218:(HCA) in 1995. Berber was subsequently taught as a non-compulsory language in Berber speaking areas. As of 2017, 350,000 pupils were studying tamazight in 38 wilayas out of 58, representing 4% of all students. 90% of them study tamazight in Latin characters. In 2018, the government announced that optional classes of tamazight will be offered in all public primary and secondary schools in the future. The generalization of Amazigh education was met with some opposition in Arabic-speaking areas. As of 2023, according to the education minister, education in Amazigh is still being rolled out to all Algerian schools.
243:
991:
140:
1352:
178:
229:
implemented linguistic arabisation laws in primary schools and required teaching in Arabic on all levels from 1963/1964. In 2004, language restrictions were enforced that made 90% of all teaching in
Algerian schools in Arabic. In November 2005, Parliament passed laws that banned private schools from
302:
The number of children enrolled in school has increased significantly post-independence. In 1962, there were only 750,000 children enrolled in primary school and 3,000 students attending universities. By 1984, there were more than 900,000 students enrolled in school and 107,000 students in college.
273:
Since the
Multilingual National Strategy for Literacy was put in place in 2008, over 3.6 million Algerians have been lifted out of illiteracy. Between 2008 and 2022, the illiteracy rate fell from 22.30% to 7.4%. Algeria's efforts have been rewarded with the 2019 UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize.
154:
Primary school lasts for 5 years. Then, students move on to 4 years of lower secondary school and 3 additional years of upper secondary school. Primary and Lower
Secondary Education, which is termed "Enseignment Fondemental" is the basic education that everyone is required to receive. If students
253:
The literacy rate in
Algeria has improved significantly in the decades since independence from France. In 1950, the Algerian adult literacy rate was less than 20%. After independence in 1962, more than 85% of the population was still illiterate. As of 2015, Algeria's
233:
Linguistics has been a source of contention for the
Algerian educational system. The shift from bilingualism in French and Arabic to monolingualism in Arabic has created issues with graduates trying to enter the economic market.
174:)." As of 2015, Algeria has 92 post-secondary institutions, which includes 48 universities. People typically study three years for a bachelor's degree, two years for a Master's Program, and three years for a doctorate.
1692:
91:
for
Algerians from the ages of 6 to 15. However, only half of Algerian students are enrolled in secondary schools. As of 2015, Algeria has 92 post-secondary institutions, which includes 48 universities.
225:
was the first foreign language taught in
Algerian schools. However, a month before independence, Algerian revolutionary leaders declared that the future State would be committed to arabisation.
814:
212:
and need for non-Algerian teachers. In 1994, Kabyle pupils and students boycotted
Algerian schools for a year, demanding the officialization of Berber, leading to the symbolic creation of the
891:
1718:
1761:
866:
120:, the Parisian government tried to assimilate Algerians into the French culture, but their policies were frustrated by french colonists who blocked funding for new schools.
131:
was created in 1963. Arabization of the school curriculum—replacing French language and values with Arab language and values—was a key priority of the new ministry.
1748:
749:
108:
paid for Muslim teachers. When the French colonized
Algeria, they seized the hubus, which ended traditional education funding. During the colonization of Algeria,
1744:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1126:
1156:
151:
In
Algeria, 24% of children were enrolled in pre-school as of 2004. New reforms have been implemented since 2003 to make pre-schooling more accessible.
1289:
1462:
921:
555:
473:
899:
800:
162:
There are approximately 57 public institutions for higher education, which include "27 universities, 13 university centers, 6 national schools (
645:
1384:
1607:
1447:
1803:
1337:
939:
214:
128:
24:
1333:
1837:
1467:
840:
1860:
1356:
1250:
1064:
621:
2053:
495:
1011:
Benrabah, Mohamed (2007-06-01). "Language-in-Education Planning in Algeria: Historical Development and Current Issues".
2038:
1875:
532:
505:
450:
270:'s literacy rate. Of the 2015 literacy rate, 87% of Algerian males are literate, compared to 73% of Algerian females.
2299:
1950:
1816:
1377:
221:
Before colonialism, Algeria was home primarily to Arabic and Berber speakers. Due to Algeria's French colonial past,
382:
815:"Horizons - La transcription de tamazight au centre d'un colloque du HCA; entre le tifinagh, l'arabe et le latin…"
705:
1890:
775:
361:
246:
1870:
1932:
1482:
1134:
693:
2334:
2127:
2043:
1937:
1765:
282:
Education makes up 28% of Algeria's national budget. Algeria has one of the largest shortages of teachers in
2094:
2016:
1965:
1796:
1370:
1300:
1157:"Enseignement des adultes : Plus de 3,64 millions d'Algériens libérés de l'analphabétisme depuis 2008"
291:
1208:
2273:
2156:
1917:
195:
242:
2193:
2117:
2033:
1522:
1180:
659:
Bouzoubaa, Khadija; Benghabrit-Remaoun, Nouria (2004). "Pre-School Education in Morocco and Algeria1".
191:
2063:
1960:
1922:
1757:
1632:
1622:
1427:
735:
416:
990:
303:
In 2005, enrollment rates were about 97% at primary school level and 66% at secondary school level.
2178:
1832:
1637:
1527:
1457:
2168:
2137:
2021:
2001:
1845:
1789:
1697:
1617:
1582:
1567:
1552:
1507:
1442:
580:
2251:
2026:
1572:
1102:
1240:
1080:
1054:
522:
440:
127:, Algeria introduced several policies to reform and strengthen the educational structure. The
2048:
2006:
1672:
1647:
1497:
1492:
1472:
1437:
1422:
1271:
117:
116:
schools and created primary schools that were both in Arabic and French. However, during the
867:"Un mouvement de boycott de l'enseignement de l'arabe paralyse plusieurs collèges et lycées"
2198:
2183:
2142:
2058:
2011:
1955:
1927:
1905:
1657:
1627:
1612:
1597:
1587:
1577:
1542:
1537:
1487:
1432:
88:
177:
8:
2263:
2241:
2236:
2122:
1984:
1970:
1942:
1667:
1662:
1602:
1557:
1517:
1412:
1393:
413:
2292:
2213:
2132:
2077:
1996:
1880:
1850:
1824:
1642:
1592:
1547:
1532:
1512:
1502:
1477:
1417:
1329:
1036:
892:"Education nationale: généralisation de l'enseignement de tamazight en 2021 (document)"
676:
639:
549:
467:
208:
as of 2003. Berber teaching is allowed in Algerian schools to remove the complaints of
2226:
2188:
2112:
2107:
1652:
1562:
1452:
1246:
1060:
1040:
1028:
794:
680:
627:
617:
528:
501:
497:
Moroccan Soul: French Education, Colonial Ethnology, and Muslim Resistance, 1912–1956
446:
409:
2308:
2268:
2258:
2246:
2221:
2203:
1885:
1020:
977:
668:
1209:"The world needs almost 69 million new teachers to reach the 2030 education goals"
307:
Statistics by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics for the 2011–2012 academic year:
2231:
2089:
1895:
982:
965:
750:"APS - Le Conseil des ministres adopte un projet de loi fixant les fêtes légales"
283:
226:
222:
205:
201:
43:
39:
1330:
Project-Based Learning in the Algerian Secondary School Syllabuses and Textbooks
1275:
2313:
2099:
1855:
287:
101:
1024:
672:
2328:
1032:
631:
422:
255:
694:
https://www.epdc.org/sites/default/files/documents/EPDC_NEP_2018_Algeria.pdf
1865:
124:
109:
611:
966:"Learning English in Algeria through French-based background proficiency"
209:
144:
105:
139:
1362:
713:
776:"Enseignement du Tamazight: ces chiffres qui disent les contraintes"
1781:
1812:
940:"Le HCA plaide une généralisation de l'enseignement de tamazight"
922:"Arabe – tamazight L'école envahie par la colère et la vengeance"
421:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
259:
258:
is estimated to be around 80%, higher than the literacy rates of
113:
83:
1351:
267:
263:
383:"Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to education"
658:
286:, with 200,000 primary teachers needed to help reach the
727:
1101:
Learning, UNESCO Institute for Lifelong (2015-11-24).
736:"Algérie: Les droits linguistiques des berbérophones"
155:
wish to pursue higher education, they must take the
610:Masri, Safwan M. (2017). "A Different Trajectory".
1059:. Oxford Business Group. 2014-12-30. p. 217.
249:literacy rate Algeria population plus 15 1980–2015
204:, although teachers have been allowed to teach in
2326:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
841:"Algérie - Tamazight : un si long chemin"
1797:
1378:
773:
734:Leclerc, Jacques; Jean, Lionel (2021-07-27).
1081:"Education for All Global Monitoring Report"
997:
554:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
472:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
200:Students in Algeria are primarily taught in
799:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
733:
230:teaching in any other language but Arabic.
1804:
1790:
1385:
1371:
1234:
1232:
644:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1242:Algeria: The Revolution Institutionalized
981:
970:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
919:
527:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 404.
489:
487:
485:
483:
445:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 221.
277:
1338:Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi-Ouzou
1290:"National Education Profile 2014 Update"
1100:
1010:
864:
241:
176:
138:
1392:
1238:
1229:
964:Negadi, Mohammed Nassim (August 2015).
898:(in French). 2020-03-04. Archived from
493:
297:
2327:
963:
838:
581:"Education in Maghreb: Algeria - WENR"
520:
480:
438:
170:), and 4 teacher-training institutes (
1785:
1366:
609:
134:
1811:
920:Benyakoub, Ryma Maria (2018-10-26).
605:
603:
601:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
434:
432:
405:
403:
1181:"UNICEF Annual Report 2015 Algeria"
13:
1336:; Degree of Magister in English).
1322:
494:Segalla, Spencer D. (2009-01-01).
14:
2346:
1344:
598:
562:
429:
400:
380:
1693:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1463:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1350:
989:
524:Historical Dictionary of Algeria
442:Historical Dictionary of Algeria
215:Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité
104:in 1830, religious lands called
1282:
1259:
1239:Entelis, John P. (2016-01-08).
1201:
1173:
1149:
1119:
1103:"Effective Literacy Programmes"
1094:
1073:
1047:
957:
932:
913:
884:
858:
832:
807:
767:
742:
698:
362:List of universities in Algeria
181:School Children In Algeria 1967
865:Dendoune, Nadir (2018-10-22).
687:
652:
613:Tunisia : an Arab anomaly
514:
374:
25:Ministry of National Education
1:
839:Zmirli, Amayas (2018-01-13).
367:
983:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.537
774:Journaliste 2 (2018-02-26).
710:Education Policy Data Center
521:Naylor, Phillip, C. (2015).
439:Naylor, Phillip, C. (2015).
292:Sustainable Development Goal
185:
7:
355:
313:
294:for education, as of 2016.
237:
196:English language in Algeria
172:écoles normales supérieures
112:reestablished the usage of
10:
2351:
2044:People's National Assembly
1861:Nationalism and resistance
1245:. Routledge. p. 117.
316:
192:French language in Algeria
189:
166:), 6 national institutes (
102:French conquest of Algiers
95:
2286:
2212:
2164:
2155:
2085:
2076:
1992:
1983:
1913:
1904:
1823:
1706:
1681:
1400:
1025:10.1007/s10993-007-9046-7
673:10.1007/s11125-005-2738-x
616:. New York. p. 264.
417:Federal Research Division
71:
63:
55:
50:
35:
30:
23:
1448:Central African Republic
1056:The Report: Algeria 2014
1846:Medieval Muslim Algeria
946:(in French). 2023-01-16
500:. U of Nebraska Press.
410:Algeria country profile
1266:"Algeria: Education".
338:Upper Secondary school
330:Lower secondary school
278:Funding and Employment
250:
182:
148:
2007:Council of the Nation
1608:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1468:Republic of the Congo
245:
180:
142:
129:Ministry of Education
2335:Education in Algeria
1359:at Wikimedia Commons
1357:Education in Algeria
1127:"The World Factbook"
944:Le Jeune Indépendant
298:Education by numbers
125:war for independence
19:Education in Algeria
1866:War of Independence
1683:States with limited
1394:Education in Africa
738:. Université Laval.
414:Library of Congress
168:instituts nationaux
159:, a national exam.
20:
2128:Telecommunications
1306:on 10 January 2017
871:lecourrierdelatlas
780:www.algerie360.com
251:
183:
149:
135:Educational System
18:
2322:
2321:
2282:
2281:
2189:List of Algerians
2151:
2150:
2072:
2071:
2054:Political parties
2017:Foreign relations
1979:
1978:
1838:Classical period
1779:
1778:
1710:other territories
1483:Equatorial Guinea
1355:Media related to
1252:978-1-317-36097-1
1066:978-1-910068-20-5
623:978-0-231-54502-0
353:
352:
266:, but lower than
164:Ă©coles nationales
79:
78:
36:Primary languages
2342:
2302:
2295:
2162:
2161:
2103:
2083:
2082:
1990:
1989:
1946:
1911:
1910:
1871:1965 coup d'Ă©tat
1841:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1771:
1770:(United Kingdom)
1766:Tristan da Cunha
1762:Ascension Island
1754:
1741:
1732:
1708:Dependencies and
1401:Sovereign states
1387:
1380:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1354:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1299:. Archived from
1294:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1270:. 1 April 2008.
1263:
1257:
1256:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1213:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1137:on June 13, 2007
1133:. Archived from
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1008:
995:
994:
993:
987:
985:
961:
955:
954:
952:
951:
936:
930:
929:
917:
911:
910:
908:
907:
888:
882:
881:
879:
878:
862:
856:
855:
853:
852:
836:
830:
829:
827:
826:
811:
805:
804:
798:
790:
788:
787:
771:
765:
764:
762:
761:
746:
740:
739:
731:
725:
724:
722:
721:
712:. Archived from
702:
696:
691:
685:
684:
656:
650:
649:
643:
635:
607:
596:
595:
593:
592:
577:
560:
559:
553:
545:
543:
541:
518:
512:
511:
491:
478:
477:
471:
463:
461:
459:
436:
427:
407:
398:
397:
395:
393:
381:Singh, Kishore.
378:
311:
310:
21:
17:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2278:
2208:
2194:Public holidays
2147:
2101:
2090:Bank of Algeria
2068:
2034:Law enforcement
1975:
1944:
1943:Municipalities
1900:
1839:
1819:
1810:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1752:
1739:
1730:
1711:
1709:
1702:
1686:
1684:
1677:
1396:
1391:
1347:
1328:Aimeur, Roza. "
1325:
1323:Further reading
1320:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1237:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1099:
1095:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1013:Language Policy
1009:
998:
988:
962:
958:
949:
947:
938:
937:
933:
918:
914:
905:
903:
890:
889:
885:
876:
874:
863:
859:
850:
848:
837:
833:
824:
822:
813:
812:
808:
792:
791:
785:
783:
772:
768:
759:
757:
748:
747:
743:
732:
728:
719:
717:
704:
703:
699:
692:
688:
657:
653:
637:
636:
624:
608:
599:
590:
588:
579:
578:
563:
547:
546:
539:
537:
535:
519:
515:
508:
492:
481:
465:
464:
457:
455:
453:
437:
430:
408:
401:
391:
389:
379:
375:
370:
358:
300:
284:Northern Africa
280:
240:
227:Ahmed Ben Bella
198:
190:Main articles:
188:
137:
98:
51:Literacy (2015)
31:General details
12:
11:
5:
2348:
2338:
2337:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2064:Prime Minister
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1951:National parks
1948:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1896:Hirak Movement
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1755:
1742:
1733:
1719:Canary Islands
1715:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1346:
1345:External links
1343:
1342:
1341:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1281:
1258:
1251:
1228:
1216:uis.unesco.org
1200:
1172:
1148:
1118:
1107:www.unesco.org
1093:
1072:
1065:
1046:
1019:(2): 225–252.
996:
956:
931:
912:
883:
857:
831:
806:
766:
741:
726:
697:
686:
667:(4): 471–480.
651:
622:
597:
561:
534:978-0810879195
533:
513:
507:978-0803224681
506:
479:
452:978-0810879195
451:
428:
399:
372:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
357:
354:
351:
350:
347:
343:
342:
339:
335:
334:
331:
327:
326:
323:
322:Primary school
319:
318:
315:
299:
296:
288:United Nations
279:
276:
239:
236:
187:
184:
143:University of
136:
133:
118:Third Republic
97:
94:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
48:
47:
37:
33:
32:
28:
27:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2347:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:Ethnic groups
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:Guinea-Bissau
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:EIU ViewsWire
1262:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
992:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
945:
941:
935:
927:
923:
916:
902:on 2023-02-26
901:
897:
896:Algérie infos
893:
887:
872:
868:
861:
846:
842:
835:
820:
816:
810:
802:
796:
781:
777:
770:
755:
751:
745:
737:
730:
716:on 2018-05-15
715:
711:
707:
701:
695:
690:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
655:
647:
641:
633:
629:
625:
619:
615:
614:
606:
604:
602:
586:
582:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
557:
551:
536:
530:
526:
525:
517:
509:
503:
499:
498:
490:
488:
486:
484:
475:
469:
454:
448:
444:
443:
435:
433:
426:
424:
423:public domain
418:
415:
411:
406:
404:
388:
384:
377:
373:
363:
360:
359:
348:
345:
344:
340:
337:
336:
332:
329:
328:
324:
321:
320:
312:
309:
308:
304:
295:
293:
289:
285:
275:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:literacy rate
248:
244:
235:
231:
228:
224:
219:
217:
216:
211:
207:
203:
197:
193:
179:
175:
173:
169:
165:
160:
158:
152:
146:
141:
132:
130:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:Education in
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
16:
2173:
2169:Demographics
2138:Trade unions
2022:Human rights
2002:Constitution
1851:Ottoman rule
1758:Saint Helena
1729:
1633:South Africa
1623:Sierra Leone
1428:Burkina Faso
1407:
1340:. 2010/2011.
1308:. Retrieved
1301:the original
1296:
1284:
1267:
1261:
1241:
1219:. Retrieved
1215:
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1187:
1175:
1164:. Retrieved
1160:
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1135:the original
1130:
1121:
1110:. Retrieved
1106:
1096:
1090:: 193. 2006.
1087:
1075:
1055:
1049:
1016:
1012:
973:
969:
959:
948:. Retrieved
943:
934:
928:(in French).
925:
915:
904:. Retrieved
900:the original
895:
886:
875:. Retrieved
870:
860:
849:. Retrieved
844:
834:
823:. Retrieved
818:
809:
784:. Retrieved
779:
769:
758:. Retrieved
753:
744:
729:
718:. Retrieved
714:the original
709:
700:
689:
664:
660:
654:
612:
589:. Retrieved
587:. April 2006
585:wenr.wes.org
584:
538:. Retrieved
523:
516:
496:
456:. Retrieved
441:
420:
419:(May 2008).
390:. Retrieved
386:
376:
306:
305:
301:
281:
272:
252:
232:
220:
213:
199:
171:
167:
163:
161:
157:baccalauréat
156:
153:
150:
122:
110:Napoleon III
99:
87:is free and
81:
80:
15:
1933:Earthquakes
1891:Arab Spring
1856:French rule
1840:(Antiquity)
1685:recognition
1638:South Sudan
1528:Ivory Coast
976:: 496–500.
873:(in French)
847:(in French)
821:(in French)
782:(in French)
756:(in French)
210:Arabization
100:Before the
2242:Literature
2102:(currency)
2049:Parliament
1945:(communes)
1938:Ecoregions
1833:Prehistory
1740:(Portugal)
1698:Somaliland
1618:Seychelles
1583:Mozambique
1568:Mauritania
1553:Madagascar
1508:The Gambia
1443:Cape Verde
1310:19 October
1221:19 October
1193:20 October
1188:unicef.org
1166:2024-05-05
1141:19 October
1112:2017-03-23
950:2023-02-26
906:2023-02-26
877:2023-02-26
851:2023-02-26
825:2023-02-26
786:2023-02-26
760:2023-02-26
720:2017-03-24
591:2017-03-24
540:20 October
458:20 October
392:19 October
368:References
349:8.023.000
341:1.333.000
333:3.240.000
325:3.452.000
123:After the
89:compulsory
2199:Squatting
2184:Languages
2174:Education
2143:Transport
2095:Companies
2059:President
2012:Elections
1966:Volcanoes
1956:Provinces
1928:Districts
1906:Geography
1881:Civil War
1876:1962–1999
1573:Mauritius
1276:466507125
1041:144173685
1033:1568-4555
706:"Algeria"
681:144340313
661:Prospects
640:cite book
632:974992445
550:cite book
468:cite book
387:ohchr.org
186:Languages
2329:Category
2309:Category
2264:Religion
2237:Football
2123:Taxation
2039:Military
1985:Politics
1971:Wildlife
1817:articles
1764: /
1760: /
1753:(France)
1747: /
1725: /
1721: /
1673:Zimbabwe
1648:Tanzania
1498:Ethiopia
1493:Eswatini
1473:Djibouti
1438:Cameroon
1423:Botswana
1297:epdc.org
1272:ProQuest
1161:El watan
926:El Watan
845:Le Point
795:cite web
356:See also
238:Literacy
2293:Outline
2274:Symbols
2222:Cuisine
2214:Culture
2157:Society
2133:Tourism
2078:Economy
1997:Cabinet
1918:Borders
1825:History
1813:Algeria
1749:RĂ©union
1745:Mayotte
1736:Madeira
1731:(Spain)
1727:Melilla
1658:Tunisia
1628:Somalia
1613:Senegal
1598:Nigeria
1588:Namibia
1578:Morocco
1543:Liberia
1538:Lesotho
1488:Eritrea
1458:Comoros
1433:Burundi
1408:Algeria
1334:Archive
1131:cia.gov
819:HCA CMS
754:HCA CMS
317:Census
260:Morocco
114:madrasa
96:History
84:Algeria
2314:Portal
2227:Cinema
2118:Mining
2113:Health
2108:Energy
2100:Dinar
1961:Rivers
1923:Cities
1815:
1768:
1751:
1738:
1668:Zambia
1663:Uganda
1603:Rwanda
1558:Malawi
1518:Guinea
1413:Angola
1274:
1249:
1088:UNESCO
1063:
1039:
1031:
679:
630:
620:
531:
504:
449:
314:Pupils
223:French
206:Berber
202:Arabic
145:BĂ©jaĂŻa
72:Female
44:French
40:Arabic
2300:Index
2269:Sport
2259:Music
2252:films
2247:Media
2204:Women
1886:2000s
1723:Ceuta
1643:Sudan
1593:Niger
1548:Libya
1533:Kenya
1513:Ghana
1503:Gabon
1478:Egypt
1418:Benin
1304:(PDF)
1293:(PDF)
1212:(PDF)
1184:(PDF)
1084:(PDF)
1037:S2CID
677:S2CID
346:Total
268:Libya
264:Egypt
106:hubus
56:Total
2232:Flag
2027:LGBT
1653:Togo
1563:Mali
1453:Chad
1312:2016
1247:ISBN
1223:2016
1195:2016
1143:2016
1061:ISBN
1029:ISSN
801:link
646:link
628:OCLC
618:ISBN
556:link
542:2016
529:ISBN
502:ISBN
474:link
460:2016
447:ISBN
394:2016
262:and
194:and
64:Male
1332:" (
1021:doi
978:doi
974:199
669:doi
290:'s
247:UIS
75:73%
67:87%
59:80%
2331::
1295:.
1231:^
1214:.
1186:.
1159:.
1129:.
1105:.
1086:.
1035:.
1027:.
1015:.
999:^
972:.
968:.
942:.
924:.
894:.
869:.
843:.
817:.
797:}}
793:{{
778:.
752:.
708:.
675:.
665:34
663:.
642:}}
638:{{
626:.
600:^
583:.
564:^
552:}}
548:{{
482:^
470:}}
466:{{
431:^
412:.
402:^
385:.
42:,
1805:e
1798:t
1791:v
1386:e
1379:t
1372:v
1314:.
1278:.
1255:.
1225:.
1197:.
1169:.
1145:.
1115:.
1069:.
1043:.
1023::
1017:6
986:.
980::
953:.
909:.
880:.
854:.
828:.
803:)
789:.
763:.
723:.
683:.
671::
648:)
634:.
594:.
558:)
544:.
510:.
476:)
462:.
425:.
396:.
147:.
46:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
