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high masonry wall, which would deflect errant bullets and discourage the local French civilians from witnessing the proceedings. Soldiers stood him against a six inch by six inch (15 Ă— 15 cm) post. He was then strapped to the post with web belts, with one wrapped around and under his arms and hung on a spike on the back side of the post to prevent his body from slumping following the volley, and the others securing his waist and knees. Just before a soldier placed a black hood over his head, the attending chaplain, Father Carl
Patrick Cummings, said to Slovik, "Eddie, when you get up there, say a little prayer for me." Slovik replied with his last words: "Okay, Father. I'll pray that you don't follow me too soon."
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I was so scared nerves and trembling that at the time the other replacements moved out I couldn't move. I stayed their in my fox hole till it was quite and I was able to move. I then walked into town. Not seeing any of our troops so I stayed over night at a French hospital. The next morning I turned myself over to the
Canadian Provost Corp . After being with them six weeks I was turned over to American M.R They turned me lose . I told my commanding officer my story. I said that if I had to go out their again Id run away. He said there was nothing he could do for me so I ran away again AND I'LL RUN AWAY AGAIN IF I HAVE TO GO OUT THEIR.
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439:, Lieutenant Colonel Henry Sommer, offered Slovik a third and final opportunity to rejoin his unit in exchange for the charges against him being dropped. He also offered to transfer Slovik to a different infantry regiment in the division where no one would know of his past and he could start with a "clean slate". Slovik, still convinced that he would face only jail time (which he had already experienced and considered far more tolerable than combat), declined these offers, saying "I've made up my mind. I'll take my court martial."
727:
451:. The coming attack was common knowledge in the unit, and casualty rates were expected to be high, as the prolonged combat in the area had been unusually grueling. The Germans were determined to hold the terrain, and weather greatly reduced the usual American advantages in armor and air support. A small minority of soldiers (less than 0.5%) indicated they preferred to be imprisoned rather than remain in combat, and the rates of desertion and other crimes had begun to rise.
587:, from 1917 to 1918, the United States Army executed 35 of its own soldiers, but all were convicted of rape or unprovoked murder of civilians and not for military offenses. During World War II, in all theaters of the war, the United States military executed 102 of its own soldiers for rape or unprovoked murder of civilians, but only Slovik was executed for the military offense of desertion.
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The prosecutor, Captain John Green, presented witnesses to whom Slovik had stated his intention to "run away". According to his defense counsel, Captain Edward Woods, Slovik had elected not to testify. At the end of the day, the nine officers of the court found Slovik guilty and sentenced him to death. The sentence was reviewed and approved by Major
General
459:, the division commander. General Cota's stated attitude was "Given the situation as I knew it in November 1944, I thought it was my duty to this country to approve that sentence. If I hadn't approved it — if I had let Slovik accomplish his purpose — I don't know how I could have gone up to the line and looked a good soldier in the face."
347:, Michigan. While working there, he met the woman who became his wife, Antoinette Wisniewski. She was working as a bookkeeper for Montella Plumbing's owner, James Montella. They married on November 7, 1942, and lived with her parents. Slovik's criminal record classified him as morally unfit for duty in the U.S. military (
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Slovik was charged with desertion to avoid hazardous duty and tried by court-martial on
November 11, 1944. Slovik had to be tried by a court-martial composed of staff officers from other U.S. Army divisions, because all combat officers from the 28th Infantry Division were fighting on the front lines.
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I, Pvt. Eddie D. Slovik, 36896415, confess to the desertion of the United States Army. At the time of my desertion we were in Albuff in France. I came to Albuff as a replacement. They were shilling the town and we were told to dig in for the night. The following morning they were shilling us again.
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The following day, October 8, Slovik informed his company commander, Captain Ralph Grotte, that he was "too scared" to serve in a front-line rifle company and asked to be reassigned to a unit in a rear area. He then told Grotte that he would run away if he were assigned to a rifle unit, and asked his
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rifles, eleven of them loaded with just one round and one rifle loaded with a blank round. On the command of "Fire", Slovik was hit by eleven bullets, at least four of them being fatal. The wounds ranged from high in the neck region out to the left shoulder, over the left chest, and under the heart.
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As required by military custom, Slovik's uniform was stripped of all identifying military insignia, buttons, and any other accoutrements. He was wrapped with a GI blanket over his shoulders to protect him against the cold, and led into the courtyard of a house chosen for the execution because of its
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They're not shooting me for deserting the United States Army, thousands of guys have done that. They just need to make an example out of somebody and I'm it because I'm an ex-con. I used to steal things when I was a kid, and that's what they are shooting me for. They're shooting me for the bread and
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in Fère-en-Tardenois, alongside 95 American soldiers executed for rape or murder. Their grave markers are hidden from view by shrubbery and bear sequential numbers instead of names, making it impossible to identify them individually without knowing the key. Antoinette Slovik petitioned the Army for
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The cook took Slovik to a military policeman, then to his company commander, who read the note and urged Slovik to destroy it before he was taken into custody. Slovik refused. He was brought before
Lieutenant Colonel Ross Henbest, who again offered him the opportunity to tear up the note, return to
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The next day, October 9, Slovik deserted from his unit. John Tankey caught up with him and attempted to persuade him to stay, but Slovik's only comment was that his "mind was made up". Slovik walked several miles to the rear and approached an enlisted cook at a military government detachment of the
326:
family, the son of Anna Lutsky and Josef
Slowikowski. As a minor, he was a troublemaker and had contact with the police frequently. Slovik was first arrested at age 12 when he and some friends broke into a foundry to steal brass. From 1932 to 1937, he was arrested several times for offenses which
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in the summer of 1945, reviewed all general courts-martial where the accused was still in confinement, and remitted or reduced the sentence in 85 percent of the 27,000 serious cases reviewed. The death penalty was rarely imposed, and usually only for cases involving rape or murder. Slovik was the
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his unit, and face no further charges; Slovik again refused. Henbest instructed Slovik to write another note on the back of the first one stating that he fully understood the consequences of deliberately incriminating himself, and that it would be used as evidence against him in a court-martial.
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noted that of the 2,864 army personnel tried for desertion for the period
January 1942 through June 1948, 49 were convicted and sentenced to death, with 48 of those sentences commuted by higher authority. At least one of the members of the tribunal came to believe that Slovik's execution was an
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and a prison term, the same punishment he had seen given to other deserters from the division while he was confined to the stockade. As he was an ex-convict, a dishonorable discharge would have made little impact on his civilian life as a common laborer, and military prison terms for discipline
399:, France, Slovik and Private John Tankey, a friend he met at Fort Meade, took cover during an artillery attack during the night and became separated from Company G. Company G moved on the next morning, inadvertently leaving Slovik and Tankey behind. Slovik and Tankey found a
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During World War II, 1.7 million courts-martial were held, representing one third of all criminal cases tried in the United States during the same period. Most of the cases were minor, as were the sentences. Nevertheless, a clemency board, appointed by
Secretary of War
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One bullet was in the left upper arm. An Army physician quickly determined Slovik had not been immediately killed. As the firing squad's rifles were being reloaded to fire another volley, Slovik died. He was 24 years old. The entire execution took 15 minutes.
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unit had occupied the town, and remained with them for the next six weeks. Tankey wrote to their regiment to explain their absence before the
Canadians made arrangements for them to return to duty with their unit on October 7, 1944.
470:, a surprise German offensive through the Ardennes, began on December 16 with severe US casualties, bypassing and surrounding many units and straining the morale of the infantry to the greatest extent yet seen during the war.
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for basic training on
January 24, 1944, and was assigned to Company D of the 59th Infantry Training Battalion on January 31, 1944. On July 11, 1944, he was assigned to Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 1 at
297:. Although over 21,000 American soldiers were given varying sentences for desertion during World War II, including 49 death sentences, Slovik's death sentence was the only one that was carried out.
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Commissioner Bernard V. Calka, a Polish-American and veteran of World War II, who continued to petition the Army to return Slovik's remains to the United States. In 1987, he persuaded President
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379:. In August, he was dispatched to join the fighting in German-occupied France, and was assigned to the 3rd Replacement Depot. On August 24, he was one of 129 replacements assigned to the
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Eisenhower confirmed the execution order on December 23, noting that it was necessary to discourage further desertions. The sentence came as a shock to Slovik, who had been expecting a
335:. In October 1937, he was sent to prison, but was paroled in September 1938. After stealing and crashing a car with two friends while drunk, he was sent back to prison in January 1939.
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captain if that would constitute desertion, resulting in a court-martial. Grotte confirmed that it would, refused Slovik's request for reassignment, and sent him to a rifle platoon.
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In militaries around the world, courts-martial have imposed death sentences for offenses such as cowardice, desertion, insubordination, and mutiny. In France during
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to order their return. In 1987, Calka raised $ 5,000 to pay for the exhumation of Slovik's remains from Row 3, Grave 65 of Plot E, and their transfer to Detroit's
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490:. The defiant Slovik said to the soldiers whose duty it was to prepare him for the firing squad before they led him to the place of execution:
281:(February 18, 1920 – January 31, 1945) was a United States Army soldier during World War II and the only American soldier to be
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The Good Soldier on Trial: A Sociological Study of Misconduct by the US Military Pertaining to Operation Iron Triangle, Iraq
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The firing squad consisted of twelve soldiers selected from the 109th Regiment. The weapons used were standard-issue
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383:. He stayed in the division rear area overnight, before being assigned along with fifteen other men to Company G,
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includes a scene featuring the execution of a deserter that closely resembles Slovik's desertion and execution.
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According to United States Army records, 35 soldiers were executed for murder, mutiny, and rape in World War I.
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injustice in light of all the circumstances, and was an example of disparate treatment from a flawed process.
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announced his plan to produce a movie based on the book, with the same title, to be written by screenwriter
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for president at the time, the Kennedy camp became concerned, and persuaded Sinatra to cancel the project.
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The execution by firing squad was carried out at 10:04 a.m. on January 31, 1945, near the village of
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In April 1942, Slovik was paroled once more. He then obtained a job at Montella Plumbing and Heating in
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351:), but, shortly after the couple's first wedding anniversary, Slovik was reclassified as fit for duty (
1422:. Department of Defense. Department of the Army. Office of the Judge Advocate General. Archived from
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624:. This announcement provoked great outrage, in part because Maltz was part of the blacklisted
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1088:. West Side Detroit Polish American Historical Society. November 1, 2007. Archived from
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1413:"Court Martial Case 290498 (Private Eddie Slovik) Correspondence File, Volume I of III"
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Slovik was taken into custody and confined to the division stockade. The division's
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On December 9, Slovik wrote a letter to the Supreme Allied Commander, General
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only soldier executed who had been convicted of a "purely military" offense.
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1358:"Screen: The Grim Message of War:Foreman's 'The Victors' at Two Theaters"
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1189:"Antoinette Slovik, Widow of a G.I. Shot by Army for Desertion in 1945"
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offenses were widely expected to be commuted once the war was over.
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886:"1945: Private Eddie Slovik, the last American shot for desertion"
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Antoinette Slovik and others petitioned seven U.S. presidents (
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her husband's remains and his pension until her death in 1979.
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32:
1012:"Slovik, Eddie : American National Biography Online – oi"
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People executed by the United States military by firing squad
1156:
Deserter : the last untold story of the Second World War
1130:"Why Sgt. Bowe Bergdahl will never face an Army firing squad"
367:
694:. Vonnegut also wrote a companion (alternate) libretto to
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by the Army on January 3, 1944, from Detroit, Michigan.
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Retrospective from one of the judges at Slovik's trial.
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United States Army personnel who were court-martialed
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20th-century executions by the United States military
1252:
Until You Are Dead: The Book of Executions in America
989:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 141ff.
715:
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The 28th Infantry Division was scheduled to begin an
1324:
His Way: The Unauthorized Biography of Frank Sinatra
1225:"Body of executed soldier interred next to his wife"
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United States Army personnel killed in World War II
607:published a non-fiction account of the case titled
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1112:"Who's to Blame for Private Eddie Slovik's Death?"
1386:Kimmelman, Benedict B. (September–October 1987).
916:Kimmelman, Benedict B. (September–October 1987).
883:
656:"to Pvt. Edward D. Slovik, U.S. Army, deceased".
1462:
759:, the only Canadian executed during World War II
752:History of the Polish Americans in Metro Detroit
831:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 1993.
688:mentions Slovik's execution in his 1969 novel
495:chewing gum I stole when I was 12 years old.
632:sympathizer. As Sinatra was campaigning for
426:Signed PvI. Eddie D. Slovik A.S.N. 36896415
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416:, presenting him with a note which stated:
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1486:20th-century executions of American people
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528:Slovik's case was taken in 1981 by former
265: 1942–1945)
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1024:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600896
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522:Oise-Aisne American Cemetery and Memorial
395:While en route to his assigned unit near
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1187:Fraser, C. Gerald (September 8, 1979).
1134:The Washington Post, washingtonpost.com
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1060:"The Sad Story of Private Eddie Slovik"
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884:ExecutedToday.com (January 31, 2009).
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575:) for a pardon, but none was granted.
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1516:Military discipline and World War II
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782:"The Execution of Pvt. Eddie Slovik"
1328:. New York: Bantam Books. pp.
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954:. December 23, 1945. Archived from
888:. executedtoday.com. Archived from
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14:
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1491:American people of Polish descent
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1292:. Algora Publishing. p. 53.
1255:. Kensington Books. p. 378.
1227:. Associated Press. July 12, 1987
1195:(New York ed.). p. 36.
780:Simmons, Zena (August 25, 1999).
659:In 1974, the book was adapted by
542:Military Personnel Records Center
16:American army soldier (1920–1945)
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1521:Military personnel from Detroit
1388:"The Example Of Private Slovik"
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987:The Execution of Private Slovik
918:"The Example Of Private Slovik"
828:The Execution of Private Slovik
666:The Execution of Private Slovik
610:The Execution of Private Slovik
592:judge advocate general's office
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1546:People from Dearborn, Michigan
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1003:
948:"Courts of Appeal, Army Style"
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590:Colonel Robert C. Bard of the
1:
1541:People executed for desertion
1506:Executed people from Michigan
1286:Mestrovic, Stjepan G (2009).
763:
663:into a TV movie, also titled
650:dedicated their second album
1442:Report of Slovik's execution
481:
449:attack in the Hurtgen Forest
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1551:United States Army soldiers
1501:Deaths by firearm in France
1018:. Oxford University Press.
711:
708:), telling Slovik's story.
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1511:Fordson High School alumni
1392:American Heritage Magazine
922:American Heritage Magazine
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401:Canadian military police
310:Early life and education
1158:. London: HarperPress.
1154:Glass, Charles (2013).
414:112th Infantry Regiment
385:109th Infantry Regiment
322:in 1920 to a Catholic,
227:109th Infantry Regiment
1320:Kelley, Kitty (1987).
1128:Gibbons-Neff, Thomas.
1086:"Pvt. Eddie D. Slovik"
1039:Cite journal requires
497:
488:Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines
475:dishonorable discharge
429:
381:28th Infantry Division
327:included petty theft,
231:28th Infantry Division
77:Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines
1356:(December 20, 1963).
605:William Bradford Huie
516:Slovik was buried in
492:
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329:breaking and entering
252:Antoinette Wisniewski
194:Years of service
701:L'Histoire du soldat
553:Dwight D. Eisenhower
464:Dwight D. Eisenhower
387:on August 25, 1944.
373:Fort George G. Meade
333:disturbing the peace
279:Edward Donald Slovik
44:Edward Donald Slovik
1496:Burials in Michigan
1092:on October 27, 2010
958:on February 8, 2022
691:Slaughterhouse-Five
648:Pearls Before Swine
468:Battle of the Bulge
355:) and subsequently
314:Slovik was born in
92:Cause of death
1247:Drimmer, Frederick
1193:The New York Times
1066:on January 7, 2010
676:The 1963 war film
599:In popular culture
362:Slovik arrived at
295:American Civil War
188:United States Army
1429:on August 9, 2014
1010:Lach, Jr (2013).
952:Milwaukee Journal
561:Lyndon B. Johnson
538:Woodmere Cemetery
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54:February 18, 1920
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1451:Find a Grave
1447:Eddie Slovik
1431:. Retrieved
1424:the original
1419:
1400:. Retrieved
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1139:December 17,
1137:. Retrieved
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1090:the original
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1064:the original
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1032:cite journal
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241:World War II
237:Battles/wars
71:(1945-01-31)
25:Eddie Slovik
18:
1476:1945 deaths
1471:1920 births
1268:October 20,
1096:October 25,
867:|work=
679:The Victors
641:psychedelic
585:World War I
569:Gerald Ford
457:Norman Cota
225:Company G,
153:Nickname(s)
1465:Categories
1402:October 5,
932:October 5,
896:October 6,
764:References
293:since the
161:Allegiance
50:1920-02-18
1433:August 8,
1231:April 21,
1206:March 12,
1201:0362-4331
1174:818449638
962:April 20,
869:ignored (
859:cite book
849:April 20,
796:April 18,
744:Biography
653:Balaklava
644:folk rock
639:In 1968,
630:Communist
616:In 1960,
603:In 1954,
505:M1 Garand
482:Execution
391:Desertion
291:desertion
247:Spouse(s)
197:1944–1945
124:Desertion
81:Grand Est
1249:(1992).
1070:July 13,
985:(1954).
712:See also
579:Analysis
424:—
377:Maryland
345:Dearborn
320:Michigan
287:executed
217:36896415
177:Service/
106:Executed
1367:May 15,
1330:296–301
1305:July 6,
718:Portals
357:drafted
316:Detroit
267:
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206:Private
156:"Eddie"
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646:group
571:, and
518:Plot E
512:Burial
397:Elbeuf
339:Career
331:, and
179:branch
170:
85:France
1427:(PDF)
1416:(PDF)
368:Texas
261:(
257:
134:Death
1435:2014
1404:2012
1369:2017
1334:ISBN
1307:2013
1294:ISBN
1270:2010
1257:ISBN
1233:2011
1208:2019
1197:ISSN
1170:OCLC
1160:ISBN
1141:2015
1098:2010
1072:2010
1045:help
991:ISBN
964:2011
934:2012
898:2012
871:help
851:2011
833:ISBN
798:2011
289:for
285:and
222:Unit
202:Rank
66:Died
40:Born
1449:at
1398:(6)
1020:doi
928:(6)
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520:of
353:1-A
349:4-F
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