83:
215:. Selective mutism is a condition in which the child speaks only in certain situations or with certain people, such as close family members. Assessment is needed to rule out possible illness or other conditions and to determine treatment. Prevalence is low, but not as rare as once thought. Selective mutism should not be confused with a child who does not speak and cannot speak due to physical disabilities. It is common for symptoms to occur before the age of five. Not all children express the same symptoms.
40:
318:. Treatment for selective mutism involves assessment, counseling, and positive supports. Treatment for absence of speech in adults who previously had speech involves assessment to determine cause, including medical and surgery related causes, followed by appropriate treatment or management. Treatment may involve counseling, or rehabilitation services, depending upon cause of loss of speech.
333:
Augmentative and alternative communication technology ranges from elaborated software for tablets to enable complex communication with an auditory component to less technologically involved strategies. For example, a common method involves the use of pictures that can be attached to velcro strips to
229:
Adults who previously had speech and subsequently ceased talking may not speak for psychological or emotional reasons, though this is rare as a cause for adults. Absence or paucity of speech in adults may also be associated with specific psychiatric disorders.
108: 'silent') is defined as an absence of speech, with or without an ability to hear the speech of others. Mutism is typically understood as a person's inability to speak, and commonly observed by their family members, caregivers, teachers, doctors or
340:
can help people with speech deficiencies associated with medical conditions that affect speech, communication disorders that impair speech, or surgeries that have impacted speech. Speech-generating devices continue to improve in ease of use.
157:, that is, problems with coordination of muscles involved in speech. Another cause may be a medical condition impacting the physical structures involved in speech, for example, loss of voice due to the injury, paralysis, or illness of the
295:
is a well-established and researched intervention that includes family participation. Mark
Sundberg's verbal behavior framework is another well-established assessment and treatment modality that is incorporated into many
143:
Treatment or management also varies by cause, determined after a speech assessment. Treatment can sometimes restore speech. If not, a range of assistive and augmentative communication devices are available.
1670:
152:
Biological causes of mutism may stem from several different sources. One cause of muteness may be problems with the physiology involved in speech, for example, the mouth or tongue. Mutism may be due to
280:. The manner of treatment depends on the diagnosed condition. Language delays may impact expressive language, receptive language, or both. Communication disorders may impact articulation, fluency (
660:
Catsman-Berrevoets, Coriene E.; Aarsen, Feke K. (2010). "The spectrum of neurobehavioural deficits in the
Posterior Fossa Syndrome in children after cerebellar tumour surgery".
284:) and other specified and unspecified communication disorders. For example, speech and language services may focus on the production of speech sounds for children with
896:
Koźmin-Burzyńska, Agnieszka; Bratek, Agnieszka; Zawada, Karolina; Krysta, Krzysztof; Krupka-Matuszczyk, Irena (2015). "Psychogenic speech disorder--a case report".
272:
Evaluation of children with language delays is necessary to determine whether the language delay was caused by another condition. Examples of such conditions are
1534:
Lincoln, Tania M.; Riehle, Marcel; Pillny, Matthias; Helbig-Lang, Sylvia; Fladung, Anne-Katharina; Hartmann-Riemer, Matthias; Kaiser, Stefan (2017-12-05).
786:
Bergman, R. Lindsey; Piacentini, John; McCracken, James T. (August 2002). "Prevalence and description of selective mutism in a school-based sample".
184:
of the brain, can cause muteness. Muteness may follow brain surgery. For example, there is a spectrum of possible neurobehavioural deficits in the
1459:
535:
1646:
1621:
327:
291:
Intervention services and treatment programs have been specifically developed for autistic children with language delays. For example,
334:
create an accessible communication modality that does not require the cognitive or fine motor skills needed to manipulate a tablet.
226:
between selective mutism and language delay associated with autism or other disorders is needed to determine appropriate treatment.
1593:
583:
711:
1601:
1198:
165:, in which the coordination of movements of the mouth and tongue or the conscious coordination of the lungs are damaged.
242:
or language delays. Communication disorders or developmental language delays may occur for several different reasons.
330:. Suitability and appropriateness of modality will depend on users' physical abilities and cognitive functioning.
109:
1438:
590:(in Hungarian). Budapest: suliNova Közoktatás-fejlesztési és Pedagógus-továbbképzési Kht. 2006. Archived from
116:
or manifest due to several different phenomena, such as physiological injury, illness, medical side effects,
735:
Manassis, Katharina (2009). "Silent suffering: understanding and treating children with selective mutism".
176:. Neurological damage or problems with development of the area of the brain involved in speech production,
300:(ABA) early intervention treatment programs for young children with autism and communication challenges.
257:
292:
989:
487:
140:) can be due to accidents, disease, or surgical complication; it is rarely for psychological reasons.
1151:
337:
297:
360:
306:
Treatment for absence of speech due to apraxia, involves assessment, and, based on the assessment,
273:
219:
82:
1536:"Using Functional Analysis as a Framework to Guide Individualized Treatment for Negative Symptoms"
559:
1671:"ALS Augmentative Communication Program | Speech-Generating Devices | Boston Children's Hospital"
511:
931:
Cohen, Alex S.; McGovern, Jessica E.; Dinzeo, Thomas J.; Covington, Michael A. (December 2014).
1013:
239:
223:
133:
121:
17:
837:
Steffenburg, Hanna; Steffenburg, Suzanne; Gillberg, Christopher; Billstedt, Eva (2018-05-07).
245:
Language delays may be associated with other developmental delays. For example, children with
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8:
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1336:
1305:"Early Intervention for Toddlers With Language Delays: A Randomized Controlled Trial"
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180:, may cause muteness. Trauma or injury to Broca's area, located in the left inferior
67:
1184:
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55:
1509:
1094:
Martin, Gary E.; Klusek, Jessica; Estigarribia, Bruno; Roberts, Joanne E. (2009).
1111:
948:
673:
584:"Ajánlások mozgáskorlátozott gyermekek, tanulók kompetencia alapú fejlesztéséhez"
177:
1224:
613:
39:
1356:"Pivotal response treatment for autism spectrum disorder: current perspectives"
315:
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370:
285:
1439:"Treatment Approaches for Children with Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)"
662:
Cortex; A Journal
Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior
1372:
933:"Speech Deficits in Serious mental Illness: A Cognitive Resource Issue?"
855:
1171:
Volkers, Nancy (2018). "Untangling the
Language Challenges of Autism".
836:
281:
189:
162:
76:
1622:"Families need guidance before buying a communication app for autism"
326:
Management involves the use of appropriate assistive devices, called
72:
51:
365:
355:
895:
788:
Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
1152:"Speech and Language Resources | National Down Syndrome Congress"
350:
277:
208:
173:
154:
137:
59:
136:
can be more easily diagnosed. Loss of previously normal speech (
1093:
253:
169:
158:
1533:
1199:"Autism Spectrum Disorder: Communication Problems in Children"
839:"Children with autism spectrum disorders and selective mutism"
1647:"Communication aids for disabled children - Living made easy"
443:
Grippo, J.; Vergel, M. F.; Comar, H.; Grippo, T. (2001). "".
400:
Grippo, J.; Vergel, M. F.; Comar, H.; Grippo, T. (2001). "".
261:
192:
1235:(10). American Association of Family Physicians: 1183–1188.
1096:"Language Characteristics of Individuals with Down Syndrome"
930:
785:
112:. It may not be a permanent condition, as muteness can be
1043:
Child and
Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
1285:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019-12-09
659:
233:
442:
399:
1279:"Why Act Early if You're Concerned about Development?"
203:
When children do not speak, psychological problems or
1460:"Childhood apraxia of speech - Symptoms and causes"
536:"Childhood apraxia of speech - Symptoms and causes"
1594:"Learning to Speak Again After Laryngeal Surgery"
990:"Language and Speech Disorders in Children | CDC"
488:"Language and Speech Disorders in Children | CDC"
211:, may be involved. Children may not speak due to
1692:
614:"Broca area | Definition, Function, & Facts"
1039:"Intellectual Disability and Language Disorder"
218:Selective mutism may occur in conjunction with
172:may cause loss or impairment of speech, termed
1302:
716:American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
328:alternative and augmentative communications
1354:Lei, Jiedi; Ventola, Pamela (2017-06-20).
1353:
1303:Roberts, Megan; Kaiser, Ann (2015-03-02).
1222:
1036:
994:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
492:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
238:Absence of speech in children may involve
81:
38:
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1371:
1330:
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1070:
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249:often have impaired language and speech.
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1485:"Speech-Language Therapy (for Parents)"
1436:
1225:"Speech and Language delay in children"
1170:
198:
14:
1693:
1602:University of Rochester Medical Center
1360:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
843:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
712:"Selective Mutism: Signs and Symptoms"
1037:Marrus, Natasha; Hall, Lacey (2017).
264:, often demonstrate language delays.
234:Developmental and neurological causes
1014:"Speech and Communication Disorders"
576:
147:
987:
512:"2 The production of speech sounds"
485:
24:
1271:
1247:
1216:
737:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
161:. Anarthria is a severe form of
25:
1712:
800:10.1097/00004583-200208000-00012
110:speech and language pathologists
1663:
1639:
1626:Spectrum | Autism Research News
1614:
1610:– via urmc.rochester.edu.
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1185:10.1044/leader.FTR2.22042017.54
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188:syndrome in children following
1223:McLaughlin, M. R. (May 2011).
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13:
1:
560:"Vocal Cord (Fold) Paralysis"
386:
321:
1112:10.1097/tld.0b013e3181a71fe1
1100:Topics in Language Disorders
949:10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.032
674:10.1016/j.cortex.2009.10.007
267:
7:
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258:neurodevelopmental disorder
168:Neurological damage due to
10:
1717:
293:pivotal response treatment
1675:www.childrenshospital.org
1651:www.livingmadeeasy.org.uk
1414:"Verbal Behavior Therapy"
1229:American Family Physician
1055:10.1016/j.chc.2017.03.001
338:Speech-generating devices
298:applied behavior analysis
66:
46:
37:
32:
1553:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02108
749:10.1586/14737175.9.2.235
588:Dombainé Esztergomi Anna
457:10.33588/rn.3203.2000376
414:10.33588/rn.3203.2000376
361:Developmental disability
274:autism spectrum disorder
220:autism spectrum disorder
1540:Frontiers in Psychology
618:Encyclopedia Britannica
240:communication disorders
122:developmental disorders
1323:10.1542/peds.2014-2134
1259:oralmotorinstitute.org
1255:"Oral Motor Institute"
937:Schizophrenia Research
516:www.personal.rdg.ac.uk
224:Differential diagnosis
134:communication disorder
126:neurological disorders
92:In human development,
1437:Caspari, Sue (2018).
904:(Suppl 1): S411–414.
445:Revista de NeurologĂa
402:Revista de NeurologĂa
1491:. Nemours KidsHealth
898:Psychiatria Danubina
308:occupational therapy
222:or other diagnoses.
199:Psychological causes
118:psychological trauma
48:Jan Jansz. de Stomme
1598:Health Encyclopedia
1373:10.2147/NDT.S120710
856:10.2147/NDT.S154966
642:The Free Dictionary
594:on 19 February 2014
276:, hearing loss and
256:, categorized as a
130:physical disability
1510:"Selective mutism"
988:CDC (2019-01-30).
486:CDC (2019-01-30).
381:Nonspeaking autism
376:Vocal cord paresis
148:Biological causes
90:
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27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
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1466:. Mayo Clinic
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1366:: 1613–1626.
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1678:. Retrieved
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1654:. Retrieved
1650:
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1630:. Retrieved
1628:. 2019-04-23
1625:
1616:
1605:. Retrieved
1597:
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1539:
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1518:. Retrieved
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