Economic liberalisation in India

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Indian expats losing jobs in Gulf in large scale and external forex remittances dropped. Additionally, Soviet Union, India's biggest trading partner then, collapsed impacting India's exports. With a huge growth in automobile sector in 1980s, need for oil also grew significantly and thus added to the forex need. Additionally, India was going through large scale socio-political turmoil due to government's reservations for backward classes (Mandal Commission Report, reservation for OBCs) and Hindu-Muslim religious fights. These significantly impacted socio-political stability needed for economy oriented policies, decisions and actions. Confluence of all these led to balance of payments issue and gave stronger reasons for broader and more liberalization which were already set in motion in 1980s. Communists and socialists who were the main political opposition for economic liberalization with trade and investments, had also lost moral courage with the collapse of Soviet Union, raise of East and South-East Asia and even Communist China liberalizing a lot of things.

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sought to make exports cheaper and accordingly provide the necessary foreign exchange reserves. The devaluation made petroleum more expensive to import, so Singh proposed to lower the price of kerosene to benefit the poorer citizens who depended on it while raising petroleum prices for industry and fuel. On 24 July 1991, Manmohan Singh presented the budget alongside his outline for broader reform. During the speech he laid out a new trade policy oriented towards promoting exports and removing import controls. Specifically, he proposed limiting tariff rates to no more than 150 percent while also lowering rates across the board, reducing

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years maturity, through India's ministry of finance, with the President of India as the borrower. The loan was meant primarily to support the government's program of stabilization and economic reform. This specified deregulation, increased foreign direct investment, liberalisation of the trade regime, reforming domestic interest rates, strengthening capital markets (stock exchanges), and initiating public enterprise reform (selling off public enterprises). As part of a bailout deal with the IMF, India was forced to pledge 20 tonnes of gold to

2306: 1734:). Under the Industrial Development Regulation Act of 1951, steel, mining, machine tools, water, telecommunications, insurance, and electrical plants, among other industries, were effectively nationalised. Elaborate licenses, regulations, and bureaucracy were also introduced to ensure that businesses operated within the framework of national goals and priorities. These policies were intended to promote self-sufficiency and reduce the country's dependence on foreign powers. The resulting economic system is commonly referred to as 1742:

state-owned enterprises were not necessarily expected to generate a profit, but instead to serve social and developmental objectives. As a result, they sometimes incurred losses without being shut down. However, this approach also meant that the government was responsible for covering the losses, which contributed to the financial burden on the state. The lack of competition due to licensing and slow business growth resulted in poor infrastructure development in some areas, which further impeded economic progress.

2365:: The introduction of the GST in July 2017 aimed to streamline India's tax system. However, challenges in its implementation, including complex rules, confusion about tax rates, and technology issues led to disruptions in supply chains and compliance burdens for small businesses which negatively impacted GDP growth. GST is also sometimes considered a regressive tax as it arguably disproportionately affects the poor more than the rich. It also lead to a decrease in fiscal autonomy of Indian state governments. 1919: 1826: 1947: 1881: 2097:(CRR) from 38.5% and 15% respectively to 25% and 10% respectively, allowing market forces to dictate interest rates instead of the government, placing banks under the sole control of the RBI, and reducing the number of public sector banks. The government heeded some of these suggestions, including cutting the SLR and CRR rates, liberalizing interest rates, loosening restrictions on private banks, and allowing banks to open branches free from government mandate. 562: 2022: 7715: 6793: 6803: 2426: 1554: 538: 7735: 1837: 1566: 550: 6851: 1649:

potential negative consequences. One area of concern has been the environmental impact of the liberalisation policies, as industries have expanded and regulations have been relaxed to attract investment. Additionally, some critics argue that the policies have contributed to widening income inequality and social disparities, as the benefits of economic growth have not been equally distributed across the population.

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that the focus on profit-making may lead to neglect of social and environmental concerns.There have also been controversies around the awarding of contracts to private companies, with allegations of corruption and favouritism in the selection process. However, the government has defended its privatisation policy as a necessary step towards achieving economic growth and development in the country.

1769:. However, the multinational company's marketing and distribution networks enabled it to gain a significant share of the market, leading to financial difficulties for some domestic companies, ultimately resulting in the decline and closure of much of Pure Drinks Group bottling plants and Parle Bisleri selling much of its business to Coca-Cola. 2167:, and professional services. These reforms included reducing import tariffs, deregulating markets, and lowering taxes, which led to an increase in foreign investment and high economic growth. From 1992 to 2005, foreign investment increased by 316.9%, and India's GDP grew from $ 266 billion in 1991 to $ 2.3 trillion in 2018. 2113:

also derided devaluation, fearing it would worsen runaway inflation that would hit the poorest citizens the hardest while doing nothing to fix the trade deficit. In the face of vocal opposition, the support and political will of the prime minister was crucial in order to see through the reforms. Rao was often referred to as

2777:. Income inequality in India has been a major concern, especially since 2016. The top 10% of the population holds 77% of the total national wealth, with the richest 1% acquiring 73% of the wealth generated in 2017, while the poorest half of the population, about 670 million people, saw only a 1% increase in their wealth. 2140:, the western nations sought to boost their economies through reduced interest rates. As a result, capital flowed globally, particularly towards developing countries such as India, where foreign investors pursued higher returns. Although neoliberal economists like to claim that the growth of India between 2000 up until 6233: 2848:

With the withdrawal of state support and the opening up of agricultural markets, many farmers have had to take loans to keep up with the increased costs of farming, leading to a debt trap for many. The debt trap resulted in a high incidence of farmer suicides. In 2017 alone, 10,655 farmers took their

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In a study conducted in January 2023, researchers from the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy examined state revenues. Their analysis revealed that in 17 of the 18 states they investigated, the income generated from state-level taxes diminished after implementation of GST compared to the

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The integration into global markets has also made India susceptible to foreign monetary policies, particularly those of the U.S. Federal Reserve. Changes in the Fed's policy rates can have a direct impact on the Indian market through various channels. Rate hikes by the Fed tend to strengthen the U.S.

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accelerated from just 1¼ per cent in the three decades after Independence to 7½ per cent currently, a rate of growth that will double the average income in a decade.... In service sectors where government regulation has been eased significantly or is less burdensome—such as communications, insurance,

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However, the liberalization did not benefit all parts of India equally, with urban areas benefiting more than rural areas. States with pro-worker labor laws experienced slower industry expansion compared to those with pro-employer labor laws. This led to a "beggar-thy-neighbor" scenario, where states

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in public sector companies, but accompanying this was a reduction in subsidies for fertilizer and abolition of subsidies for sugar. He also dealt with the depletion of foreign exchange reserves during the crisis with a 19 per cent devaluation of the rupee with respect to the US dollar, a change which

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Anemia represents a serious public health crisis in India, with government statistics revealing a widespread prevalence of the condition across various demographics. According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) for 2019–2021, anemia affects a substantial portion of the population, including

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Some critiques suggest that the multidimensional poverty indices, while comprehensive, may not sufficiently capture the severity of issues such as hunger and absolute poverty. They point to evidence of declining calorie intake and food grain consumption, arguing this reflects an increase in absolute

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The Asian Development Bank reported that in 2022, 5.7% of the employed population in India was living below $ 1.90 purchasing power parity per day. The World Bank's global poverty update in September 2023 indicated that India accounts for 40% of the increase in the global extreme poverty rate during

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The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on poverty levels in India, significantly reversing the progress made over recent decades in poverty reduction. The World Bank's forecasts indicated a substantial increase in global extreme poverty due to the economic consequences of the pandemic. This

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The annual income of the bottom 20% of households in India experienced a sharp decline of 53% during the pandemic year of 2020-21 compared to their 2015-16 levels, and have yet to bounce back to pre-pandemic levels. In contrast, the top 20% of households saw their annual income increase by 39%. This

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The liberalization of the economy made India more vulnerable to global market forces, such as fluctuations in commodity prices, exchange rates and global demand for exports. This increased the country's dependence on global market forces, as it became more susceptible to external shocks and economic

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While the privatisation of airports has been hailed as a step towards modernisation and efficiency, there have also been concerns about the potential impact on workers and the local communities. Critics have argued that the privatisation of airports may lead to job losses and a decline in wages, and

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On 12 November 1991, based on an application from the Government of India, World Bank sanctioned a structural adjustment loan/credit that consisted of two components – an IBRD loan of $ 250 million to be paid over 20 years, and an IDA credit of SDR 183.8 million (equivalent to $ 250 million) with 35

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The government's economic policies, shaped by the desire to attract foreign capital is criticised by some for causing a deterioration in the economic condition of the working class, which potentially leads to a cycle of reduced aggregate demand, further hurting the economy and making it subservient

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India continues to be vulnerable to effects of global commodity prices, particularly the price of crude oil. The long-term effects include a heightened vulnerability to an increase in the import bill and Current Account Deficit, depreciation of the Indian Rupee and an inflationary impact associated

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The service sector, despite its substantial contribution to India's GDP, is often characterized by high productivity but low employment generation. This is because the fastest-growing sub-sectors within services, such as software services, telecommunications, and banking, are capital intensive, not

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After the reforms, life expectancy and literacy rates continued to increase at roughly the same rate as before the reforms. For the first 10 years after the 1991 reforms, GDP also continued to increase at roughly the same rate as before the reforms. This was because the economic growth of the 2000s

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The 2023 Global Hunger Index indicates that little progress has been made since 2015. This stagnation is seen as a result of the combined effects of multiple crises.India was ranked 111th out of 125 countries, which indicates a serious level of hunger representing a decline from the previous year,

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Despite these concerning findings, the government decided not to release the report, citing "data quality issues" and later scrapped the survey altogether. This action was seen as a rejection of evidence by the government, especially since such surveys are crucial for setting the base year for key

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The 2017-18 National Sample Survey on consumer expenditure in India which was leaked revealed a worrisome decline in consumer spending, marking the first such drop in 40 years. The survey indicated that the average monthly spending by an Indian fell by 3.7% to Rs 1,446 from Rs 1,501 in 2011–12. In

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India's fiscal policies have been criticised by some for prioritizing the demands of foreign investors over the domestic demand and well-being of its citizens. The criticism is rooted in the observation that the Indian government has adopted a regime of fiscal austerity, where it has been reducing

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The reforms drew heavy scrutiny from opposition leaders. The New Industrial Policy and 1991 Budget was decried by opposition leaders as "command budget from the IMF" and worried that withdrawal of subsidies for fertilizers and hikes in oil prices would harm lower and middle-class citizens. Critics

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Growth during the 1980s was higher than in the preceding decades but fragile. It not only culminated in a crisis in June 1991 but also exhibited significantly higher variance than growth in the 1990s. Central to the high growth rate in the 1980s was the high growth of 7.6 percent during 1988–1991.

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was abolished. However, a second poor harvest and subsequent industrial recession helped fuel political backlash against liberalisation, characterised by resentment at foreign involvement in the Indian economy and fear that it might signal a broader shift away from socialist policies. As a result,

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in late 1970s, the government seeking to promote economic self-reliance and indigenous industries, required multi-national corporations to go into partnership with Indian corporations. The policy proved controversial, diminishing foreign investment and led to the high-profile exit of corporations

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Only four or five licences would be given for steel, electrical power and communications, allowing license owners to build huge and powerful empires without competition. A significant public sector emerged in India during this period, where the state took ownership of several key industries. These

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The liberalisation of the Indian economy was followed by a large increase in inequality with the income share of the top 10% of the population increasing from 35% in 1991 to 57.1% in 2014. Likewise, the income share of the bottom 50% decreased from 20.1% in 1991 to 13.1% in 2014. It has also been

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Initially, the liberalization policies did seem to accelerate the pace of employment generation. However, over the years, this growth in employment has slowed down significantly. A study suggests that even supporters of liberalisation concede that the immediate impact on the labor market has been

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To incentivise foreign investment, it laid out a plan to pre-approve all investment up to 51% foreign equity participation, allowing foreign companies to bring modern technology and industrial development. To further incentivise technological advancement, the old policy of government approval for

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With liberalisation in automobile, electronics and white goods like fridges, washing machines, ACs etc in 1980s, Indian imports shot-up as significant components were imported. Gulf War I in 1991 after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, resulted in multiple blows to Indian economy with spiked oil prices,

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Neoliberal economic policies have markedly shaped India's agricultural crisis, impacting a vast number of people since more than 70% rely on farming for their livelihood. This situation is intensified by several economic strategies, particularly those shaped by the World Trade Organization (WTO)

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Although a fixed exchange rate system helped India to achieve currency stability, it also necessitated that the Indian Government utilize its foreign exchange reserves in the event of currency pressures in order to avoid a breach of the currency peg especially since speculators are attempting to

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and a shift towards a more services-oriented economy. The impact of India's economic liberalisation policies on various sectors and social groups has been a topic of ongoing debate. While the policies have been credited with attracting foreign investment, some have expressed concerns about their

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Post-1991 economic reforms explicitly rejected the need for institutional transformation in agriculture, leading to a contraction of the role of the Indian state. The state was encouraged to withdraw its protectionist disposition, making way for a free, privatised, and financialised market. The

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Poverty continues to persist in India, before the COVID-19 pandemic there were 59 million Indians living below $ 2 a day and 1,162 million living between $ 2.01 and $ 10 a day. Low government expenditure on healthcare has resulted in a healthcare quality divide between rich and poor as well as

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After 2014, the Indian government under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi initiated the privatisation of airports in India as part of its policy of economic liberalisation and development. Under this policy, the Airports Authority of India (AAI) has been engaging in Public-Private

2356:: In November 2016, the Indian government invalidated high denomination currency notes (₹500 and ₹1,000) with the stated goal of combating corruption and black money. This move disrupted the cash-dependent informal sector, causing a contraction in economic activity and a slowdown in GDP growth. 2185:

Extreme poverty reduced from 36 percent in 1993–94 to 24.1 percent in 1999–2000. However, these poverty figures have been criticised as not representing the true picture of poverty. According to one report, the wealthiest one percent of the country earns between 5 and 7 percent of the national

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The low LFPR has been persistent even before the COVID-19 pandemic and has been especially notable in the case of Indian women, where the declining participation rate has been attributed to high unemployment rates and the industry-wise composition of total employment, suggesting displacement.

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India has the highest child wasting rate reported in the 2023 GHI at 18.7 percent.The child stunting rate, which indicates children with low height for their age and chronic undernutrition, stands at 35.5 percent. The proportion of undernourished individuals in India is 16.6 percent, which

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Neoliberal reforms have led to a significant increase in exports as a share of the India's GDP. While this has fueled growth in some sectors, it also means that the Indian economy becomes more vulnerable to fluctuations in global market demand. Over-reliance on exports can lead to economic

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of goods and services to GDP in India approximately doubled from 7.3 percent in 1990 to 14 percent in 2000. This rise was less dramatic on the import side but was significant, from 9.9 percent in 1990 to 16.6 percent in 2000. Within 10 years, the ratio of total goods and services trade to

2748:, the CEO of NITI Aayog said in a speech about cutting funding for Ministry of Women and Child Development “I still remember when we were cutting off … women and child – state subject – 36,000, make it 18,000 crores,” that is 360 billion rupees ($ 5.8bn) to 180 billion rupees ($ 2.9bn). 1856:, telecommunications and software industries. Reforms under lead to an increase in the average GDP growth rate from 2.9 percent in the 1970s to 5.6 per cent, although they failed to fix systemic issues with the Licence Raj. Despite Rajiv Gandhi's dream for more systemic reforms, the 1625:-driven. The goal was to expand the role of private and foreign investment, which was seen as a means of achieving economic growth and development. Although some attempts at liberalisation were made in 1966 and the early 1980s, a more thorough liberalisation was initiated in 1991. 2992:

There was a perpetual fear of foreign influence on the Indian economy. This fear emanated from India's experience with the East India Company, which had entered the subcontinent as a trading entity in 1757 and later metamorphosed into a colonial power that ruled for almost two

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With trade and investment restrictions reduced in 1980s, there were policies and initiatives to increase exports particularly electronics and IT software. However, they picked speed and scale in 1990s due to long gestation period, WTO evolution and overall global trade growth.

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Under the second NDA Government, the coal industry was opened up through the passing of the Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Bill of 2015. This effectively ended the state monopoly over the mining of the coal sector and opened it up for private, foreign investments, as well as

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requiring as much labor as other sectors like agriculture or manufacturing. Capital-intensive industries often require the importation of machinery and technology, which can lead to increased current account deficit (with its accompanying vulnerabilities) and is considered a

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The employment growth rate in the period between 2004-2005 and 2011-2012 was just 0.45% per annum, and analyses of long-term trends have indicated that periods of higher economic growth have not translated into job creation, a phenomenon often described as "jobless growth".

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instability if global demand weakens or if there are competitive pressures from other countries. Moreover, this strategy often results in neglecting the domestic market and local production capacities, which can exacerbate economic inequalities and reduce self-sufficiency.

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beginning the privatisation of government-owned businesses, including hotels, VSNL, Maruti Suzuki, and airports. The coalition also implemented tax reduction policies, enacted fiscal policies aimed at reducing deficits and debts, and increased initiatives for public works.

2411:: The increase in income inequality in India as a result of economic reforms has contributed to a decrease in the purchasing power of low-income individuals. This decrease in purchasing power has led to a relatively low demand for goods and services in certain sectors. 1867:

The fragile but faster growth during the 1980s took place in the context of significant reforms throughout the decade but especially starting in 1985.The liberalization pushed industrial growth to a hefty 9.2 percent during the crucial high growth period of 1988–1991.

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announced a reduction in the base corporate tax rate from 30% to 22% for companies that do not seek exemptions, and the tax rate for new manufacturing companies was reduced from 25% to 15%. The Indian government proposed agricultural and labor reforms in 2020, but

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After 1991, the Indian government removed some restrictions on imports of agricultural products causing a price crash while cutting subsidies for the farmers to keep government intervention to the minimum as per neoliberal ideals causing further farmer distress.

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contributes to the overall hunger issues in the country. India's hunger situation is more severe compared to neighboring countries such as Pakistan (102nd), Bangladesh (81st), Nepal (69th), and Sri Lanka (60th), which all have better rankings in the index.

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its fiscal deficit relative to its GDP by cutting down on revenue expenditure such as welfare, subsidies, and other services. This austerity in revenue expenditure has led to a significant reduction in government spending on welfare, such as health,

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India's export demand, influenced by the global market, has seen a contraction in recent times. In April 2023, India's merchandise exports contracted by 12.7%, with imports also seeing a sharp decline due to low demand in the U.S. and EU Markets.

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On 1 July 2017, the NDA Government under Modi approved the Goods and Services Tax Act, which had been first proposed 17 years earlier under the NDA Government in 2000. The act aimed to replace multiple indirect taxes with a unified tax structure.

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are considered 'risky'. These capital outflows can influence asset prices and increase market volatility in India, as well as deplete foreign exchange reserves and create liquidity issues. India's foreign exchange reserves are built through

2401:: The rural economy in India, which largely depends on agriculture, has been under stress due to low crop prices, high input costs, poor rainfall, and mounting farmer debt. This has led to reduced rural consumption and a slowdown in overall 2510:" campaign, which sought to encourage domestic and foreign companies to invest in manufacturing and production in India. The program aimed to create employment opportunities and enhance the country's manufacturing capabilities. 2053:

Firstly, it abolished the License Raj by removing licensing restrictions for all industries except for 18 that "related to security and strategic concerns, social reasons, problems related to safety and overriding environmental

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India's Producer Support Estimate consistently registers negative figures, suggesting that the government is more inclined towards taxing or discouraging its agricultural producers, rather than providing them with support or

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negative. This is particularly true in sectors like agriculture and manufacturing, where the reforms have not satisfactorily addressed the challenges, resulting in minimal job creation despite high economic growth overall.

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proposed the introduction of 51% Foreign Direct Investment in the retail sector. However, the decision was delayed due to pressure from coalition parties and the opposition, and it was ultimately approved in December 2012.

6682: 2616:; although the Indian banking sector had low exposure to US banking sector, the crisis still had a negative impact on the Indian economy due to lower global demand, decline in foreign investment and tightening of credit. 1628:

The liberalisation process was prompted by a balance of payments crisis that had led to a severe recession, dissolution of the Soviet Union leaving the United States as the sole superpower as well as the need to fulfill

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The fourth point proposed to dismantle public monopolies by floating shares of public sector companies and limiting public sector growth to essential infrastructure, goods and services, mineral exploration, and defense

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India's labor force participation rate, a measure of the proportion of the working-age population that is either employed or actively looking for work, has seen a significant decline in recent years. According to the

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which continued under Joe Biden, volatile oil prices, and a slowdown in global economic growth have impacted India's economy. These factors have contributed to reduced exports and investments, as well as currency

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The liberalisation policies have also been criticised for increasing income inequality, concentrating wealth, worsening rural living standards, causing unemployment, and leading to an increase in farmer suicides.

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opening up of the markets exposed small farmers to volatile global market forces influenced by heavy subsidies given to agriculture sector in developed countries, against which they were not equipped to compete.

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Data from the Petroleum Planning & Analysis Cell of the Ministry of Oil indicates that India's import dependence for crude oil has escalated to 87.8% in August 2023, an increase from 86.5% in the prior year.

2395:: India has experienced a decline in private investment, a perceived "unfavourable" business environment, low aggregate demand and the aforementioned credit crunch. This has had a dampening effect on GDP growth. 2288:

In 2006 India recorded its highest GDP growth rate of 9.6% becoming the second fastest growing major economy in the world, next only to China. The growth rate slowed significantly in the first half of 2012.

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rose from 17.2 percent to 30.6 percent. India, however, continues to have a trade deficit, relying on foreign capital to maintain its balance of payments and as such, makes it vulnerable to external shocks.

2378:(NPAs) or bad loans. This has led to a credit crunch, with domestic banks becoming more cautious in lending especially to the MSME Sector, which in turn has constrained investment and growth in the country. 6763: 6369: 2519:

Partnerships (PPP) with private companies for the development, management, and operation of airports in India. This has led to the privatisation of several airports across the country, including those in

1641:. The crisis in 1991 served as a catalyst for the government to initiate a more comprehensive economic reform agenda, including Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation referred to as LPG reforms. 6722: 6627: 6732: 1817:

World Bank loans continued to be taken for agricultural projects since 1972, and these continued as international seed companies that were able to enter Indian markets after the 1991 liberalisation.

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to be finance minister and gave them complete support in doing whatever they thought was necessary to solve the crisis. Verma helped draft the New Industrial Policy alongside Chief Economic Advisor

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Additionally, the incomes of informal workers, such as food delivery platform workers, have fallen, and their net incomes have declined significantly after accounting for inflation and fuel costs.

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67.1% of children aged 6–59 months, 59.1% of adolescent girls (15–19 years), 31.1% of adolescent boys (15–19 years), 57.2% of women of reproductive age (15–49 years), and 52.2% of pregnant women.

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of domestic investment and spending. India's manufacturing sector has seen increased import intensity, meaning that a significant portion of the inputs needed for production comes from imports.

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Meanwhile, Manmohan Singh worked on a new budget that would come to be known as the Epochal Budget. The primary concern was getting the fiscal deficit under control, and he sought to do this by

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Furthermore, a large portion of those who are counted as employed are actually underemployed, such as over one-third of the self-employed who are unpaid workers in their household enterprises.

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pre-GST era. This decline was observed in terms of the percentage of the gross state domestic product (GSDP). This reduction in revenue leads to states being forced to cut back on spending.

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trade restrictions were reintroduced and the Foreign Investments Board was established in 1968 to scrutinise companies investing in India with more than 40% foreign equity participation.

6737: 6672: 6637: 6572: 6552: 6542: 6502: 6487: 6482: 2657:(CMIE), India's LPR was approximately 41.38% in March 2021 but has further dropped to around 40.15%. This decline is notable compared to other Asian economies where LPRs are above 60%. 5446: 6778: 6697: 6657: 6632: 6612: 6547: 6512: 6497: 3361: 4949: 4092: 2948: 6617: 6582: 6537: 6532: 5789: 5002: 3325: 2676:

A stronger dollar can lead to capital outflows from India as the interest rate differential between the U.S. and India narrows, making India less attractive to foreign investors as

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Additionally, the central bank is forced to raise interest rates in order to arrest some of the capital outflows hence reducing domestic demand and accompanying economic effects.

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was the result of the liberal reforms, it is likely that it was liberalisation coinciding with the boom phase of the economic cycle that resulted in high GDP growth of the 2000s.

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began pursuing economic liberalisation. The governments loosened restrictions on business creation and import controls while also promoting the growth of the automobile,

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demands. The WTO urges countries such as India to cut back on agricultural subsidies, which are crucial for sustaining food security and supporting the rural economy.

6339: 2255:(OECD) which is widely considered to be a neoliberal institution applauded the changes, pointing to their promotion of high economic growth and increases in income: 4862: 2136:

Private investment in infrastructure significantly increased during the 2000s, driven by an influx of global finance. This surge was triggered when, following the

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Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels

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Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels

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India is highly dependent on indirect taxes, especially the tax levied on the sale and manufacture of goods and services that ordinary Indians depend upon.

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led NDA Government pushed through the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code to create time-bound processes for insolvency resolution of companies and individuals.

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dollar against other currencies, including the Indian rupee, which increases the debt servicing costs for Indian borrowers with loans in foreign currency.

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Despite economic reforms, decline in poverty has been slow in India compared to its neighbours like China, which did not liberalise to the same extent.

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Finally the concept of an MRTP company, where companies whose assets surpassed a certain value were placed under government supervision, was scrapped.

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was not solely the result of liberal reforms, but also due to the boom phase of the economic cycle, which had led to an influx of foreign capital.

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challenges the neoliberal argument that economic liberalisation benefits all segments to some extent, even if it exacerbates income disparities.

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that have historically insulated it from the kind of food scarcity experienced by some African nations that are heavily reliant on food imports.

592: 5028: 4665: 3900: 7612: 7047: 5600: 2214:, and investment raised on international capital markets increased significantly, from US$ 132 million in 1991–92 to $ 5.3 billion in 1995–96. 1164: 5378: 2292:

The economy then rebounded to 7.3% growth in 2015, 7.9% in 2015 and 8.2% in 2016 before falling to 6.7% in 2017, 6.5% in 2018 and 4% in 2019.

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to combat inflation (even though devaluation results in increased import costs) and cheapen exports and the former system of tariffs and

333: 3639: 2742:, and maternity benefits. As a consequence, the domestic demand is depressed, real wages are falling, and employment situation is dire. 2089:(RBI) Governor established the Narasimham Committee to recommend changes to the financial system. Recommendations included reducing the 7591: 7150: 6839: 5653: 4876: 2147:

Reforms in India in the 1990s and 2000s aimed to increase international competitiveness in various sectors, including auto components,

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Dutta, M. K. and Sarma, Gopal Kumar, Foreign Direct Investment in India Since 1991: Trends, Challenges and Prospects (1 January 2008).

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led government launched several initiatives aimed at promoting economic growth and development. One of the notable programs was the "

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By 1997, it became evident that no governing coalition would try to dismantle liberalisation, although governments avoided taking on

6306: 5328: 2013: 7660: 7627: 6817: 5471: 2602: 2575: 2536: 4354: 10556: 8471: 7648: 6707: 5283:"Neo-liberal Macroeconomic Policy and Structural Transformation of Indian Economy: Impact on Income, Employment and Distribution" 6288: 4246: 10012: 9984: 8707: 6924: 4368: 288: 4666:"The Impact of India's New GST Tax on the Economy - In the Trenches - IMF F&D Magazine - June 2018 | Volume 55 | Number 2" 4420: 10623: 9933: 9645: 6395: 6271: 4526: 4480: 4458: 3481: 3151: 3075: 3016: 2985: 2686: 1738:, characterized by state intervention and central planning. These policies were seen by some as restraining economic growth. 1696: 2826: 1844:

As it became evident that the Indian economy was lagging behind its East and Southeast Asian neighbours, the governments of

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system, where the rupee was pegged to the value of a basket of currencies of major trading partners. India started having

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for his ability to steer tough economic and political legislation through the parliament at a time when he headed a

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Unlike socialist countries like the USSR, India didn't achieve the same level of income equality post-independence.

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income, while approximately 15 percent of the working population earns less than ₹ 5,000 (about $ 64) per month.

159: 4447:"The OECD Neoliberal Governance: Policies of International Testing and Their Impact on Global Education Systems" 1761:

In the 1990s, Coca-Cola re-entered the Indian market and faced competition from domestic cola companies such as

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rural areas, the decline was even sharper at 8.8%, although urban spending saw a 2% rise over the same period.

2613: 2447: 2360: 2141: 1723: 578: 139: 5404: 2590: 9759: 9744: 9660: 8691: 8300: 7643: 7419: 7213: 7130: 6969: 2034: 1829: 1355: 1013: 250: 3791:"World bank report P-5678-IN – report of the IBRD and IDA on a proposed structural adjustment loan to India" 9595: 8732: 7884: 7685: 7379: 7271: 7171: 7090: 5892:"September 2023 global poverty update from the World Bank: new data on poverty during the pandemic in Asia" 2682: 2579: 2528: 2483: 1801:. Pressure from the Bretton Woods institutions caused a shift towards economic liberalisation, wherein the 1672: 1405: 1395: 459: 313: 255: 4766:"Farmers' Distress Index: An Approach for an Action Plan to Reduce Vulnerability in the Drylands of India" 10780: 10475: 9602: 9152: 9046: 8737: 8464: 8409: 7949: 7542: 7409: 7266: 6897: 6892: 2605:

forced the Indian government to repeal three laws meant to further liberalize Indian agriculture sector.

2491: 2148: 1937: 1794: 1645: 1634: 1582: 1101: 1038: 971: 949: 318: 192: 10365: 3441: 10400: 10081: 9521: 9491: 9137: 8630: 8116: 7486: 7384: 6863: 4382: 3579:"Everything about Manmohan Singh's Epochal Budget that marked the beginning of economic liberalisation" 3099:"Industrialization, Dirigisme and Capitalists: Indian Big Business from Independence to Liberalization" 2910: 2315: 2248:, with a substantial reduction in state control of the economy and increased financial liberalisation. 2030: 1410: 926: 4572: 4326: 2578:

who protested against the proposed agricultural bills. Eventually, due to the sustained protests, the

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India in the Indo-Pacific: Understanding India's security orientation towards Southeast and East Asia

2705: 2207: 2102: 2090: 2002: 1658: 1184: 871: 381: 149: 129: 84: 6847: 5790:"In the pandemic, India's middle class shrinks and poverty spreads while China sees smaller changes" 5447:"India's import dependence on crude oil climbs to 87.8% in April-August 2023: PPAC - ET EnergyWorld" 4715:

Cheng, Natalie Fang Ling; Hasanov, Akram Shavkatovich; Poon, Wai Ching; Bouri, Elie (1 April 2023).

2268:

particularly strong. In those infrastructure sectors which have been opened to competition, such as

1915:

government (1990–91) took several significant steps towards liberalisation and laid its foundation.

10790: 10591: 9754: 9739: 9413: 9056: 8921: 8880: 8767: 8524: 8025: 7989: 7764: 7476: 7341: 7316: 7085: 6449: 6427: 5918:"Hunger and Poverty In India: A Case Study on Capitalism, Privatization, and Misleading Statistics" 4446: 4340: 2810:

poverty rather than an enhancement in living standards through the diversification of consumption.

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Reddy, A. Amarender; Bhattacharya, Anindita; Reddy, S. Venku; Ricart, Sandra (12 November 2021).

2436: 2179: 1622: 1350: 996: 991: 981: 676: 512: 79: 10231: 7738: 5917: 4717:"The US-China trade war and the volatility linkages between energy and agricultural commodities" 2343:

Stagnation in Indian Railways' Passengers Carried (Million Passenger-km) in a Country Since 2016

10566: 10536: 9974: 9913: 9898: 9829: 9794: 9789: 9769: 9531: 8975: 8655: 8635: 8457: 8359: 8354: 8269: 8239: 7574: 7530: 7414: 7346: 7336: 7301: 6939: 6934: 5840:"COVID-19 is creating a hunger catastrophe in India – here's an opportunity to break the cycle" 2885: 2199: 2160: 1675:

was influenced by the colonial experience (which was exploitative in nature and had begun as a

1503: 1380: 1174: 1033: 964: 851: 809: 212: 202: 6054: 4651: 4623: 3053:"From Dirigisme to Neoliberalism: Aspects of the Political Economy of the Transition in India" 2789: 2347:

India's GDP growth experienced a slowdown since 2016 due to a combination of factors such as:

2218:

and cities vie to enact the most pro-capital laws at the expense of workers and other states.

1776:

had averaged around 4% from the 1950s to 1980s, while per-capita income growth averaged 1.3%.

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profit of off breaking the peg. The government was close to default on its external debt and

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Srinivas, V. (27 March 2018). "India's IMF Programmes—1966 and 1981: An Analytical Review".

1644:

The reform process had significant effects on the Indian economy, leading to an increase in

829: 10704: 10141: 10106: 9969: 9959: 9928: 9918: 9881: 9814: 9784: 9779: 9764: 9729: 9702: 9655: 9617: 9607: 9567: 9460: 9455: 9443: 9313: 9259: 9225: 9179: 9024: 8783: 8762: 8519: 8036: 7999: 7874: 7839: 7675: 7424: 7362: 7331: 7321: 7281: 7276: 7015: 6954: 4728: 4273:"The Unequal Effects of Liberalization: Evidence from Dismantling the License Raj in India" 3062:, International Political Economy Series, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 140–165, 2915: 2895: 2479: 2241: 2211: 2193:

India also increasingly integrated its economy with the global economy. The ratio of total

1533: 1488: 1463: 1430: 1134: 1129: 1066: 1061: 819: 656: 376: 371: 361: 69: 10131: 9582: 7899: 5997: 4504: 3349: 2170:

According to one study, wages rose on the whole, as well as wages as the labor-to-capital

8: 10699: 10465: 10236: 10176: 10126: 9844: 9572: 9557: 9547: 9506: 9438: 9423: 9408: 9403: 9318: 9237: 9232: 9110: 9029: 8970: 8914: 8875: 8676: 8349: 8344: 8229: 8061: 8031: 7844: 7824: 7757: 7690: 7680: 7481: 7456: 7429: 6747: 6420: 6208: 2641: 2375: 2276:, the private sector has proven to be extremely effective and growth has been phenomenal. 2120: 2038: 1990: 1703:

at the micro level in all businesses especially in labour and financial markets, a large

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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criticised for decreasing rural living standards, rural employment and an increase in

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asset management and information technology—output has grown rapidly, with exports of

2005:

had reduced to the point that India could barely finance two weeks' worth of imports.

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Aghion, Philippe; Burgess, Robin; Redding, Stephen J.; Zilibotti, Fabrizio (2008).

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and severe drought, the Indian government was forced to seek monetary aid from the

1773: 1708: 1684: 1618: 1360: 1335: 1287: 1267: 1212: 1189: 1139: 1018: 921: 911: 901: 866: 756: 706: 696: 691: 554: 464: 429: 404: 164: 64: 10380: 6412: 6402: 5866: 5236:"The Political Economy of India's Postplanning Economic Reform: A Critical Review" 5055:"Explained: In the three new labour codes, what changes for workers & hirers?" 4533: 4487: 4312: 4032: 3128: 3052: 10520: 10510: 10495: 10415: 10405: 10385: 10276: 10256: 10216: 10191: 10101: 9249: 9206: 9194: 9184: 9125: 8985: 8980: 8865: 8814: 8809: 8727: 8625: 8548: 8499: 8424: 8414: 8384: 8290: 7924: 7834: 7493: 7471: 7404: 7181: 6183: 5187:

Jung, Dong-Hyeon; Choi, Sung-Il; Cho, Jun-Hyeon; Jang, Ji-Yong (September 2007).

3929: 3448: 3425: 2905: 2677: 2106: 1994: 1912: 1790: 1679:

by a British trading company) and by those leaders', particularly prime minister

1668: 1570: 1415: 1320: 1277: 1257: 1252: 1242: 1237: 1159: 954: 566: 487: 419: 409: 399: 308: 187: 98: 49: 4741: 4716: 4341:"Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) – India | Data" 4153:"Hindutva, Economic Neoliberalism and the Abuse of Economic Statistics in India" 3606: 3394: 1633:

required to receive loans from international financial institutions such as the

10721: 10694: 10689: 10662: 10618: 10435: 10370: 10221: 10196: 10161: 10111: 10051: 9418: 9323: 9279: 9189: 9090: 9051: 9041: 8844: 8722: 8594: 8142: 8086: 8066: 7904: 7859: 7814: 7809: 7584: 7466: 7251: 5972:"Consumer Survey 2017-18 junked due to discrepancies; new survey ordered: Govt" 5298: 5204: 5189:"Labour Policy Reform and Labour Market after Economic Liberalization in India" 5170: 4550: 3051:

Chandrasekhar, C. P. (2012), Kyung-Sup, Chang; Fine, Ben; Weiss, Linda (eds.),

2755:

to the interests of foreign capital at the expense of its domestic prosperity.

2552: 2495: 2273: 2260: 2245: 2137: 2042: 1857: 1810: 1688: 1523: 1508: 1478: 1400: 896: 741: 731: 661: 646: 641: 454: 303: 144: 124: 10425: 10246: 6322: 5329:"'India's Workforce Not Rising, Quality of Jobs Very Low': CMIE's Mahesh Vyas" 4152: 3491: 1993:

problems in 1985, and by the end of 1990, the state of India was in a serious

1918: 1860:

tarnished his government's reputation and impeded his liberalisation efforts.

1262: 10749: 10677: 10470: 10430: 10360: 10330: 10296: 10291: 10271: 10151: 10076: 9849: 9370: 9274: 9242: 9199: 9062: 8839: 8599: 8584: 8569: 8554: 8480: 8374: 8249: 8167: 8071: 7939: 7909: 7879: 7498: 7025: 6984: 6796: 6085: 5767: 5306: 5282: 5259: 5212: 5148: 4863:"5 economic decisions by Atal Bihari Vajpayee that changed the face of India" 4801: 4750: 4296: 4174: 4104: 4040: 3991:"Since 1991, Budget size grew 19 times, economy 9 times; your income 5 times" 3958: 3373: 3206: 3198: 2559: 2507: 2503: 2240:

and farmers on contentious issues such as reforming labour laws and reducing

2174:. GDP, however, has been criticized by some to be flawed as it does not show 2074: 1986: 1845: 1727: 1704: 1692: 1513: 1385: 1345: 1217: 881: 781: 761: 449: 439: 414: 154: 134: 119: 104: 30: 4924:"'Modi's Rockefeller': Gautam Adani and the concentration of power in India" 4902:"Parliament boost to Modi's plans: Coal, mining bills passed by Rajya Sabha" 3067: 1825: 10711: 10515: 10490: 10420: 10266: 10096: 10086: 9717: 9286: 9100: 8849: 8788: 8564: 8509: 8320: 8274: 8254: 8185: 8046: 7994: 7829: 7035: 7005: 5171:"Impact of the international banking crisis on the Indian financial system" 3921: 3471: 3395:"Clipping of the New Indian Express Group – the New Indian Express-Chennai" 3037: 2046: 1849: 1802: 1746: 1719: 1614: 1435: 1375: 1302: 1086: 861: 771: 469: 366: 114: 59: 9685: 4288: 4247:"India's January merchandise trade deficit hits 1-year low of $ 17.75 bln" 2935:

India – Structural Adjustment Credit Project (English) – Presidents report

10500: 10301: 10286: 10261: 10056: 10041: 9351: 9291: 9159: 9012: 8960: 8681: 8650: 8645: 8539: 8439: 8224: 8147: 8137: 7964: 7914: 7864: 7140: 6806: 4782: 4765: 4635: 4065: 3098: 2890: 1806: 1662: 1518: 1420: 1340: 1096: 791: 746: 716: 671: 507: 265: 260: 240: 89: 5427: 5417: 4792: 4304: 4272: 3966: 3942: 3847: 3681: 2021: 1946: 1880: 561: 10667: 10633: 10628: 10281: 10071: 10046: 9164: 9017: 8997: 8938: 8757: 8640: 8544: 8259: 8234: 8172: 7959: 7780: 6979: 6871: 6093: 6069: 5756:"Incomes up since Covid, but poorest 20% still below FY16 level: Study" 5156: 5132: 4165: 4093:"Could you live on $ 1.90 a day? That's the international poverty line" 3831: 3665: 2450: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2171: 1798: 1762: 1638: 1621:

to the world, with the objective of making it more market-oriented and

1498: 1207: 1028: 959: 617: 338: 235: 197: 94: 6315:"What Slumdog Millionaire can teach Americans about economic stimulus" 6264:

The Cambridge Economic History of India, Volume II : c. 1757–2003

4877:"End of policy paralysis: Govt approves 51% FDI in multi-brand retail" 3943:"India's Dream Run, 2003-08: Understanding the Boom and Its Aftermath" 3863:"The real architect of India's economic reforms wasn't Manmohan Singh" 3362:"On this day in 1991: A landmark budget that changed India's fortunes" 10206: 9375: 8686: 8494: 8434: 8364: 8334: 8264: 8009: 7954: 7929: 7894: 6401:. Astaire Research <<doesn't work>>. 2007. Archived from 5947:"CEA Has Asked NSC to Release 2017-18 Consumer Spending Data: Report" 4950:"Bankruptcy code biggest economic reform after GST: Finance Ministry" 2070: 1751: 1735: 1538: 1528: 1473: 1297: 1232: 1076: 824: 631: 245: 44: 6234:"Public Health Crisis of Anemia in India: A Study of Three Villages" 5654:"Socio-economic Impact Assessment of Food Delivery Platform Workers" 4327:"Life expectancy at birth, total (Years) – India, China | Data" 4017:"Openness and factor shares: Is globalization always bad for labor?" 2425: 2374:: The Indian banking sector has been grappling with a high level of 10672: 10645: 10061: 9854: 9722: 9254: 9115: 8742: 8609: 6876: 6356: 5730:"Income of poorest fifth plunged 53% in 5 yrs; those at top surged" 5678: 5133:"Agricultural Price Volatility in International and Indian Markets" 4231: 4202:"Please Mind The Gap: Winners and Losers of Neoliberalism in India" 3060:

Developmental Politics in Transition: The Neoliberal Era and Beyond

2269: 2152: 2115: 2049:, and it laid out a plan to foster Indian industry in five points. 1836: 1365: 1272: 726: 636: 323: 169: 5576:"Worker incomes in India are still signalling tough circumstances" 2728: 2244:. By the turn of the 21st century, India had progressed towards a 1997:

exacerbated by the Gulf War and the accompanying oil price spike.

10251: 9068: 9002: 8315: 8177: 5629:"As PM, India's Modi secretly tried to massively cut state funds" 4126:"Earning Rs 25,000 Per Month? You Are In India's Top 10%: Report" 2667: 1766: 1553: 666: 537: 8449: 6134:"More than 10,000 farmers, farm hands committed suicide in 2017" 2225: 2041:. He selected Amar Nath Verma to be his Principal Secretary and 1691:

governments of Nehru, and his successors' policy tended towards

9886: 9132: 7969: 5497:"30 Years of Economic Reforms – A Saga of Growing Inequalities" 3552:"Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1970 – GKToday" 3476:. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 44–49. 3432:. Global Economic Governance Programme. Retrieved 2 March 2007. 2695: 2482:

administration, there were extensive liberal reforms, with the

2194: 2079: 1565: 549: 4597: 3515:(India, Ministry of Industry). New Delhi: Government of India. 3473:

India Transformed : Twenty-Five Years of Economic Reforms

3252:. The National Bureau of Economic Research. pp. 151–153. 8906: 7749: 6850: 5081:"Bowing to protests, India's Modi agrees to repeal farm laws" 4270: 3698:. New Delhi: Government of India Ministry of Finance. pp. 11. 3326:"Bofors prevented Rajiv Gandhi from taking up liberalisation" 1680: 751: 6370:"How wrong has the Indian Left been about economic reforms?" 5029:"Indian lawmakers pass farm bills amid uproar in Parliament" 4763: 3633:"Devaluation of the Rupee: Tale of Two Years, 1966 and 1991" 3031: 3008:

Economic thought of Gandhi and Nehru: a comparative analysis

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Economic Crisis Forcing Once Self-Reliant India to Seek Aid

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In 1966, due to rapid inflation caused by accompanying the

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Mukherji, R. (2000). India's Aborted Liberalization-1966.

5354:"Service sector: high growth, low employment generation?" 4015:

Leblebicioğlu, Asl; Weinberger, Ariel (3 December 2020).

3748:"Narasimham Committee Report 1991 1998 – Recommendations" 1755: 5998:"Agricultural policy - Agricultural support - OECD Data" 4831:"India Since Independence: An Analytic Growth Narrative" 2037:

led to the election of a new Congress government led by

4014: 3350:

https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2004/wp0443.pdf

3315:

History of Computing in India: 1955–2010, Rajaraman, V.

3034:"Political Economy of Growth and Reforms in South Asia" 2802:

has exacerbated hunger and poverty within the country.

2704:

India's approach to food self-sufficiency is shaped by

2594:

Top 10% and bottom 50% income shares in India 1900–2021

5523:"Since 2014, the poorest communities are earning less" 4975:"F. .No. CBEC-20/05/01/2018-GST Government of India …" 4714: 3714:. New Delhi: Government of India Ministry of Finance. 3250:

Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: India

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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

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Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party

6442: 4624:"The Supply-Side Effects of India's Demonetization" 3011:. New Delhi: MD Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 66. 4828: 4551:"India growth rate slows to 5.3% in first quarter" 3247: 2937:(Report). World Bank. 12 November 1991. p. 1. 6280: 5623: 5621: 5444: 5281:Tiwari, Shivakar; Kumar, Surinder (1 June 2019). 2318:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 10747: 6024:"India's new farming laws driven by WTO demands" 4621: 4355:"GDP growth (Annual %) – India | Data" 3248:Bhagwati, Jagdish N.; Srinivasan, T. N. (1975). 2612:crises. A commonly cited example of this is the 1871: 1613:refers to the series of policy changes aimed at 7935:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought 5186: 3293:India Transformed: 25 Years of Economic Reforms 2729:Impact on domestic monetary and fiscal policies 6312: 6282:"Economic reforms in India: Task force report" 5815:"Private Healthcare in India: Boons and Banes" 5618: 4473: 3469: 3442:What Caused the 1991 Currency Crisis in India? 3141: 2668:Vulnerabilities from international integration 2558:In the 2016 budget session of Parliament, the 1784: 1652: 10572:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties 10542:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe 8922: 8465: 7765: 6833: 6428: 6354: 6337: 6184:"Global Hunger Index Scores by 2023 GHI Rank" 5003:"GST Launch Time Midnight Parliament Session" 4481:"Economic survey of India 2007: Policy Brief" 4157:South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal 3886: 3144:India: From Midnight To Millennium and Beyond 3050: 2927: 1590: 586: 6367: 6021: 4816:"Economic Consequences of Income Inequality" 3860: 3783: 2758: 2696:Vulnerabilities from global commodity prices 2647: 2513: 1931: 8753:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 5405:"The labor market in India since the 1990s" 5280: 4691:"The Public-Sector Banking Crisis In India" 4573:"GDP growth (annual %) – India | Data" 4245:Singh, Sarita Chaganti (15 February 2023). 4227:Local industrialists against multinationals 2131: 2058:foreign technology agreements was scrapped. 2008: 334:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 8929: 8915: 8472: 8458: 7772: 7758: 6840: 6826: 6435: 6421: 6375:. Centre for Civil Society. Archived from 6070:"Neoliberalism and Rural Poverty in India" 2852: 2580:government repealed the agricultural bills 1597: 1583: 593: 579: 10577:International Federation of Liberal Youth 5426: 5416: 5403:Dasgupta, Indraneel Kar (28 March 2018). 5107:"inequality Kills: India Supplement 2022" 4791: 4781: 4740: 4451:Decolonizing Global Citizenship Education 4164: 3880: 3527:"The people behind the Great Men of 1991" 3295:. Brookings Institution. pp. 68–71. 3123: 3121: 3119: 2813: 2738:, social assistance, child care centers, 2466:Learn how and when to remove this message 1926: 1840:LIC Jeevan Bharti building opened in 1986 10756:Economic history of India (1947–present) 5573: 5402: 5233: 4519: 4375: 4369:"GDP (Current US$ ) – India | Data" 4220: 3419:India's Pathway through Financial Crisis 3184: 3096: 2973: 2941: 2825: 2798:between the rural and urban population. 2788: 2589: 2338: 2224: 2020: 2012: 1917: 1835: 1824: 10557:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats 6287:. University of Chicago. Archived from 6067: 5941: 5939: 4444: 3940: 3187:Indian Journal of Public Administration 3032:Kelegama, Saman; Parikh, Kirit (2000). 2980:. Verlag Barbara Budrich. p. 136. 2399:Rural distress and consumption slowdown 2266:information technology-enabled services 2206:Foreign investment in India in form of 10748: 8708:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 7734: 6925:Securities and Exchange Board of India 6106: 5704:"India: extreme inequality in numbers" 5440: 5438: 5287:The Indian Journal of Labour Economics 5130: 4896: 4894: 4879:. Zeenews.india.com. 14 September 2012 4445:Bouhali, Chouaib el (1 January 2015), 4196: 4194: 4192: 4090: 4060: 4058: 3889:"Obituary: A scholar and a politician" 3808: 3769:"First Narasimham Committee – GKToday" 3725:"First Narasimham Committee – GKToday" 3663: 3146:. Arcade Publishing. pp. 164–66. 3116: 3025: 1779: 289:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 8910: 8453: 7753: 6821: 6416: 6357:"India Inc. and its Moral Discontent" 6305:For a short educational video of the 6261: 5864: 4407: 4244: 4150: 3861:Balachandran, Manu (6 October 2016). 3706: 3704: 3601: 3599: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3524: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3412: 3290: 3286: 3284: 3226: 3224: 3168:"Redefining The Hindu Rate of Growth" 3004: 2858:where India was positioned at 107th. 2689:like in the case of Russia or China. 1697:import substitution industrialization 7724: 5936: 5781: 5658:NCAER | Quality . Relevance . Impact 2767: 2655:Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy 2634:Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy 2448:adding citations to reliable sources 2419: 2299: 2295: 1941: 1875: 10597:Liberal South East European Network 8748:North American Free Trade Agreement 6107:Minhaz, Ayesha (23 February 2023). 5787: 5435: 4891: 4189: 4055: 3988: 3435: 3272: 2502:After coming to power in 2014, the 2082:, and abolishing export subsidies. 2033:in the midst of the crisis and the 329:North American Free Trade Agreement 13: 8891:Criticism of intellectual property 8713:Bank for International Settlements 5268:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.9.2.0235 5252:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.9.2.0235 4532:. Astaire Research. Archived from 4229:. Ajay Singh and Arjuna Ranawana. 4151:Ghosh, Jayati (15 December 2020). 4021:Journal of International Economics 4008: 3745: 3701: 3645:from the original on 29 March 2007 3596: 3566: 3498: 3454: 3281: 3241: 3221: 3135: 3044: 2835: 2716:Dependence on global export demand 2603:2020–2021 Indian farmers' protests 1718:resembled central planning in the 518:Criticism of intellectual property 294:Bank for International Settlements 14: 10807: 10587:Liberal Network for Latin America 8479: 6905:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 6299: 6248:– via publications.aap.org. 5240:World Review of Political Economy 4091:Hickel, Jason (1 November 2015). 3887:V. Venkatesan (14 January 2005). 3832:"Wishful Thinking on Devaluation" 3238:(3), 377–379. doi:10.2307/2672025 3090: 2701:with a rise in crude oil prices. 1985:By 1991, India still had a fixed 1821:Economic reforms during the 1980s 1795:International Monetary Fund (IMF) 10776:History of the Republic of India 7733: 7723: 7714: 7713: 6849: 6801: 6792: 6791: 6226: 6201: 6176: 6151: 6126: 6100: 6061: 6015: 5990: 5964: 5910: 5884: 5858: 5832: 5807: 5748: 5722: 5696: 5671: 5646: 5593: 5567: 4421:"Why open markets matter – OECD" 3666:"Rupee Devaluation: Real Issues" 2424: 2415: 2304: 1945: 1879: 1611:economic liberalisation in India 1564: 1552: 560: 548: 536: 271:Economic liberalization in India 6443:Economic liberalisation in Asia 5683:WID – World Inequality Database 5541: 5515: 5489: 5464: 5396: 5371: 5346: 5321: 5274: 5227: 5180: 5163: 5124: 5099: 5073: 5047: 5021: 4995: 4967: 4942: 4916: 4869: 4865:. Moneycontrol. 16 August 2018. 4855: 4822: 4808: 4757: 4708: 4683: 4658: 4615: 4590: 4565: 4543: 4497: 4438: 4413: 4401: 4361: 4347: 4333: 4319: 4264: 4238: 4144: 4118: 4084: 3982: 3973: 3934: 3915: 3854: 3824: 3761: 3739: 3717: 3688: 3657: 3625: 3544: 3525:Mital, Ankit (27 August 2016). 3518: 3387: 3354: 3343: 3318: 3309: 3266: 3178: 3160: 2435:needs additional citations for 160:Structural Adjustment Programme 9175:Separation of church and state 8936: 7779: 6759:British Indian Ocean Territory 6255: 3513:Statement on Industrial Policy 3275:Everybody loves a good drought 3036:. Second Draft. Archived from 2998: 2967: 2849:lives due to these pressures. 1772:The annual growth rate of the 1631:structural adjustment programs 1: 8301:Critique of political economy 7437:Electronics and semiconductor 6361:Economic and Political Weekly 6266:. New Delhi: Orient Longman. 6074:Economic and Political Weekly 6022:Eco-Business (8 March 2021). 5137:Economic and Political Weekly 4033:10.1016/j.jinteco.2020.103406 3947:Economic and Political Weekly 3924:. Retrieved 7 October 2007. 3836:Economic and Political Weekly 3670:Economic and Political Weekly 2921: 2823:macroeconomic data like GDP. 2619: 2585: 2035:assassination of Rajiv Gandhi 1872:Chandra Shekhar Singh reforms 1745:During the brief rule by the 1356:Critique of political economy 1014:Critique of political economy 8733:Greater Arab Free Trade Area 7885:History of capitalist theory 4277:The American Economic Review 3922:PV Narasimha Rao Passes Away 2951:. World Bank. Archived from 2494:Coalition Government led by 1832:locomotive developed in 1980 1695:, with a strong emphasis on 1406:Periodizations of capitalism 314:Greater Arab Free Trade Area 256:Positive non-interventionism 7: 8738:International Monetary Fund 6307:"economic history of India" 4829:J. Bradford DeLong (2001). 4742:10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106605 4453:, Brill, pp. 119–129, 2874: 2576:faced backlash from farmers 2071:curbing government expenses 1938:1991 Indian economic crisis 1785:1966 liberalisation attempt 1707:, business regulation, and 1653:Pre-liberalisation policies 1102:Simple commodity production 319:International Monetary Fund 10: 10812: 8590:Public–private partnership 6920:Central Statistical Office 5574:Himanshu (23 March 2023). 5299:10.1007/s41027-019-00166-9 5205:10.1177/223386590701000212 3710:Singh, M. (24 July 1991). 3694:Singh, M. (24 July 1991). 3097:Mazumdar, Surajit (2012). 2911:Income inequality in India 2784: 2569:In 2019, Finance Minister 2031:Chandra Shekhar government 1935: 1656: 1411:Perspectives on capitalism 140:Public–private partnership 10786:Globalization by location 10732: 10717:Sexually liberal feminism 10624:Bias in American academia 10604: 10562:European Democratic Party 10530: 10312: 10032: 10000: 9952: 9865: 9616: 9540: 9499: 9490: 9397:Constitutional patriotism 9384: 9332: 9304: 9224: 9217: 8946: 8858: 8802: 8776: 8700: 8669: 8618: 8535:Foreign direct investment 8487: 8328: 8282: 8245:Labour market flexibility 8218: 8129: 7978: 7920:Multinational corporation 7797: 7787: 7709: 7636: 7605: 7355: 7224: 7164: 7116: 7068: 6998: 6950:Foreign exchange reserves 6945:Foreign direct investment 6915:Economic Advisory Council 6885: 6862: 6787: 6746: 6706: 6448: 5193:International Area Review 5131:Sekhar, C. S. C. (2004). 4904:. indiatoday.intotoday.in 4622:Giri Subramaniam (2020). 4235:. Retrieved 2 March 2007. 4206:E-International Relations 2865: 2759:Cutting of state finances 2648:Labor force participation 2514:Privatisation of airports 2208:foreign direct investment 2126: 2103:Union Bank of Switzerland 2091:statutory liquidity ratio 2003:foreign exchange reserves 1932:Crisis leading to reforms 1659:Economic history of India 85:Foreign direct investment 9057:Labor theory of property 8881:Authoritarian capitalism 8768:World Trade Organization 8525:Economic interdependence 7086:Multi Commodity Exchange 6508:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5358:www.businesseconomics.in 5234:Siddiqui, Kalim (2018). 3607:"1991: Economic Reforms" 3447:2 September 2013 at the 3424:12 November 2011 at the 3199:10.1177/0019556117750897 3131:. BBC. 12 February 1998. 2974:Malhotra, Aditi (2022). 2706:strategic state policies 2165:research and development 2132:Credit boom of the 2000s 1716:Five-Year Plans of India 1699:under state monitoring, 682:Economic interventionism 503:Authoritarian capitalism 344:World Trade Organization 75:Economic interdependence 10766:Economic liberalization 10552:Arab Liberal Federation 9434:Neoclassical liberalism 8956:Consent of the governed 8886:Criticism of capitalism 8530:Economic liberalization 8390:Individualist anarchism 6930:Enforcement Directorate 6769:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6313:Nick Gillespie (2009). 5549:"Who Loses, Who Gains?" 5445:www.ETEnergyworld.com. 4628:SSRN Electronic Journal 4383:"That old Gandhi magic" 3928:1 November 2007 at the 3470:Mohan, Rakesh. (2018). 3142:Shashi Tharoor (2006). 3103:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de 3068:10.1057/9781137028303_8 2853:Hunger and Malnutrition 2806:the COVID-19 pandemic. 2687:current account surplus 2683:foreign capital inflows 2393:Weak private investment 2382:Global economic factors 2073:. Part of this was the 1714:Neoliberals claim that 1351:Criticism of capitalism 513:Criticism of capitalism 80:Economic liberalization 10796:1991 in Indian economy 10567:European Liberal Youth 10537:Africa Liberal Network 8976:Economic globalization 8355:Collectivist anarchism 8270:Social venture capital 8240:Freedom of association 7526:Science and technology 7462:Information technology 7151:Government initiatives 6355:Ravinder Kaur (2012). 6338:Gurcharan Das (2006). 6262:Kumar, Dharma (2005). 6138:www.downtoearth.org.in 6068:Patnaik, Utsa (2007). 4598:"World Bank Open Data" 4486:. OECD. Archived from 3399:The New Indian Express 3291:Mohan, Rakesh (2018). 2886:Globalization in India 2832: 2814:Decline in consumption 2794: 2595: 2361:Goods and Services Tax 2344: 2286: 2242:agricultural subsidies 2233: 2026: 2018: 2009:Liberalisation of 1991 1927:Liberalisation of 1991 1923: 1841: 1833: 1381:Exploitation of labour 1092:Primitive accumulation 10614:Anti-authoritarianism 10582:Liberal International 8896:Market fundamentalism 8718:European Central Bank 8575:Mundell–Fleming model 8560:Intellectual property 8420:Post-scarcity economy 8395:Libertarian socialism 8380:Free-market socialism 8311:Market fundamentalism 8296:Capitalist propaganda 7890:Industrial Revolution 7805:Anarchy of production 7043:Reserve Bank of India 6368:Aditya Gupta (2006). 6209:"ANAEMIA MUKT BHARAT" 5865:ralph (13 May 2022). 5476:www.oecd-ilibrary.org 4289:10.1257/aer.98.4.1397 4159:(in French) (24/25). 3511:Verma, A. N. (1991). 3172:The Financial Express 2829: 2792: 2614:2008 Financial Crisis 2593: 2376:non-performing assets 2342: 2259:Its annual growth in 2257: 2228: 2138:Dot-com crash of 2001 2105:and 47 tonnes to the 2087:Reserve Bank of India 2024: 2016: 1921: 1839: 1828: 1657:Further information: 1559:Capitalism portal 1371:Culture of capitalism 1326:Capitalist propaganda 1082:Industrial Revolution 1072:Commercial Revolution 543:Capitalism portal 523:Market fundamentalism 299:European Central Bank 130:Mundell–Fleming model 110:Intellectual property 9444:Right-libertarianism 9314:Liberal conservatism 9180:Separation of powers 8784:Mont Pelerin Society 8763:World Economic Forum 8520:Economic integration 7875:Financial Revolution 7840:Economic development 7131:Economic development 6975:Voluntary guidelines 6970:Industrial licensing 6683:United Arab Emirates 5844:World Economic Forum 4783:10.3390/land10111236 4636:10.2139/ssrn.3472758 4602:World Bank Open Data 4505:"The World Factbook" 3277:. Sage Publications. 3129:"India: the economy" 3040:on 11 February 2006. 2916:Remittances to India 2896:Hindu rate of growth 2490:In 2011, the second 2480:Atal Bihari Vajpayee 2444:improve this article 2363:(GST) implementation 2212:portfolio investment 2085:In August 1991, the 2029:The collapse of the 1534:Right-libertarianism 1464:Classical liberalism 1431:Venture philanthropy 1067:Capitalism and Islam 1062:Age of Enlightenment 657:Capital accumulation 555:Economics portal 377:Adam Smith Institute 372:World Economic Forum 362:Mont Pelerin Society 70:Economic integration 9439:Paleolibertarianism 9424:Left-libertarianism 9138:Civil and political 9111:Popular sovereignty 8971:Economic liberalism 8876:Alter-globalization 8677:Fiscal conservatism 8350:Anarcho-syndicalism 8345:Anarcho-primitivism 8230:Economic inequality 7845:Economic liberalism 6893:Ministry of Finance 6710:limited recognition 6408:on 14 January 2009. 6382:on 26 February 2009 6344:The Foreign Affairs 6294:on 7 February 2009. 6109:"Neoliberal damage" 5898:. 20 September 2023 5896:blogs.worldbank.org 5794:Pew Research Center 5762:. 25 January 2024. 5708:Oxfam International 5418:10.15185/izawol.425 5061:. 27 September 2020 4733:2023EneEc.12006605C 4695:www.oliverwyman.com 4539:on 14 January 2009. 4066:"Impact of reforms" 3941:Nagaraj, R (2013). 3899:(1). Archived from 3664:Jadhav, N. (1991). 3554:. 14 September 2011 3005:Misra, O.P (1995). 2121:minority government 2109:and Bank of Japan. 2039:P. V. Narasimha Rao 2017:P. V. Narasimha Rao 1991:balance of payments 1780:Reforms before 1991 1571:Business portal 687:Economic liberalism 677:Competitive markets 567:Politics portal 498:Alter-globalization 231:Fiscal conservatism 10781:Rao administration 9591:Centrist reformist 9106:Permissive society 9086:Limited government 8871:Anti-globalization 8370:Economic democracy 8191:Private foundation 7543:Telecommunications 7069:Financial services 6990:Atmanirbhar Bharat 6910:Finance Commission 6396:"The India Report" 6053:has generic name ( 5978:. 15 November 2019 5819:Institut Montaigne 5760:The Times of India 5734:The Indian Express 5710:. 9 September 2022 5527:The Indian Express 5409:IZA World of Labor 5111:www.oxfamindia.org 5087:. 19 November 2021 5059:The Indian Express 4991:on 26 August 2018. 4954:The Economic Times 4930:. 13 November 2020 4577:data.worldbank.org 4553:. BBC. 31 May 2012 4527:"The India Report" 4389:. 27 November 1997 4166:10.4000/samaj.6882 3995:The Economic Times 3903:on 30 January 2010 3842:(29): 1724. 1991. 3819:The New York Times 3583:Free Press Journal 3366:The Economic Times 3330:The Economic Times 2833: 2795: 2596: 2571:Nirmala Sitharaman 2537:Thiruvananthapuram 2386:US-China trade war 2345: 2234: 2149:telecommunications 2095:cash reserve ratio 2027: 2019: 1957:. You can help by 1924: 1891:. You can help by 1842: 1834: 1701:state intervention 1646:foreign investment 1331:Capitalist realism 722:Goods and services 702:Fictitious capital 493:Anti-globalization 10743: 10742: 10736:Liberalism Portal 10629:Bias in the media 10028: 10027: 9867:Latin America and 9486: 9485: 9429:Geolibertarianism 9359:Liberal socialism 9270:Civic nationalism 9143:Natural and legal 8904: 8903: 8835:Margaret Thatcher 8825:James M. Buchanan 8505:Denationalization 8447: 8446: 8340:Anarcho-communism 8211:Spontaneous order 8206:Social alienation 8163:Economic mobility 7850:Economic planning 7747: 7746: 7272:Jammu and Kashmir 6898:Finance ministers 6815: 6814: 6752:other territories 6340:"The India Model" 6273:978-81-250-2710-2 6080:(30): 3132–3150. 5924:. 29 October 2022 5922:Hampton Institute 5788:Kochhar, Rakesh. 5736:. 24 January 2022 5451:ETEnergyworld.com 5143:(43): 4729–4736. 4843:on 7 October 2016 4460:978-94-6300-277-6 4072:. 18 January 2016 4070:India Before 1991 3676:(36): 2119–2120. 3638:. 29 March 2007. 3613:. 18 January 2016 3611:India Before 1991 3483:978-0-8157-3662-2 3153:978-1-55970-803-6 3077:978-1-137-02830-3 3018:978-81-85880-71-6 2987:978-3-8474-2474-1 2768:Income Inequality 2632:According to the 2476: 2475: 2468: 2409:Income inequality 2403:consumer spending 2337: 2336: 2296:Growth since 2016 1975: 1974: 1909: 1908: 1848:and subsequently 1763:Pure Drinks Group 1619:country's economy 1607: 1606: 1426:Spontaneous order 1396:History of theory 1039:New institutional 1009:Market monetarism 944:Economic theories 777:Supply and demand 712:Free price system 603: 602: 445:Yasuhiro Nakasone 435:Margaret Thatcher 425:James M. Buchanan 55:Denationalization 10803: 10761:Economy of India 10658:Economic freedom 10651:Radical centrism 9497: 9496: 9451:Radical centrism 9364:Social democracy 9347:Liberal feminism 9222: 9221: 9170:Secular humanism 9096:Natural monopoly 9047:Internationalism 8941: 8931: 8924: 8917: 8908: 8907: 8830:Augusto Pinochet 8820:Ludwig von Mises 8605:Supranationalism 8580:Private property 8515:Economic freedom 8474: 8467: 8460: 8451: 8450: 8430:Social anarchism 8405:Market socialism 8400:Market anarchism 8306:Critique of work 8196:Private property 8158:Economic freedom 8153:Decentralization 8131:Cultural aspects 8092:Regulated market 7870:Financial crisis 7855:Entrepreneurship 7774: 7767: 7760: 7751: 7750: 7737: 7736: 7727: 7726: 7717: 7716: 7701:Mumbai Consensus 7267:Himachal Pradesh 7156:Numbering system 7146:Green revolution 7021:Historical Forex 6856:Economy of India 6854: 6853: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6819: 6818: 6805: 6795: 6794: 6764:Christmas Island 6450:Sovereign states 6437: 6430: 6423: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6407: 6400: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6381: 6374: 6364: 6351: 6350:on 7 March 2009. 6346:. Archived from 6334: 6332: 6330: 6321:. Archived from 6295: 6293: 6286: 6277: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6052: 6048: 6046: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6019: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6008: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5943: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5867:"India: Poverty" 5862: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5625: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5555:. 7 October 2023 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5442: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5420: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4979: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4898: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4842: 4836:. Archived from 4835: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4795: 4785: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4744: 4721:Energy Economics 4712: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4531: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4283:(4): 1397–1412. 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4242: 4236: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4198: 4187: 4186: 4168: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4062: 4053: 4052: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3938: 3932: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3828: 3822: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3795: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3746:Akrani, Gaurav. 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3721: 3715: 3712:Budget 1991–1992 3708: 3699: 3696:Budget 1991–1992 3692: 3686: 3685: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3644: 3637: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3603: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3575: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3522: 3516: 3509: 3496: 3495: 3467: 3452: 3439: 3433: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3368:. 24 July 2022. 3358: 3352: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3288: 3279: 3278: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3245: 3239: 3228: 3219: 3218: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3174:. 12 April 2004. 3164: 3158: 3157: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3125: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3057: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2931: 2901:Economic miracle 2881:Economy of India 2746:BVR Subrahmanyam 2736:rural employment 2678:emerging markets 2555:mining of coal. 2471: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2451: 2428: 2420: 2332: 2329: 2323: 2316:factual accuracy 2308: 2307: 2300: 2284: 2180:living standards 1970: 1967: 1949: 1942: 1904: 1901: 1883: 1876: 1811:export subsidies 1709:central planning 1685:Fabian socialism 1599: 1592: 1585: 1569: 1568: 1557: 1556: 1361:Critique of work 1336:Capitalist state 1019:Critique of work 902:Regulated market 804:Economic systems 757:Private property 707:Financial market 697:Entrepreneurship 692:Economic surplus 605: 604: 595: 588: 581: 565: 564: 553: 552: 541: 540: 465:Alberto Fujimori 460:Hernando de Soto 430:Augusto Pinochet 405:Ludwig von Mises 165:Supranationalism 65:Economic freedom 18: 17: 10811: 10810: 10806: 10805: 10804: 10802: 10801: 10800: 10791:Reform in India 10746: 10745: 10744: 10739: 10728: 10727: 10726: 10600: 10592:Liberal parties 10526: 10525: 10524: 10308: 10307: 10306: 10024: 9996: 9948: 9868: 9861: 9612: 9536: 9482: 9380: 9328: 9300: 9250:Equity feminism 9213: 9212: 9211: 9207:State of nature 9195:Social services 9185:Social contract 9148:To own property 8942: 8937: 8935: 8905: 8900: 8866:Anti-capitalism 8854: 8815:Friedrich Hayek 8810:Milton Friedman 8798: 8772: 8728:Federal Reserve 8696: 8665: 8626:Austrian School 8614: 8595:School vouchers 8500:Balanced budget 8483: 8478: 8448: 8443: 8425:Sharing economy 8415:Post-capitalism 8385:Green anarchism 8324: 8291:Anti-capitalism 8278: 8214: 8125: 8117:State-sponsored 7974: 7950:Property rights 7925:Nationalization 7835:Economic bubble 7793: 7783: 7778: 7748: 7743: 7705: 7632: 7601: 7511:Pharmaceuticals 7351: 7220: 7160: 7126:COVID-19 impact 7112: 7064: 6994: 6881: 6858: 6848: 6846: 6816: 6811: 6783: 6751: 6742: 6723:Northern Cyprus 6709: 6702: 6444: 6441: 6405: 6398: 6394: 6385: 6383: 6379: 6372: 6328: 6326: 6325:on 13 June 2009 6302: 6291: 6284: 6274: 6258: 6253: 6243: 6241: 6240:. February 2022 6232: 6231: 6227: 6217: 6215: 6207: 6206: 6202: 6192: 6190: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6142: 6140: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6117: 6115: 6105: 6101: 6066: 6062: 6050: 6049: 6040: 6039: 6032: 6030: 6020: 6016: 6006: 6004: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5981: 5979: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5955: 5953: 5945: 5944: 5937: 5927: 5925: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5901: 5899: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5875: 5873: 5863: 5859: 5849: 5847: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5823: 5821: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5786: 5782: 5772: 5770: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5739: 5737: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5713: 5711: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5687: 5685: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5662: 5660: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5637: 5635: 5627: 5626: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5572: 5568: 5558: 5556: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5532: 5530: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5503:. 1 August 2021 5495: 5494: 5490: 5480: 5478: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5455: 5453: 5443: 5436: 5401: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5279: 5275: 5232: 5228: 5185: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5062: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5012: 5010: 5007:Hindustan Times 5001: 5000: 4996: 4988: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4958: 4956: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4933: 4931: 4928:Financial Times 4922: 4921: 4917: 4907: 4905: 4900: 4899: 4892: 4882: 4880: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4827: 4823: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4762: 4758: 4713: 4709: 4699: 4697: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4674: 4672: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4620: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4536: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4493:on 6 June 2011. 4490: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4443: 4439: 4429: 4427: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4392: 4390: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4269: 4265: 4255: 4253: 4243: 4239: 4225: 4221: 4211: 4209: 4208:. 11 March 2017 4200: 4199: 4190: 4149: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4109: 4107: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4064: 4063: 4056: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3989:Mudgill, Amit. 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3939: 3935: 3930:Wayback Machine 3920: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3859: 3855: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3771:. 21 April 2011 3767: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3727:. 21 April 2011 3723: 3722: 3718: 3709: 3702: 3693: 3689: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3614: 3605: 3604: 3597: 3587: 3585: 3577: 3576: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3523: 3519: 3510: 3499: 3484: 3468: 3455: 3449:Wayback Machine 3440: 3436: 3426:Wayback Machine 3417: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3289: 3282: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3246: 3242: 3232:Pacific Affairs 3229: 3222: 3183: 3179: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3140: 3136: 3127: 3126: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3095: 3091: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3055: 3049: 3045: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3003: 2999: 2988: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2906:Indian Diaspora 2877: 2868: 2855: 2838: 2836:Agrarian crisis 2816: 2787: 2775:farmer suicides 2770: 2761: 2731: 2718: 2698: 2670: 2650: 2622: 2588: 2516: 2472: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2441: 2429: 2418: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2313:This section's 2309: 2305: 2298: 2285: 2280: 2157:pharmaceuticals 2134: 2129: 2107:Bank of England 2011: 1995:economic crisis 1971: 1965: 1962: 1955:needs expansion 1940: 1934: 1929: 1913:Chandra Shekhar 1905: 1899: 1896: 1889:needs expansion 1874: 1823: 1791:Sino-Indian War 1787: 1782: 1728:Post-WW2 Europe 1683:'s exposure to 1669:economic policy 1665: 1655: 1603: 1563: 1551: 1544: 1543: 1449: 1441: 1440: 1416:Post-capitalism 1321:Anti-capitalism 1316: 1308: 1307: 1203: 1195: 1194: 1115: 1107: 1106: 1057: 1049: 1048: 945: 937: 936: 927:State-sponsored 805: 797: 796: 662:Capital markets 627: 599: 559: 547: 535: 528: 527: 488:Anti-capitalism 483: 475: 474: 420:Milton Friedman 410:Walter Lippmann 400:Friedrich Hayek 395: 387: 386: 357: 349: 348: 309:Federal Reserve 284: 276: 275: 226: 218: 217: 188:Austrian School 183: 175: 174: 145:School vouchers 50:Balanced budget 40: 23:politics series 12: 11: 5: 10809: 10799: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10771:Economic booms 10768: 10763: 10758: 10741: 10740: 10738: 10733: 10730: 10729: 10725: 10724: 10722:Utilitarianism 10719: 10714: 10709: 10708: 10707: 10702: 10695:Libertarianism 10692: 10690:Land value tax 10687: 10686: 10685: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10663:Egalitarianism 10660: 10655: 10654: 10653: 10643: 10642: 10641: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10619:Anti-communism 10616: 10610: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10605:Related topics 10602: 10601: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10532: 10528: 10527: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10310: 10309: 10305: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10127:Wollstonecraft 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10038: 10037: 10036: 10034: 10030: 10029: 10026: 10025: 10023: 10022: 10017: 10016: 10015: 10004: 10002: 9998: 9997: 9995: 9994: 9993: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9962: 9956: 9954: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9890: 9889: 9879: 9873: 9871: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9825:United Kingdom 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9726: 9725: 9720: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9689: 9688: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9622: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9611: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9599: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9544: 9542: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9503: 9501: 9494: 9488: 9487: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9469: 9468: 9463: 9453: 9448: 9447: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9419:Libertarianism 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9392:Constitutional 9388: 9386: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9367: 9366: 9356: 9355: 9354: 9344: 9338: 9336: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9310: 9308: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9297:Encyclopaedist 9294: 9289: 9284: 9283: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9246: 9245: 9240: 9230: 9228: 9219: 9215: 9214: 9210: 9209: 9204: 9203: 9202: 9197: 9190:Social justice 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9156: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9123: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9091:Market economy 9088: 9083: 9082: 9081: 9076: 9066: 9059: 9054: 9052:Invisible hand 9049: 9044: 9042:Harm principle 9039: 9038: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9021: 9020: 9015: 9000: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8988: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8944: 8943: 8934: 8933: 8926: 8919: 8911: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8862: 8860: 8859:Related topics 8856: 8855: 8853: 8852: 8847: 8845:Alan Greenspan 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8806: 8804: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8780: 8778: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8723:European Union 8720: 8715: 8710: 8704: 8702: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8673: 8671: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8631:Chicago School 8628: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8491: 8489: 8485: 8484: 8477: 8476: 8469: 8462: 8454: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8220: 8219:Social aspects 8216: 8215: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8143:American Dream 8140: 8135: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7905:Market failure 7902: 7900:Market economy 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7860:Ecopreneurship 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7815:Centralization 7812: 7810:Business cycle 7807: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7794: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7777: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7754: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7741: 7731: 7721: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7676:Income Tax Act 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7652: 7651: 7640: 7638: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7534: 7533: 7523: 7518: 7516:Pulp and paper 7513: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7504:Iron and Steel 7501: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7376: 7375: 7370: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7297:Madhya Pradesh 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7232:Andhra Pradesh 7228: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7196: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7179: 7174: 7168: 7166: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7136:Liberalisation 7133: 7128: 7122: 7120: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7103: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7062: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6879: 6874: 6868: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6845: 6844: 6837: 6830: 6822: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6799: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6755: 6753: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6454: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6392: 6365: 6352: 6335: 6310: 6301: 6300:External links 6298: 6297: 6296: 6278: 6272: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6225: 6200: 6175: 6150: 6125: 6099: 6060: 6014: 5989: 5976:Business Today 5963: 5935: 5909: 5883: 5857: 5846:. 15 June 2021 5831: 5806: 5780: 5747: 5721: 5695: 5670: 5645: 5617: 5592: 5566: 5540: 5514: 5488: 5463: 5434: 5395: 5370: 5345: 5320: 5293:(2): 219–238. 5273: 5246:(2): 235–264. 5226: 5199:(2): 193–219. 5179: 5162: 5123: 5098: 5072: 5046: 5020: 5009:. 30 June 2017 4994: 4966: 4941: 4915: 4890: 4868: 4854: 4821: 4807: 4756: 4707: 4682: 4657: 4614: 4589: 4564: 4542: 4518: 4496: 4472: 4459: 4437: 4412: 4410:, p. 1037 4400: 4374: 4360: 4346: 4332: 4318: 4263: 4237: 4219: 4188: 4143: 4117: 4083: 4054: 4007: 3981: 3972: 3933: 3914: 3879: 3853: 3823: 3821:, 29 June 1991 3807: 3782: 3760: 3738: 3716: 3700: 3687: 3656: 3624: 3595: 3565: 3543: 3517: 3497: 3482: 3453: 3434: 3430:Arunabha Ghosh 3411: 3386: 3353: 3342: 3317: 3308: 3301: 3280: 3265: 3258: 3240: 3220: 3193:(2): 219–227. 3177: 3159: 3152: 3134: 3115: 3089: 3076: 3043: 3024: 3017: 2997: 2986: 2966: 2940: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2854: 2851: 2837: 2834: 2815: 2812: 2786: 2783: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2730: 2727: 2717: 2714: 2697: 2694: 2669: 2666: 2649: 2646: 2621: 2618: 2587: 2584: 2553:private sector 2515: 2512: 2496:Manmohan Singh 2474: 2473: 2432: 2430: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2406: 2396: 2390: 2379: 2370:Banking sector 2366: 2357: 2353:Demonetization 2335: 2334: 2312: 2310: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2278: 2274:civil aviation 2261:GDP per capita 2246:market economy 2172:relative share 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2062:manufacturing. 2059: 2055: 2043:Manmohan Singh 2025:Manmohan Singh 2010: 2007: 1973: 1972: 1966:September 2020 1952: 1950: 1936:Main article: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1907: 1906: 1900:September 2020 1886: 1884: 1873: 1870: 1858:Bofors scandal 1854:digitalization 1822: 1819: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1774:Indian economy 1689:Congress party 1654: 1651: 1605: 1604: 1602: 1601: 1594: 1587: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1561: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1524:Ordoliberalism 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1401:Market economy 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1317: 1315:Related topics 1314: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1185:State monopoly 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1005: 1004: 999: 994: 984: 979: 974: 969: 968: 967: 957: 952: 946: 943: 942: 939: 938: 935: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 806: 803: 802: 799: 798: 795: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 742:Liberalization 739: 734: 732:Invisible hand 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 647:Businessperson 644: 642:Business cycle 639: 634: 628: 625: 624: 621: 620: 614: 613: 601: 600: 598: 597: 590: 583: 575: 572: 571: 570: 569: 557: 545: 530: 529: 526: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 484: 482:Related topics 481: 480: 477: 476: 473: 472: 467: 462: 457: 455:Alan Greenspan 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 396: 393: 392: 389: 388: 385: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 358: 355: 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 304:European Union 301: 296: 291: 285: 282: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 227: 224: 223: 220: 219: 216: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 193:Chicago School 190: 184: 181: 180: 177: 176: 173: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 125:Market economy 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 41: 38: 37: 34: 33: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10808: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10751: 10737: 10734: 10731: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10697: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10684: 10681: 10680: 10679: 10678:Individualism 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10652: 10649: 10648: 10647: 10644: 10640: 10637: 10636: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10607: 10603: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10531:Organisations 10529: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10021: 10018: 10014: 10011: 10010: 10009: 10006: 10005: 10003: 9999: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9967: 9966: 9965:United States 9963: 9961: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9953:North America 9951: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9888: 9885: 9884: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9874: 9872: 9870: 9869:the Caribbean 9864: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9827: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9715: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9687: 9684: 9683: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9615: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9586: 9581: 9580: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9539: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9489: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9458: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9414:International 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9393: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9383: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9371:Progressivism 9369: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9360: 9357: 9353: 9350: 9349: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9331: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9303: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9265:Anti-clerical 9263: 9262: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9223: 9220: 9216: 9208: 9205: 9201: 9200:Welfare state 9198: 9196: 9193: 9192: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9134: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9071: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9064: 9063:Laissez-faire 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9010: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8940: 8932: 8927: 8925: 8920: 8918: 8913: 8912: 8909: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8857: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8840:Ronald Reagan 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8801: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8777:Organizations 8775: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8693: 8692:New Democrats 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8668: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8617: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8600:Single market 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8585:Privatization 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8570:Marketization 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8555:Globalization 8553: 8550: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8481:Neoliberalism 8475: 8470: 8468: 8463: 8461: 8456: 8455: 8452: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8375:Eco-socialism 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8327: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8281: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8250:Labour supply 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8217: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8168:Individualism 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8128: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8027: 8026:Laissez-faire 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7990:Authoritarian 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7940:Privatization 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7910:Merchantilism 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7880:Globalization 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7782: 7775: 7770: 7768: 7763: 7761: 7756: 7755: 7752: 7740: 7732: 7730: 7722: 7720: 7712: 7711: 7708: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7691:Insurance Act 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7681:Companies Act 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7532: 7531:Biotechnology 7529: 7528: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7442:Entertainment 7440: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7354: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7342:Uttar Pradesh 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7115: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7067: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7026:Digital rupee 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6997: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6985:Make in India 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6940:Foreign trade 6938: 6936: 6935:External debt 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6852: 6843: 6838: 6836: 6831: 6829: 6824: 6823: 6820: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6798: 6790: 6789: 6786: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6733:South Ossetia 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6705: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6438: 6433: 6431: 6426: 6424: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6404: 6397: 6393: 6378: 6371: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6290: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6265: 6260: 6259: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6164: 6160: 6159:"Methodology" 6154: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6114: 6110: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6064: 6056: 6044: 6029: 6025: 6018: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5940: 5923: 5919: 5913: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5820: 5816: 5810: 5795: 5791: 5784: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5622: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5529:. 24 May 2023 5528: 5524: 5518: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5439: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5172: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5035:. 13 May 2021 5034: 5030: 5024: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4970: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4903: 4897: 4895: 4878: 4872: 4864: 4858: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4817: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4552: 4546: 4535: 4528: 4522: 4506: 4500: 4489: 4482: 4476: 4462: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4409: 4404: 4388: 4387:The Economist 4384: 4378: 4370: 4364: 4356: 4350: 4342: 4336: 4328: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4267: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4132:. 20 May 2022 4131: 4127: 4121: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4059: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4011: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3953:(20): 39–51. 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3792: 3786: 3770: 3764: 3749: 3742: 3726: 3720: 3713: 3707: 3705: 3697: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3641: 3634: 3628: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3600: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3553: 3547: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3443: 3438: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3415: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3346: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3312: 3304: 3302:9780815736622 3298: 3294: 3287: 3285: 3276: 3269: 3261: 3259:0-87014-531-2 3255: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3225: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3155: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3130: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3104: 3100: 3093: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3020: 3014: 3010: 3009: 3001: 2994: 2989: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2970: 2955:on 9 May 2019 2954: 2950: 2944: 2936: 2930: 2926: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2872: 2863: 2859: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2791: 2782: 2778: 2776: 2765: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2726: 2722: 2713: 2709: 2707: 2702: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685:instead of a 2684: 2679: 2674: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2656: 2645: 2643: 2637: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2617: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2561: 2560:Narendra Modi 2556: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2511: 2509: 2508:Make in India 2505: 2504:Narendra Modi 2500: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2485: 2484:NDA Coalition 2481: 2470: 2467: 2459: 2456:December 2015 2449: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2433:This section 2431: 2427: 2422: 2421: 2416:Later reforms 2410: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2341: 2331: 2319: 2317: 2311: 2302: 2301: 2293: 2290: 2283: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2256: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2161:biotechnology 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2080:excise duties 2076: 2075:disinvestment 2072: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2023: 2015: 2006: 2004: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1987:exchange rate 1983: 1979: 1969: 1960: 1956: 1953:This section 1951: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1903: 1894: 1890: 1887:This section 1885: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1846:Indira Gandhi 1838: 1831: 1827: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1777: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1767:Parle Bisleri 1764: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1705:public sector 1702: 1698: 1694: 1693:protectionism 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1660: 1650: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1581: 1580: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1514:Neoliberalism 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1459:Authoritarian 1457: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1386:Globalization 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1346:Crisis theory 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1202:Intellectuals 1199: 1198: 1191: 1190:Technological 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1111: 1110: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1053: 1052: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 989: 988: 985: 983: 982:Institutional 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 966: 963: 962: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 947: 941: 940: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 842: 841:Laissez-faire 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 815:Authoritarian 813: 811: 808: 807: 801: 800: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 782:Surplus value 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 762:Privatization 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 629: 623: 622: 619: 616: 615: 611: 607: 606: 596: 591: 589: 584: 582: 577: 576: 574: 573: 568: 563: 558: 556: 551: 546: 544: 539: 534: 533: 532: 531: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 485: 479: 478: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 450:Roger Douglas 448: 446: 443: 441: 440:Ronald Reagan 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 415:Louis Rougier 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 397: 391: 390: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 359: 356:Organizations 353: 352: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 286: 280: 279: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 251:New Democrats 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 228: 222: 221: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 179: 178: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 155:Single market 153: 151: 150:Shock therapy 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 135:Privatization 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 120:Marketization 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 105:Globalization 103: 100: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 56: 53: 51: 48: 46: 43: 42: 36: 35: 32: 31:Neoliberalism 29: 28: 24: 20: 19: 16: 10712:Pirate Party 10441:Lloyd George 10033:Philosophers 9975:Jeffersonian 9718:Berlusconism 9584: 9522:South Africa 9306:Conservative 9292:Physiocratic 9153:To bear arms 9101:Open society 9061: 8850:Bill Clinton 8789:Chicago boys 8656:Trickle-down 8636:Neoclassical 8565:Laffer curve 8540:Free markets 8510:Deregulation 8321:Wage slavery 8275:Unemployment 8255:Productivity 8186:Philanthropy 8047:Mercantilist 8024: 7995:Conservative 7830:Deregulation 7791:perspectives 7789:Aspects and 7390:Construction 7172:Billionaires 7135: 7006:Indian rupee 6748:Dependencies 6678:Turkmenistan 6643:Saudi Arabia 6522: 6403:the original 6384:. 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