537:
967:
benzodiazepine) may aid in the diagnosis. Most patients with catatonia will respond significantly to this within the first 15–30 minutes. If no change is observed during the first dose, then a second dose is given and the patient is re-examined. If the patient responds to the lorazepam challenge, then lorazepam can be scheduled at interval doses until the catatonia resolves. The lorazepam must be tapered slowly, otherwise, the catatonia symptoms may return. The underlying cause of the catatonia should also be treated during this time. ECT may also be used to resolve catatonia. The success rate of ECT and lorazepam in the treatment of catatonia is estimated to be 60-100%, with earlier treatment being associated with a greater likelihood of treatment success. ECT is usually administered as multiple sessions over one-two weeks and is usually successful in those in which lorazepam fails. ECT in combination with benzodiazepines is used to treat malignant catatonia. In France,
523:
530:
791:(NMS) and catatonia are both life-threatening conditions that share many of the same characteristics including fever, autonomic instability, rigidity, and delirium. Lab values of low serum iron, elevated creatine kinase, and white blood cell count are also shared by the two disorders further complicating the diagnosis. There are features of malignant catatonia (posturing, impulsivity, etc.) that are absent from NMS and the lab results are not as consistent in malignant catatonia as they are in NMS. Some experts consider NMS to be a drug-induced condition associated with
751:
presenting with the common signs of catatonia such as mutism and posturing. Additionally, the motor abnormalities seen in catatonia are also present in psychiatric disorders. For example, a patient with mania will show increased motor activity that may progress to exciting catatonia. One way in which physicians can differentiate between the two is to observe the motor abnormality. Patients with mania present with increased goal-directed activity. On the other hand, the increased activity in catatonia is not goal-directed and often repetitive.
270:: Malignant catatonia is a life-threatening condition that may progress rapidly within a few days. It is characterized by fever, abnormalities in blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, diaphoresis (sweating), and delirium. Certain lab findings are common with this presentation; however, they are nonspecific, which means that they are also present in other conditions and do not diagnose catatonia. These lab findings include:
742:
echopraxia. Catatonia may occur in the context of specific mental disorders, including mood disorders, schizophrenia or other primary psychotic disorders, and
Neurodevelopmental disorders, and may be induced by psychoactive substances, including medications. Catatonia may also be caused by a medical condition not classified under mental, behavioral, or neurodevelopmental disorders.
282:(NMS) and so a careful history, review of medications, and physical exam are critical to properly differentiate these conditions. For example, if the patient has waxy flexibility and holds a position against gravity when passively moved into that position, then it is likely catatonia. If the patient has a "lead-pipe rigidity" then NMS should be the prime suspect.
264:: Excited catatonia is characterized by odd mannerisms/gestures, performing purposeless or inappropriate actions, excessive motor activity, restlessness, stereotypy, impulsivity, agitation, and combativeness. Speech and actions may be repetitive or mimic another person's. People in this state are extremely hyperactive and may have delusions and hallucinations.
1052:
those with acute psychiatric illnesses, and 9-30% in the setting of inpatient psychiatric care. One large population estimate has suggested that the incidence of catatonia is 10.6 episodes per 100 000 person-years. It occurs in males and females in approximately equal numbers. 21-46% of all catatonia cases can be attributed to a general medical condition.
912:, can be difficult to distinguish from catatonic symptoms, or may confound them in the psychiatric setting. Extrapyramidal motor disorders usually do not involve social symptoms like negativism, while individuals with catatonic excitement typically do not have the physically painful compulsion to move that is seen in akathisia.
852:
in a variety of brain areas. Akinetic mutism and catatonia may both manifest with immobility, mutism, and waxy flexibility. Differentiating both disorders is the fact that akinetic mutism does not present with echolalia, echopraxia, or posturing. Furthermore, it is not responsive to benzodiazepines as is the case for catatonia.
404:(PE). Patients with excited catatonia may be aggressive and violent, and physical trauma may result from this. Catatonia may progress to the malignant type which will present with autonomic instability and may be life-threatening. Other complications also include the development of pneumonia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
378:
chronic stress as a result of life transitions, loss of external time structuring, sensory sensitivities and/or traumatic experiences, co-morbid mental disorders, or other unknown causes. Since clinical catatonia can not always be diagnosed, this condition has also been renamed to the more general term "late regression".
957:, usually during adolescence or early adulthood. The clinical picture is variable, but often includes catatonic signs, which is why it was called "catatonic psychosis" in initial reports in 1946. DSDD seems to phenotypically overlap with obsessional slowness (see above) and catatonia-like regression occurring in ASD.
72:
851:
is a neurological disorder characterized by a decrease in goal-directed behavior and motivation; however, the patient has an intact level of consciousness. Patients may present with apathy, and may seem indifferent to pain, hunger, or thirst. Akinetic mutism has been associated with structural damage
767:
Various rating scales for catatonia have been developed, however, their utility for clinical care has not been well established. The most commonly used scale is the Bush-Francis
Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS) (external link is provided below). The scale is composed of 23 items with the first 14 items
892:
and catatonia are similar in that they may both present with rigidity, autonomic instability and a positive response to benzodiazepines. However, stiff-person syndrome may be associated with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) antibodies and other catatonic signs such as mutism and posturing
877:
is characterized by fluctuating disturbed perception and consciousness in the ill individual. It has hypoactive and hyperactive or mixed forms. People with hyperactive delirium present similarly to those with excited catatonia and have symptoms of restlessness, agitation, and aggression. Those with
1029:
may be used. Amantadine may have an increased incidence of tolerance with prolonged use and can cause psychosis, due to its additional effects on the dopamine system. Memantine has a more targeted pharmacological profile for the glutamate system, reduced incidence of psychosis and may therefore be
809:
is an autoimmune disorder characterized by neuropsychiatric features and the presence of IgG antibodies. The presentation of anti-NMDAR encephalitis has been categorized into 5 phases: prodromal phase, psychotic phase, unresponsive phase, hyperkinetic phase, and recovery phase. The psychotic phase
754:
Catatonia is a clinical diagnosis and there is no specific laboratory test to diagnose it. However, certain testing can help determine what is causing the catatonia. An EEG will likely show diffuse slowing. If seizure activity is driving the syndrome, then an EEG would also be helpful in detecting
368:
which usually runs a chronic-progressive course and encompasses attenuated catatonic symptoms as well as mood and anxiety symptoms that increasingly interfere with adaptive functioning. Onset is typically insidious and often mistaken for background autistic symptoms. Slowing of voluntary movement,
1051:
Catatonia has been historically studied in psychiatric patients. Catatonia is underrecognized and the features may be mistaken for other disorders (such as negative symptoms of schizophrenia), leading to an underestimate of the prevalence. The prevalence has been reported to be as high as 10% in
1042:
Twenty-five percent of psychiatric patients with catatonia will have more than one episode throughout their lives. Treatment response for patients with catatonia is 50–70%, with treatment failure being associated with a poor prognosis. Many of these patients will require long-term and continuous
377:
symptoms are frequently seen; negativism, (auto-)aggressive behaviors and ill-defined hallucinations have also been reported. Both the causes of this disorder as well as its prognosis appear to be heterogenous, with most patients showing partial recovery upon treatment. It seems to be related to
246:
There are several subtypes of catatonia and they are characterized by the specific movement disturbance and associated features. Although catatonia can be divided into various subtypes, the natural history of catatonia is often fluctuant and different states can exist within the same individual.
923:
can present similarly to catatonia. In autism spectrum disorders, chronic catatonia is distinguished by a lasting deterioration of adaptive skills from the background of pre-existing autistic symptomatology that cannot be easily explained. Acute catatonia is usually clearly distinguishable from
900:
may present similarly to retarded catatonia with symptoms of immobility, rigidity, and difficulty speaking. Further complicating the diagnosis is the fact that many patients with
Parkinson's disease will have major depressive disorder, which may be the underlying cause of catatonia. Parkinson's
741:
catatonia is defined as a syndrome of primarily psychomotor disturbances that is characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of several symptoms such as stupor; catalepsy; waxy flexibility; mutism; negativism; posturing; mannerisms; stereotypies; psychomotor agitation; grimacing; echolalia and
750:
Catatonia is often overlooked and under-diagnosed. Patients with catatonia most commonly have an underlying psychiatric disorder, for this reason, physicians may overlook signs of catatonia due to the severity of the psychosis the patient is presenting with. Furthermore, the patient may not be
339:
rather than lack of emotion. Heredity is low. Of the 21 different forms (6 "simple" and 15 "combined" forms) that have been described, most overlap only partially - if at all - with current definitions of either catatonia or schizophrenia, and thus are difficult to classify according to modern
387:
Patients may experience several complications from being in a catatonic state. The nature of these complications will depend on the type of catatonia being experienced by the patient. For example, patients presenting with withdrawn catatonia may have refusal to eat which will in turn lead to
783:
The differential diagnosis of catatonia is extensive as signs and symptoms of catatonia may overlap significantly with those of other conditions. Therefore, a careful and detailed history, medication review, and physical exam are key to diagnosing catatonia and differentiating it from other
211:
Because most patients with catatonia have an underlying psychiatric illness, the majority will present with worsening depression, mania, or psychosis followed by catatonia symptoms. Catatonia presents as a motor disturbance in which patients will display marked reduction in movement, marked
966:
The initial treatment of catatonia is to stop medication that could be potentially leading to the syndrome. These may include steroids, stimulants, anticonvulsants, neuroleptics or dopamine blockers. A "lorazepam challenge", in which patients are given 2 mg of IV lorazepam (or another
299:, it is a distinct form of "non-system schizophrenia" characterized by recurrent acute phases with hyperkinetic and akinetic features and often psychotic symptoms, and the build-up of a residual state in between these acute phases, which is characterized by low-level catatonic features and
258:: This form of catatonia is characterized by decreased response to external stimuli, immobility or inhibited movement, mutism, staring, posturing, and negativism. Patients may sit or stand in the same position for hours, may hold odd positions, and may resist movement of their extremities.
858:
has an anxious etiology but has also been associated with personality disorders. Patients with this disorder fail to speak with some individuals but will speak with others. Likewise, they may refuse to speak in certain situations; for example, a child who refuses to speak at school but is
836:
and malignant catatonia share features of autonomic instability, hyperthermia, and rigidity. However, malignant hyperthermia is a hereditary disorder of skeletal muscle that makes these patients susceptible to exposure to halogenated anesthetics and/or depolarizing muscle relaxants like
162:
is a complex neuropsychiatric behavioral syndrome that is characterized by abnormal movements, immobility, abnormal behaviors, and withdrawal. The onset of catatonia can be acute or subtle and symptoms can wax, wane, or change during episodes. It has historically been related to
171:. It is now known that catatonic symptoms are nonspecific and may be observed in other mental, neurological, and medical conditions. Catatonia is now a stand-alone diagnosis (although some experts disagree), and the term is used to describe a feature of the underlying disorder.
3606:
817:
and malignant catatonia may present with signs and symptoms of delirium, autonomic instability, hyperthermia, and rigidity. Again, similar to the presentation in NMS. However, patients with
Serotonin syndrome have a history of ingestion of serotonergic drugs (Ex:
885:
present with immobility and mutism; however, unlike patients with catatonia who are unmotivated to communicate, patients with locked-in syndrome try to communicate with eye movements and blinking. Furthermore, locked-in syndrome is caused by damage to the
319:
is sometimes used in modern literature to describe a syndrome of recurrent phases of acute catatonia (excited or inhibited type) with full remission between episodes, which resembles the description of "motility psychosis" in the
Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard
412:
Catatonia is almost always secondary to another underlying illness, often a psychiatric disorder. Mood disorders such as a bipolar disorder and depression are the most common etiologies to progress to catatonia. Other psychiatric associations include
866:
is seizure activity with no accompanying tonic-clonic movements. It can present with stupor, similar to catatonia, and they both respond to benzodiazepines. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus is diagnosed by the presence of seizure activity seen on
488:
that leads to catatonia is still poorly understood and a definite mechanism remains unknown. Neurologic studies have implicated several pathways; however, it remains unclear whether these findings are the cause or the consequence of the disorder.
1060:
Reports of stupor-like and catatonia-like states abound in the history of psychiatry. After the middle of the 19th century there was an increase of interest in the motor disorders accompanying madness, culminating in the publication by
878:
hypoactive delirium present with similarly to retarded catatonia, withdrawn and quiet. However, catatonia also includes other distinguishing features including posturing and rigidity as well as a positive response to benzodiazepines.
3607:
https://adscresources.advocatehealth.com/resources/obsessional-slowness/#:~:text=The%20persistent%20stress%20of%20the%20rapidly%20moving%20environment,slowness%2C%20which%20we%20have%20also%20labeled%20%E2%80%9CThe%20Pace.%E2%80%9D
755:
this. CT or MRI will not show catatonia; however, they might reveal abnormalities that might be leading to the syndrome. Metabolic screens, inflammatory markers, or autoantibodies may reveal reversible medical causes of catatonia.
334:
and adaptive functioning and ability to communicate. They are considered forms of schizophrenia but distinct from other schizophrenic conditions. Affective flattening and apparent loss of interests are common but may be related to
522:
3963:
Parsanoglu Z, Balaban OD, Gica S, Atay OC, Altin O (May 2022). "Comparison of the
Clinical and Treatment Characteristics of Patients Undergoing Electroconvulsive Therapy for Catatonia Indication in the Context of Gender".
1453:
Carroll BT, Goforth HW, Thomas C, Ahuja N, McDaniel WW, Kraus MF, Spiegel DR, Franco KN, Pozuelo L, Muñoz C (October 2007). "Review of
Adjunctive Glutamate Antagonist Therapy in the Treatment of Catatonic Syndromes".
2610:
Jeste DV, Lieberman JA, Benson RS, Young ML, Akaka J, Bernstein CA, Crowley B, Everett AS, Geller J, Graff MD, Greene JA, Kashtan JF, Mcvoy MK, Nininger JE, Oldham JM, Schatzberg AF, Widge AS, Vanderlip ER (2013).
4203:
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758:
Vital signs should be frequently monitored as catatonia can progress to malignant catatonia which is life-threatening. Malignant catatonia is characterized by fever, hypertension, tachycardia, and tachypnea.
243:(repeat meaningless phrases). It should not be assumed that patients presenting with catatonia are unaware of their surroundings as some patients can recall in detail their catatonic state and their actions.
212:
agitation, or a mixture of both despite having the physical capacity to move normally. These patients may be unable to start an action or stop one. Movements and mannerisms may be repetitive, or purposeless.
985:(ECT) is an effective treatment for catatonia that is well acknowledged. ECT has also shown favorable outcomes in patients with chronic catatonia. However, it has been pointed out that further high quality
974:
Supportive care is required in those with catatonia. This includes monitoring vital signs and fluid status, and in those with chronic symptoms; maintaining nutrition and hydration, medications to prevent a
587:
does not classify catatonia as an independent disorder, but rather it classifies it as catatonia associated with another mental disorder, due to another medical condition, or as unspecified catatonia.
346:
are also a diagnosis exclusive to the
Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school, and refers to system catatonias that manifest in young children. Clinically, these conditions resemble severe regressive forms of
3904:
Rogers JP, Pollak TA, Begum N, Griffin A, Carter B, Pritchard M, Broadbent M, Kolliakou A, Ke J, Stewart R, Patel R, Bomford A, Amad A, Zandi MS, Lewis G, Nicholson TR, David AS (2 November 2021).
950:
953:(or Down Syndrome Regression Disorder, DSDD / DSRD) is a chronic condition characterized by loss of previously acquired adaptive, cognitive and social functioning occurring in persons with
841:. Malignant hyperthermia most commonly occurs in the intraoperative or postoperative periods. Other signs and symptoms of malignant hyperthermia include metabolic and respiratory acidosis,
3703:
Leroy A, Naudet F, Vaiva G, Francis A, Thomas P, Amad A (October 2018). "Is electroconvulsive therapy an evidence-based treatment for catatonia? A systematic review and meta-analysis".
425:. Psychodynamic theorists have interpreted catatonia as a defense against the potentially destructive consequences of responsibility, and the passivity of the disorder provides relief.
296:
591:
Catatonia is diagnosed by the presence of three or more of the following 12 psychomotor symptoms in association with a mental disorder, medical condition, or unspecified:
3166:
Sutter R, Kaplan PW (August 2012). "Electroencephalographic criteria for nonconvulsive status epilepticus: Synopsis and comprehensive survey: EEG Criteria for NCSE".
1973:
Dhossche DM, Rout U (2006). "Are
Autistic and Catatonic Regression Related? A Few Working Hypotheses Involving Gaba, Purkinje Cell Survival, Neurogenesis, and ECT".
326:
or systematic catatonias are only defined in the
Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school. These are chronic-progressive conditions characterized by specific disturbances of
4737:
771:
A diagnosis can be supported by the lorazepam challenge or the zolpidem challenge. While proven useful in the past, barbiturates are no longer commonly used in
115:
Physical trauma, malignant catatonia (autonomic instability, life-threatening), dehydration, pneumonia, pressure ulcers due to immobility, muscle contractions,
928:
536:
4101:
1034:
is another treatment option for resistant catatonia; it produces its therapeutic effects by producing glutamate antagonism via modulation of AMPA receptors.
901:
disease can be distinguished from catatonia by a positive response to levodopa. Catatonia on the other hand will show a positive response to benzodiazepines.
575:, 2022), the classification is more homogeneous than in earlier editions. Prominent researchers in the field have other suggestions for diagnostic criteria.
553:
3102:"The controversy around the diagnosis of selective mutism – a critical analysis of three cases in the light of modern research and diagnostic criteria"
943:
which is unusual in catatonia. Obsessional slowness is a controversial diagnosis, with presentations ranging from severe but common manifestations of
208:
The presenting signs of catatonia vary greatly and may be subtle or more markedly pronounced, and symptoms may develop over hours or days to weeks.
995:
are sometimes used in those with a co-existing psychosis, however they should be used with care as they may worsen catatonia and have a risk of
303:
of varying severity. The condition has a strong hereditary component. According to modern classifications, this may be diagnosed as a form of
3852:
Solmi M, Pigato GG, Roiter B, Guaglianone A, Martini L, Fornaro M, Monaco F, Carvalho AF, Stubbs B, Veronese N, Correll CU (20 August 2018).
768:
being used as the screening tool. If 2 of the 14 are positive, this prompts for further evaluation and completion of the remaining 9 items.
971:
has also been used in diagnosis, and response may occur within the same time period. Ultimately the underlying cause needs to be treated.
5209:
5165:
4268:
3750:
1677:
5024:
4641:
4454:
567:
4434:
4130:
3214:. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Guidelines. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). 2019.
4760:
819:
2396:
Dhossche DM, Stoppelbein L, Rout UK (December 2010). "Etiopathogenesis of Catatonia: Generalizations and Working Hypotheses".
1733:
784:
conditions. Furthermore, some of these conditions can themselves lead to catatonia. The differential diagnosis is as follows:
5536:
3828:
3477:
3219:
2701:
Bush G, Fink M, Petrides G, Dowling F, Francis A (February 1996). "Catatonia. I. Rating scale and standardized examination".
2650:
2586:
2331:
1990:
1712:
1687:
1505:
388:
malnutrition and dehydration. Furthermore, if immobility is a symptom the patient is presenting with, then they may develop
3854:"Prevalence of Catatonia and Its Moderators in Clinical Samples: Results from a Meta-analysis and Meta-regression Analysis"
174:
There are several subtypes of catatonia: akinetic catatonia, excited catatonia, malignant catatonia, and delirious mania.
5221:
4369:
5531:
4471:
4446:
4281:
1579:
Zisselman MH, Jaffe RL (February 2010). "ECT in the Treatment of a Patient With Catatonia: Consent and Complications".
445:
3317:
Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Jankovic J (August 2015). "Stiff-person syndrome: insights into a complex autoimmune disorder".
5257:
5077:
4975:
2528:
2025:
3749:
Saini A, Begum N, Matti J, Ghanem DA, Fripp L, Pollak TA, Zandi MS, David A, Lewis G, Rogers J (15 September 2022).
2474:
Northoff G (October 2002). "What catatonia can tell us about 'top-down modulation': A neuropsychiatric hypothesis".
529:
5349:
4586:
4557:
4498:
4105:
2855:
Northoff G (1 December 2002). "Catatonia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome: psychopathology and pathophysiology".
2618:
549:
2666:
Sienaert P, Rooseleer J, De Fruyt J (December 2011). "Measuring catatonia: A systematic review of rating scales".
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4386:
4311:
859:
conversational at home. This disorder is distinguished from catatonia by the absence of any other signs/symptoms.
806:
548:
There is not yet a definitive consensus regarding diagnostic criteria of catatonia. In the fifth edition of the
177:
Failure to recognize and treat catatonia may lead to poor outcomes and can be potentially fatal. Treatment with
5244:
5029:
5000:
4261:
996:
796:
788:
279:
2266:"Ictal catatonia as a manifestation of de novo absence status epilepticus following benzodiazepine withdrawal"
999:, a dangerous condition that can mimic catatonia and requires immediate discontinuation of the antipsychotic.
4770:
4488:
4464:
3810:
1043:
mental health care. For patients with catatonia with underlying schizophrenia, the prognosis is much poorer.
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374:
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497:
4678:
4476:
1155:
986:
5491:
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810:
progresses into the unresponsive phase characterized by mutism, decreased motor activity, and catatonia.
131:
Underlying illness (psychiatric, neurologic, or medical), brain injury/damage, certain drugs/medications
5428:
4343:
1203:"Electroconvulsive therapy, catatonia, deep vein thrombosis and anticoagulant treatment: a case report"
1127:
20:
5438:
5407:
4785:
4668:
4254:
2431:
Northoff G (July 2000). "Brain Imaging in Catatonia: Current Findings and a Pathophysiologic Model".
1122:
982:
799:, but it has not been established as a subtype. Therefore, discontinuing antipsychotics and starting
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688:
562:
418:
182:
150:
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682:
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308:
186:
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493:
449:
365:
110:
3560:"Down Syndrome Disintegrative Disorder: A Clinical Regression Syndrome of Increasing Importance"
2323:
2317:
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4790:
4765:
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4135:
3501:
Ganos C, Kassavetis P, Cerdan M, Erro R, Balint B, Price G, Edwards MJ, Bhatia KP (June 2015).
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897:
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833:
469:
336:
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Arnts H, van Erp WS, Lavrijsen JC, van Gaal S, Groenewegen HJ, van den Munckhof P (May 2020).
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show overlapping features with catatonia, such as motor slowness, gegenhalten (oppositional
5321:
5234:
4990:
4810:
4411:
4391:
3057:
Ackermann H, Ziegler W (February 1995). "Akinetischer Mutismus – eine Literaturübersicht".
1160:
1062:
397:
278:, low serum iron. The signs and symptoms of malignant catatonia overlap significantly with
116:
1017:
activity is believed to be involved in catatonia; when first-line treatment options fail,
185:
can lead to remission of catatonia. There is growing evidence of the effectiveness of the
8:
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4879:
4658:
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4364:
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433:
331:
3932:
3905:
3668:
Daniels J (October 2009). "Catatonia: Clinical Aspects and Neurobiological Correlates".
2221:
Deuschle M, Lederbogen F (January 2001). "Benzodiazepine withdrawal-induced catatonia".
1861:
1859:
939:), mannerisms, and reduced or absent speech. However, psychogenic parkinsonism involves
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Rosso M, Fremion E, Santoro SL, Oreskovic NM, Chitnis T, Skotko BG, Santoro JD (2020).
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Fink M, Taylor MA (1 November 2009). "The Catatonia Syndrome: Forgotten but Not Gone".
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814:
626:
401:
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are sometimes employed, but they can worsen symptoms and have serious adverse effects.
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100:
3411:"Catatonia: Our current understanding of its diagnosis, treatment and pathophysiology"
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2066:
1982:
1627:"Catatonia: Our current understanding of its diagnosis, treatment and pathophysiology"
219:, withdrawal and refusal to eat, staring, negativism, posturing (rigidity), rigidity,
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3299:
3270:"Pragmatic Treatment of Stiff Person Spectrum Disorders: Pragmatic Treatment of SPSD"
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Haroche A, Rogers J, Plaze M, Gaillard R, Williams SC, Thomas P, Amad A (July 2020).
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1145:
1106:
871:(EEG). Catatonia on the other hand, is associated with normal EEG or diffuse slowing.
136:
84:
4246:
4087:
4040:
3544:
3346:
3195:
3024:
3007:
2894:
2730:
2612:
2503:
2460:
2299:
2186:
Rosebush PI, Mazurek MF (August 1996). "Catatonia after benzodiazepine withdrawal".
803:
is a treatment for this condition, and similarly it is helpful in catatonia as well.
5150:
5104:
5072:
4920:
4898:
4863:
4626:
4508:
4459:
4406:
4381:
4376:
4333:
4321:
4067:
4020:
3973:
3927:
3917:
3873:
3865:
3816:
3765:
3732:
3712:
3677:
3632:
3571:
3522:
3514:
3465:
3432:
3422:
3381:
3373:
3326:
3289:
3281:
3175:
3113:
3066:
3029:
3019:
2953:
2874:
2809:
2772:
2762:
2710:
2675:
2574:
2571:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision
2483:
2440:
2405:
2368:
2360:
2277:
2230:
2195:
2158:
2111:
2070:
2062:
1978:
1945:
1935:
1887:
1879:
1835:
1825:
1784:
1774:
1648:
1638:
1592:
1588:
1545:
1463:
1422:
1381:
1371:
1274:
1230:
1214:
1170:
1165:
1112:
1018:
989:
are needed to evaluate the efficacy, tolerance, and protocols of ECT in catatonia.
705:
607:
304:
220:
5279:
2100:"Brain imaging in catatonia: systematic review and directions for future research"
2099:
5326:
5284:
5155:
5142:
5089:
5084:
5067:
4947:
4742:
4714:
4515:
4338:
4277:
4223:
4071:
3770:
2813:
2409:
1175:
1140:
1086:
855:
848:
838:
485:
275:
5376:
2982:
428:
Catatonia is also seen in many medical disorders, including infections (such as
5311:
5252:
5176:
4985:
4952:
4935:
4925:
4102:"Zur Entwicklung der Psychiatrie - ein Internet-Atlas von Dr. Hans-Peter Haack"
3637:
3620:
3244:
3209:
3142:
2937:
2912:
2831:
2800:"Catatonia in French Psychiatry: Implications of the Zolpidem Challenge Test".
2749:
Sienaert P, Dhossche DM, Vancampfort D, De Hert M, Gazdag G (9 December 2014).
1883:
1868:"Catatonia in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
1427:
1410:
1334:
1218:
800:
473:
461:
389:
178:
4197:
4024:
3977:
3922:
3716:
3681:
2878:
2679:
2487:
2444:
2115:
1940:
1924:"Recognizing Catatonia in Medically Hospitalized Older Adults: Why It Matters"
1830:
1467:
5520:
5345:
5296:
4614:
3779:
3330:
2906:
2904:
2767:
2035:
1865:
1226:
1007:
992:
954:
823:
792:
675:
512:
414:
312:
240:
197:
168:
164:
4055:
3869:
2825:
2823:
2538:
2163:
2146:
1376:
5199:
4980:
4532:
4079:
4008:
3985:
3941:
3887:
3787:
3724:
3689:
3646:
3585:
3576:
3559:
3536:
3487:
3395:
3338:
3303:
3254:
3229:
3187:
3152:
3127:
3043:
2992:
2967:
2922:
2886:
2841:
2830:
Simon LV, Hashmi MF, Callahan AL (2022). "Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome".
2786:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2687:
2495:
2452:
2417:
2382:
2322:(Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp.
2291:
2282:
2265:
2242:
2172:
2123:
2084:
2000:
1959:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1901:
1849:
1798:
1662:
1600:
1557:
1475:
1436:
1395:
1344:
1286:
1244:
1102:
1081:
932:
842:
729:, a medication- or substance-induced aetiology should first be considered.
429:
271:
4032:
3460:
Thenganatt M, Jankovic J (2016). "Psychogenic (Functional) parkinsonism".
3446:
3427:
3078:
3070:
2901:
2722:
2207:
1779:
1643:
1549:
511:
Furthermore, it has also been hypothesized that pathways that connect the
5184:
4915:
4646:
4396:
2820:
2614:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition DSM-5
2518:
2234:
2147:"Catatonia and Alcohol Withdrawal: A Complex and Underestimated Syndrome"
661:
660:
Other disorders (additional code 293.89 to indicate the presence of the
623:
negativism: opposition or no response to instructions or external stimuli
457:
105:
Immobility, mutism, staring, posturing, rigidity, low consciousness, etc.
71:
3362:"Clinical Spectrum of Stiff Person Syndrome: A Review of Recent Reports"
3118:
3101:
2737:
1908:
5501:
5194:
5099:
4800:
4525:
4520:
4316:
4056:"Historical and conceptual aspects of motor disorders in the psychoses"
3518:
3285:
1097:
1031:
1022:
772:
653:
635:
437:
360:
refers to a functional decline seen in some patients with pre-existing
236:
228:
189:
89:
4161:
3621:"Catatonia as a feature of down syndrome: An under-recognised entity?"
5386:
5204:
4663:
4401:
4326:
4229:
3377:
2015:
1026:
1014:
1003:
936:
909:
827:
647:
632:
mannerisms that are odd, circumstantial caricatures of normal actions
601:
501:
232:
224:
193:
93:
39:
35:
31:
27:
1866:
Vaquerizo-Serrano J, Salazar De Pablo G, Singh J, Santosh P (2022).
904:
Extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotic medication, especially
598:: no psycho-motor activity; not actively relating to the environment
5189:
4859:
4826:
4752:
3464:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 139. pp. 259–262.
3099:
1117:
968:
916:
905:
874:
726:
610:: allowing positioning by an examiner and maintaining that position
516:
505:
453:
43:
4234:
2748:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
3899:
3897:
1763:"Catatonia as a putative nosological entity: A historical sketch"
722:
629:: spontaneous and active maintenance of a posture against gravity
617:
370:
300:
3808:
2568:
2315:
1411:"Catatonia: A Syndrome Appears, Disappears, and is Rediscovered"
699:
Catatonia associated with a substance-induced psychotic disorder
4907:
4722:
4192:
4173:
3100:
Holka-Pokorska J, Piróg-Balcerzak A, Jarema M (30 April 2018).
2520:
Catatonia : a clinician's guide to diagnosis and treatment
1607:
940:
738:
613:
595:
572:
441:
347:
216:
167:(catatonic schizophrenia), but catatonia is most often seen in
19:
This article is about the catatonic state. For other uses, see
3906:"Catatonia: demographic, clinical and laboratory associations"
3894:
3243:
M Das J, Anosike K, Asuncion RM (2022). "Locked-in Syndrome".
2523:. Michael Alan Taylor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1360:"Catatonia from its creation to DSM-V: Considerations for ICD"
979:, and measures to prevent the development of pressure ulcers.
638:: repetitive, abnormally frequent, non-goal-directed movements
5344:
4685:
3751:"Clozapine as a treatment for catatonia: A systematic review"
3005:
2346:
584:
558:
417:
and other primary psychotic disorders. It also is related to
3851:
3557:
2911:
Samanta D, Lui F (2022). "Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis".
1921:
4858:
422:
3618:
2347:
Walther S, Stegmayer K, Wilson JE, Heckers S (July 2019).
2097:
1030:
preferred for individuals who cannot tolerate amantadine.
3962:
3705:
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
3670:
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
3500:
3316:
3141:
Wylie T, Sandhu DS, Murr N (2022). "Status Epilepticus".
3008:"On the pathophysiology and treatment of akinetic mutism"
2942:"Demystifying serotonin syndrome (or serotonin toxicity)"
2665:
2609:
2048:
1498:
Catatonia: A Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment
1456:
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
1452:
508:
transmission are believed to be implicated in catatonia.
3903:
3408:
2981:
Watt S, McAllister RK (2022). "Malignant Hyperthermia".
2935:
2144:
2049:
Rogers JP, Pollak TA, Blackman G, David AS (July 2019).
1814:"Catatonia: A Common Cause of Late Regression in Autism"
1624:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
616:: no, or very little, verbal response (exclude if known
5131:
3702:
2700:
2395:
1333:
Burrow JP, Spurling BC, Marwaha R (2022). "Catatonia".
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
4136:
Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders – Catatonic Disorders
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
330:
and psychomotricity, leading to a dramatic decline of
4276:
3812:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
3748:
2319:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
2311:
2309:
2185:
1734:"Cercle d'excellence sur les Psychoses: Introduction"
1536:
Heckers S, Walther S (9 November 2023). "Catatonia".
1332:
1251:
1196:
1194:
1192:
604:: passive induction of a posture held against gravity
554:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
4151:
3744:
3742:
3360:
Sarva H, Deik A, Ullah A, Severt WL (4 March 2016).
3359:
3242:
2573:. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
1761:
Gazdag G, Takács R, Ungvari GS (22 September 2017).
775:; thus the option of either benzodiazepines or ECT.
3503:"Revisiting the Syndrome of "Obsessional Slowness""
3319:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
2829:
2263:
1922:Serra-Mestres J, Jaimes-Albornoz W (29 June 2018).
1760:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1293:
919:behaviors and stress responses in individuals with
717:
Catatonic disorder due to another medical condition
215:The most common signs of catatonia are immobility,
4294:
3619:Lyons A, Allen NM, Flanagan O, Cahalane D (2020).
3459:
2306:
2220:
2145:Geoffroy PA, Rolland B, Cottencin O (1 May 2012).
1189:
3739:
2751:"A Clinical Review of the Treatment of Catatonia"
2632:
5518:
4703:
3056:
2638:
2264:Kanemoto K, Miyamoto T, Abe R (September 1999).
1482:
1101:(1990 biopic about catatonic patients, based on
3140:
2645:. American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 49.
5476:
4053:
3409:Rasmussen SA, Mazurek MF, Rosebush PI (2016).
3211:Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management
2980:
2349:"Structure and neural mechanisms of catatonia"
1702:
1625:Rasmussen SA, Mazurek MF, Rosebush PI (2016).
1578:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1448:
1446:
1200:
444:), alcohol withdrawal, abrupt or overly rapid
229:stereotypy (purposeless, repetitive movements)
4262:
2138:
641:agitation, not influenced by external stimuli
519:is involved in the development of catatonia.
3267:
3165:
3035:11245.1/c438b878-4d5b-4f13-887c-7f01df095324
1972:
1066:
644:grimacing: keeping a fixed facial expression
295:is an inconsistently defined entity. In the
2051:"Catatonia and the immune system: a review"
1679:The Madness of Fear: A History of Catatonia
1675:
1514:
1443:
1201:Balaguer AP, Rivero IS (22 December 2021).
5166:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
4433:
4269:
4255:
2910:
1811:
1495:
1264:
725:are present but do not form the catatonic
70:
3931:
3921:
3877:
3809:American Psychiatric Association (2022).
3769:
3636:
3575:
3526:
3436:
3426:
3385:
3293:
3117:
3059:Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie
3033:
3023:
2957:
2868:
2808:(1): 00485713–20070101–02. January 2007.
2776:
2766:
2642:DSM-5® Handbook of Differential Diagnosis
2569:American Psychiatric Association (2022).
2372:
2316:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
2281:
2162:
2074:
1949:
1939:
1891:
1839:
1829:
1788:
1778:
1652:
1642:
1426:
1385:
1375:
1234:
1137:(features catatonia as a main plot point)
822:). These patients will also present with
778:
5429:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
5025:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
3625:European Journal of Paediatric Neurology
3012:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
2854:
2473:
2430:
1068:Die Katatonie oder das Spannungsirresein
568:International Classification of Diseases
535:
528:
521:
440:, focal neurological lesions (including
196:for benzodiazepine-resistant catatonia.
4006:
3667:
3366:Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements
1756:
1754:
678:spectrum and other psychotic disorders
149:Benzodiazepines (lorazepam challenge),
5519:
2188:Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
2013:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1707:. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 224.
745:
5475:
5343:
5278:
5130:
4857:
4702:
4612:
4432:
4293:
4250:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
951:Down Syndrome Disintegrative Disorder
203:
4613:
3507:Movement Disorders Clinical Practice
3274:Movement Disorders Clinical Practice
2940:, Patel T, Kellar J (October 2018).
2516:
1975:International Review of Neurobiology
1751:
1408:
1357:
5132:Physiological and physical behavior
4147:Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale
1721:
1071:("Catatonia or Tension Insanity").
13:
5078:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
4472:Emotional and behavioral disorders
4143:video by Heinz Edgar Lehmann, 1952
3470:10.1016/B978-0-12-801772-2.00022-9
2715:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09814.x
2545:
1415:The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
1279:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.141
550:American Psychiatric Association's
373:, increased prompt dependency and
14:
5548:
5258:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
4124:
3268:Balint B, Meinck HM (July 2018).
830:, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
460:, and some metabolic conditions (
4558:X-linked intellectual disability
3821:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
3180:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03593.x
2619:American Psychiatric Association
2579:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
2200:10.1097/00004714-199608000-00007
1977:. Vol. 72. pp. 55–79.
1812:Ghaziuddin M (28 October 2021).
656:: mimicking another's movements.
396:, and are at risk of developing
382:
354:Chronic catatonia-like breakdown
16:Psychiatric behavioural syndrome
4387:Intermittent explosive disorder
4312:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
4141:"Schizophrenia: Catatonic Type"
4094:
4054:Berrios GE, Marková IS (2018).
4047:
4000:
3956:
3845:
3802:
3696:
3661:
3612:
3600:
3551:
3494:
3462:Functional Neurologic Disorders
3453:
3402:
3353:
3310:
3261:
3236:
3202:
3159:
3134:
3093:
3050:
3025:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.006
2999:
2974:
2929:
2848:
2793:
2694:
2659:
2603:
2510:
2467:
2424:
2389:
2340:
2257:
2214:
2179:
2091:
2042:
2017:Interpretation of schizophrenia
2007:
1966:
1805:
1738:www.cercle-d-excellence-psy.org
1696:
1669:
1538:New England Journal of Medicine
1046:
807:Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
797:first generation antipsychotics
762:
479:
297:Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school
5030:Dissociative identity disorder
4295:Adult personality and behavior
4009:"Stupor: A conceptual history"
2857:Journal of Neural Transmission
2703:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
2668:Journal of Affective Disorders
1593:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09050703
1581:American Journal of Psychiatry
1572:
1500:. Cambridge University Press.
1402:
1351:
1267:Archives of General Psychiatry
997:neuroleptic malignant syndrome
789:Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
280:neuroleptic malignant syndrome
1:
3966:Clinical EEG and Neuroscience
2476:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
2365:10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30474-7
2067:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30190-7
1983:10.1016/S0074-7742(05)72004-3
1182:
945:obsessive compulsive disorder
893:are not part of the syndrome.
141:Clinical, Lorazepam challenge
79:A patient in catatonic stupor
5537:Psychopathological syndromes
5434:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
4971:Generalized anxiety disorder
4704:Neurological and symptomatic
4349:Sexual relationship disorder
4072:10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.008
3771:10.1016/j.schres.2022.09.021
2814:10.3928/00485713-20070101-02
2410:10.1097/YCT.0b013e3181fbf96d
1364:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
1037:
987:randomized controlled trials
961:
650:: mimicking another's speech
543:
337:reduced emotional expression
7:
5210:REM sleep behavior disorder
4679:Seasonal affective disorder
4477:Separation anxiety disorder
4104:(in German). Archived from
3415:World Journal of Psychiatry
1767:World Journal of Psychiatry
1682:. Oxford University Press.
1631:World Journal of Psychiatry
1156:Persistent vegetative state
1074:
927:The diagnostic entities of
563:World Health Organization's
250:
10:
5553:
5477:Symptoms and uncategorized
4578:developmental disabilities
4344:Sexual maturation disorder
3638:10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.01.005
1884:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2259
1676:Shorter E, Fink M (2018).
1496:Fink M, Taylor MA (2003).
1428:10.1177/070674370905400704
1219:10.1136/gpsych-2021-100666
1128:Disorganized schizophrenia
1055:
845:, and cardiac arrhythmias.
711:Catatonia associated with
704:Catatonia associated with
693:Catatonia associated with
687:Catatonia associated with
681:Catatonia associated with
674:Catatonia associated with
668:Catatonia associated with
398:deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
344:Early childhood catatonias
315:. Independently, the term
25:
21:Catatonia (disambiguation)
18:
5532:Symptoms of schizophrenia
5482:
5471:
5447:
5439:Simple-type schizophrenia
5416:
5408:Schizophreniform disorder
5385:
5364:
5360:
5339:
5292:
5274:
5243:
5220:
5174:
5141:
5137:
5126:
5048:
5015:
4963:
4906:
4897:
4878:
4874:
4853:
4819:
4786:Mild cognitive impairment
4771:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
4751:
4713:
4709:
4698:
4669:Major depressive disorder
4622:
4608:
4574:Psychological development
4573:
4548:
4445:
4441:
4428:
4357:
4304:
4300:
4289:
4155:
4025:10.1017/s0033291700041179
3978:10.1177/15500594211025889
3923:10.1017/S0033291721004402
3717:10.1007/s00406-017-0819-5
3682:10.1176/jnp.2009.21.4.371
3249:. StatPearls Publishing.
3147:. StatPearls Publishing.
2987:. StatPearls Publishing.
2946:Canadian Family Physician
2917:. StatPearls Publishing.
2879:10.1007/s00702-002-0762-z
2836:. StatPearls Publishing.
2680:10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.012
2639:Michael B. First (2013).
2488:10.1017/s0140525x02000109
2445:10.1017/s1092852900013377
2116:10.1017/S0033291720001853
1941:10.3390/geriatrics3030037
1831:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.674009
1703:Nolen-Hoeksema S (2014).
1468:10.1176/jnp.2007.19.4.406
1339:. StatPearls Publishing.
1123:Clouding of consciousness
983:Electroconvulsive therapy
921:autism spectrum disorders
713:major depressive disorder
689:schizophreniform disorder
446:benzodiazepine withdrawal
419:autism spectrum disorders
407:
187:NMDA receptor antagonists
151:electroconvulsive therapy
145:
135:
127:
109:
99:
83:
78:
69:
61:
56:
5487:Impulse-control disorder
5403:Schizoaffective disorder
5398:Brief reactive psychosis
5095:Mass psychogenic illness
5058:Body dysmorphic disorder
4837:Post-concussion syndrome
4447:Emotional and behavioral
3331:10.1136/jnnp-2014-309201
2768:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00181
1006:works better than other
695:schizoaffective disorder
683:brief psychotic disorder
670:autism spectrum disorder
565:eleventh edition of the
362:autism spectrum disorder
309:schizoaffective disorder
26:Not to be confused with
5424:Childhood schizophrenia
4776:Frontotemporal dementia
4733:High-functioning autism
4550:Intellectual disability
3609:; retrieved 2023 Aug 18
2755:Frontiers in Psychiatry
1818:Frontiers in Psychiatry
1377:10.4103/0019-5545.86810
1002:There is evidence that
450:cerebrovascular disease
366:intellectual disability
4941:Specific social phobia
4832:Organic brain syndrome
4674:Melancholic depression
4435:Childhood and learning
4060:Schizophrenia Research
4013:Psychological Medicine
3910:Psychological Medicine
3858:Schizophrenia Bulletin
3758:Schizophrenia Research
3577:10.1542/peds.2019-2939
2283:10.1053/seiz.1999.0309
2151:Alcohol and Alcoholism
2104:Psychological Medicine
1151:Paranoid schizophrenia
1067:
834:Malignant hyperthermia
779:Differential diagnosis
540:
533:
526:
470:hepatic encephalopathy
5497:Psychomotor agitation
5287:and substance-related
5230:Postpartum depression
5110:Somatization disorder
4996:Acute stress reaction
4761:AIDS dementia complex
3870:10.1093/schbul/sbx157
3428:10.5498/wjp.v6.i4.391
3071:10.1055/s-2007-996603
2353:The Lancet Psychiatry
2164:10.1093/alcalc/agr170
2055:The Lancet Psychiatry
1780:10.5498/wjp.v7.i3.177
1644:10.5498/wjp.v6.i4.391
1550:10.1056/NEJMra2116304
1107:book of the same name
896:Untreated late-stage
890:Stiff-person syndrome
733:ICD-11 classification
708:and related disorders
539:
532:
525:
466:diabetic ketoacidosis
5492:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
5322:Substance dependence
5235:Postpartum psychosis
4781:Huntington's disease
4563:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
4412:Personality disorder
2235:10.1055/s-2001-15188
1409:Fink M (July 2009).
1161:Resignation syndrome
1063:Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum
1010:to treat catatonia.
929:obsessional slowness
869:electroencephalogram
579:DSM-5 classification
515:with the cortex and
434:autoimmune disorders
375:obsessive-compulsive
117:deep vein thrombosis
5372:Delusional disorder
5317:Stimulant psychosis
5307:Physical dependence
5161:Rumination syndrome
5063:Conversion disorder
5040:Psychogenic amnesia
4890:with depressed mood
4888:Adjustment disorder
4791:Parkinson's disease
4766:Alzheimer's disease
4659:Atypical depression
4495:Social functioning
4370:Munchausen syndrome
4365:Factitious disorder
4007:Berrios GE (1981).
1872:European Psychiatry
1705:Abnormal Psychology
898:Parkinson's disease
746:Assessment/Physical
394:muscle contractions
340:diagnostic manuals.
268:Malignant Catatonia
256:Withdrawn Catatonia
5391:schizophrenia-like
5035:Dissociative fugue
4484:Movement disorders
4131:Catatonia in DSM-5
4108:on 9 February 2008
3519:10.1002/mdc3.12140
3286:10.1002/mdc3.12629
3106:Psychiatria Polska
2802:Psychiatric Annals
2398:The Journal of ECT
2223:Pharmacopsychiatry
1207:General Psychiatry
1092:Autistic catatonia
924:autistic symptoms.
883:locked-in syndrome
864:status epilepticus
815:serotonin syndrome
541:
534:
527:
358:autistic catatonia
317:periodic catatonia
293:Periodic catatonia
204:Signs and symptoms
121:pulmonary embolism
65:Catatonic syndrome
5514:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5467:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5335:
5334:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5011:
5010:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4806:Vascular dementia
4728:Asperger syndrome
4694:
4693:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4538:Tourette syndrome
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4244:
4243:
3830:978-0-89042-578-7
3479:978-0-12-801772-2
3221:978-1-4731-2992-4
3119:10.12740/PP/76088
2863:(12): 1453–1467.
2652:978-1-58562-998-5
2588:978-0-89042-575-6
2333:978-0-89042-555-8
2110:(10): 1585–1597.
2020:. Jason Aronson.
2014:Arieti S (1994).
1992:978-0-12-366873-8
1714:978-1-259-06072-4
1689:978-0-19-088119-1
1544:(19): 1797–1802.
1507:978-0-521-82226-8
1273:(11): 1173–1177.
1146:Oneiroid syndrome
492:Abnormalities in
402:pulmonary embolus
324:System catatonias
262:Excited Catatonia
157:
156:
137:Diagnostic method
51:Medical condition
5544:
5473:
5472:
5362:
5361:
5341:
5340:
5276:
5275:
5151:Anorexia nervosa
5139:
5138:
5128:
5127:
5105:Psychogenic pain
5073:Globus pharyngis
4921:Childhood phobia
4904:
4903:
4876:
4875:
4855:
4854:
4711:
4710:
4700:
4699:
4610:
4609:
4509:Selective mutism
4460:Conduct disorder
4443:
4442:
4430:
4429:
4407:Trichotillomania
4382:Gender dysphoria
4377:Fear of intimacy
4334:Sexual anhedonia
4302:
4301:
4291:
4290:
4278:Mental disorders
4271:
4264:
4257:
4248:
4247:
4153:
4152:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3935:
3925:
3916:(6): 2492–2502.
3901:
3892:
3891:
3881:
3864:(5): 1133–1150.
3849:
3843:
3842:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3773:
3755:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3640:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3579:
3570:(6): e20192939.
3555:
3549:
3548:
3530:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3440:
3430:
3421:(4): 1875–1879.
3406:
3400:
3399:
3389:
3378:10.7916/D85M65GD
3357:
3351:
3350:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3037:
3027:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2872:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2770:
2746:
2735:
2734:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2566:
2543:
2542:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2285:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2166:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1919:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1782:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1730:
1719:
1718:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1656:
1646:
1622:
1605:
1604:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1533:
1512:
1511:
1493:
1480:
1479:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1430:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1379:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1330:
1291:
1290:
1262:
1249:
1248:
1238:
1198:
1171:Tonic immobility
1166:Sensory overload
1113:Blank expression
1070:
1019:NMDA antagonists
931:and psychogenic
795:, particularly,
608:waxy flexibility
561:, 2013) and the
369:reduced speech,
305:bipolar disorder
221:waxy flexibility
74:
54:
53:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5506:
5478:
5459:
5443:
5412:
5390:
5381:
5356:
5331:
5288:
5285:substance abuse
5262:
5239:
5216:
5170:
5156:Bulimia nervosa
5133:
5114:
5090:Hypochondriasis
5085:False pregnancy
5068:Ganser syndrome
5050:Somatic symptom
5044:
5007:
4959:
4948:Specific phobia
4893:
4870:
4841:
4815:
4747:
4743:Savant syndrome
4715:Autism spectrum
4705:
4690:
4618:
4596:
4575:
4569:
4544:
4437:
4416:
4392:Dermatillomania
4353:
4339:Sexual anorexia
4296:
4285:
4275:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4164:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4111:
4109:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4052:
4048:
4005:
4001:
3961:
3957:
3902:
3895:
3850:
3846:
3831:
3807:
3803:
3753:
3747:
3740:
3701:
3697:
3666:
3662:
3617:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3556:
3552:
3499:
3495:
3480:
3458:
3454:
3407:
3403:
3358:
3354:
3315:
3311:
3266:
3262:
3241:
3237:
3222:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3164:
3160:
3139:
3135:
3098:
3094:
3055:
3051:
3004:
3000:
2979:
2975:
2952:(10): 720–727.
2934:
2930:
2909:
2902:
2870:10.1.1.464.9266
2853:
2849:
2828:
2821:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2747:
2738:
2699:
2695:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2608:
2604:
2589:
2567:
2546:
2531:
2517:Fink M (2003).
2515:
2511:
2472:
2468:
2429:
2425:
2394:
2390:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2314:
2307:
2262:
2258:
2219:
2215:
2184:
2180:
2143:
2139:
2096:
2092:
2047:
2043:
2028:
2012:
2008:
1993:
1971:
1967:
1920:
1909:
1864:
1857:
1810:
1806:
1759:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1722:
1715:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1674:
1670:
1623:
1608:
1577:
1573:
1534:
1515:
1508:
1494:
1483:
1451:
1444:
1407:
1403:
1358:Fink M (2011).
1356:
1352:
1331:
1294:
1263:
1252:
1199:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1176:Sleep paralysis
1141:Karolina Olsson
1087:Akinetic mutism
1077:
1058:
1049:
1040:
964:
856:Elective mutism
849:Akinetic mutism
839:succinylcholine
801:benzodiazepines
781:
765:
748:
546:
486:pathophysiology
482:
410:
390:pressure ulcers
385:
276:creatine kinase
253:
206:
179:benzodiazepines
52:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5550:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5527:Mood disorders
5512:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5394:
5392:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5368:
5366:
5358:
5357:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5312:Rebound effect
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5253:Hypersexuality
5249:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5226:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5192:
5187:
5181:
5179:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5147:
5145:
5135:
5134:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5060:
5054:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5021:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4988:
4986:Panic disorder
4983:
4978:
4973:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4953:Claustrophobia
4945:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4936:Anthropophobia
4928:
4926:Social anxiety
4923:
4918:
4912:
4910:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4884:
4882:
4872:
4871:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4796:Pick's disease
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4707:
4706:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4583:
4581:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4554:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4457:
4451:
4449:
4439:
4438:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4298:
4297:
4287:
4286:
4282:Classification
4274:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4251:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4226:
4215:
4200:
4185:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:Classification
4150:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4133:
4126:
4125:External links
4123:
4120:
4119:
4093:
4046:
4019:(4): 677–688.
3999:
3972:(3): 175–183.
3955:
3893:
3844:
3829:
3801:
3738:
3711:(7): 675–687.
3695:
3676:(4): 371–380.
3660:
3611:
3599:
3550:
3513:(2): 163–169.
3493:
3478:
3452:
3401:
3352:
3325:(8): 840–848.
3309:
3280:(4): 394–401.
3260:
3235:
3220:
3201:
3158:
3133:
3112:(2): 323–343.
3092:
3049:
2998:
2973:
2928:
2900:
2847:
2819:
2792:
2736:
2709:(2): 129–136.
2693:
2658:
2651:
2631:
2602:
2587:
2544:
2529:
2509:
2482:(5): 555–577.
2466:
2423:
2404:(4): 253–258.
2388:
2359:(7): 610–619.
2339:
2332:
2305:
2276:(6): 364–366.
2256:
2213:
2194:(4): 315–319.
2178:
2157:(3): 288–290.
2137:
2090:
2061:(7): 620–630.
2041:
2026:
2006:
1991:
1965:
1907:
1855:
1804:
1773:(3): 177–183.
1750:
1720:
1713:
1695:
1688:
1668:
1637:(4): 391–398.
1606:
1587:(2): 127–132.
1571:
1513:
1506:
1481:
1462:(4): 406–412.
1442:
1421:(7): 437–445.
1401:
1370:(3): 214–217.
1350:
1292:
1250:
1213:(6): e100666.
1187:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1008:antipsychotics
993:Antipsychotics
963:
960:
959:
958:
948:
925:
913:
902:
894:
887:
881:Patients with
879:
872:
862:Nonconvulsive
860:
853:
846:
831:
811:
804:
793:antipsychotics
780:
777:
764:
761:
747:
744:
719:
718:
715:
709:
702:
701:
700:
697:
691:
685:
672:
658:
657:
651:
645:
642:
639:
633:
630:
624:
621:
611:
605:
599:
545:
542:
481:
478:
474:hypercalcaemia
462:homocystinuria
409:
406:
384:
381:
380:
379:
351:
341:
321:
252:
249:
205:
202:
198:Antipsychotics
169:mood disorders
155:
154:
147:
143:
142:
139:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
113:
107:
106:
103:
97:
96:
87:
81:
80:
76:
75:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
50:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5549:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5474:
5470:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5417:Schizophrenia
5415:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5346:Schizophrenia
5342:
5338:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5297:Drug overdose
5295:
5294:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5277:
5273:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5245:Sexual desire
5242:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
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5180:
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5173:
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5136:
5129:
5125:
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5098:
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4954:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4931:Social phobia
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4866:-related and
4865:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4818:
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4779:
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4708:
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4607:
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4519:
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4514:
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4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
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4485:
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4478:
4475:
4474:
4473:
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4466:
4463:
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4458:
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4452:
4450:
4448:
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4427:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
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4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4347:
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4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4267:
4265:
4260:
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4227:
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4220:
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4209:
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4175:
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4158:
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4145:
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4132:
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4107:
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4097:
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4018:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3995:
3991:
3987:
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3867:
3863:
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3855:
3848:
3840:
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3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3805:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3743:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3520:
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3512:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
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3145:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3115:
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2835:
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2826:
2824:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2635:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2530:0-511-06198-6
2526:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2433:CNS Spectrums
2427:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2310:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2027:1-56821-209-7
2023:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1755:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1447:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
988:
984:
980:
978:
972:
970:
956:
955:Down Syndrome
952:
949:
947:to catatonia.
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
888:
884:
880:
876:
873:
870:
865:
861:
857:
854:
850:
847:
844:
840:
835:
832:
829:
825:
824:hyperreflexia
821:
816:
812:
808:
805:
802:
798:
794:
790:
787:
786:
785:
776:
774:
769:
760:
756:
752:
743:
740:
735:
734:
730:
728:
724:
721:If catatonic
716:
714:
710:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
690:
686:
684:
680:
679:
677:
676:schizophrenia
673:
671:
667:
666:
665:
663:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
593:
592:
589:
586:
581:
580:
576:
574:
571:
569:
564:
560:
556:
555:
551:
538:
531:
524:
520:
518:
514:
513:basal ganglia
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
487:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
415:schizophrenia
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
383:Complications
376:
372:
367:
363:
359:
355:
352:
349:
345:
342:
338:
333:
329:
325:
322:
318:
314:
313:schizophrenia
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
291:
290:
289:
287:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
263:
259:
257:
248:
244:
242:
241:verbigeration
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
209:
201:
199:
195:
191:
188:
184:
180:
175:
172:
170:
166:
165:schizophrenia
161:
152:
148:
144:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
112:
111:Complications
108:
104:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
86:
82:
77:
73:
68:
64:
60:
55:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
5454:
5377:Folie à deux
5302:Intoxication
5283:substances,
5281:Psychoactive
5200:Night terror
5017:Dissociative
4981:Panic attack
4533:Tic disorder
4228:
4217:
4202:
4187:
4168:
4110:. Retrieved
4106:the original
4096:
4063:
4059:
4049:
4016:
4012:
4002:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3913:
3909:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3811:
3804:
3761:
3757:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3602:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3461:
3455:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3245:
3238:
3210:
3204:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3143:
3136:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3065:(2): 59–67.
3062:
3058:
3052:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2983:
2976:
2949:
2945:
2931:
2913:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2832:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2758:
2754:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2674:(1–3): 1–9.
2671:
2667:
2661:
2641:
2634:
2622:. Retrieved
2613:
2605:
2570:
2519:
2512:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2439:(7): 34–46.
2436:
2432:
2426:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2318:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2229:(1): 41–42.
2226:
2222:
2216:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2016:
2009:
1974:
1968:
1931:
1927:
1875:
1871:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1770:
1766:
1741:. Retrieved
1737:
1704:
1698:
1678:
1671:
1634:
1630:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1541:
1537:
1497:
1459:
1455:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1335:
1270:
1266:
1210:
1206:
1132:
1103:Oliver Sacks
1096:
1082:Acquiescence
1059:
1050:
1047:Epidemiology
1041:
1012:
1001:
991:
981:
973:
965:
933:parkinsonism
843:hyperkalemia
782:
770:
766:
763:Rating scale
757:
753:
749:
736:
732:
731:
720:
664:catatonia):
659:
590:
582:
578:
577:
566:
552:
547:
510:
491:
483:
480:Pathogenesis
430:encephalitis
427:
411:
386:
353:
343:
323:
316:
292:
285:
284:
272:leukocytosis
267:
266:
261:
260:
255:
254:
245:
214:
210:
207:
176:
173:
159:
158:
48:
5350:schizotypal
5185:Hypersomnia
5175:Nonorganic
4916:Agoraphobia
4647:Cyclothymia
4642:Bipolar NOS
4617:(affective)
4489:Stereotypic
4397:Kleptomania
3764:: 275–281.
3631:: 187–190.
3018:: 270–278.
2938:Grindrod KA
1065:in 1874 of
500:signaling,
458:head injury
286:Other forms
274:, elevated
62:Other names
5521:Categories
5502:Stereotypy
5365:Delusional
5354:delusional
5327:Withdrawal
5195:Parasomnia
5100:Nosophobia
4880:Adjustment
4868:somatoform
4801:Sundowning
4654:Depression
4637:Bipolar II
4526:Stuttering
4521:Cluttering
4317:Paraphilia
3564:Pediatrics
3246:StatPearls
3144:StatPearls
2984:StatPearls
2936:Foong AL,
2914:StatPearls
2833:StatPearls
2624:8 December
1928:Geriatrics
1824:: 674009.
1336:StatPearls
1183:References
1134:Homecoming
1098:Awakenings
1032:Topiramate
1023:amantadine
1013:Excessive
977:blood clot
886:brainstem.
773:psychiatry
654:echopraxia
636:stereotypy
438:meningitis
237:echopraxia
190:amantadine
119:(DVT) and
90:Psychiatry
5455:Catatonia
5387:Psychosis
5222:Postnatal
5205:Nightmare
4811:Wandering
4664:Dysthymia
4632:Bipolar I
4587:Pervasive
4402:Pyromania
4327:Voyeurism
4322:Fetishism
4235:247917007
4230:SNOMED CT
3994:235471133
3950:242076501
3839:249488050
3796:252276294
3780:0920-9964
3655:210841869
3594:219104019
3168:Epilepsia
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648:echolalia
627:posturing
602:catalepsy
544:Diagnosis
502:serotonin
498:glutamate
454:neoplasms
332:executive
233:echolalia
225:catalepsy
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160:Catatonia
146:Treatment
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36:catalepsy
32:cataplexy
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