lists
4442:Music
4427:Media
4422:Legal
4273:Moral
3971:S2CID
3726:(PDF)
3719:(PDF)
3550:JSTOR
2849:S2CID
2705:(PDF)
2346:Gagné
2232:guilt
2224:shame
2210:goals
1872:Plato
1321:are:
1100:Plato
557:Lists
394:Music
379:Media
374:Legal
232:Moral
8031:Peru
7927:Guam
7879:Niue
7801:Fiji
7744:Saba
7569:Cuba
6950:Oman
6915:Laos
6870:Iraq
6865:Iran
6641:Togo
6551:Mali
6441:Chad
6044:News
5173:Lisp
4668:Mind
3542:ISSN
3273:PMID
3255:ISSN
2860:2022
2814:2016
2789:2024
2721:ISBN
2545:and
2419:and
2237:The
2226:and
2202:will
1920:hope
1918:and
1900:WISC
1749:The
1730:and
1714:and
1600:and
1592:and
1190:and
1102:and
998:and
959:and
780:Arts
534:Mind
8059:and
7082:and
5765:Sex
5630:Art
4040:by
3963:doi
3959:112
3775:doi
3532:hdl
3263:PMC
3245:doi
3220:ABO
2841:doi
2713:doi
2200:or
2073:An
1722:'s
1542:'s
1278:of
46:be
8148::
3969:.
3957:.
3825:^
3787:^
3771:26
3769:.
3741:^
3655:.
3637:.
3592:.
3562:^
3548:.
3540:.
3528:18
3526:.
3514:^
3461:^
3364:^
3301:^
3271:.
3261:.
3253:.
3239:.
3235:.
3113:^
3099:^
3060:^
3030:^
3016:^
2981:^
2868:^
2847:.
2835:.
2831:.
2805:.
2780:.
2719:.
2688:^
2674:^
2649:^
2549:.
2541:,
2537:,
2517:,
2157:.
2143:.
2089:,
2085:,
1874:,
1863:.
1855:,
1851:,
1847:,
1835:,
1823:,
1819:,
1815:,
1706:,
1694:,
1690:,
1686:,
1674:.
1258:,
1254:,
1250:,
1106:.
1073:.
1065:,
1061:,
1057:,
1053:,
1049:,
1026:,
1022:,
1018:,
1014:,
1010:,
975:,
967:,
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3781:.
3777::
3735:.
3665:.
3641:.
3607:.
3556:.
3534::
3430:.
3279:.
3247::
3241:7
2862:.
2843::
2837:9
2816:.
2791:.
2766:.
2729:.
2715::
2314:.
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