3473:, p. 104. "In the 1950s, 60s and 70s, Turkish high school students did not learn anything about Armenians' existence in the Ottoman Empire or about their deportation during World War I (WWI). Starting in the 1980s, however, high school history textbooks taught Turkish students that Armenians rose up and violently attacked the Ottoman government and innocent fellow citizens prior to and during WWI, and that the government forcibly relocated Armenians in order to protect and preserve the Turkish nation. A decade later, Turkish high school students were told that Armenians were traitors and propagandists who had tried to take advantage of the weakness of the Ottoman Empire and had 'stabbed Turks in the back. And more recently, high school history textbooks in Turkey described the 'Turkish-Armenian War' that took place between Turks and Armenians following the end of World War 1,160 and mentioned that recent research and excavations have documented the fact that Armenians committed genocide against Turks."
1265:, a new government was established. Being more sympathetic towards the religious sentiments of society, this new government introduced a religion course into secondary schools. This time, if the parents wanted to exempt their children from the course, they had to apply to the school with a written request. After nearly ten years, in 1967, the religion course was introduced to the 1st and 2nd grades of high school. Students, however, were enrolled for the course with the written request of their parents. In 1975, the course was extended to the third (last) grade of the high schools. And, finally, following the military coup in 1980, the religion course became schools was also constitutionally secured. The exact title of the course was, "The Culture of Religion and Knowledge of Ethics."
937:
3502:
self-defense (protection from territorial loss and/or protection of the
Turkish population that was being targeted by Armenian banditry); (c) shifting responsibility to external factors and third parties (claiming that Armenian deaths were a result of hardship); (d) claiming benevolent motivations behind the deportations (stopping the inter-communal warfare). These interpretations exemplify how moral disengagement mechanisms operate at the level of collective narratives. Three targets of attribution can be readily identified: the in-group (i.e., denial of responsibility), the out-group (i.e., blaming the victim), and situational factors (i.e., blaming third parties or circumstances).
956:
982:
117:
399:
645:
522:
institutions with suitable physical capacity. Services related to pre-primary education are given by nurseries, kindergartens, practical classes opened first and foremost by the
Ministry of National Education and by day-centers, nursery schools, day care houses, child care houses and child care institutions opened by various ministries and institutions for care or education purposes based on the provisions of ten laws, two statutes and ten regulations. In the academic year 2001–2002, 256,400 children were being educated and 14,500 teachers were employed in 10,500 pre-primary education institutions.
109:
101:
971:
1318:
405:
833:
business sector. Based on apprenticeship training programs, the
Ministry of National Education pays the insurance premiums against occupational accidents, sicknesses during the vocational period and other sicknesses of participants attending courses in relation to their occupation. These participants may take experienced apprenticeship exams after the education they have received and the work they have performed are evaluated according to the Regulations for Evaluating the Certificates and Diplomas in Apprenticeship and Vocational Training.
1181:
1226:
1504:
2000s. 17 thousand students getting full scores in first session of TEOG ("transition from basic education to secondary education") has also caused controversy. Counselor of
Ministry of National Education Yusuf Tekin answered this concern by stating students who get full scores in both sessions must be treated as people actually taking the first place which 665 such students exist. Reduction of topics about Atatürk, downgrading in positive sciences teaching and promotion of religious content has drawn reactions.
1211:
1491:
907:
871:
19:
1420:
656:
there are 3 exams for 3 years, sometimes there's only one exam but it is calculated differently, sometimes they only look at your school grades. Secondary education aims to give students a good level of common knowledge, and to prepare them for higher education, for a vocation, for life and for business in line with their interests, skills and abilities. In the academic year 2001–2002 2.3 million students were being educated and 134,800 teachers were employed in 6,000 education institutions.
817:
1344:, under pressure from the Prime Minister to improve the learning of English in Turkey, announced that the approach to language would be thoroughly revised, part of which would include a plan to hire 40,000 foreigners as language assistants in public schools. As a result of the poor standards achieved by the public system many students take an intensive English language "prep year" when entering university. These are offered by both state and private universities throughout Turkey.
531:
1587:
634:
1196:
731:
5275:
4842:
918:
171:. By the law for the Education Organization no 789 issued on 22 March 1926 the Ministry of National Education was given responsibility for defining the degrees and equalities of the public and private schools already opened or to be opened by a ministry other than the Ministry of National Education. This Law brought new arrangements such as "no school can be opened in Turkey without the permission and agreement of the Ministry of National Education" or "
450:
4866:
549:) lasts 8 years. Primary education covers the education and teaching directed to children between 6–14, is compulsory for all citizens, boys or girls, and is given free of charge in public schools. Primary education institutions are schools that provide eight years of uninterrupted education, at the end of which graduates receive a primary education diploma. The first four years of primary school is sometimes referred to as "First School, 1st Level" (
5285:
4830:
1039:, the Atatürk government hired over a thousand established academics, including world renowned émigré professors escaping the Nazi takeover in Germany. Most were in medicine, mathematics, and natural science, plus a few in the faculties of law and the arts. Germany's exiled professors served as directors in eight of twelve Istanbul's basic science Institutes, as well as six directors of Istanbul's seventeen clinics at the Faculty of Medicine.
188:
3720:
4878:
1661:
793:
128:
1070:, which are classified as either public or foundational (private) and 373,353 students were graduated from these universities in 2006. Public universities typically charge very low fees while private foundation universities are highly expensive with fees that can reach $ 30,000 per annum. Since 1998, universities have been given greater autonomy and were encouraged to raise funds through partnerships with industry.
1673:
4854:
829:
technical education schools for boys, technical education schools for girls, trade and tourism schools, religious education schools, multi-program high schools, special education schools, private education schools and health education schools. In the academic year 2001–2002, 821,900 students were being educated and 66,100 teachers were employed in 3,400 vocational and technical secondary education schools.
2430:Üniversiteler yeniden yapılanırken rektörlerin seçimi veya tayini ile ilgili yeni bir usul olması lazım. Bunlarda siyasi yarış gibi seçim olmaması lazım. Önemli olan bir üniversitenin rekabetinin büyümesinin gelişmesinin öne alınması lazım. Ben yeni bir sistemin getirilmesini, cumhurbaşkanının hiç bu işe karışmamasını arzu ediyorum. Bu konuda hem hükümete hem meclise çağrıda bulunmak isterim.
1622:
into effect and was intended to protect languages of instruction for ethnic minorities, French was not included, and so schools for Jewish children teaching in French converted into being
Turkish medium schools. The quantity and quality of French instruction declined in those schools for Jewish children, and so many Jewish students began attending other language-medium private schools.
727:. In addition to that, students may be taught the following classes, depending on the track they choose and/or the high school they attend: mathematics, geometry, statistics, physics, biology, chemistry, geography, philosophy, psychology, sociology, economy, logic, arts and music, traffic and health, computer, physical education, first and second foreign language.
600:) but both are correct. Primary schools may be public or private. Public schools are free but private schools' admission fees change from school to school. Foreign languages taught at private schools are usually at a higher level than at public schools since most private schools prefer hiring native speakers as teachers.
1112:, a student organization with more than 15,000 volunteers across Europe. Turkey has become a hub for foreign students in recent years, with 795,962 foreign students in 2016. The government has announced a plan to draw around 500,000 foreign students at its universities by offering attractive scholarships. In 2021
1281:
graduated from high school receives 8 continuous years of religion courses. There are no fixed books for the course. Rather, each school decides which book to follow—provided that the book for each level is approved by the
Ministry of Education. Nearly half of the content of these courses concerns religion and
1571:
of
Armenians in the battleground. Explain that care was taken to ensure that the land in which the Armenians who had to migrate were to settle was fertile, that police stations were established for their security and that measures were taken to ensure they could practice their previous jobs and professions.
1634:
had guarantees for education of religious minorities. After the establishment of the
Republic of Turkey, the government made it illegal for schools to have classes which teach religion. By 1928 many schools for Jewish children had monetary collapses, and/or had ended operations. Eventually, remaining
1621:
has guarantees of allowing education in other languages. Hebrew was the instructional language of
Judaism, and so the Treaty of Lausanne protected instruction in Hebrew, but not in Judaeo-Spanish, a language passed along in families but never used in school instruction. As the Treaty of Lausanne went
844:
Those who graduate from vocational and technical secondary education institutions or from vocational and technical schools and institutions may take proficiency exam in their own professions. Graduates of technical high school or of 4-year programs in vocational and technical schools and institutions
487:
In 1938 mobile courses for women were organized in order to support the further education of the rural female population. Youths who finished primary school as well women to the age of 45 were admitted to take part in these courses. A course lastet for 8 months and then the teachers travelled on to a
1336:
The most common foreign language is
English, which in public schools is taught from 2nd grade (age 8) onwards through to the end of high school. In high school a second foreign language is introduced. However the number of lessons given in public schools is minimal compared to private schools, which
893:
The primary education stages, which includes the first two stages of four years' education each, will entail four years of mandatory elementary education, followed by an additional mandatory four years of middle school education, in which students will be able to choose whether they want to study at
1570:
State to your students that the Russians also made some Armenians revolt on this front and murder many of our civilian citizens. Explain that the Ottoman State took certain measures following these developments, and in May 1915 implemented the ‘Tehcir Kanunu’ regarding the migration and settlement
1503:
Constant alterations of education system in Turkey has caused controversy. In 2005 preparatory classes for foreign languages were abolished with only a few high school being exempt from. The examination system for entrance to high schools and universities has been constantly changed since the early
840:
Adolescents who have not attended the formal education system or left the system at any stage may take the experienced apprenticeship exam after 1 year of adaptation training, provided they had reached the age of 16 at the date when the said profession was included in the coverage of law. Those at
469:
was accepted. In 1931, the Turkish Association of History, and in 1932, the Turkish Language Association were established to protect Turkish from influences of foreign languages, improve it as science suggests and prevent misuse of the Turkish language. The Republican Turkish authorities initially
3334:
This officially distributed educational material reconstructs the history in line with the denial policies of the government portraying the Armenians as backstabbers and betrayers, who are portrayed as a threat to the sovereignty and identity of modern Turkey. The demonization of the Armenians in
1558:
to other actors, especially imperialist powers who allegedly manipulated the Armenians to achieve their nefarious goals of undermining the empire, and the Armenians themselves, for allegedly committing treason and presenting a threat to the empire. Some textbooks admit that deportations occur and
1065:
There are around 820 higher education institutions including universities with a total student enrollment of over 1 million. Tertiary education is the responsibility of the Higher Education Council, and funding is provided by the state for public institutions that make up the bulk of the tertiary
1061:
Universities provide either two or four years of education for undergraduate studies, while graduate programs last a minimum of two years. Some universities also ask for an additional year of English preparatory study to be completed before the start of studies, unless an exemption examination is
836:
People who work in the 109 branches mentioned in Law no 3308, have finished primary education and are below the age of 14 may receive training as candidate apprentices or apprentices. Law no 4702 gives apprenticeship training opportunity to those over 19. The period of apprentice training changes
682:
In public high schools and vocational high schools, students attend six classes each day, which last for approximately 40 minutes each. In Anatolian high schools and private high schools, the daily programme is typically longer, up to eight classes each day, also including a lunch period. All 9th
655:
Secondary education includes all of the general, vocational and technical education institutions that provide at least three years of education after primary school. The system for being accepted to a high school changes almost every year. Sometimes private schools have different exams, sometimes
166:
The Law of Integration of Education, no 430 was issued on 3 March 1924. With this law, the three separate channels were combined, the first one was closed, the second was developed and the third one was taken under the inspection and monitoring of the Ministry of Education. One of its aims was to
151:
National Education. Before the Republic, education institutions were far from having a national character. Schools were organized in three separate channels which were vertical institutions independent of each other. The first and the most common in this organization were the district schools and
3465:
The Armenians were conspicuous by their absence in the school curriculum for decades. Their historical existence in Anatolia was deliberately dismissed... This deliberate omission ceased abruptly in the mid-1980s when a new sub-chapter was introduced tellingly entitled 'Armenian problem'... This
1280:
Currently, religious education courses begin at the 4th grade (age10) of primary school and continues throughout secondary and high schools. From the 4th to the 8th grade, classes consist of two hours per week. At the high school level, there is one hour of class per week Thus, a student who has
889:
passed new legislation on primary and secondary education usually termed as "4+4+4" (4 years primary education, first level, 4 years primary education, second level and 4 years secondary education). Children will begin their primary education in the first month of September following their sixth
749:
The students used to be given a diploma for the academic track they had chosen, which gave them an advantage if they wanted to pursue their higher education in the corresponding fields, as the University Entrance Exam scores were weighted according to the student's track. (e.g. A science student
3501:
The interpretations of this period of history in Turkish textbooks include accounts that may be interpreted as psychological justifications or excuses to deflect responsibility: (a) blaming Armenians for treason or for attacking Turkish–Muslim populations; (b) claiming that violent acts were in
832:
According to Article 37 of Vocational Education Law no 3308, the Ministry of National Education is organizing vocational courses in order to prepare the people who have left the formal education system and do not possess the qualifications required for employment for any vacant positions in the
521:
Pre-primary education includes the optional education of children between 36 and 72 months who are under the age of compulsory primary education. Pre-primary education institutions, independent nurseries, are opened as nursery classes and practical classes within formal and non-formal education
150:
gradually developed and was reorganized with the Law no 2287 issued in 1933. The Ministry changed its names several times. It fell under the Ministry of Culture (1935–1941) and was named Ministry of National Education, Youth, and Sports (1983–1989). Since then it has been called the Ministry of
2398:
Before law No. 2547, rectors were appointed only by the president. Then upon the initiative of some of the universities, including Boğaziçi University, the system was changed. Now there is a middle ground: Both voting by the faculty and YÖK are involved in the process. As a result, YÖK and the
1405:. According to a prepared curriculum, second and third graders will start learning Arabic by listening-comprehension and speaking, while introduction to writing will join these skills in fourth grade and after fifth grade students will start learning the language in all its four basic skills.
828:
Vocational and technical secondary education involves the institutions that both raise students as manpower in business and other professional areas, prepare them for higher education and meet the objectives of general secondary education. Vocational and technical secondary education includes
667:
Vocational and technical secondary education involves the institutions that both raise students as manpower in business and other professional areas, prepare them for higher education and meet the objectives of general secondary education. Vocational and technical secondary education includes
1512:
Although the government distributes free textbooks, there is a high demand for private textbooks due to the low quality of state-approved textbooks. The purchase of private textbooks is not obligatory, nevertheless, families feel compelled to buy them so that their children receive a better
1276:
group, helped advise Turkey's education minister Vehbi Dinçerler on how to introduce creationism in high schools. Turkish academics have stated that the resulting ignorance of evolution led to Turkey coming last in a survey that measured knowledge of evolution in 34 industrialised nations.
3423:
The ruling Turkish elite subsequently chose to erase any trace of the Armenians from Turkish history. In the period between 1945 and the 1980s, school textbooks in Turkey made no mention of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire or the deportation of 1915. The Armenians had simply ceased to
722:
tracks are offered. Different schools may have different policies; some, but not many, schools offer electives instead of academic tracks, giving students a wider range of options. For the 10th, 11th and 12th grade, the compulsory courses are: Turkish language, Turkish literature and
691:, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, geometry, world history, geography, religion & ethics, physical education, a foreign language (in most cases English), a second foreign language (most commonly German but could be French, Italian, Japanese, Arabic, Russian, or Chinese).
2366:
In order to study at Turkish Universities, candidates should take the International Student Exam (YÖS) or take one of the internationally valid exams and have the exam results and baccalaureate specified in the international student application and admission directive of the desired
572:
is replaced by science and social studies. The foreign language taught at schools changes from school to school. The most common one is English, while some schools teach German, French or Spanish instead of English. Some private schools teach two foreign languages at the same time.
63:
In 2002, the total expenditure on education in Turkey amounted to $ 13.4 billion, including the state budget allocated through the National Ministry of Education and private and international funds. The share of national wealth invested in educational institutions is higher in
1073:
The quality of education at the Turkish universities varies greatly, some providing education and facilities on par with internationally renowned schools (the technical universities are often compared with universities in the United States, and are regularly visited by the US
1972:
79:
The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) finds that when taking into consideration Turkey's income level, the nation is achieving 61.7% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education and 86.1% for secondary education.
1158:
Private foreign schools: These are schools established during the Ottoman Empire by French, German, Italian, Austrian and American people who continue their activities under the terms of the Lausanne Treaty. Today these schools are attended by Turkish
668:
technical education schools for boys, technical education schools for girls, trade and tourism schools, religious education schools, multi-program high schools, special education schools, private education schools and health education schools.
853:
In recent years, Turkey has become a popular destination for international students. The main reasons are the affordable tuition fees compared to destinations of similar reputation such as Eastern Europe and easier accessibility for
845:
are given a certificate to start businesses with the privileges and responsibilities of a proficiency certificate. In 2001, 248,400 apprentices were being educated and 5,100 teachers were employed in 345 vocational training centers.
491:
Until 1997 children in Turkey were obliged to take five years of education. The 1997 reforms introduced compulsory education for eight years. New legislation introduced in March 2012 prolonged compulsory education to 12 years
3466:
sub-chapter depicted the 'Armenian problem' as an exploit and machination of Great Powers (i.e. Britain and Russia) who exploited Armenians as instruments to destabilize the Ottoman Empire and impose their mischievous plots."
3391:
Additionally, for instance, the racism and language of hatred in officially approved school textbooks is very intense. These books still show Armenians as the enemies, so it would be necessary for these books to be
659:
General secondary education covers the education of children between 15 and 17 for at least three years after primary education. General secondary education includes high schools, foreign language teaching high schools,
1042:
In the academic year 2001–2002 there were 76 universities, 53 of which belonged to the state and 23 to foundations. In these institutions 66,700 personnel were working, 63,000 in state universities and 3,700 in others.
1984:
5240:
757:
and they are required to pass this in order to take the University Entrance Exam and continue their studies at a university. There are four score types for different academic fields, including but not limited to:
1132:(TÜBA). There are more than 60 research institutes and organizations. Turkey's R&D strengths include agriculture, forestry, health, biotechnology, nuclear technologies, minerals, materials, IT, and defence.
603:
There are five core subjects at sixth and seventh grades: Turkish, mathematics, science, social studies, and foreign language. At eighth grade, social studies is replaced by "Turkish History of Revolution and
175:
shall be prepared by the Ministry of National Education". The vocational-technical education institutions formerly directed by local governments were put under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education.
51:
Compulsory education lasts 12 years. Primary and secondary education is financed by the state and free of charge in public schools, between the ages of 6 and 19. Turkey has over 200 universities as of 2022.
59:
Turkey has 97% of primary school enrollment among all eligible children as of 2019. This number has significantly dropped with the Syrian refugee crisis. Many Syrian children left school during the crisis.
1144:
Private Turkish schools: In these schools, which are opened by real or corporate bodies of Turkish nationality, public education programs at pre-primary, primary and secondary education levels are given.
1253:
also live in Turkey. Between 1927 and 1949, religious instruction was not permitted in schools. In 1949, the Ministry of Education allowed a course on religion in 4th and 5th grades of primary school.
5250:
1191:
by Cyrus Haimlin and Christopher Robert. The school began its education program in the theology building of the American Missioners Commission. Today, the school is a secular leading-private school.
3031:
750:
would have an advantage over a Turkish-Mathematics student when applying for Medicine). As of the 2010–2011 educational year, all high school students are given the standard high school diploma.
483:
in 1924 there were 479 medrese (Islamic schools); on average each one of them had approximately 1 or 1.5 hoca (teacher). All medrese were closed down that year by the law of Tevhid-i Tedrisat.
2153:
898:. The new legislation includes the reopening of Imam Hatip middle schools. Primary education establishments will be set up separately as independent elementary schools and middle schools.
1774:
446:
students of whom 6,000 are claimed to be actual students and the rest who registered to be excluded from military service. The population of Turkey was at that moment some 13–14 million.
470:
had twelve education districts headed by people appointed by the ministry, but later gave more power to local authorities, with education directors appointed by provincial authorities.
2704:
1801:
442:
In 1923–24, there were in Turkey, slightly more than 7,000 secondary school students, almost 3,000 high school students, some 2,000 technical school students and officially 18,000
3131:
3598:
3568:
5245:
1393:
courses (as a second language) will be offered to students in elementary school starting in second grade. The Arabic courses will be offered as an elective language course like
1423:
A Turkish flag, a portrait of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the lyrics of the Turkish national anthem, and Atatürk's speech of advice to Turkish youth hanging on a classroom wall.
5619:
5214:
1337:
begin teaching English in kindergarten, have two or three times as many English lessons in the timetable, and in many cases employ native speakers of English as teachers.
5624:
1155:. These schools are attended by students at pre-primary, primary and secondary education levels who belong to these minority classes and are of the Turkish nationality.
3483:
Bilali, Rezarta (2013). "National Narrative and Social Psychological Influences in Turks' Denial of the Mass Killings of Armenians as Genocide: Understanding Denial".
3179:
2936:
5672:
5604:
5199:
4722:
1125:
69:
2964:(Thesis thesis) (in Turkish). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Eğitim Programları ve Öğretim (Eğitimin Sosyal ve Tarihi Temelleri) Anabilim Dalı.
1723:Özelli, M. Tunç (January 1974). "The Evolution of the Formal Educational System and Its Relation to Economic Growth Policies in the First Turkish Republic".
841:
the age of 18 may directly take the experienced apprenticeship exam, if a certificate is provided to prove that he/she is working in the related profession.
453:
Literacy rates before the language reform in Turkey (1927). The literacy rates rose to 48.4% among males and 20.7% among females by 1950. In modern-day
254:
249:
2848:
1075:
1559:
Armenians died, but present this action as necessary and justified. Most recently, textbooks have accused Armenians of perpetrating genocide against
1162:
Private international education institutions: They have been opened and are active as per the provisions in the amended article 5 of the Law no. 625.
229:
3439:
Gürpınar, Doğan (2016). "The manufacturing of denial: the making of the Turkish 'official thesis' on the Armenian genocide between 1974 and 1990".
159:
the Arabian language and memorizing, the second were the Reform schools and high schools supporting innovation and the third were the colleges and
808:
has been available in Turkey since 1994 when the first school was authorized by the IB and 53 schools now offer one or more of the IB programmes.
3848:
2798:
2411:
2115:
2503:
862:, Turkish university entrance exam for foreign students, or apply with international university admissions such as SAT or high school diploma.
5321:
4385:
2708:
488:
next village. Between 1940 and 1974 almost 305,000 women took part in 13,429 courses. About 240,000 graduated from the courses with success.
4548:
3927:
3153:
429:
48:. It is a state-supervised system designed to produce a skillful professional class for the social and economic institutes of the nation.
4916:
1798:
1004:
Higher education includes all levels of institutions giving education past the secondary school level for a period of at least 17 years.
3123:
244:
4521:
3922:
2200:
3096:
2618:
2261:
2183:
1249:
In 1927, all courses concerning religion were excluded from the curriculum of primary, secondary, and high schools on the basis that
2961:
Türkiye'de ders kitaplarında demokratik ve miliyetçi değerler, 27 Mayıs ve 12 Eylül askeri müdahale dönemlerine ilişkin bir inceleme
224:
4319:
2524:
1947:
1858:
1555:
2780:
1475:
5189:
3708:
2468:
2306:
Arnold Reisman, "Jewish Refugees from Nazism, Albert Einstein, and the Modernization of Higher Education in Turkey (1933–1945)."
1341:
147:
619:
In the academic year 2001–2002, 10.3 million students were being educated and 375,500 teachers were employed in 34,900 schools.
4811:
3953:
3900:
502:
53:
2281:
5164:
3416:
3376:
3262:
3221:
2825:
2090:
2657:
5449:
3831:
3686:
234:
219:
5379:
5209:
4278:
3993:
3819:
2869:
648:
2932:
1214:
4769:
4309:
4299:
1456:
276:
3335:
Turkish education is a prevailing occurrence that is underwritten by the government to reinforce the denial discourse.
95:
5314:
4314:
4261:
4199:
3887:
3870:
3079:"Education and National Narratives: Changing Representations of the Armenian Genocide in History Textbooks in Turkey"
886:
724:
369:
1470:
was to be sung by students until it was abolished in 2013. In every classroom, a portrait of Atatürk, lyrics of the
4747:
4432:
4231:
4155:
3943:
3599:"Turkish Jews between 1923 and 1933 – What Did the Turkish Policy between 1923 and 1933 Mean for the Turkish Jews?"
3569:"Turkish Jews between 1923 and 1933 – What Did the Turkish Policy between 1923 and 1933 Mean for the Turkish Jews?"
974:
960:
820:
Haydarpaşa campus of Marmara University, originally the Imperial College of Medicine (Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane),
422:
398:
5688:
5586:
5399:
4909:
4427:
3875:
3660:
3638:
3302:
1452:
1269:
936:
89:
3675:
3671:
1093:, suggested that the system might be changed to eliminate the Higher Education Council and political influence.
5647:
5424:
4999:
4569:
4266:
4221:
4135:
4113:
4026:
2064:
1539:
1535:
1414:
1067:
993:
628:
353:
2733:
1534:
Turkish schools, regardless of whether they are public or private, are required to teach history based on the
4658:
4375:
4096:
985:
874:
797:
131:
2755:
683:
graders are taught the same classes nationwide, with minor differences in certain cases. These classes are:
5709:
5662:
5614:
5511:
5506:
5307:
5204:
5109:
4870:
4742:
4437:
4068:
4048:
3668:- Contains indicators and information about Turkey and how it compares to other OECD and non-OECD countries
2380:
1459:, which at the time was dominated by a secular military, demanded the administration of the Prime Minister
375:
3254:
Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence Against the Armenians, 1789–2009
2841:
2349:
1598:
592:). Now the second four years of primary education are sometimes referred to as "First School, 2nd Level" (
4697:
4324:
4304:
4226:
4150:
3895:
3701:
2635:
1550:
and presenting them as enemies. For decades, these textbooks omitted any mention of Armenians as part of
1129:
1116:, a government-funded program, received 165,000 applications from prospective students in 178 countries.
955:
805:
664:, high schools of science, Anatolia teacher training high schools, and Anatolia fine arts high schools.
415:
5471:
4902:
4420:
4395:
4273:
4123:
3960:
3948:
3814:
2056:
1651:
316:
281:
3657:, by the Turkish Statistical Institute, Prime Ministry of the Republic of Turkey (Turkish and English)
2442:
1909:
1085:
of all the public universities are appointed jointly by the faculty, Higher Education Council and the
5159:
5124:
5079:
4598:
4236:
4216:
3863:
3680:
3213:
2865:
1817:
1359:
dialects) to the academic programme of the basic schools as optional classes from the fifth year on.
1128:(TÜBİTAK) coordinates basic and applied research and development, acting on proposed policies by the
944:
584:) was used for the three years education to follow the then compulsory five years at "First School" (
3654:
1151:
period by Greek, Armenian and Jewish minorities and were placed under guarantee by the terms of the
981:
894:
a general education middle school or a religious vocational middle school, which are referred to as
5571:
5049:
5044:
4939:
4931:
4796:
4462:
4160:
4089:
3858:
2679:
1845:
1543:
1479:
926:
3248:
1054:
students, if they succeed, continue with their studies at a university. Foreign students take the
644:
202:
5541:
5501:
5481:
5461:
5364:
5169:
5144:
5059:
5039:
4989:
4959:
4949:
4858:
4145:
4118:
4063:
4058:
3910:
3665:
2874:
1554:
history. Since the 1980s, textbooks discuss the "events of 1915", but deflect the blame from the
1325:
1109:
1078:
and their engineering programs deemed substantially equivalent to comparable programs in the US.
765:: international relations, law, education, psychology, economy, business management, and similar.
381:
331:
301:
116:
3905:
2128:
1113:
269:
45:
34:
5652:
5476:
5255:
5134:
5129:
5009:
4653:
4593:
4581:
4474:
4331:
3824:
3747:
3694:
3205:
2959:
1563:. In 2003, students in each grade level were instructed to write essays refuting the genocide.
1321:
890:
birthdays and will come to a close during the school year in which students turn 14 years old.
855:
560:
There are four core subjects at first, second and third grades which are Turkish, mathematics,
341:
56:, after which high school graduates are assigned to university according to their performance.
4648:
2794:
2068:
1471:
5657:
5556:
5551:
5526:
5384:
5149:
5104:
5084:
5074:
4974:
4801:
4586:
4576:
4543:
4283:
4106:
1467:
1262:
1250:
970:
671:
Secondary education is often referred as high school education, since the schools are called
661:
5642:
3716:
2204:
1841:
1527:
1229:
1172:
in cities. They will transform into academic high schools in 2015, as the new law requires.
239:
5581:
5531:
5491:
5444:
5439:
5429:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5389:
5374:
5369:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5174:
5089:
5069:
4954:
4944:
4737:
4732:
4717:
4663:
4608:
4492:
4351:
4336:
4184:
4101:
3915:
2006:
1440:
1317:
1199:
734:
346:
326:
291:
160:
108:
100:
3517:(2010a). "Defending the Nation? Maintaining Turkey's Narrative of the Armenian Genocide".
2615:
2258:
2180:
8:
5667:
5609:
5566:
5546:
5536:
5521:
5516:
5496:
5466:
5434:
5419:
5394:
5330:
5229:
5219:
5119:
5054:
5034:
5024:
4984:
4969:
4964:
4613:
4497:
4447:
4346:
4256:
4204:
4017:
3998:
3784:
2758:[Bosnian and Albanian Languages Are on the Academic Programme]. Hürriyet Eğitim.
1644:
1514:
1428:
1086:
911:
336:
22:
2545:
1955:
1478:
are hung high up at the wall. In history lessons, nationalistic values are promoted and
5561:
5486:
5456:
5260:
5179:
5139:
5114:
5094:
5029:
5004:
4994:
4979:
4784:
4727:
4707:
4620:
4509:
4452:
4248:
4170:
3836:
3757:
3752:
3534:
3456:
3364:
3352:
3325:
3252:
3059:
3012:
3004:
2914:
2569:
2026:
1756:
1748:
1631:
1618:
1097:
688:
1513:
education. As of 2019, the total cost of private textbooks for a student can be about
5284:
5099:
5064:
5019:
5014:
4882:
4829:
4791:
4754:
4640:
4625:
4442:
4380:
4367:
4341:
4209:
4140:
4084:
4003:
3796:
3771:
3732:
3609:
3579:
3538:
3514:
3460:
3412:
3382:
3372:
3349:
New Social Movements and the Armenian Question in Turkey: Civil Society vs. the State
3329:
3268:
3258:
3227:
3217:
3063:
3051:
3016:
2996:
2906:
2821:
2086:
2060:
2034:
1760:
1740:
1460:
1379:
1371:
1101:
1082:
895:
168:
2736:[Kurdish Is on the Academic Programme for the First Time]. Hürriyet Eğitim.
4712:
4680:
4502:
4457:
4400:
4053:
3976:
3791:
3526:
3492:
3448:
3404:
3356:
3317:
3043:
2988:
2385:
2018:
1979:
Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kütahya, 2006
1732:
1677:
1402:
1389:
In 2015, the Ministry of Education announced that as of the 2016–17 academic year,
1383:
1352:
1348:
742:
684:
609:
593:
585:
577:
550:
542:
506:
3452:
3321:
2116:"Turkey: Rapid Coverage for Compulsory Education—The 1997 Basic Education Program"
2083:
Contested Spaces in Contemporary Turkey: Environmental, Urban and Secular Politics
1225:
1058:
or provide equivalent credentials approved by the Higher Education Council (YÖK).
4846:
4779:
4759:
4690:
4685:
4630:
4603:
4514:
4487:
4165:
4130:
3530:
3047:
2622:
2265:
2187:
1805:
1560:
1398:
1394:
1367:
1363:
1329:
1210:
1152:
1036:
940:
771:: engineering, computer science, medicine, and other science-related professions.
495:İlköğretim ve Eğitim Kanunu ile Bazı Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun
321:
306:
1635:
Jewish schools had curricula that resembled that of mainstream Turkish schools.
1168:
1090:
480:
in 1923 12,200 teachers were employed, this number increased to 578,800 in 2001.
477:
there were 361,500 students in 1923, this number increased to 16 million in 2001
4702:
4482:
4405:
4038:
3806:
3767:
3630:
1551:
1542:. The state uses its monopoly to increase support for the official position of
1490:
1419:
1237:
1184:
1180:
1148:
922:
906:
870:
637:
311:
135:
121:
18:
3360:
2992:
2870:"The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950"
2154:"Turkish education ministry reveals new curriculum: Evolution out, 'jihad' in"
1948:"Overview of the Historical Development of the Ministry of National Education"
1736:
694:
When students enter the 11th grade, they typically choose one of four tracks:
44:
is governed by a national system which was established in accordance with the
5703:
5278:
4834:
4774:
4675:
4415:
4410:
4043:
3988:
3779:
3613:
3583:
3386:
3368:
3272:
3231:
3055:
3000:
2910:
2324:
1744:
1665:
1448:
1356:
566:(literally meaning "life knowledge"), and foreign language. At fourth grade,
505:(AKP) government presented a new curriculum for schools, inter alia removing
3032:"Teaching the Armenian Genocide in Turkey: Curriculum, Methods, and Sources"
2293:
Arnold Reisman, "German Jewish Intellectuals' Diaspora in Turkey: 1933–55."
2038:
1975:
Atatürk'ün Laiklik Anlayışının Eğitim Sistemimizdeki Yansımaları (1919–1938)
816:
4806:
4764:
4390:
3841:
1698:
1375:
1140:
In the Turkish education system, private schools may be grouped into four.
1026:
1427:
Turkish education system requires students to be educated on the basis of
633:
530:
259:
5288:
4670:
3981:
3180:"Okullarda Kaynak Kitap Yasak, Kurala Uymayan Öğretmen Sonucuna Katlanır"
2443:"Hedefyum Konu Anlatımı | Türkiye'nin en Büyük Konu Anlatımı Sitesi"
1517:
500. The usage of private textbooks in schools is officially prohibited.
1273:
1233:
1195:
474:
there were 5,100 schools in 1923, this figure increased to 58,800 in 2001
3008:
2976:
2918:
2898:
2763:
2683:
1586:
1297:
and from ethical values to etiquette. The major world religions such as
1055:
859:
730:
3496:
2776:
2311:
2030:
1463:
to carry out regulations aiming to curb rising Islamic fundamentalism.
1290:
917:
449:
37:, it was reorganized and became the Republic's first modern university.
5299:
1884:
1752:
2800:
Arabic to be offered as second language in Turkish elementary schools
1547:
1444:
1232:
and medrese (Islamic school) was built by Ottoman imperial architect
1105:
753:
At the end of high school, following the 12th grade, students take a
187:
172:
26:
4894:
3606:
Bulletin der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Judaistische Forschung
3576:
Bulletin der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Judaistische Forschung
3078:
2226:
2022:
4526:
3853:
3210:
Recovering Armenia: The Limits of Belonging in Post-Genocide Turkey
2741:
1432:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1188:
1147:
Private schools for minorities: These have been established in the
948:
930:
821:
792:
605:
466:
361:
286:
127:
4536:
3674:- Using 1997 ISCED classification of programmes and typical ages.
2190:
by the Ministry of Education for 2002; accessed on 3 November 2012
943:
is an amphitheater, concert halls and a public library complex in
535:
2705:"Turkey to hire 40,000 native English speakers as guest teachers"
2590:
2416:
1298:
1218:
443:
152:
3097:"MEB Müsteşarı'ndan TEOG'daki 17 bin birinciyle ilgili açıklama"
2816:
Karaosmanoğlu, Ünal. "Bakan Değiştikçe Eğitim Sistemi Değişti".
1051:
4531:
3724:
3719:
2353:
1672:
1390:
1286:
964:
878:
672:
454:
143:
73:
65:
2782:
Turks divided over plans to introduce Arabic-language teaching
2381:"Prof. Soysal: Most Turkish universities are still autocratic"
1047:
999:
1282:
1203:
510:
462:
387:
156:
3434:
3432:
3296:
3294:
3681:
Turkish Education: Same Old Religious Obsession, Only Worse
3303:"Geopolitics of Denial: Turkish State's 'Armenian Problem'"
2842:"Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Orta Öğretim Kurumları Yönetmeliği"
2504:"Türkiye'deki yabancı öğrenci sayısı 795 bin 962'ye ulaştı"
2485:
2446:
1799:
Guide For Foreign Students Who Wants To Education In Turkey
3243:
3241:
2129:"Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü"
1217:
is an architectural monument of the late Seljuk period in
96:
Turkish language § Language reform and modern Turkish
3661:
National Education Statistics Formal Education 2012– 2013
3429:
3291:
1447:
values of Turkey.During Atatürk's presidency, schools to
3646:
3124:"Yetersiz MEB kitapları 'kaynak kitap'ları mecbur kıldı"
2201:"Decision of the Turkish Ministry of National Education"
2009:(April 1958). "Population and Modernization in Turkey".
1221:. Built as a theological school a few years before 1265.
837:
between 2–4 years depending on the nature of vocations.
3409:
Open Wounds: Armenians, Turks and a Century of Genocide
3351:. Modernity, Memory and Identity in South-East Europe.
3238:
2525:"Turkey offers huge opportunities for foreign students"
1566:
Teachers are instructed to tell seventh-year students:
1126:
Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
120:
Mithatpaşa Primary School (1920s) for girls during the
70:
Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
3083:
The International Journal for Education Law and Policy
1439:) and aims to create individuals who are committed to
1202:
is a 13th-century medrese (Islamic school) located in
3545:
3279:
2977:"The Armenian Genocide, AKA the Elephant in the Room"
1649:
1625:
1076:Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology
461:On 1 November 1928, Law no 1353 introducing a new
2899:"Turkish Education: Past, Present... and Future?"
2658:"Dershanelerin dönüşümü için tarihler belli oldu"
2280:See an article in English Sabah of 31 March 2012
1691:
5701:
3562:
3560:
1954:. Ministry of National Education. Archived from
1731:(1). London: Cambridge University Press: 77–92.
3590:
2803:, 23 October 2015, Retrieved 25 September 2018.
2785:, 2 November 2015, Retrieved 25 September 2018.
2053:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
1362:Later, the Ministry of Education also included
1206:, now housing the Museum of Stone and Wood Art.
881:, with a collection of over four million books.
5315:
4910:
3702:
3557:
2399:president are involved in appointing rectors.
2257:2002 report of the Ministry for Education on
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
783:: language/linguistics and language teaching.
567:
561:
493:
423:
2981:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2546:"TÜRKİYE SCHOLARSHIPS-TÜRKİYE FOR EDUCATION"
2352:. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi. Archived from
2282:Modern Turkey’s new liberal education system
1842:2002 Report by Turkish Statistical Institute
1725:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1347:In 2012, the Ministry of Education included
3257:. Oxford University Press. pp. 63–64.
3204:
2728:
2726:
1952:National Education at the Beginning of 2002
1309:are included in the content of the course.
1108:Programmes. Turkey is also a member of the
134:is a Greek minority school, founded in the
5322:
5308:
4917:
4903:
3709:
3695:
3441:Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies
3310:Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies
2608:
2240:
2160:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
787:
430:
416:
3672:Diagram of Turkish education system, OECD
3403:
2933:"Andımızın kaldırılması kimin talebiydi?"
2815:
2017:(2). Office of Population Research: 110.
1967:
1965:
1617:In addition to education in Turkish, the
1236:in 1580, the most important architect of
848:
112:Beyazıt State Library was founded in 1884
104:Beyazıt State Library was founded in 1884
3666:Information on education in Turkey, OECD
3438:
2723:
2379:Dogan, Yonca Poyraz (8 September 2008).
2276:
2274:
1999:
1846:Prime Ministry of the Republic of Turkey
1489:
1418:
1316:
1224:
1209:
1194:
1179:
1048:national university entrance examination
980:
969:
954:
935:
916:
905:
869:
865:
815:
791:
729:
643:
632:
529:
516:
448:
126:
115:
107:
99:
72:is the main national body of R&D in
17:
5329:
2896:
2756:"Boşnakça ve Arnavutça Müfredata Girdi"
2105:Göçek, Fatma Müge (30 June 2017), p.143
2051:Shaw, Stanford J. and Ezel Kural Shaw.
2005:
1927:
1007:Higher education institutions include:
811:
5702:
4639:
3596:
3566:
3551:
3513:
3482:
3470:
3285:
3076:
2680:"Turkey evolves as creationist center"
2677:
2085:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 139.
1962:
1722:
1175:
796:Lecture Hall at the Ayazağa campus of
622:
5303:
4924:
4898:
3690:
3655:Population and Development Indicators
3631:OECD Education Policy Outlook: Turkey
3346:
3300:
3247:
2974:
2864:
2811:
2809:
2378:
2271:
2146:
2080:
1885:"Human Rights Measurement Initiative"
1577:
1289:) with remaining topics ranging from
4865:
4853:
3122:Yüce, Müzeyyen (17 September 2019).
3121:
3029:
2957:
2939:from the original on 19 October 2018
2854:from the original on 18 August 2019.
2469:"ErasmusFacts, Figures & Trends"
2412:"Rektörleri cumhurbaşkanı seçmemeli"
2156:. Hurriyet Daily News. 18 July 2017.
1775:"Destination Guides Study in Turkey"
1581:
1520:
1455:were set up. In the late 1990s, the
1312:
777:: history, geography, and education.
525:
3519:South European Society and Politics
2350:"Uluslararası Öğrenci Giriş Sınavı"
1889:Human Rights Measurement Initiative
1818:"Turkey: Primary school enrollment"
1466:Every weekday early in the morning
1256:
1244:
1035:In the 1930s, at the suggestion of
1023:Vocational higher education schools
614:T.C. İnkılap Tarihi ve Atatürkçülük
169:secularism in the area of education
68:than average among OECD countries.
13:
2806:
2678:Songün, Sevim (27 February 2009).
2614:The Ministry of Education in 2002
2081:Göçek, Fatma Müge (30 June 2017).
1626:Education for religious minorities
1476:Atatürk's Address to Turkish Youth
1135:
1081:With the passage of law 2547, the
714:, no tracks are offered, while in
576:Earlier the term "middle school" (
14:
5721:
3683:Burak Bekdil, Gatestone Institute
3624:
3134:from the original on 15 July 2021
1408:
755:high school finishing examination
513:as part of Islamic law in books.
370:Peace at Home, Peace in the World
235:Atatürk International Peace Prize
163:with foreign language education.
5283:
5274:
5273:
4876:
4864:
4852:
4841:
4840:
4828:
4232:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
3718:
3639:Guide For International Students
2734:"Kürtçe İlk Kez Müfredata Girdi"
1671:
1659:
1585:
1526:This section is an excerpt from
1066:education system. There are 167
1031:Application and research centers
975:Middle East Technical University
961:Middle East Technical University
403:
397:
186:
4877:
3608:(23): 26–27 (PDF p. 14–15/28).
3507:
3476:
3397:
3340:
3198:
3186:(in Turkish). 28 September 2018
3172:
3146:
3115:
3089:
3070:
3023:
2968:
2951:
2925:
2890:
2858:
2834:
2788:
2770:
2748:
2697:
2671:
2650:
2628:
2583:
2562:
2538:
2517:
2496:
2478:
2461:
2435:
2404:
2372:
2342:
2317:
2300:
2287:
2219:
2193:
2121:
2108:
2099:
2074:
2045:
1494:Ministry of Education in Ankara
1270:Institute for Creation Research
901:
90:Education in the Ottoman Empire
33:. On 1 August 1933, as part of
5241:British Indian Ocean Territory
3647:Ministry of National Education
3085:. 2010 Special Issue: 103–126.
2820:. Ankara: Galeati Yayıncılık.
2325:"Anasayfa - Devletin Kısayolu"
1902:
1877:
1851:
1835:
1810:
1792:
1767:
1716:
1480:denialism of Armenian genocide
1415:Turkish textbook controversies
994:List of universities in Turkey
649:Beşiktaş Anatolian High School
629:List of high schools in Turkey
354:State Art and Sculpture Museum
1:
3453:10.1080/19448953.2016.1176397
3322:10.1080/19448953.2016.1141582
2625:; accessed on 3 November 2012
2310:, no. 7, (2007), pp. 253–81,
2284:; accessed on 4 November 2012
1684:
986:Istanbul Technical University
798:Istanbul Technical University
503:Justice and Development Party
155:based on the teaching of the
132:Phanar Greek Orthodox College
25:(1453) was founded by sultan
4723:Intangible cultural heritage
4069:Southeastern Anatolia Region
3901:Proclamation of the republic
3531:10.1080/13608746.2010.513605
3347:Galip, Özlem Belçim (2020).
3077:Dixon, Jennifer M. (2010b).
3048:10.1632/pmla.2016.131.5.1515
2958:İnal, Kemal (Yazar) (1998).
2420:(in Turkish). 27 August 2008
2203:(in Turkish). Archived from
1859:"Education at a Glance 2021"
1507:
1498:
1485:
1386:languages in February 2017.
925:building on South Campus of
763:Turkish language–mathematics
696:Turkish language–mathematics
296:
142:After the foundation of the
7:
3994:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
2818:Sorunlar Sorular Sorumlular
2636:"10 soruda Dershane Yasası"
1638:
1130:Turkish Academy of Sciences
1119:
806:International Baccalaureate
10:
5726:
3825:Conquest of Constantinople
2570:"Türkiye Scholarships-FAQ"
2268:; accessed 3 November 2012
2118:. Accessed 4 November 2012
2057:Cambridge University Press
1528:Bias in curricula § Turkey
1525:
1412:
1096:Turkey is a member of the
997:
991:
877:is the largest library in
858:. Applicants can take the
626:
509:and adding the concept of
282:Abolition of the caliphate
277:Abolition of the sultanate
93:
87:
83:
5681:
5633:
5595:
5337:
5269:
5228:
5188:
4930:
4824:
4557:
4473:
4366:
4332:The constitutional system
4292:
4247:
4192:
4183:
4077:
4025:
4016:
3969:
3936:
3886:
3864:Second Constitutional Era
3849:Decline and modernization
3805:
3766:
3740:
3731:
3578:(23): 26 (PDF p. 14/28).
3361:10.1007/978-3-030-59400-8
3214:Stanford University Press
2993:10.1017/S0020743815000987
2114:Ilhan Dulger (May 2004).
1737:10.1017/s0020743800032803
1457:National Security Council
945:Istanbul Bilgi University
376:Republican People's Party
4990:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4315:Ministry of the Interior
4300:Administrative divisions
3859:First Constitutional Era
3650:(in Turkish and English)
3485:Journal of Social Issues
2897:Karacan, Serpil (1997).
1822:www.theglobaleconomy.com
1779:www.topuniversities.com/
1544:Armenian genocide denial
1261:In 1956, as a result of
1089:. The former president,
1020:Higher education schools
557:) but both are correct.
195:This article is part of
146:the organization of the
5251:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4262:Parliamentary elections
4064:Eastern Anatolia Region
4059:Central Anatolia Region
3741:Ancient and Middle Ages
3597:Zetler, Reyhan (2014).
3567:Zetler, Reyhan (2014).
2875:Oxford University Press
2621:23 October 2012 at the
2490:Erasmus Student Network
2486:"Find your ESN section"
2264:23 October 2012 at the
2186:23 October 2012 at the
1804:15 October 2015 at the
1453:Elazig Girls' Institute
1378:languages in 2013, and
1326:Galatasaray High School
1187:was founded in 1863 in
1110:Erasmus Student Network
1052:national examining body
887:Grand National Assembly
788:International education
712:vocational high schools
332:Citizen, speak Turkish!
302:Turkish language reform
255:Death and state funeral
250:Attempted assassination
5380:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4433:Science and technology
4267:Presidential elections
3748:Prehistory of Anatolia
2133:www.resmigazete.gov.tr
1573:
1495:
1451:the Kurds such as the
1437:Atatürk milliyetçiliği
1424:
1333:
1322:Galatasaray University
1241:
1222:
1215:Çifte Minareli Medrese
1207:
1192:
1068:universities in Turkey
989:
978:
967:
952:
933:
914:
910:Main entrance gate of
882:
856:international students
849:International students
825:
801:
746:
745:) was founded in 1886.
662:Anatolian High Schools
652:
641:
613:
597:
589:
581:
568:
562:
554:
546:
538:
534:Namık Kemal Lisesi in
494:
458:
342:Turkish History Thesis
139:
124:
113:
105:
38:
4428:Free trade agreements
4310:Intelligence Services
4107:North Anatolian Fault
3411:. Hurst. p. 64.
2297:69.3 (2007): 450-478.
1863:www.oecd-ilibrary.org
1568:
1540:Ministry of Education
1493:
1422:
1342:Ministry of Education
1320:
1263:multi-party democracy
1228:
1213:
1198:
1183:
984:
973:
958:
939:
920:
909:
873:
866:The new system: 4+4+4
819:
795:
739:Istanbul Erkek Lisesi
733:
647:
636:
533:
517:Pre-primary education
457:, this rate is 98.3%.
452:
204:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
148:Ministry of Education
130:
119:
111:
103:
21:
5331:Education in Europe
5165:United Arab Emirates
4812:World heritage sites
4337:Turkish Armed Forces
4222:Constitutional Court
4136:Flora and vegetation
4114:Environmental issues
4102:East Anatolian Fault
4049:Mediterranean Region
3301:Aybak, Tunç (2016).
3154:"Öğretmenlere uyarı"
3030:Adak, Hülya (2016).
2975:Erbal, Ayda (2015).
2744:. 12 September 2012.
2711:on 27 September 2011
2181:Education Statistics
2067:, 9780521291668. p.
1200:Ince Minaret Medrese
1114:Türkiye Scholarships
875:Presidential Library
812:Vocational education
735:Istanbul High School
716:science high schools
5710:Education in Turkey
5596:States with limited
5192:limited recognition
4381:Banking and Finance
3999:History of Anatolia
3896:War of Independence
3888:Republic of Türkiye
3785:Battle of Manzikert
2795:Hürriyet Daily News
2766:. 23 February 2017.
2684:Hurriyet Daily News
1958:on 23 October 2012.
1429:Turkish nationalism
1285:(whom majority are
1176:Religious education
1087:President of Turkey
927:Boğaziçi University
912:Istanbul University
623:Secondary education
337:Sun Language Theory
230:Cult of personality
42:Education in Turkey
23:Istanbul University
4438:Telecommunications
4227:Court of Cassation
3928:Multi-party period
3837:Ottoman Old Regime
3758:Byzantine Anatolia
3753:Classical Anatolia
3515:Dixon, Jennifer M.
3497:10.1111/josi.12001
3353:Palgrave Macmillan
3206:Ekmekçioğlu, Lerna
2878:. pp. 170–210
2595:Turkey Scholarship
2474:. 30 January 2022.
2356:on 25 October 2018
1987:on 6 February 2012
1914:Rights Tracker.org
1632:Treaty of Lausanne
1619:Treaty of Lausanne
1597:. You can help by
1578:Media of education
1556:Ottoman government
1496:
1425:
1334:
1272:, a United States
1242:
1230:Şemsi Pasha Mosque
1223:
1208:
1193:
1098:Socrates programme
990:
979:
968:
953:
934:
915:
896:Imam Hatip schools
885:In March 2012 the
883:
826:
802:
747:
725:republican history
689:Turkish literature
653:
642:
539:
501:In July 2017, the
459:
297:Educational reform
240:Atatürk Centennial
140:
125:
114:
106:
39:
5697:
5696:
5297:
5296:
5234:other territories
4925:Education in Asia
4892:
4891:
4820:
4819:
4362:
4361:
4305:Foreign relations
4279:Political parties
4179:
4178:
4012:
4011:
4004:History of Thrace
3906:Atatürk's reforms
3797:Anatolian beyliks
3418:978-1-84904-458-5
3405:Cheterian, Vicken
3378:978-3-030-59400-8
3264:978-0-19-933420-9
3249:Göçek, Fatma Müge
3223:978-0-8047-9706-1
3158:www.haberturk.com
3101:www.haberturk.com
2827:978-605-81208-2-2
2207:on 20 August 2013
2092:978-1-78673-228-6
2007:Taeuber, Irene B.
1865:. OECD Indicators
1615:
1614:
1521:Bias in curricula
1461:Necmettin Erbakan
1433:Atatürk's thought
1372:Standard Georgian
1313:Foreign languages
1102:Erasmus Programme
1050:organized by the
781:Foreign languages
708:foreign languages
598:İlkokul 2. Kademe
555:İlkokul 1. Kademe
526:Primary education
440:
439:
317:Industrialization
212:
211:
46:Atatürk's Reforms
35:Atatürk's reforms
5717:
5634:Dependencies and
5338:Sovereign states
5324:
5317:
5310:
5301:
5300:
5287:
5277:
5276:
5246:Christmas Island
4932:Sovereign states
4919:
4912:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4880:
4879:
4868:
4867:
4856:
4855:
4844:
4843:
4832:
4637:
4636:
4522:Cities and towns
4503:Turkish language
4458:Turkish Airlines
4274:Electoral system
4237:Council of State
4190:
4189:
4124:Waste management
4054:Black Sea Region
4032:
4023:
4022:
3977:Turkic migration
3923:One-party period
3792:Sultanate of Rum
3738:
3737:
3723:
3722:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3688:
3687:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3618:
3617:
3603:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3573:
3564:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3307:
3298:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3245:
3236:
3235:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3042:(5): 1515–1518.
3027:
3021:
3020:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2866:Ugur Ümit, Üngör
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2813:
2804:
2792:
2786:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2707:. Archived from
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2632:
2626:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2445:. Archived from
2439:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2321:
2315:
2304:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2278:
2269:
2259:Higher Education
2255:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2197:
2191:
2177:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2125:
2119:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2078:
2072:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2011:Population Index
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1983:. Archived from
1969:
1960:
1959:
1944:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1855:
1849:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1814:
1808:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1695:
1676:
1675:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1645:Nation's schools
1610:
1607:
1589:
1582:
1538:approved by the
1301:, Christianity,
1257:Re-establishment
1245:De-establishment
685:Turkish language
571:
565:
547:İlköğretim Okulu
541:Primary school (
507:evolution theory
497:
432:
425:
418:
407:
406:
401:
208:
207:
205:
198:
190:
183:
182:
179:
178:
161:minority schools
144:Turkish Republic
5725:
5724:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5677:
5635:
5629:
5615:Northern Cyprus
5597:
5591:
5512:North Macedonia
5333:
5328:
5298:
5293:
5265:
5233:
5224:
5205:Northern Cyprus
5191:
5184:
4926:
4923:
4893:
4888:
4816:
4635:
4631:Women in Turkey
4599:Law enforcement
4553:
4549:Life expectancy
4515:Islam in Turkey
4469:
4358:
4320:National Police
4288:
4243:
4175:
4166:Turkish Riviera
4073:
4030:
4029:
4008:
3965:
3932:
3911:Language reform
3882:
3801:
3762:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3676:Also in Turkish
3649:
3641:
3633:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3601:
3595:
3591:
3571:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3512:
3508:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3447:(3): 217–240 .
3437:
3430:
3419:
3402:
3398:
3379:
3355:. p. 186.
3345:
3341:
3305:
3299:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3265:
3246:
3239:
3224:
3216:. p. xii.
3203:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3075:
3071:
3028:
3024:
2973:
2969:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2863:
2859:
2851:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2814:
2807:
2793:
2789:
2775:
2771:
2760:Hurriyet.com.tr
2754:
2753:
2749:
2738:Milliyet.com.tr
2732:
2731:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2638:. 14 March 2014
2634:
2633:
2629:
2623:Wayback Machine
2616:Types of School
2613:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2449:on 6 March 2012
2441:
2440:
2436:
2423:
2421:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2391:
2389:
2377:
2373:
2359:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2288:
2279:
2272:
2266:Wayback Machine
2256:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2188:Wayback Machine
2179:Taken from the
2178:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2079:
2075:
2059:, 27 May 1977.
2050:
2046:
2023:10.2307/2731516
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1973:"Feriha Özkan,
1971:
1970:
1963:
1946:
1945:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1806:Wayback Machine
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1703:istanbul.edu.tr
1697:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1650:
1641:
1628:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1595:needs expansion
1580:
1575:
1574:
1561:Turkish Muslims
1531:
1523:
1510:
1501:
1488:
1472:National Anthem
1417:
1411:
1351:(based on both
1315:
1259:
1247:
1178:
1166:There are many
1153:Lausanne Treaty
1138:
1136:Private schools
1122:
1037:Albert Einstein
1002:
996:
941:SantralIstanbul
904:
868:
851:
814:
790:
775:Social sciences
704:social sciences
631:
625:
528:
519:
436:
404:
402:
395:
380:
358:
322:Nation-building
266:
245:Military career
203:
201:
200:
199:
196:
194:
98:
92:
86:
12:
11:
5:
5723:
5713:
5712:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5689:European Union
5685:
5683:
5682:Other entities
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5639:
5637:
5636:other entities
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5601:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5587:United Kingdom
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5400:Czech Republic
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5327:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5304:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5281:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5237:
5235:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5196:
5194:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4936:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4899:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4874:
4862:
4850:
4838:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4748:Radio stations
4745:
4740:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4596:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4579:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4483:Turkish people
4479:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4448:Transportation
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4334:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4253:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4156:National parks
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4090:Climate change
4081:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4039:Marmara Region
4035:
4033:
4031:(west to east)
4020:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3946:
3944:Constitutional
3940:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3834:
3832:Transformation
3829:
3828:
3827:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3807:Ottoman Empire
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3776:
3774:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3678:
3669:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3626:
3625:External links
3623:
3620:
3619:
3589:
3556:
3554:, p. 115.
3544:
3525:(3): 467–485.
3506:
3475:
3428:
3417:
3396:
3377:
3339:
3316:(2): 125–144.
3290:
3288:, p. 105.
3278:
3263:
3237:
3222:
3197:
3171:
3145:
3130:(in Turkish).
3114:
3088:
3069:
3022:
2987:(4): 783–790.
2967:
2950:
2924:
2905:(5): 147–153.
2903:Insight Turkey
2889:
2857:
2833:
2826:
2805:
2787:
2769:
2762:(in Turkish).
2747:
2740:(in Turkish).
2722:
2696:
2670:
2649:
2627:
2607:
2591:"Scholarships"
2582:
2561:
2537:
2516:
2495:
2477:
2460:
2434:
2403:
2371:
2341:
2329:turkiye.gov.tr
2316:
2299:
2286:
2270:
2239:
2218:
2192:
2159:
2145:
2120:
2107:
2098:
2091:
2073:
2044:
1998:
1961:
1926:
1901:
1876:
1850:
1834:
1809:
1791:
1766:
1715:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1668:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1627:
1624:
1613:
1612:
1592:
1590:
1579:
1576:
1532:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1487:
1484:
1410:
1409:Indoctrination
1407:
1314:
1311:
1258:
1255:
1246:
1243:
1238:Ottoman Empire
1185:Robert College
1177:
1174:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1149:Ottoman Empire
1145:
1137:
1134:
1121:
1118:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1027:Conservatories
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
923:Robert College
903:
900:
867:
864:
850:
847:
813:
810:
789:
786:
785:
784:
778:
772:
766:
638:Robert College
624:
621:
527:
524:
518:
515:
485:
484:
481:
478:
475:
438:
437:
435:
434:
427:
420:
412:
409:
408:
396:
394:
393:
392:
391:
382:Historiography
378:
373:
357:
356:
351:
350:
349:
344:
339:
334:
324:
319:
314:
312:Westernization
309:
307:Women's rights
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
265:
264:
263:
262:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
214:
213:
210:
209:
197:a series about
193:
191:
136:Ottoman Empire
122:Ottoman Empire
85:
82:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5722:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5648:Faroe Islands
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5632:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5620:South Ossetia
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5472:Liechtenstein
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5320:
5318:
5313:
5311:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5280:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5215:South Ossetia
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5187:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4920:
4915:
4913:
4908:
4906:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4885:
4884:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4119:Air pollution
4117:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4044:Aegean Region
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3989:Turkification
3987:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3820:Classical Age
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3780:Seljuk Empire
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3712:
3707:
3705:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3561:
3553:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3433:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3295:
3287:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2850:
2843:
2837:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2810:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2659:
2653:
2637:
2631:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2611:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2571:
2565:
2547:
2541:
2526:
2520:
2505:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2470:
2464:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2431:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2400:
2388:
2387:
2386:Today's Zaman
2382:
2375:
2368:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2296:
2295:The Historian
2290:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2228:
2222:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2149:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2117:
2111:
2102:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2055:(Volume II).
2054:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1623:
1620:
1609:
1606:December 2023
1600:
1596:
1593:This section
1591:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:, demonizing
1545:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1518:
1516:
1505:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:In 1985, the
1266:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1001:
995:
987:
983:
976:
972:
966:
962:
957:
950:
946:
942:
938:
932:
928:
924:
919:
913:
908:
899:
897:
891:
888:
880:
876:
872:
863:
861:
857:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
818:
809:
807:
799:
794:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
760:
759:
756:
751:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
726:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
680:
678:
674:
669:
665:
663:
657:
650:
646:
639:
635:
630:
620:
617:
615:
611:
607:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
570:
569:Hayat Bilgisi
564:
563:Hayat Bilgisi
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
537:
532:
523:
514:
512:
508:
504:
499:
496:
489:
482:
479:
476:
473:
472:
471:
468:
464:
456:
451:
447:
445:
433:
428:
426:
421:
419:
414:
413:
411:
410:
400:
390:
389:
385:
384:
383:
379:
377:
374:
371:
367:
366:
365:
364:
363:
355:
352:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
328:
327:Turkification
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
287:Republicanism
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
273:
272:
271:
261:
258:
257:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
225:Personal life
223:
221:
218:
217:
216:
215:
206:
192:
189:
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
170:
164:
162:
158:
154:
149:
145:
137:
133:
129:
123:
118:
110:
102:
97:
91:
81:
77:
75:
71:
67:
61:
57:
55:
49:
47:
43:
36:
32:
28:
24:
20:
16:
5625:Transnistria
5576:
5230:Dependencies
5160:Turkmenistan
5154:
5125:Saudi Arabia
4881:
4869:
4857:
4845:
4833:
4718:Illumination
4654:Architecture
4582:Human rights
4570:Universities
4564:
4488:Ethnic Kurds
4475:Demographics
4386:Construction
3642:(in English)
3634:(in English)
3605:
3592:
3575:
3547:
3522:
3518:
3509:
3500:
3491:(1): 16–33.
3488:
3484:
3478:
3464:
3444:
3440:
3422:
3408:
3399:
3390:
3348:
3342:
3333:
3313:
3309:
3281:
3253:
3209:
3200:
3188:. Retrieved
3183:
3174:
3162:. Retrieved
3160:(in Turkish)
3157:
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3127:
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3103:(in Turkish)
3100:
3091:
3082:
3072:
3039:
3035:
3025:
2984:
2980:
2970:
2960:
2953:
2941:. Retrieved
2927:
2902:
2892:
2880:. Retrieved
2873:
2860:
2836:
2817:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2772:
2759:
2750:
2737:
2713:. Retrieved
2709:the original
2699:
2687:. Retrieved
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2652:
2640:. Retrieved
2630:
2610:
2598:. Retrieved
2594:
2585:
2573:. Retrieved
2564:
2552:. Retrieved
2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2519:
2507:. Retrieved
2498:
2489:
2480:
2463:
2451:. Retrieved
2447:the original
2437:
2429:
2422:. Retrieved
2415:
2414:. Politika.
2406:
2397:
2390:. Retrieved
2384:
2374:
2365:
2358:. Retrieved
2354:the original
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2328:
2319:
2307:
2302:
2294:
2289:
2230:. Retrieved
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2205:the original
2195:
2148:
2136:. Retrieved
2132:
2123:
2110:
2101:
2082:
2076:
2052:
2047:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1985:the original
1978:
1974:
1956:the original
1951:
1917:. Retrieved
1913:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1862:
1853:
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1821:
1812:
1794:
1782:. Retrieved
1778:
1769:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:
1693:
1629:
1616:
1603:
1599:adding to it
1594:
1569:
1565:
1533:
1511:
1502:
1474:and text of
1468:student oath
1465:
1436:
1426:
1388:
1361:
1346:
1340:In 2011 the
1339:
1335:
1328:teaching in
1279:
1267:
1260:
1248:
1167:
1165:
1139:
1123:
1095:
1091:Abdullah Gül
1080:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1011:Universities
1006:
1003:
959:Students of
902:Universities
892:
884:
852:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
803:
780:
774:
768:
762:
754:
752:
748:
738:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
693:
681:
676:
670:
666:
658:
654:
618:
602:
575:
559:
540:
520:
500:
490:
486:
460:
441:
386:
360:
359:
268:
267:
165:
141:
78:
62:
58:
50:
41:
40:
30:
15:
5663:Isle of Man
5598:recognition
5572:Switzerland
5507:Netherlands
5289:Asia portal
5190:States with
5110:Philippines
5050:South Korea
5045:North Korea
4940:Afghanistan
4871:WikiProject
4802:Video games
4594:Individuals
4587:LGBT rights
4577:Health care
4544:Immigration
4325:Gendarmerie
4284:Referendums
4200:Legislative
4097:Earthquakes
3982:Oghuz Turks
3871:Dissolution
3552:Dixon 2010b
3471:Dixon 2010b
3286:Dixon 2010b
3128:gazeteduvar
3107:27 December
2663:16 December
2642:16 December
2392:7 September
2367:university.
2232:16 December
1482:is taught.
1382:as well as
1274:creationist
1251:non-Muslims
1234:Mimar Sinan
921:The former
651:in Istanbul
640:in Istanbul
347:Surname Law
5542:San Marino
5502:Montenegro
5482:Luxembourg
5462:Kazakhstan
5365:Azerbaijan
5170:Uzbekistan
5145:Tajikistan
5060:Kyrgyzstan
5040:Kazakhstan
4960:Bangladesh
4950:Azerbaijan
4743:Newspapers
4728:Literature
4708:Folk dance
4609:Corruption
4493:Minorities
4421:Renewables
4376:Automotive
4185:Government
3916:Secularism
3392:amended...
2943:7 February
2777:Al-Monitor
2065:0521291666
1685:References
1445:democratic
1413:See also:
1291:secularism
1046:After the
1017:Institutes
998:See also:
992:See also:
627:See also:
292:Secularism
94:See also:
88:See also:
31:Darülfünun
5653:Gibraltar
5477:Lithuania
5256:Hong Kong
5210:Palestine
5135:Sri Lanka
5130:Singapore
5010:Indonesia
4797:TV series
4755:Miniature
4698:Festivals
4614:Terrorism
4565:Education
4498:Languages
4342:Air Force
4257:Elections
4205:Executive
4151:Mountains
4018:Geography
3937:Overviews
3876:Partition
3842:Tulip era
3614:865002828
3584:865002828
3539:144494811
3461:148518678
3387:2523-7985
3369:2523-7993
3330:147690827
3273:870211367
3232:936219299
3064:164859829
3056:0030-8129
3017:162834123
3001:0020-7438
2911:1302-177X
2882:10 August
2600:7 January
2575:30 August
2554:30 August
2530:5 January
2509:5 January
2424:28 August
2211:13 August
1761:154739517
1745:0020-7438
1699:"History"
1678:Education
1548:Armenians
1536:textbooks
1508:Textbooks
1499:Education
1486:Criticism
1159:children.
1014:Faculties
718:only the
260:Mausoleum
173:curricula
27:Mehmed II
5704:Category
5673:Svalbard
5658:Guernsey
5605:Abkhazia
5557:Slovenia
5552:Slovakia
5527:Portugal
5385:Bulgaria
5279:Category
5200:Abkhazia
5150:Thailand
5105:Pakistan
5085:Mongolia
5080:Maldives
5075:Malaysia
4975:Cambodia
4847:Category
4785:Football
4770:Painting
4713:Folklore
4621:Marriage
4527:Istanbul
4510:Religion
4463:Railways
4453:Aviation
4391:Currency
4249:Politics
4217:Judicial
4193:Branches
4171:Wildlife
3961:Military
3949:Economic
3854:Tanzimat
3407:(2015).
3251:(2015).
3208:(2016).
3184:Milliyet
3132:Archived
3009:43998041
2937:Archived
2919:26726629
2849:Archived
2764:Hürriyet
2742:Milliyet
2715:26 March
2689:17 March
2619:Archived
2453:3 August
2262:Archived
2227:"TURKEY"
2184:Archived
2138:30 April
2039:41483131
1910:"Turkey"
1869:15 March
1827:15 March
1802:Archived
1784:15 March
1639:See also
1380:Albanian
1353:Kurmanji
1307:Buddhism
1303:Hinduism
1295:humanism
1189:Istanbul
1169:dershane
1120:Research
1106:Erasmus+
1062:passed.
1056:Yös exam
988:building
949:Istanbul
947:Campus,
931:Istanbul
860:YÖS exam
822:Istanbul
606:Kemalism
582:ortaokul
467:alphabet
362:Kemalism
220:Timeline
153:madrasas
5582:Ukraine
5532:Romania
5492:Moldova
5450:Ireland
5445:Iceland
5440:Hungary
5430:Germany
5425:Georgia
5415:Finland
5410:Estonia
5405:Denmark
5390:Croatia
5375:Belgium
5370:Belarus
5360:Austria
5355:Armenia
5350:Andorra
5345:Albania
5175:Vietnam
5090:Myanmar
5070:Lebanon
5000:Georgia
4955:Bahrain
4945:Armenia
4883:Outline
4859:Commons
4792:Theater
4775:Pottery
4691:Ottoman
4686:Cuisine
4664:Ottoman
4641:Culture
4626:Poverty
4558:Society
4443:Tourism
4396:Defense
4368:Economy
4210:Cabinet
4141:Geology
4085:Climate
4027:Regions
3954:Ottoman
3772:Beyliks
3768:Seljuks
3733:History
3190:15 July
3164:15 July
3138:15 July
2417:Radikal
2031:2731516
1708:12 June
1652:Portals
1552:Ottoman
1449:Turkefy
1403:English
1384:Bosnian
1349:Kurdish
1299:Judaism
1287:Muslims
1219:Erzurum
1083:rectors
769:Science
743:Turkish
720:science
700:science
610:Turkish
594:Turkish
590:ilkokul
586:Turkish
578:Turkish
551:Turkish
543:Turkish
465:-based
444:medrese
270:Reforms
138:in 1454
84:History
5668:Jersey
5610:Kosovo
5577:Turkey
5567:Sweden
5547:Serbia
5537:Russia
5522:Poland
5517:Norway
5497:Monaco
5467:Latvia
5435:Greece
5420:France
5395:Cyprus
5220:Taiwan
5155:Turkey
5120:Russia
5055:Kuwait
5035:Jordan
5025:Israel
4985:Cyprus
4970:Brunei
4965:Bhutan
4835:Portal
4780:Sports
4681:Cinema
4676:Carpet
4659:Seljuk
4649:Anthem
4532:Ankara
4401:Energy
4293:Topics
4161:Rivers
4078:Topics
3970:Topics
3725:Turkey
3612:
3582:
3537:
3459:
3424:exist.
3415:
3385:
3375:
3367:
3328:
3271:
3261:
3230:
3220:
3062:
3054:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2917:
2909:
2824:
2360:20 May
2334:20 May
2312:online
2089:
2063:
2037:
2029:
1991:3 July
1759:
1753:162345
1751:
1743:
1666:Turkey
1441:laique
1399:French
1395:German
1391:Arabic
1374:, and
1368:Adyghe
1364:Abkhaz
1357:Zazaki
1330:French
977:campus
965:Ankara
879:Ankara
706:, and
673:lyceum
455:Turkey
167:apply
74:Turkey
66:Turkey
5643:Åland
5562:Spain
5487:Malta
5457:Italy
5261:Macau
5180:Yemen
5140:Syria
5115:Qatar
5095:Nepal
5030:Japan
5005:India
4995:Egypt
4980:China
4765:Names
4760:Music
4733:Media
4604:Crime
4537:İzmir
4146:Lakes
4131:Fauna
3602:(PDF)
3572:(PDF)
3535:S2CID
3457:S2CID
3365:eISSN
3326:S2CID
3306:(PDF)
3060:S2CID
3013:S2CID
3005:JSTOR
2915:JSTOR
2852:(PDF)
2845:(PDF)
2549:(PDF)
2472:(PDF)
2308:Aleph
2027:JSTOR
1919:1 May
1894:1 May
1757:S2CID
1749:JSTOR
1283:Islam
1204:Konya
710:. In
675:(tr:
536:İzmir
511:jihad
463:Latin
388:Nutuk
157:Quran
29:as a
5100:Oman
5065:Laos
5020:Iraq
5015:Iran
4807:Wine
4703:Flag
4406:Coal
4352:Navy
4347:Land
3815:Rise
3770:and
3610:OCLC
3580:OCLC
3413:ISBN
3383:ISSN
3373:ISBN
3269:OCLC
3259:ISBN
3228:OCLC
3218:ISBN
3192:2021
3166:2021
3140:2021
3109:2020
3052:ISSN
3036:PMLA
2997:ISSN
2945:2021
2907:ISSN
2884:2022
2822:ISBN
2717:2011
2691:2009
2665:2017
2644:2017
2602:2019
2577:2013
2556:2013
2532:2022
2511:2022
2455:2019
2426:2008
2394:2008
2362:2017
2336:2017
2234:2017
2213:2010
2140:2020
2087:ISBN
2061:ISBN
2035:OCLC
1993:2013
1921:2023
1896:2023
1871:2022
1829:2022
1786:2022
1741:ISSN
1710:2014
1630:The
1401:and
1355:and
1324:and
1305:and
1124:The
1104:and
804:The
677:lise
54:ÖSYS
5232:and
4671:Art
4416:Oil
4411:Gas
3527:doi
3493:doi
3449:doi
3357:doi
3318:doi
3044:doi
3040:131
2989:doi
2069:386
2019:doi
1733:doi
1601:.
1431:in
1376:Laz
1293:to
1000:ÖSS
741:in
679:).
616:).
608:" (
498:).
5706::
4738:TV
3604:.
3574:.
3559:^
3533:.
3523:15
3521:.
3499:.
3489:69
3487:.
3463:.
3455:.
3445:18
3443:.
3431:^
3421:.
3389:.
3381:.
3371:.
3363:.
3332:.
3324:.
3314:18
3312:.
3308:.
3293:^
3267:.
3240:^
3226:.
3212:.
3182:.
3156:.
3126:.
3099:.
3081:.
3058:.
3050:.
3038:.
3034:.
3011:.
3003:.
2995:.
2985:47
2983:.
2979:.
2935:.
2913:.
2901:.
2872:.
2868:.
2847:.
2808:^
2797::
2779::
2725:^
2682:.
2593:.
2488:.
2428:.
2396:.
2383:.
2364:.
2327:.
2273:^
2242:^
2162:^
2131:.
2033:.
2025:.
2015:24
2013:.
1977:,
1964:^
1950:.
1929:^
1912:.
1887:.
1861:.
1844:,
1820:.
1777:.
1755:.
1747:.
1739:.
1727:.
1701:.
1443:,
1397:,
1370:,
1366:,
1100:,
963:,
929:,
702:,
698:,
687:,
612::
596::
588::
580::
553::
545::
76:.
5323:e
5316:t
5309:v
4918:e
4911:t
4904:v
3710:e
3703:t
3696:v
3616:.
3586:.
3541:.
3529::
3495::
3451::
3359::
3320::
3275:.
3234:.
3194:.
3168:.
3142:.
3111:.
3066:.
3046::
3019:.
2991::
2947:.
2921:.
2886:.
2830:.
2719:.
2693:.
2667:.
2646:.
2604:.
2579:.
2558:.
2534:.
2513:.
2492:.
2457:.
2338:.
2314:.
2236:.
2215:.
2142:.
2095:.
2071:.
2041:.
2021::
1995:.
1981:"
1923:.
1898:.
1873:.
1848:.
1831:.
1788:.
1763:.
1735::
1729:5
1712:.
1654::
1608:)
1604:(
1530:.
1515:₺
1435:(
1332:.
1240:.
951:.
824:.
800:.
737:(
492:(
431:e
424:t
417:v
372:"
368:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
.jpg)
