303:(2012) define echolalia as an "automatic imitative action without explicit awareness". Children often first babble syllables and eventually words they hear. For example, a baby may often hear the word "bottle" in various sentences. The baby first repeats with only syllables such as "baba" but as their language skills progress the child will eventually be able to say the word "bottle". Echolalia becomes less and less common as a child's language skills develop. It is not possible to distinguish the imitative learning form of echolalia that occurs as part of normal development from automatic imitation or echolalia characteristic of a disorder until about the age of three, when some ability for self-regulation is developed. A disorder may be suspected if automatic imitation persists beyond the age of three.
47:
171:
patient repeats words, phrases, or multiple sentences after a delay that can be anywhere from hours to years later. Immediate echolalia can be indicative that a developmental disorder exists, but this is not necessarily the case. Sometimes echolalia can be observed when an individual echoes back a statement to indicate they are contemplating a response and fully heard the original statement.
184:
Examples of mitigated echolalia are pronoun changes or syntax corrections. The first can be seen in the example of asking the patient "Where are you going?" and with patient responding "Where am I going?" The latter would be seen in the clinician asking "Where are I going?" and the patient repeating
311:
Before the 1980s, echolalia was regarded as negative, non-functional behavior. However, researchers such as Barry
Prizant and colleagues have emphasized the communicative function of echolalia. Among the communicative functions noted are turntaking, requesting, self-regulation and rehearsal to aid
268:
Echolalia can be the result of left hemisphere damage. Specifically, damage to the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere has been linked to effortful echolalia. Cases of echolalia have appeared after lesions of the left medial frontal lobe and supplemental motor areas. Unintentional or nonfunctional
348:
A symptom of some autistic children is the struggle to produce spontaneous speech. Studies have shown that in some cases echolalia is used as a coping mechanism allowing an autistic person to contribute to a conversation when unable to produce spontaneous speech. Studies in the 1980s showed that
315:
The use of echolalia in task response to facilitate generalization is an area that holds much promise. Research in this area is certainly needed. Marjorie H. Charlop performed a series of task experiments with autistic children. The results suggest that perhaps in certain tasks (i.e., receptive
170:
and "superficial linguistic processing". A typical pediatric presentation of immediate echolalia might be as follows: a child is asked "Do you want dinner?"; the child echoes back "Do you want dinner?", followed by a pause, and then a response, "Yes. What's for dinner?" In delayed echolalia the
165:
Echolalia can be categorized as either immediate (occurring immediately after the stimulus) or delayed (some time after the occurrence of a stimulus). Immediate echolalia results from quick recall of information from the
1841:
273:. In cases where echolalia is a part of mixed transitory aphasia, the perisylvian language area remains intact, but the surrounding anterior and posterior association cortexes degenerate or experience infarction.
972:
957:
260:, echolalia is common, with the patient incorporating another person's words or sentences into his or her own response. While these patients lack speech comprehension, they are still able to read.
495:
Suzuki T, Itoh S, Hayashi M, Kouno M, Takeda K (July 2009). "Hyperlexia and ambient echolalia in a case of cerebral infarction of the left anterior cingulate cortex and corpus callosum".
830:
A type of fluent aphasia similar to
Wernicke's with the exception of a strong ability to repeat words and phrases. The person may repeat questions rather than answer them ("echolalia").
1186:
312:
comprehension. Echolalia can be categorized as communicative (in context and with "apparent communicative purpose") vs. semicommunicative (an "unclear communicative meaning").
634:
Rydell PD, Mirenda P (December 1994). "Effects of high and low constraint utterances on the production of immediate and delayed echolalia in young children with autism".
349:
there may be communicative intent with delayed echolalia, "depending on the context in which it occurs"; this research on autistic children "raised questions related to
1306:
1507:
281:
Echolalia is common in young children who are first learning to speak. Echolalia is a form of imitation. Imitation is a useful, normal and necessary component of
181:
refers to the repetition (typically occurring in individuals with dementia) of environmental stimuli such as a television program running in the background.
233:, in blind children, children with language impairments, as well as certain developing neurotypical children. Other disorders associated with echolalia are
429:
Ganos C, Ogrzal T, Schnitzler A, MĂĽnchau A (September 2012). "The pathophysiology of echopraxia/echolalia: relevance to Gilles de la
Tourette syndrome".
1064:
94:
behavior" whereby sounds or actions are imitated "without explicit awareness". Echolalia may be an immediate reaction to a stimulus or may be delayed.
185:"Where am I going?" In mitigated echolalia some language processing is occurring. Mitigated echolalia can be seen in dyspraxia and aphasia of speech.
1974:
1632:
2031:
316:
labeling), echolalia should not be eliminated, but taken advantage of as it may facilitate acquisition and generalization for autistic children.
336:(TS); the echolalic repetitions of individuals with TS are mainly echoes from within their own "tic repertoire". Evidence points to a healthy
1181:
234:
1171:
1026:
1948:
1640:
363:" processing in autistic children, including in the acquisition of language. However, a 1990 study on the acquisition of grammar by
1645:
1831:
1471:
1369:
1049:
566:
539:
1912:
1816:
735:
1969:
768:
618:
269:
echolalia shows similarities to imitation behavior seen after disinhibition of the frontal network is most likely related to
1922:
1466:
1662:
2021:
1775:
699:
1740:
1655:
1512:
801:
1492:
1403:
250:
1253:
1161:
1059:
1019:
1943:
1156:
246:
1917:
1826:
1765:
1587:
1212:
257:
610:
Handbook of Autism and
Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Diagnosis, Development, Neurobiology, and Behavior
1355:
1176:
1054:
1907:
1677:
1542:
1341:
2026:
1785:
1750:
1730:
1682:
1012:
847:"The Effects of Echolalia on Acquisition and Generalization of Receptive Labeling in Autistic Children"
376:
1864:
1705:
1597:
1461:
1320:
1166:
242:
299:
occurs when a "reenacted behavior is based on previously acquired motor (or vocal) patterns". Ganos
1938:
1755:
987:
367:
and
Calkins found that echolalia did not facilitate grammatical development in autistic children.
340:(MNS), but "inadequate imitation-control mechanism, which make them vulnerable to interferences".
1884:
1869:
1856:
1811:
1710:
1672:
1622:
1519:
1268:
1222:
238:
793:
760:
727:
1879:
1874:
1821:
1806:
1446:
1436:
282:
608:
1441:
350:
1396:
364:
8:
1846:
1431:
1202:
976:
899:"Echolalia in the language development of autistic individuals: a bibliographical review"
1745:
1552:
1292:
981:
871:
846:
786:
753:
720:
659:
520:
454:
360:
287:
230:
1964:
1889:
1790:
1715:
1562:
1502:
1456:
1451:
1327:
1313:
1237:
1125:
1035:
920:
876:
797:
764:
731:
695:
651:
614:
512:
446:
333:
206:
167:
102:
90:, the automatic repetition of movements made by another person; both are "subsets of
75:
54:
20:
915:
898:
663:
524:
458:
19:
This article is about the speech disorder. For the album by
Something for Kate, see
1995:
1780:
1697:
1687:
1650:
1582:
1557:
1547:
1476:
1426:
1334:
1263:
1232:
1120:
910:
866:
858:
825:
643:
504:
438:
105:. It may also occur in several other neurological conditions such as some forms of
2016:
1990:
1760:
1720:
1592:
1389:
1348:
1258:
1207:
992:
1836:
1725:
1497:
1227:
1095:
678:
The OASIS Guide to
Asperger Syndrome; Advice, Support, Insight, and Inspiration
606:
198:
177:
refers to a repetition in which the original stimulus is somewhat altered, and
117:
83:
966:
508:
353:
programs that defended the revocation or replacement of immediate echolalia".
2010:
1770:
1735:
862:
337:
270:
214:
46:
1362:
1135:
924:
516:
450:
144:
880:
655:
1602:
1577:
1572:
1537:
1085:
291:
occurs when the "observer acquires new behaviors through imitation" and
82:. In its profound form it is automatic and effortless. It is one of the
1617:
1567:
1217:
1140:
1110:
1100:
1080:
647:
325:
202:
87:
78:
made by another person; when repeated by the same person, it is called
59:
949:
692:
International
Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders
442:
1105:
607:
Fred R. Volkmar; Rhea Paul; Ami Klin; Donald J. Cohen (13 May 2005).
356:
222:
91:
79:
63:
1004:
1667:
1607:
1285:
226:
218:
106:
1187:
Motor tic, Obsessions and compulsions, Vocal tic
Evaluation Survey
210:
110:
359:, Prizant and others have interpreted echolalia as evidence of "
1412:
1299:
1115:
961:
194:
98:
205:) were defining characteristics in the early descriptions of
148:
134:
120:
428:
193:
Echolalia can be an indicator of communication disorders in
197:, but is neither unique to, nor synonymous with syndromes.
130:
1381:
1130:
329:
1508:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
481:(Third ed.). John wiley and Sons. pp. 255–257.
479:
Handbook of Autism and
Pervasive Developmental Disorders
494:
939:
840:
838:
785:
755:Neurobehavioral Consequences of Closed Head Injury
752:
719:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
2008:
1307:I Have Tourette's but Tourette's Doesn't Have Me
835:
750:
792:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
585:
490:
488:
1397:
1020:
689:
633:
1172:Tourette Syndrome Clinical Global Impression
896:
822:Aphasiology: Disorders and Clinical Practice
613:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 346–347.
485:
476:
1949:Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale
1404:
1390:
1027:
1013:
45:
1641:Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
1182:Autism—Tics, AD/HD, and other Comorbities
914:
870:
744:
472:
470:
468:
276:
116:The word "echolalia" is derived from the
1646:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
713:
711:
564:
537:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
263:
1832:Multiple complex developmental disorder
1370:Tic Talk: Living with Tourette Syndrome
892:
890:
844:
410:
408:
406:
404:
402:
400:
398:
396:
394:
392:
188:
2032:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
2009:
1913:Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
783:
465:
229:, after cerebral infarction (stroke),
1385:
1034:
1008:
819:
717:
708:
627:
571:A Greek – English Lexicon, on Perseus
544:A Greek – English Lexicon, on Perseus
160:
897:Saad AG, Goldfeld M (Jul–Sep 2009).
887:
851:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
845:Charlop, Marjorie H. (Spring 1983).
759:. Oxford University Press. pp.
726:. Missouri: Elsevier Mosby. p.
389:
319:
1663:Developmental coordination disorder
690:Matson JL, Sturmey P, eds. (2011).
13:
477:Volkmar, Fred; Paul, Rhea (2005).
97:Echolalia occurs in many cases of
14:
2043:
1923:Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale
1741:Fetal valproate spectrum disorder
1513:Childhood disintegrative disorder
935:
143:) meaning "speech" or "talk" (of
1493:Pervasive developmental disorder
680:. Crown Publishers, 2001, p. 22.
251:pervasive developmental disorder
1254:Tourette Association of America
1162:Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale
916:10.1590/S0104-56872009000300013
813:
788:Aphasia: A Clinical Perspective
777:
209:(TS). Echolalia also occurs in
1944:Childhood Autism Spectrum Test
1157:Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
683:
670:
558:
531:
247:progressive supranuclear palsy
1:
1918:Childhood Autism Rating Scale
1766:PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome
1656:obsessive–compulsive disorder
1588:Pathological demand avoidance
1472:Societal and cultural aspects
1213:Georges Gilles de la Tourette
1065:Societal and cultural aspects
382:
258:transcortical sensory aphasia
1356:The Secret Life of Lele Pons
201:(particularly echolalia and
7:
1908:Autism Diagnostic Interview
1678:Sensory processing disorder
1543:Autism and LGBTQ identities
370:
306:
76:repetition of vocalizations
10:
2048:
1786:Tuberous sclerosis complex
1776:Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
1751:MECP2 duplication syndrome
1731:Cornelia de Lange syndrome
1683:Global developmental delay
1411:
377:List of language disorders
149:
135:
121:
18:
2022:Symptoms of schizophrenia
1983:
1957:
1931:
1900:
1865:Facilitated communication
1855:
1799:
1706:22q11.2 deletion syndrome
1696:
1631:
1528:
1485:
1419:
1277:
1246:
1195:
1177:Tourette's Disorder Scale
1167:Shapiro TS Severity Scale
1149:
1073:
1042:
943:
718:Duffy, Joseph R. (1995).
694:. Springer. p. 237.
509:10.1080/13554790902842037
343:
243:corticobasal degeneration
53:
44:
36:
31:
1939:Autism-spectrum quotient
1756:Neurofibromatosis type I
863:10.1901/jaba.1983.16-111
784:Benson, D.Frank (1996).
751:Harvey S. Levin (1982).
99:autism spectrum disorder
1870:Lancet MMR autism fraud
1812:Critical autism studies
1711:22q13 deletion syndrome
1673:Intellectual disability
1623:Emotional dysregulation
1520:High-functioning autism
1269:Yale Child Study Center
1223:Jean Marc Gaspard Itard
239:frontotemporal dementia
157:), meaning "to talk").
1880:Rapid prompting method
1822:Double empathy problem
1807:Autism rights movement
722:Motor Speech Disorders
277:Imitation and learning
147:origin, from the verb
133:" or "to repeat", and
40:Echologia, echophrasia
1965:Autism-related topics
1529:Associated conditions
820:Davis, G. A. (2007).
565:Liddell HG, Scott R.
538:Liddell HG, Scott R.
351:behavior modification
264:Anatomical correlates
86:, closely related to
1970:Fictional characters
1698:Associated syndromes
338:mirror neuron system
189:Associated disorders
1847:Violence and autism
1633:Comorbid conditions
1342:Motherless Brooklyn
1203:Jean-Martin Charcot
636:J Autism Dev Disord
328:are distinguishing
297:automatic imitation
175:Mitigated echolalia
74:is the unsolicited
1746:Fragile X syndrome
1553:Autistic catatonia
1293:Front of the Class
1050:Causes and origins
828:. pp. 33–39.
737:978-0-323-07200--7
648:10.1007/bf02172282
573:. Tufts University
546:. Tufts University
288:imitative learning
231:closed-head injury
161:Signs and symptoms
109:or stroke-related
2027:Tourette syndrome
2004:
2003:
1901:Diagnostic scales
1791:Williams syndrome
1716:Angelman syndrome
1598:Special interests
1563:Autistic meltdown
1503:Asperger syndrome
1379:
1378:
1328:Le Petit Tourette
1238:Arthur K. Shapiro
1126:Sensory phenomena
1036:Tourette syndrome
1002:
1001:
826:Allyn & Bacon
808:echolalia papers.
770:978-0-19-503008-2
620:978-0-471-72110-9
443:10.1002/mds.25103
334:Tourette syndrome
320:Tourette syndrome
207:Tourette syndrome
179:ambient echolalia
168:short-term memory
103:Tourette syndrome
69:
68:
26:Medical condition
21:Echolalia (album)
2039:
1996:Sensory friendly
1932:Screening scales
1781:Timothy syndrome
1688:Verbal Dyspraxia
1651:Anxiety disorder
1583:Nonverbal autism
1558:Autistic masking
1548:Autistic burnout
1406:
1399:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1264:Tourettes Action
1233:James F. Leckman
1150:Assessment tools
1121:Premonitory urge
1029:
1022:
1015:
1006:
1005:
941:
940:
929:
928:
918:
894:
885:
884:
874:
842:
833:
832:
817:
811:
810:
791:
781:
775:
774:
758:
748:
742:
741:
725:
715:
706:
705:
687:
681:
674:
668:
667:
631:
625:
624:
604:
583:
582:
580:
578:
562:
556:
555:
553:
551:
535:
529:
528:
492:
483:
482:
474:
463:
462:
426:
152:
151:
138:
137:
124:
123:
49:
29:
28:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1991:Autism-friendly
1979:
1953:
1927:
1896:
1851:
1795:
1761:Noonan syndrome
1721:CHARGE syndrome
1692:
1627:
1593:Savant syndrome
1530:
1524:
1481:
1462:Pathophysiology
1415:
1410:
1380:
1375:
1273:
1259:Tourette Canada
1242:
1208:Donald J. Cohen
1191:
1145:
1069:
1038:
1033:
1003:
998:
997:
952:
938:
933:
932:
895:
888:
843:
836:
818:
814:
804:
782:
778:
771:
749:
745:
738:
716:
709:
702:
688:
684:
675:
671:
632:
628:
621:
605:
586:
576:
574:
563:
559:
549:
547:
536:
532:
493:
486:
475:
466:
437:(10): 1222–29.
427:
390:
385:
373:
346:
322:
309:
283:social learning
279:
266:
191:
163:
27:
24:
17:
16:Speech disorder
12:
11:
5:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1984:Accommodations
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1842:TEACCH program
1839:
1837:Neurodiversity
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1817:Discrimination
1814:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1800:Related issues
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1726:Cohen syndrome
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1498:Classic autism
1489:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1467:Sex and gender
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1314:John's Not Mad
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1228:Samuel Johnson
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1096:Echophenomenon
1093:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
984:
969:
953:
948:
947:
945:
944:Classification
937:
936:External links
934:
931:
930:
886:
857:(1): 111–126.
834:
812:
802:
776:
769:
743:
736:
707:
701:978-1461429135
700:
682:
669:
626:
619:
584:
557:
530:
503:(5): 384–389.
484:
464:
387:
386:
384:
381:
380:
379:
372:
369:
365:Tager-Flusberg
345:
342:
324:Echolalia and
321:
318:
308:
305:
278:
275:
271:mirror neurons
265:
262:
235:Pick's disease
190:
187:
162:
159:
67:
66:
57:
51:
50:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2044:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1857:Controversies
1854:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:Rett syndrome
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:Down syndrome
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:and phenomena
1527:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1321:Las Estrellas
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:Organizations
1245:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1007:
994:
990:
989:
985:
983:
979:
978:
974:
970:
968:
964:
963:
959:
955:
954:
951:
946:
942:
926:
922:
917:
912:
909:(3): 255–60.
908:
904:
900:
893:
891:
882:
878:
873:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
841:
839:
831:
827:
823:
816:
809:
805:
803:9780195089349
799:
795:
790:
789:
780:
772:
766:
762:
757:
756:
747:
739:
733:
729:
724:
723:
714:
712:
703:
697:
693:
686:
679:
676:Bashe, P. R.
673:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
642:(6): 719–35.
641:
637:
630:
622:
616:
612:
611:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
572:
568:
561:
545:
541:
534:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
491:
489:
480:
473:
471:
469:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
425:
423:
421:
419:
417:
415:
413:
411:
409:
407:
405:
403:
401:
399:
397:
395:
393:
388:
378:
375:
374:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
352:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
317:
313:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:
284:
274:
272:
261:
259:
254:
252:
249:, as well as
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:schizophrenia
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:Echophenomena
196:
186:
182:
180:
176:
172:
169:
158:
156:
146:
142:
132:
128:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
85:
84:echophenomena
81:
77:
73:
65:
61:
58:
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
35:
30:
22:
1612:
1447:Heritability
1437:Epidemiology
1368:
1363:The Tic Code
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1136:Tic disorder
1090:
986:
971:
956:
906:
902:
854:
850:
829:
821:
815:
807:
787:
779:
754:
746:
721:
691:
685:
677:
672:
639:
635:
629:
609:
575:. Retrieved
570:
560:
548:. Retrieved
543:
533:
500:
496:
478:
434:
430:
355:
347:
323:
314:
310:
300:
296:
292:
286:
280:
267:
255:
192:
183:
178:
174:
173:
164:
154:
145:onomatopoeic
140:
129:), meaning "
126:
115:
96:
71:
70:
1875:MMR vaccine
1603:Infodumping
1578:Monotropism
1573:Late talker
1538:Alexithymia
1442:Epigenetics
1086:Copropraxia
431:Mov. Disord
37:Other names
2011:Categories
1885:Thiomersal
1827:Employment
1618:Echopraxia
1568:Hyperlexia
1218:Tim Howard
1141:Tourettism
1111:Palipraxia
1101:Echopraxia
1081:Coprolalia
1060:Management
577:October 6,
550:October 6,
383:References
326:echopraxia
203:echopraxia
88:echopraxia
60:Psychiatry
1890:Chelation
1613:Echolalia
1486:Diagnoses
1477:Therapies
1432:Diagnosis
1106:Palilalia
1091:Echolalia
497:Neurocase
357:Uta Frith
223:catatonia
92:imitative
80:palilalia
72:Echolalia
64:neurology
55:Specialty
32:Echolalia
1668:Epilepsy
1608:Stimming
1286:75 Watts
925:19838574
903:Pro Fono
664:28159203
525:40527124
517:19585352
459:22422642
451:22807284
371:See also
307:Function
227:epilepsy
219:dementia
107:dementia
1975:Schools
1452:History
1349:Quit It
1055:History
993:D004454
881:6833164
872:1307866
656:7844096
567:"λαλιά"
361:gestalt
293:mimicry
211:aphasia
111:aphasia
2017:Autism
1457:Memory
1427:Causes
1413:Autism
1300:Hichki
1196:People
1116:PANDAS
982:784.69
923:
879:
869:
800:
796:–135.
767:
734:
698:
662:
654:
617:
523:
515:
457:
449:
344:Autism
195:autism
1958:Lists
1278:Media
1074:Terms
967:R48.8
763:–54.
660:S2CID
540:"ἠχώ"
521:S2CID
455:S2CID
301:et al
155:laléo
150:λαλÎω
141:laliá
136:λαλιά
118:Greek
1420:Main
1335:Maze
1043:Main
988:MeSH
977:9-CM
921:PMID
877:PMID
798:ISBN
765:ISBN
732:ISBN
696:ISBN
652:PMID
615:ISBN
579:2013
552:2013
513:PMID
447:PMID
330:tics
131:echo
127:Ä“chĹŤ
101:and
1131:Tic
973:ICD
958:ICD
911:doi
867:PMC
859:doi
794:130
761:153
728:314
644:doi
505:doi
439:doi
332:of
295:or
256:In
122:ἠχώ
2013::
991::
980::
965::
962:10
919:.
907:21
905:.
901:.
889:^
875:.
865:.
855:16
853:.
849:.
837:^
824:.
806:.
730:.
710:^
658:.
650:.
640:24
638:.
587:^
569:.
542:.
519:.
511:.
501:15
499:.
487:^
467:^
453:.
445:.
435:27
433:.
391:^
285::
253:.
245:,
241:,
237:,
225:,
221:,
217:,
213:,
113:.
62:,
1405:e
1398:t
1391:v
1330:"
1326:"
1028:e
1021:t
1014:v
975:-
960:-
950:D
927:.
913::
883:.
861::
773:.
740:.
704:.
666:.
646::
623:.
581:.
554:.
527:.
507::
461:.
441::
153:(
139:(
125:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
