Aphasia - Knowledge

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way or watching another individual act in the same manner. These mirror neurons are important in giving an individual the ability to mimic movements of hands. Broca's area of speech production has been shown to contain several of these mirror neurons resulting in significant similarities of brain activity between sign language and vocal speech communication. People use facial movements to create, what other people perceive, to be faces of emotions. While combining these facial movements with speech, a more full form of language is created which enables the species to interact with a much more complex and detailed form of communication. Sign language also uses these facial movements and emotions along with the primary hand movement way of communicating. These facial movement forms of communication come from the same areas of the brain. When dealing with damages to certain areas of the brain, vocal forms of communication are in jeopardy of severe forms of aphasia. Since these same areas of the brain are being used for sign language, these same, at least very similar, forms of aphasia can show in the Deaf community. Individuals can show a form of Wernicke's aphasia with sign language and they show deficits in their abilities in being able to produce any form of expressions. Broca's aphasia shows up in some people, as well. These individuals find tremendous difficulty in being able to actually sign the linguistic concepts they are trying to express.

639:(PPA) and Alzheimer's disease. This was done by analyzing the MRIs of patients with each of the subsets of PPA. Images which compare subtypes of aphasia as well as for finding the extent of lesions are generated by overlapping images of different participant's brains (if applicable) and isolating areas of lesions or damage using third-party software such as MRIcron. MRI has also been used to study the relationship between the type of aphasia developed and the age of the person with aphasia. It was found that patients with fluent aphasia are on average older than people with non-fluent aphasia. It was also found that among patients with lesions confined to the anterior portion of the brain an unexpected portion of them presented with fluent aphasia and were remarkably older than those with non-fluent aphasia. This effect was not found when the posterior portion of the brain was studied. 1341:

enable success when communicating with conversational partners within familiar conditions. Process-oriented treatment options are limited, and people may not become competent language users as readers, listeners, writers, or speakers no matter how extensive therapy is. However, people's daily routines and quality of life can be enhanced with reasonable and modest goals. After the first month, there is limited to no healing to language abilities of most people. There is a grim prognosis, leaving 83% who were globally aphasic after the first month that will remain globally aphasic at the first year. Some people are so severely impaired that their existing process-oriented treatment approaches offer no signs of progress, and therefore cannot justify the cost of therapy.

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can make improvements due to spontaneous recovery and treatment in the acute stages of recovery. Additionally, while most studies propose that the greatest outcomes occur in people with severe aphasia when treatment is provided in the acute stages of recovery, Robey (1998) also found that those with severe aphasia are capable of making strong language gains in the chronic stage of recovery as well. This finding implies that persons with aphasia have the potential to have functional outcomes regardless of how severe their aphasia may be. While there is no distinct pattern of the outcomes of aphasia based on severity alone, global aphasia typically makes functional language gains, but may be gradual since global aphasia affects many language areas.

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correct and incorrect and the subject had to press a button whenever the sentence was incorrect. The fMRI data collected focused on responses in regions of interest identified by healthy subjects. Recovery from aphasia can also be quantified using diffusion tensor imaging. The accurate fasciculus (AF) connects the right and left superior temporal lobe, premotor regions/posterior inferior frontal gyrus. and the primary motor cortex. In a study which enrolled patients in a speech therapy program, an increase in AF fibers and volume was found in patients after 6-weeks in the program which correlated with long-term improvement in those patients. The results of the experiment are pictured in Figure 2. This implies that

1120:, which is the gradual process of progressively losing the ability to think. Gradual loss of language function occurs in the context of relatively well-preserved memory, visual processing, and personality until the advanced stages. Symptoms usually begin with word-finding problems (naming) and progress to impaired grammar (syntax) and comprehension (sentence processing and semantics). The loss of language before the loss of memory differentiates PPA from typical dementias. People with PPA may have difficulties comprehending what others are saying. They can also have difficulty trying to find the right words to make a sentence. There are three classifications of Primary Progressive Aphasia : 1257:

specifically to the individual. Studies have shown that, although there is no consistency on treatment methodology in literature, there is a strong indication that treatment, in general, has positive outcomes. Therapy for aphasia ranges from increasing functional communication to improving speech accuracy, depending on the person's severity, needs and support of family and friends. Group therapy allows individuals to work on their pragmatic and communication skills with other individuals with aphasia, which are skills that may not often be addressed in individual one-on-one therapy sessions. It can also help increase confidence and social skills in a comfortable setting.

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take the dog for a walk", "you take the dog for a walk" or even "the dog walked out of the yard." Individuals with expressive aphasia are able to understand the speech of others to varying degrees. Because of this, they are often aware of their difficulties and can become easily frustrated by their speaking problems. While Broca's aphasia may appear to be solely an issue with language production, evidence suggests that it may be rooted in an inability to process syntactical information. Individuals with expressive aphasia may have a speech automatism (also called recurring or recurrent utterance). These speech automatisms can be repeated lexical speech automatisms;

580:(PPA), while its name can be misleading, is actually a form of dementia that has some symptoms closely related to several forms of aphasia. It is characterized by a gradual loss in language functioning while other cognitive domains are mostly preserved, such as memory and personality. PPA usually initiates with sudden word-finding difficulties in an individual and progresses to a reduced ability to formulate grammatically correct sentences (syntax) and impaired comprehension. The etiology of PPA is not due to a stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), or infectious disease; it is still uncertain what initiates the onset of PPA in those affected by it. 887:). For example, someone with receptive aphasia may say, "delicious taco", meaning "The dog needs to go out so I will take him for a walk". They have poor auditory and reading comprehension, and fluent, but nonsensical, oral and written expression. Individuals with receptive aphasia usually have great difficulty understanding the speech of both themselves and others and are, therefore, often unaware of their mistakes. Receptive language deficits usually arise from lesions in the posterior portion of the left hemisphere at or near Wernicke's area. It is often the result of trauma to the temporal region of the brain, specifically damage to 983: 614:(fMRI) are the most common neuroimaging tools used in identifying aphasia and studying the extent of damage in the loss of language abilities. This is done by doing MRI scans and locating the extent of lesions or damage within brain tissue, particularly within areas of the left frontal and temporal regions- where a lot of language related areas lie. In fMRI studies a language related task is often completed and then the BOLD image is analyzed. If there are lower than normal BOLD responses that indicate a lessening of blood flow to the affected area and can show quantitatively that the cognitive task is not being completed. 651:(AD)-related primary progressive aphasia (PPA), it was found that metabolic patterns via PET SPM analysis can help predict progression of total loss of speech and functional autonomy in AD and PPA patients. This was done by comparing an MRI or CT image of the brain and presence of a radioactive biomarker with normal levels in patients without Alzheimer's Disease. Apraxia is another disorder often correlated with aphasia. This is due to a subset of apraxia which affects speech. Specifically, this subset affects the movement of muscles associated with speech production, 1411:

complications existed. Broca and his colleagues were some of the first to write about aphasia, but Wernicke was the first credited to have written extensively about aphasia being a disorder that contained comprehension difficulties. Despite claims of who reported on aphasia first, it was F.J. Gall that gave the first full description of aphasia after studying wounds to the brain, as well as his observation of speech difficulties resulting from vascular lesions. A recent book on the entire history of aphasia is available (Reference: Tesak, J. & Code, C. (2008)

47: 1024:(also known as "sensory aphasia" or "Wernicke's aphasia"), which is characterized by fluent speech, but marked difficulties understanding words and sentences. Although fluent, the speech may lack in key substantive words (nouns, verbs, adjectives), and may contain incorrect words or even nonsense words. This subtype has been associated with damage to the posterior left temporal cortex, most notably Wernicke's area. These individuals usually have no body weakness, because their brain injury is not near the parts of the brain that control movement. 519:

language deficits. Furthermore, cognitive deficits may influence the learning process of rehabilitation and language treatment outcomes in aphasia. Non-linguistic cognitive deficits have also been the target of interventions directed at improving language ability, though outcomes are not definitive. While some studies have demonstrated language improvement secondary to cognitively-focused treatment, others have found little evidence that the treatment of cognitive deficits in people with aphasia has an influence on language outcomes.

961:, but instead create a disconnection between them. Conduction aphasia is caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus. The arcuate fasciculus is a white matter tract that connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas. People with conduction aphasia typically have good language comprehension, but poor speech repetition and mild difficulty with word retrieval and speech production. People with conduction aphasia are typically aware of their errors. Two forms of conduction aphasia have been described: 511:

processing, and sentence comprehension, and discourse production. Other studies have found that most, but not all people with aphasia demonstrate performance deficits on tasks of attention, and their performance on these tasks correlate with language performance and cognitive ability in other domains. Even patients with mild aphasia, who score near the ceiling on tests of language often demonstrate slower response times and interference effects in non-verbal attention abilities.

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can occur in different people, let alone decide how they might best be treated. Most classifications of the aphasias tend to divide the various symptoms into broad classes. A common approach is to distinguish between the fluent aphasias (where speech remains fluent, but content may be lacking, and the person may have difficulties understanding others), and the nonfluent aphasias (where speech is very halting and effortful, and may consist of just one or two words at a time).

339:, but rather the individual's language cognition. However, it is possible for a person to have both problems, e.g. in the case of a hemorrhage damaging a large area of the brain. An individual's language abilities incorporate the socially shared set of rules, as well as the thought processes that go behind communication (as it affects both verbal and nonverbal language). Aphasia is not a result of other peripheral motor or sensory difficulty, such as 926:, difficulty naming words relating to photography, but nothing else) or a more general naming difficulty. People tend to produce grammatic, yet empty, speech. Auditory comprehension tends to be preserved. Anomic aphasia is the aphasial presentation of tumors in the language zone; it is the aphasial presentation of Alzheimer's disease. Anomic aphasia is the mildest form of aphasia, indicating a likely possibility for better recovery. 1090:

theoretical framework has been established, the functioning of each module can then be assessed using a specific test or set of tests. In the clinical setting, use of this model usually involves conducting a battery of assessments, each of which tests one or a number of these modules. Once a diagnosis is reached as to the skills/modules where the most significant impairment lies, therapy can proceed to treat these skills.

1237:. Recovery and improvement can continue for years after the stroke. After the onset of aphasia, there is approximately a six-month period of spontaneous recovery; during this time, the brain is attempting to recover and repair the damaged neurons. Improvement varies widely, depending on the aphasia's cause, type, and severity. Recovery also depends on the person's age, health, motivation, 1383:

middle aged and older are the most likely to acquire aphasia, as the other etiologies are more likely at older ages. For example, approximately 75% of all strokes occur in individuals over the age of 65. Strokes account for most documented cases of aphasia: 25% to 40% of people who survive a stroke develop aphasia as a result of damage to the language-processing regions of the brain.

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treatment, and the brain begins to reorganize and change in order to recover. There are several factors that contribute to a person's chance of recovery caused by stroke, including stroke size and location. Age, sex, and education have not been found to be very predictive. There is also research pointing to damage in the left hemisphere healing more effectively than the right.

107: 907:, modalisations ('I can't ..., I can't ...'), expletives/swearwords, numbers ('one two, one two') or non-lexical utterances made up of repeated, legal, but meaningless, consonant-vowel syllables (e.g.., /tan tan/, /bi bi/). In severe cases, the individual may be able to utter only the same speech automatism each time they attempt speech. 369:, and not primarily due to aphasia. Aphasia symptoms can vary based on the location of damage in the brain. Signs and symptoms may or may not be present in individuals with aphasia and may vary in severity and level of disruption to communication. Often those with aphasia may have a difficulty with naming objects, so they might use words such as 523:

assessments to evaluate cognitive ability in people with aphasia. However, the degree to which these tasks are truly "non-verbal" and not mediated by language is unclear. For instance, Wall et al. found that language and non-linguistic performance was related, except when non-linguistic performance was measured by "real life" cognitive tasks.

1318:(examples taken from the MIT manual: "I am fine," "how are you?" or "thank you"); while rhythmic features associated with melodic intonation may engage primarily left-hemisphere subcortical areas of the brain, the use of formulaic expressions is known to be supported by right-hemisphere cortical and bilateral subcortical neural networks. 507:

cognitive deficits in stroke patients without aphasia and reflect general brain dysfunction following injury. Whilst it has been shown that cognitive neural networks support language reorganisation after stroke, The degree to which deficits in attention and other cognitive domains underlie language deficits in aphasia is still unclear.

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positive results is auditory repetition training. Kohn et al. (1990) reported that drilled auditory repetition training related to improvements in spontaneous speech, Francis et al. (2003) reported improvements in sentence comprehension, and Kalinyak-Fliszar et al. (2011) reported improvements in auditory-visual short-term memory.

957:. Auditory comprehension is near normal, and oral expression is fluent with occasional paraphasic errors. Paraphasic errors include phonemic/literal or semantic/verbal. Repetition ability is poor. Conduction and transcortical aphasias are caused by damage to the white matter tracts. These aphasias spare the cortex of the 1303:

SFA can be implemented in multiple forms such as verbally, written, using picture cards, etc. The SLP provides prompting questions to the individual with aphasia in order for the person to name the picture provided. Studies show that SFA is an effective intervention for improving confrontational naming.

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aphasia will not become competent speakers, listeners, writers, or readers, goals can be created to improve the individual's quality of life. Individuals with global aphasia usually respond well to treatment that includes personally relevant information, which is also important to consider for therapy.

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People with global aphasia are sometimes referred to as having irreversible aphasic syndrome, often making limited gains in auditory comprehension, and recovering no functional language modality with therapy. With this said, people with global aphasia may retain gestural communication skills that may

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There have been many instances showing that there is a form of aphasia among deaf individuals. Sign languages are, after all, forms of language that have been shown to use the same areas of the brain as verbal forms of language. Mirror neurons become activated when an animal is acting in a particular

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if they try to replace the words they cannot find with sounds. Substitutions commonly involve picking another (actual) word starting with the same sound (e.g., clocktower – colander), picking another semantically related to the first (e.g., letter – scroll), or picking one phonetically similar to the

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Transcortical aphasias include transcortical motor aphasia, transcortical sensory aphasia, and mixed transcortical aphasia. People with transcortical motor aphasia typically have intact comprehension and awareness of their errors, but poor word finding and speech production. People with transcortical

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Evidence for positive treatment outcomes can also be quantified using neuroimaging tools. The use of fMRI and an automatic classifier can help predict language recovery outcomes in stroke patients with 86% accuracy when coupled with age and language test scores. The stimuli tested were sentences both

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During the second half of the 19th century, aphasia was a major focus for scientists and philosophers who were working in the beginning stages of the field of psychology. In medical research, speechlessness was described as an incorrect prognosis, and there was no assumption that underlying language

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After a traumatic brain injury (TBI) or cerebrovascular accident (CVA), the brain undergoes several healing and re-organization processes, which may result in improved language function. This is referred to as spontaneous recovery. Spontaneous recovery is the natural recovery the brain makes without

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When addressing Broca's aphasia, better outcomes occur when the person participates in therapy, and treatment is more effective than no treatment for people in the acute period. Two or more hours of therapy per week in acute and post-acute stages produced the greatest results. High-intensity therapy

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Semantic feature analysis (SFA) — a type of aphasia treatment that targets word-finding deficits — is based on the theory that neural connections can be strengthened by using related words and phrases that are similar to the target word, to eventually activate the target word in the brain.

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aphasia) frequently speak short, meaningful phrases that are produced with great effort. It is thus characterized as a nonfluent aphasia. Affected people often omit small words such as "is", "and", and "the". For example, a person with expressive aphasia may say, "walk dog", which could mean "I will

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in areas such as attention, memory, executive functions and learning. By some accounts, cognitive deficits, such as attention and working memory constitute the underlying cause of language impairment in people with aphasia. Others suggest that cognitive deficits often co-occur, but are comparable to

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Aphasia affects about two million people in the U.S. and 250,000 people in Great Britain. Nearly 180,000 people acquire the disorder every year in the U.S., 170,000 due to stroke. Any person of any age can develop aphasia, given that it is often caused by a traumatic injury. However, people who are

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Systematic reviews support the effectiveness and importance of partner training. According to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), involving family with the treatment of an aphasic loved one is ideal for all involved, because while it will no doubt assist in

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There is no one treatment proven to be effective for all types of aphasias. The reason that there is no universal treatment for aphasia is because of the nature of the disorder and the various ways it is presented. Aphasia is rarely exhibited identically, implying that treatment needs to be catered

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Recovery with therapy is also dependent on the recency of stroke and the age of the person. Receiving therapy within a month after the stroke leads to the greatest improvements. Three or six months after the stroke more therapy will be needed, but symptoms can still be improved. People with aphasia

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The severity of the type of aphasia varies depending on the size of the stroke. However, there is much variance between how often one type of severity occurs in certain types of aphasia. For instance, any type of aphasia can range from mild to profound. Regardless of the severity of aphasia, people

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There are typical difficulties with speech and language that come with normal aging as well. As we age, language can become more difficult to process, resulting in a slowing of verbal comprehension, reading abilities and more likely word finding difficulties. With each of these, though, unlike some

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However, no such broad-based grouping has proven fully adequate, or reliable. There is wide variation among people even within the same broad grouping, and aphasias can be highly selective. For instance, people with naming deficits (anomic aphasia) might show an inability only for naming buildings,

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Aphasia is best thought of as a collection of different disorders, rather than a single problem. Each individual with aphasia will present with their own particular combination of language strengths and weaknesses. Consequently, it is a major challenge just to document the various difficulties that

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One other method being researched as a potential therapeutic combination with speech-language therapy is brain stimulation. One particular method, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), alters brain activity in whatever area it happens to stimulate, which has recently led scientists to wonder if

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Another intriguing approach being tested is that of drug therapy. Research is in progress that will hopefully uncover whether or not certain drugs might be used in addition to speech-language therapy in order to facilitate recovery of proper language function. It's possible that the best treatment

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Perhaps due to the relative rareness of conduction aphasia, few studies have specifically studied the effectiveness of therapy for people with this type of aphasia. From the studies performed, results showed that therapy can help to improve specific language outcomes. One intervention that has had

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confirming the efficacy of MIT in chronic aphasia. MIT is used to help people with aphasia vocalize themselves through speech song, which is then transferred as a spoken word. Good candidates for this therapy include people who have had left hemisphere strokes, non-fluent aphasias such as Broca's,

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Speech and language therapy that is higher intensity, higher dose or provided over a long duration of time leads to significantly better functional communication, but people might be more likely to drop out of high intensity treatment (up to 15 hours per week). A total of 20–50 hours of speech and

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Aphasia is largely caused by unavoidable instances. However, some precautions can be taken to decrease risk for experiencing one of the two major causes of aphasia: stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). To decrease the probability of having an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, one should take the

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MRI is often used to predict or confirm the subtype of aphasia present. Researchers compared three subtypes of aphasia — nonfluent-variant primary progressive aphasia (nfPPA), logopenic-variant primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA), and semantic-variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA), with

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present which is the total loss of blood flow. This can be due to the thinning of blood vessels or the complete blockage of it. This is important in fMRI as it relies on the BOLD response (the oxygen levels of the blood vessels), and this can create a false hyporesponse upon fMRI study. Due to the

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as they are spoken, which is essential for any task involving recognition of words. Similarly, there is a module that stores phonemes that the person is planning to produce in speech, and this module is critical for any task involving the production of long words or long strings of speech. Once a

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Instead of categorizing every individual into a specific subtype, cognitive neuropsychological approaches aim to identify the key language skills or "modules" that are not functioning properly in each individual. A person could potentially have difficulty with just one module, or with a number of

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Although localizationist approaches provide a useful way of classifying the different patterns of language difficulty into broad groups, one problem is that most individuals do not fit neatly into one category or another. Another problem is that the categories, particularly the major ones such as

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Global aphasia is considered a severe impairment in many language aspects since it impacts expressive and receptive language, reading, and writing. Despite these many deficits, there is evidence that has shown individuals benefited from speech language therapy. Even though individuals with global

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Aphasia is most often caused by stroke, where about a quarter of patients who experience an acute stroke develop aphasia. However, any disease or damage to the parts of the brain that control language can cause aphasia. Some of these can include brain tumors, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy and

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Regardless of their role in the underlying nature of aphasia, cognitive deficits have a clear role in the study and rehabilitation of aphasia. For instance, the severity of cognitive deficits in people with aphasia has been associated with lower quality of life, even more so than the severity of

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In addition to deficits in short-term memory, working memory, and attention, people with aphasia can also demonstrate deficits in executive function. For instance, people with aphasia may demonstrate deficits in initiation, planning, self-monitoring, and cognitive flexibility. Other studies have

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In particular, people with aphasia often demonstrate short-term and working memory deficits. These deficits can occur in both the verbal domain as well as the visuospatial domain. Furthermore, these deficits are often associated with performance on language specific tasks such as naming, lexical

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To be diagnosed with aphasia, a person's language must be significantly impaired in one (or more) of the four aspects of communication. Alternatively, in the case of progressive aphasia, it must have significantly declined over a short period of time. The four aspects of communication are spoken

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Brady, Marian C; Ali, Myzoon; VandenBerg, Kathryn; Williams, Linda J; Williams, Louise R; Abo, Masahiro; Becker, Frank; Bowen, Audrey; Brandenburg, Caitlin; Breitenstein, Caterina; Bruehl, Stefanie; Copland, David A; Cranfill, Tamara B; di Pietro-Bachmann, Marie; Enderby, Pamela (October 2022).

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Research is currently being done using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to witness the difference in how language is processed in normal brains vs aphasic brains. This will help researchers to understand exactly what the brain must go through in order to recover from Traumatic Brain

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Recent classification schemes adopting this approach, such as the Boston-Neoclassical Model, also group these classical aphasia subtypes into two larger classes: the nonfluent aphasias (which encompasses Broca's aphasia and transcortical motor aphasia) and the fluent aphasias (which encompasses

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Promoting aphasic's communicative effectiveness (PACE) – a means of encouraging normal interaction between people with aphasia and clinicians. In this kind of therapy, the focus is on pragmatic communication rather than treatment itself. People are asked to communicate a given message to their

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Mazzeo, Salvatore; Polito, Cristina; Lassi, Michael; Bagnoli, Silvia; Mattei, Marta; Padiglioni, Sonia; Berti, Valentina; Lombardi, Gemma; Giacomucci, Giulia; De Cristofaro, Maria Teresa; Passeri, Alessandro; Ferrari, Camilla; Nacmias, Benedetta; Mazzoni, Alberto; Sorbi, Sandro (2022-09-01).

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If the symptoms of aphasia last longer than two or three months after a stroke, a complete recovery is unlikely. However, it is important to note that some people continue to improve over a period of years and even decades. Improvement is a slow process that usually involves both helping the

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Intensity of treatment should be individualized based on the recency of stroke, therapy goals, and other specific characteristics such as age, size of lesion, overall health status, and motivation. Each individual reacts differently to treatment intensity and is able to tolerate treatment at

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When addressing Wernicke's aphasia, according to Bakheit et al. (2007), the lack of awareness of the language impairments, a common characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia, may affect the rate and extent of therapy outcomes. Robey (1998) determined that at least 2 hours of treatment per week is

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One important caveat in the measurement and treatment of cognitive deficits in people with aphasia is the degree to which assessments of cognition rely on language abilities for successful performance. Most studies have attempted to circumvent this challenge by utilizing non-verbal cognitive

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language therapy is necessary for the best recovery. The most improvement happens when 2–5 hours of therapy is provided each week over 4–5 days. Recovery is further improved when besides the therapy people practice tasks at home. Speech and language therapy is also effective if it is

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and aphasia are often correlated due to the proximity of neural substrates associated with each of the disorders. Researchers concluded that there were 2 areas of lesion overlap between patients with apraxia and aphasia, the anterior temporal lobe and the left inferior parietal lobe.

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Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia, still remain quite broad and do not meaningfully reflect a person's difficulties. Consequently, even amongst those who meet the criteria for classification into a subtype, there can be enormous variability in the types of difficulties they experience.

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sensory and mixed transcortical aphasia have poor comprehension and unawareness of their errors. Despite poor comprehension and more severe deficits in some transcortical aphasias, small studies have indicated that full recovery is possible for all types of transcortical aphasia.

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Substantial damage to tissue anywhere within the region shown in blue (on the figure in the infobox above) can potentially result in aphasia. Aphasia can also sometimes be caused by damage to subcortical structures deep within the left hemisphere, including the thalamus, the

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The difficulties of people with aphasia can range from occasional trouble finding words, to losing the ability to speak, read, or write; intelligence, however, is unaffected. Expressive language and receptive language can both be affected as well. Aphasia also affects

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this shift in brain function caused by TMS might help people re-learn language. Another type of external brain stimulation is transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), but existing research has not shown it to be useful for improving aphasia after a stroke.

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Additionally, one should always seek medical attention after sustaining head trauma due to a fall or accident. The sooner that one receives medical attention for a traumatic brain injury, the less likely one is to experience long-term or severe effects.

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only. It has been suggested that these individuals may have had an unusual brain organization prior to their illness or injury, with perhaps greater overall reliance on the right hemisphere for language skills than in the general population.

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or people, or colors. Unfortunately, assessments that characterize aphasia in these groupings have persisted. This is not helpful to people living with aphasia, and provides inaccurate descriptions of an individual pattern of difficulties.

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Localizationist approaches aim to classify the aphasias according to their major presenting characteristics and the regions of the brain that most probably gave rise to them. Inspired by the early work of nineteenth-century neurologists

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good auditory comprehension, poor repetition and articulation, and good emotional stability and memory. An alternative explanation is that the efficacy of MIT depends on neural circuits involved in the processing of rhythmicity and

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affects the frontal and temporal lobes, subcortical structures, and the hippocampal tissue, which can trigger aphasia. In acute disorders, such as head injury or stroke, aphasia usually develops quickly. When caused by brain tumor,

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Individuals with transcortical sensory aphasia, in principle the most general and potentially among the most complex forms of aphasia, may have similar deficits as in receptive aphasia, but their repetition ability may remain

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Though some cases of Wernicke's aphasia have shown greater improvements than more mild forms of aphasia, people with Wernicke's aphasia may not reach as high a level of speech abilities as those with mild forms of aphasia.

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Going to the emergency room immediately if you begin to experience unilateral extremity (especially leg) swelling, warmth, redness, and/or tenderness as these are symptoms of a deep vein thrombosis which can lead to a

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Flamand-Roze C, Cauquil-Michon C, Roze E, Souillard-Scemama R, Maintigneux L, Ducreux D, et al. (December 2011). "Aphasia in border-zone infarcts has a specific initial pattern and good long-term prognosis".

1150:. Either they will replace the desired word with another that sounds or looks like the original one or has some other connection or they will replace it with sounds. As such, people with jargon aphasia often use 6843: 6828: 6805: 1290:

Centeredness Theory Interview (CTI) - Uses client centered goal formation into the nature of current patient interactions as well as future / desired interactions to improve subjective well-being, cognition and

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Lambon Ralph MA, Snell C, Fillingham JK, Conroy P, Sage K (April 2010). "Predicting the outcome of anomia therapy for people with aphasia post CVA: both language and cognitive status are key predictors".

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Peach RK, Beck KM, Gorman M, Fisher C (August 2019). "Clinical Outcomes Following Language-Specific Attention Treatment Versus Direct Attention Training for Aphasia: A Comparative Effectiveness Study".

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recommended for making significant language gains. Spontaneous recovery may cause some language gains, but without speech-language therapy, the outcomes can be half as strong as those with therapy.

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being the cause of many cases of aphasia the extent of damage to brain tissue can be difficult to quantify therefore the effects of stroke brain damage on the functionality of the patient can vary.

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Preserved and automatic language: A behavior in which some language or language sequences that were used frequently prior to onset are still produced with more ease than other language post onset.

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Coppens P, Hungerford S, Yamaguchi S, Yamadori A (December 2002). "Crossed aphasia: an analysis of the symptoms, their frequency, and a comparison with left-hemisphere aphasia symptomatology".

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Given the previously stated signs and symptoms, the following behaviors are often seen in people with aphasia as a result of attempted compensation for incurred speech and language deficits:

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Struggle in non-fluent aphasias: A severe increase in expelled effort to speak after a life where talking and communicating was an ability that came so easily can cause visible frustration.

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or episodic symptom. However, the repeated seizure activity within language regions may also lead to chronic, and progressive aphasia. Aphasia is also listed as a rare side-effect of the

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Albrecht, Jennifer S.; Liu, Xinggang; Baumgarten, Mona; Langenberg, Patricia; Rattinger, Gail B.; Smith, Gordon S.; Gambert, Steven R.; Gottlieb, Stephen S.; Zuckerman, Ilene H. (2014).

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People with aphasia may experience any of the following behaviors due to an acquired brain injury, although some of these symptoms may be due to related or concomitant problems, such as

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While aphasia has traditionally been described in terms of language deficits, there is increasing evidence that many people with aphasia commonly experience co-occurring non-linguistic

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Copy and recall therapy (CART) – repetition and recall of targeted words within therapy may strengthen orthographic representations and improve single word reading, writing, and naming

6056:

Francis D, Clark N, Humphreys G (2003). "The treatment of an auditory working memory deficit and the implications for sentence comprehension abilities in mild 'receptive' aphasia".

5350:"Complex speech-language therapy interventions for stroke-related aphasia: the RELEASE study incorporating a systematic review and individual participant data network meta-analysis" 5964:

Bakheit AM, Shaw S, Carrington S, Griffiths S (October 2007). "The rate and extent of improvement with therapy from the different types of aphasia in the first year after stroke".

1060:

Many localizationist approaches also recognize the existence of additional, more "pure" forms of language disorder that may affect only a single language skill. For example, in

1030:, where speech remains fluent, and comprehension is preserved, but the person may have disproportionate difficulty repeating words or sentences. Damage typically involves the 1287:

Melodic intonation therapy (MIT) – aims to use the intact melodic/prosodic processing skills of the right hemisphere to help cue retrieval of words and expressive language

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modules. This type of approach requires a framework or theory as to what skills/modules are needed to perform different kinds of language tasks. For example, the model of

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limitations of fMRI such as a lower spatial resolution, it can show that some areas of the brain are not active during a task when they in reality are. Additionally, with

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Individuals with conduction aphasia have deficits in the connections between the speech-comprehension and speech-production areas. This might be caused by damage to the

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The condition is sometimes referred to as dysphasia, but that usually means a wider range of conditions causing impaired language, while aphasia is a specific disorder.

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There are limitations to the use of fMRI in aphasic patients particularly. Because a high percentage of aphasic patients develop it because of stroke there can be

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are differentiable from aphasia in that aphasia is by definition caused by acquired brain injury, but acquired epileptic aphasia has been viewed as a form of APD.

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is a fluent or receptive aphasia in which the person's speech is incomprehensible, but appears to make sense to them. Speech is fluent and effortless with intact

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aphasia), may not be able to ask a loved one when their birthday is, they may still be able to sing "Happy Birthday". One prevalent deficit in all aphasias is

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Beeson, P. M., Egnor, H. (2007), Combining treatment for written and spoken naming, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12(6); 816–827.

5765:

van der Meulen I, van de Sandt-Koenderman ME, Ribbers GM (January 2012). "Melodic Intonation Therapy: present controversies and future opportunities".

2638:

Hunting-Pompon R, Kendall D, Bacon Moore A (June 2011). "Examining attention and cognitive processing in participants with self-reported mild anomia".

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Specific to aphasia, spontaneous recovery varies among affected people and may not look the same in everyone, making it difficult to predict recovery.

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different times post-stroke. Intensity of treatment after a stroke should be dependent on the person's motivation, stamina, and tolerance for therapy.

1264:(tDCS) for improving aphasia after stroke. Moderate quality evidence does indicate naming performance improvements for nouns, but not verbs using tDCS 1006:(also known as "motor aphasia" or "Broca's aphasia"), which is characterized by halted, fragmented, effortful speech, but well-preserved comprehension 2404:"Performance of Individuals with Left-Hemisphere Stroke and Aphasia and Individuals with Right Brain Damage on Forward and Backward Digit Span Tasks" 1049:

Wernicke's aphasia, conduction aphasia and transcortical sensory aphasia). These schemes also identify several further aphasia subtypes, including:

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aphasia), also referred to as fluent aphasia, may speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create new "words" (

412:

Persistent repetition of one syllable, word, or phrase (stereotypies, recurrent/recurring utterances/speech automatism) also known as perseveration.

2802:

Nicholas M, Hunsaker E, Guarino AJ (2017-06-03). "The relation between language, non-verbal cognition and quality of life in people with aphasia".

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could be considered such as alphabet boards, pictorial communication books, specialized software for computers or apps for tablets or smartphones.

6453: 1044:, which are similar to Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia respectively, but the ability to repeat words and sentences is disproportionately preserved. 6009:"Remediation of language processing in aphasia: Improving activation and maintenance of linguistic representations in (verbal) short-term memory" 4487:

Alexander MP, Hillis AE (2008). "Chapter 14 Aphasia". In Georg Goldenberg, Bruce L Miller, Michael J Aminoff, Francois Boller, D F Swaab (eds.).

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Functional communication treatment (FCT) – focuses on improving activities specific to functional tasks, social interaction, and self-expression

3091:"Efficacy of early cognitive-linguistic treatment for aphasia due to stroke: A randomised controlled trial (Rotterdam Aphasia Therapy Study-3)" 1217:

Wearing proper protective gear when playing contact sports, especially American football, rugby, and hockey, or refraining from such activities

5851:

Simmons-Mackie, Nina; Raymer, Anastasia; Cherney, Leora R. (2016). "Communication Partner Training in Aphasia: An Updated Systematic Review".

489:

Subcortical aphasia's characteristics and symptoms depend upon the site and size of subcortical lesion. Possible sites of lesions include the

7703: 4013:"Evidence for Plasticity in White-Matter Tracts of Patients with Chronic Broca's Aphasia Undergoing Intense Intonation-based Speech Therapy" 7459: 1211:

Wearing a helmet when operating a bicycle, motor cycle, ATV, or any other moving vehicle that could potentially be involved in an accident

6637: 4711:

Goodglass, H., Kaplan, E., & Barresi, B. (2001). The assessment of aphasia and related disorders. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

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With aphasia, one or more modes of communication in the brain have been damaged and are therefore functioning incorrectly. Aphasia is

2359:

Martin N, Ayala J (June 2004). "Measurements of auditory-verbal STM span in aphasia: effects of item, task, and lexical impairment".

3807:"Loss of speech and functional impairment in Alzheimer's disease-related primary progressive aphasia: predictive factors of decline" 1593:"Lesion correlates of patholinguistic profiles in chronic aphasia: comparisons of syndrome-, modality- and symptom-level assessment" 914:

have difficulty with naming. People with this aphasia may have difficulties naming certain words, linked by their grammatical type (

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McCrory PR, Berkovic SF (December 2001). "Concussion: the history of clinical and pathophysiological concepts and misconceptions".

3010:

Murray LL, Keeton RJ, Karcher L (January 2006). "Treating attention in mild aphasia: evaluation of attention process training-II".

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Visual action therapy (VAT) – typically treats individuals with global aphasia to train the use of hand gestures for specific items

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or paralysis of the arm and leg, because the left frontal lobe is also important for body movement, particularly on the right side.

1207:

To prevent aphasia due to traumatic injury, one should take precautionary measures when engaging in dangerous activities such as:

66:

Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

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who are younger than 55 years are the most likely to improve, but people older than 75 years can still get better with therapy.

4614:

Shallice, Tim; Warrington, Elizabeth K. (October 1977). "Auditory-verbal short-term memory impairment and conduction aphasia".

1220:

Minimizing anticoagulant use (including aspirin) if at all possible as they increase the risk of hemorrhage after a head injury

3413:

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will determine the type of aphasia and its symptoms. A very small number of people can experience aphasia after damage to the

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found that people with aphasia demonstrate reduced speed and efficiency during completion of executive function assessments.

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is used to treat non-fluent aphasia and has proved to be effective in some cases. However, there is still no evidence from

7545: 7233: 5006:"Primary progressive aphasias and their contribution to the contemporary knowledge about the brain-language relationship" 5915:

Russo MJ (2017). "High-technology Augmentative Communication for adults with post-stroke aphasia: a systematic review".

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their recovery, it will also make it easier for members of the family to learn how best to communicate with them.

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Visual communication therapy (VIC) – the use of index cards with symbols to represent various components of speech

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Self-repairs: Further disruptions in fluent speech as a result of mis-attempts to repair erred speech production.

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individual and family understand the nature of aphasia and learning compensatory strategies for communicating.

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and head trauma; prevalence is hard to determine, but aphasia due to stroke is estimated to be 0.1–0.4% in the

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production and comprehension; impairments in any of these aspects can impact on functional communication.

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or point at the objects. When asked to name a pencil they may say it is a "thing used to write".

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Major characteristics of different types of aphasia according to the Boston classification

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2453:"Are memory deficits dependent on the presence of aphasia in left brain damaged patients?" 2139: 8: 7504: 7355: 7283: 7033: 6847: 6589: 5104: 3822: 1396: 4792:"Vascular aphasias: main characteristics of patients hospitalized in acute stroke units" 4360: 4028: 3283: 3256: 2505:"Determining the Association between Language and Cognitive Tests in Poststroke Aphasia" 1731:"Language impairments in people with autoimmune neurological diseases: A scoping review" 7257: 7147: 7058: 7038: 7013: 6964: 6864: 6856: 6852: 6732: 6517: 6350: 6301: 6201: 6151: 6073: 6033: 6008: 5989: 5946: 5828: 5801: 5742: 5717: 5540: 5507: 5428: 5349: 5319: 5284: 5246: 5221: 5079: 5054: 5030: 5005: 4978: 4953: 4934: 4899:

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http://www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589934663&section=Treatment

5535: 5523: 5519: 5420: 5371: 5361: 5314: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5241: 5233: 5222:"Benefits and Risks of Anticoagulation Resumption Following Traumatic Brain Injury" 5159: 5074: 5066: 5025: 5017: 4973: 4965: 4918: 4803: 4675: 4623: 4586: 4576: 4545: 4492: 4459: 4437: 4415: 4374: 4364: 4222: 4214: 4173: 4081: 4040: 4032: 3983: 3928: 3901: 3873: 3818: 3790: 3760: 3719: 3703: 3662: 3646: 3587: 3579: 3528: 3508: 3465: 3422: 3379: 3315: 3278: 3268: 3189: 3177: 3147: 3110: 3102: 3055: 3019: 2976: 2940: 2896: 2888: 2850: 2811: 2768: 2725: 2682: 2647: 2610: 2602: 2563: 2526: 2516: 2464: 2423: 2415: 2368: 2333: 2285: 2275: 2248: 2228: 2185: 2135: 2084: 2076: 2030: 1989: 1981: 1875: 1865: 1783: 1742: 1685: 1646: 1604: 1547: 1337:

was most effective, and low-intensity therapy was almost equivalent to no therapy.

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therapists by means of drawing, making hand gestures or even pointing to an object

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Injury (TBI) and how different areas of the brain respond after such an injury.

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progressive neurological disorders. In rare cases, aphasia may also result from

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Most acute cases of aphasia recover some or most skills by participating in

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affecting the speech muscles, or a general hearing impairment.

336: 269: 5963: 5450: 5448: 3568:"Consciousness as a useful concept in epilepsy classification" 1832:"American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA): Aphasia" 142: 6972: 6535:

Eling P, Whitaker H (2009). "Chapter 36 History of aphasia".

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of the basal ganglia. The area and extent of brain damage or

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When a person's speech is insufficient, different kinds of

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1510:, study of language impairment (usually from brain damage) 1071: 686:

aphasias, functionality within daily life remains intact.

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Eating a healthy diet, avoiding cholesterol in particular

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Mesulam MM (April 2001). "Primary progressive aphasia".

3803: 1938:

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (1997–2014)

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Keeping alcohol consumption low and avoiding tobacco use

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Soares-Ishigaki EC, Cera ML, Pieri A, Ortiz KZ (2012).

2801: 1851: 1391:

The first recorded case of aphasia is from an Egyptian

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Riese W (1947-05-01). "The early history of aphasia".

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Kalinyak-Fliszar M, Kohen F, Martin N (January 2011).

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Norton A, Zipse L, Marchina S, Schlaug G (July 2009).

4994: 4951: 3859: 1769: 1728: 1064:, a person may be able to write, but not read, and in 7225:

Upper dorsal pontine syndrome/Raymond–Céstan syndrome

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Goldenberg, Georg; Randerath, Jennifer (2015-08-01).

3257:"Aphasia and herpes virus encephalitis: a case study" 3044: 2402:

Laures-Gore J, Marshall RS, Verner E (January 2011).

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Vallila-Rohter, Sofia; Kiran, Swathi (January 2013).

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Specific treatment techniques include the following:

918:, difficulty naming verbs and not nouns) or by their 320:, which is a difficulty in finding the correct word. 203: 197: 171: 165: 136: 6787: 2553: 2218: 1462:, which means "speechlessness", derived from ἄφατος 1146:, but the person has problems with the selection of 6383:"Aphasia Fact sheet - National Aphasia Association" 4830: 4453: 3914: 3009: 2062: 1772:"Language impairments and CNS infections: a review" 1399:, which details speech problems in a person with a 941:, the structure that transmits information between 194: 162: 133: 6090: 5207:"DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis Blood Clot in the Leg)" 5046: 4875:Coltheart, Max; Kay, Janice; Lesser, Ruth (1992). 4702: 4613: 4319:Introduction to neurogenic communication disorders 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 3341: 3339: 3337: 2502: 1915:Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders 1678:International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 1348: 1214:Wearing a seatbelt when driving or riding in a car 6321:"Aphasia in acute stroke and relation to outcome" 6172:Sage K, Snell C, Lambon Ralph MA (January 2011). 6093:The British Journal of Disorders of Communication 5455:Schmitz, Thomas J.; O'Sullivan, Susan B. (2007). 5183: 5181: 5152:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 4200: 3917:"Shared neural substrates of apraxia and aphasia" 3048:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2933:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2881:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2019:"Cognition and aphasia: a discussion and a study" 1918:. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1591:Henseler I, Regenbrecht F, Obrig H (March 2014). 459:Inability to follow or understand simple requests 7675: 6671:"What Is Aphasia? – Types, Causes and Treatment" 5853:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 5767:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 5675:Maddy KM, Capilouto GJ, McComas KL (June 2014). 5270:"Causes and effects of traumatic brain injuries" 5003: 4851:"What Is Aphasia? — Types, Causes and Treatment" 3565: 3369: 2843:Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 969:(repetition of unconnected short familiar words. 6491: 6415:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 5647: 5590: 4879:. Hillsdale, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 4486: 4292: 3334: 2016: 594:patch, an opioid used to control chronic pain. 331: — that is, aphasia is not related to the 6275: 5681:Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 5178: 4449: 4447: 3305: 2836: 2503:Wall KJ, Cumming TB, Copland DA (2017-05-05). 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1014:. Individuals with Broca's aphasia often have 7387: 6949: 6534: 6406: 6167: 6165: 6119: 4345:"A syntactic specialization for Broca's area" 2595:American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 2323: 2261: 2128:American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 1847: 1845: 16:Inability to comprehend or formulate language 7460:Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder 6407:Acharya, Aninda B.; Wroten, Michael (2022), 6212: 4833:Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology 4750: 4315: 2672: 1671: 6312: 5884: 5882: 5512:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5289:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4444: 3137: 2358: 2017:Helm-Estabrooks, Nancy (March–April 2002). 1817: 1672:Code, Chris; Petheram, Brian (2011-02-01). 1625: 7394: 7380: 6956: 6942: 6162: 6128:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 5722:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 4562: 4556: 4201:DeWitt I, Rauschecker JP (November 2013). 4017:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2175: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1842: 1327:augmentative and alternative communication 418:(substituting letters, syllables or words) 288:language production and comprehension and 105: 6336: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6032: 5932: 5827: 5817: 5799: 5741: 5692: 5539: 5375: 5365: 5318: 5308: 5276: 5245: 5078: 5029: 5004:Harciarek M, Kertesz A (September 2011). 4977: 4807: 4590: 4580: 4419: 4378: 4368: 4226: 4044: 3987: 3764: 3723: 3666: 3591: 3282: 3272: 3114: 2900: 2614: 2530: 2520: 2468: 2427: 2289: 2279: 2088: 1993: 1879: 1869: 1787: 1746: 1689: 1608: 388:, not due to muscle paralysis or weakness 82:Learn how and when to remove this message 6485: 6218: 5879: 5354:Health and Social Care Delivery Research 4172:. Springer, Boston, MA. pp. 60–96. 3175: 1415:. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press). 981: 689: 586:can also include transient aphasia as a 6221:British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 5189:"What is aphasia? What causes aphasia?" 5101: 4908: 4167: 4067: 3566:Blumenfeld H, Meador KJ (August 2014). 1911: 1896: 1637:Damasio AR (February 1992). "Aphasia". 1636: 1262:transcranial direct current stimulation 1093: 1072:Cognitive neuropsychological approaches 602: 7676: 6656:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 6640:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 6575: 6440:"Aphasia: Who is at risk for aphasia?" 6264: 4401: 4322:(7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. 4170:Acquired Speech and Language Disorders 3933:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.05.017 2837:Vallila-Rohter, Sofia (January 2017). 2715: 2470:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.06.003 2118: 2081:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.10.024 1986:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.01.027 1852:Stahl B, Van Lancker Sidtis D (2015). 493:, internal capsule, and basal ganglia. 7602:Learning problems in childhood cancer 7375: 7190:Lateral medullary syndrome/Wallenberg 6937: 6610: 5914: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5149: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 4759:Fundamentals of human neuropsychology 4757:Kolb, Bryan; Whishaw, Ian Q. (2003). 4565:"Therapy efficacy in chronic aphasia" 4116:Fundamentals of human neuropsychology 4114:Kolb, Bryan; Whishaw, Ian Q. (2003). 3171: 3169: 2758: 2498: 2496: 2319: 2317: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 1260:Evidence does not support the use of 630:Neural substrates of aphasia subtypes 612:functional magnetic resonance imaging 497: 356: 7704:Symptoms and signs: Speech and voice 6590:10.1001/archneur.1977.00500170060011 6278:Journal of the Neurological Sciences 4395: 3823:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.05.002 1801: 1799: 1085:identifies a module that recognizes 978:Classical-localizationist approaches 464: 40: 7546:Developmental coordination disorder 6613:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 4734:"Common Classifications of Aphasia" 4276:"Common Classifications of Aphasia" 4150:. Atlanta Aphasia Association. 2006 4118:. : Worth. pp. 502, 505, 511. 4074:The New England Journal of Medicine 3176:Berthier, Marcelo L. (2005-02-01). 2255: 1639:The New England Journal of Medicine 1477: 13: 7202:Medial medullary syndrome/Dejerine 5400: 5335: 5128: 4268: 3696:American Journal of Neuroradiology 3166: 3140:Journal of Communication Disorders 3012:Journal of Communication Disorders 2493: 2314: 2262:Brownsett S, Wise R (2014-10-24). 2105: 2023:Journal of Communication Disorders 1951:(6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 1735:Journal of Communication Disorders 1159:intended one (e.g., lane – late). 394:Inability to recall words (anomia) 14: 7715: 6747: 6178:Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2969:Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 1796: 672: 7407:specific developmental disorders 6688: 6663: 6647: 6631: 6604: 6569: 6528: 6471: 6446: 6432: 6400: 6375: 6361: 6338:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00812.x 6239: 6084: 6049: 6000: 5957: 5917:Expert Review of Medical Devices 5908: 5844: 5793: 5758: 5734:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04859.x 5709: 5668: 5641: 5617: 5584: 5565: 5556: 5499: 4680:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03422.x 4464:10.1016/B978-008045046-9.01876-3 4037:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04587.x 3862:"Apraxia of Speech: An overview" 3651:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.07.044 3384:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00604.x 3308:Early Child Development and Care 3194:10.2165/00002512-200522020-00006 2568:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2018.04.007 2165:from the original on 2022-10-09. 427:speaking in incomplete sentences 187: 155: 126: 45: 6971:associated with lesions of the 5481: 5262: 5238:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.2534 5213: 5199: 5095: 4945: 4902: 4893: 4868: 4843: 4824: 4783: 4714: 4658: 4607: 4529: 4480: 4336: 4243: 4194: 4161: 4107: 4061: 4004: 3963: 3908: 3853: 3797: 3740: 3683: 3626: 3608: 3559: 3535: 3492: 3449: 3406: 3363: 3299: 3274:10.1590/S1516-31802012000500011 3248: 3224: 3131: 3082: 3038: 3003: 2959: 2917: 2868: 2830: 2795: 2752: 2709: 2675:Seminars in Speech and Language 2666: 2631: 2582: 2547: 2444: 2395: 2352: 2221:Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2212: 2178:Seminars in Speech and Language 2169: 2140:10.1044/1058-0360(2012/11-0067) 2056: 2010: 1961: 1941: 1932: 1349:Individualized service delivery 1162: 963:reproduction conduction aphasia 7551:Developmental verbal dyspraxia 7528:Disorder of written expression 7470:Speech and language impairment 5524:10.1002/14651858.CD009760.pub4 5301:10.1002/14651858.CD000425.pub4 5110:. New York: Pearson. pp. 1763: 1722: 1665: 1561: 1247:delivered online through video 1114:Progressive supranuclear palsy 483: 403:Excessive creation and use of 268:regions. The major causes are 1: 6545:10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02136-2 6233:10.12968/bjnn.2015.11.sup2.38 5925:10.1080/17434440.2017.1324291 4761:. : Worth. pp. 502–504. 4668:European Journal of Neurology 4497:10.1016/S0072-9752(07)88014-6 4421:10.1016/s0010-9452(82)80025-7 3766:10.1016/S0010-9452(87)80008-4 3543:"Primary Progressive Aphasia" 3513:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70920-1 3470:10.1016/s0093-934x(02)00510-2 3372:European Journal of Neurology 3152:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2012.06.002 3024:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2005.06.001 2816:10.1080/02687038.2015.1076927 2730:10.1080/02687038.2016.1261248 2338:10.1080/02687038.2016.1242711 2233:10.1080/10749357.2017.1390904 2035:10.1016/S0021-9924(02)00063-1 1789:10.1080/02687038.2021.1937922 1748:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2023.106368 1574: 1377: 1228: 1180: 1130:Logopenic progressive aphasia 1122:Progressive nonfluent aphasia 1042:transcortical sensory aphasia 1034:and the left parietal region. 967:repetition conduction aphasia 817:Transcortical sensory aphasia 7567:Auditory processing disorder 7465:Specific language impairment 7435:Expressive language disorder 7263:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia 6783:National Aphasia Association 6773:Resources in other libraries 6387:National Aphasia Association 6325:Journal of Internal Medicine 6251:National Aphasia Association 6190:10.1080/09602011.2010.528966 6025:10.1080/02687038.2011.577284 5459:. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. 5071:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821103e6 4628:10.1016/0093-934x(77)90040-2 4456:Encyclopedia of neuroscience 3060:10.1044/2019_JSLHR-L-18-0504 2945:10.1044/2016_JSLHR-L-15-0384 2893:10.1044/2016_JSLHR-L-15-0303 2652:10.1080/02687038.2010.542562 1691:10.3109/17549507.2010.520090 1525:Auditory processing disorder 1418: 1311:randomized controlled trials 734:Non-fluent, effortful, slow 597: 409:Inability to repeat a phrase 351:auditory processing disorder 7: 7572:Sensory processing disorder 5694:10.1016/j.rehab.2014.03.002 4219:10.1016/j.bandl.2013.09.014 4178:10.1007/978-1-4899-3458-1_2 4086:10.1056/NEJM199202203260806 3320:10.1080/0300443032000088285 2556:Journal of Neurolinguistics 2373:10.1016/j.bandl.2003.12.004 1651:10.1056/NEJM199202203260806 1535:Lists of language disorders 1494: 1454:comes from the word ἀφασία 1357: 1235:speech and language therapy 1171: 1099:Primary progressive aphasia 1038:Transcortical motor aphasia 798:Transcortical motor aphasia 779:Mixed transcortical aphasia 637:primary progressive aphasia 578:Primary progressive aphasia 549:, it develops more slowly. 10: 7720: 5865:10.1016/j.apmr.2016.03.023 5779:10.1016/j.apmr.2011.05.029 5425:10.3310/nihrevidence_59653 2607:10.1044/2017_AJSLP-16-0194 2184:(3): 169–187, quiz C 3–4. 1386: 1307:Melodic intonation therapy 1199:Controlling blood pressure 1136:Progressive Jargon Aphasia 660:Treatment and neuroimaging 608:Magnetic resonance imaging 304:. In contrast, the use of 278:neurodegenerative diseases 33: 18: 7650: 7584: 7559: 7538: 7503: 7420: 7413: 7361:Upper motor neuron lesion 7348: 7328: 7276: 7217: 7182: 7173: 7130: 7094: 6983: 6896: 6791: 6768:Resources in your library 6713:10.1007/s11065-011-9177-7 6290:10.1016/j.jns.2015.03.020 6140:10.1007/s11910-011-0227-6 6105:10.3109/13682829009011962 6070:10.1080/02687030344000201 5919:. April 26 (5): 355–370. 5800:Stahl B, Kotz SA (2013). 5022:10.1007/s11065-011-9175-9 4563:Basso A, Macis M (2001). 4550:10.1080/02687038708248851 4068:Damasio, Antonio (1992). 3878:10.1080/13554790500263529 3261:Sao Paulo Medical Journal 2981:10.1080/09602010903237875 2773:10.1080/02687030244000176 2420:10.1080/02687031003714426 1541:My Beautiful Broken Brain 1241:, and educational level. 526: 240: 224: 118: 113: 104: 99: 7617:Multisensory integration 7445:Landau–Kleffner syndrome 7230:Lateral pontine syndrome 5978:10.1177/0269215507078452 5819:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01033 3107:10.1177/2396987317698327 2681:(2): 153–167, quiz 168. 2522:10.3389/fneur.2017.00149 1871:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01526 1807:"An overview of aphasia" 1674:"Delivering for aphasia" 1554: 534:herpesviral encephalitis 36:Aphasia (disambiguation) 19:Not to be confused with 7694:Communication disorders 7268:One and a half syndrome 7244:Millard–Gubler syndrome 7240:Medial pontine syndrome 6658:A Greek-English Lexicon 6642:A Greek-English Lexicon 5966:Clinical Rehabilitation 5806:Frontiers in Psychology 5457:Physical rehabilitation 3620:Drug Information Online 3095:European Stroke Journal 1858:Frontiers in Psychology 1466:, "speechless" from ἀ- 1186:following precautions: 1103:frontotemporal dementia 711:Auditory comprehension 391:Inability to form words 54:Some of this article's 7612:Management of dyslexia 7336:Alternating hemiplegia 6701:Neuropsychology Review 6506:10.1212/WNL.57.12.2283 5226:JAMA Internal Medicine 5164:10.1044/jslhr.4101.172 5106:Physiology of Behavior 5010:Neuropsychology Review 4370:10.1073/pnas.100098897 2855:10.1044/persp2.SIG2.23 2509:Frontiers in Neurology 2190:10.1055/s-0028-1082882 2119:Murray LL (May 2012). 1401:traumatic brain injury 1008:relative to expression 987: 7485:Speech sound disorder 6578:Archives of Neurology 5662:10.1044/cicsd_32_F_85 4809:10.1161/hs0302.103653 4569:Behavioural Neurology 4316:Brookshire R (2007). 3811:Neurobiology of Aging 3427:10.1212/wnl.54.5.1117 1470:, "not, un" and φημί 1435:("without", negative 1316:formulaic expressions 985: 742:(Wernicke's aphasia) 690:Boston classification 643:Associated conditions 442:Limited verbal output 306:formulaic expressions 7663:People with dyslexia 6537:History of Neurology 6369:"Aphasia Statistics" 5859:(12): 2202–2221.e8. 4970:10.1093/brain/awq129 4458:. pp. 343–348. 3989:10.1093/brain/awq021 3178:"Poststroke Aphasia" 2281:10.1093/brain/awt289 1610:10.1093/brain/awt374 1544:, a 2014 documentary 1190:Exercising regularly 1110:Motor neuron disease 1094:Progressive aphasias 1016:right-sided weakness 603:Neuroimaging methods 538:herpes simplex virus 445:Difficulty in naming 34:For other uses, see 7658:Dyslexia in fiction 7632:Reading acquisition 7505:Learning disability 7356:Pseudobulbar affect 7310:Parinaud's syndrome 7301:ventral tegmentum, 7115:Parkinson's disease 7034:Hemispatial neglect 6454:"Stroke Statistics" 5773:(1 Suppl): S46–52. 5195:. 21 February 2017. 4964:(Pt 7): 2069–2088. 4911:Annals of Neurology 4582:10.1155/2011/313480 4361:2000PNAS...97.6150E 4029:2009NYASA1169..385S 2687:10.1055/s-2000-7562 1949:Abnormal Psychology 1912:Manasco MH (2014). 1397:Edwin Smith Papyrus 1118:Alzheimer's disease 696: 649:Alzheimer's disease 380:comprehend language 7699:Language disorders 7689:Alexia (condition) 7288:ventral peduncle, 7258:Locked-in syndrome 7248:Foville's syndrome 7148:Dysdiadochokinesia 7059:Cortical blindness 7039:Gerstmann syndrome 7014:Expressive aphasia 6965:Signs and symptoms 6897:External resources 5578:2020-10-01 at the 5272:. 22 January 2018. 5193:Medical News Today 5102:Carlson N (2013). 4616:Brain and Language 4207:Brain and Language 3708:10.3174/ajnr.A5126 3458:Brain and Language 2361:Brain and Language 1066:pure word deafness 1032:arcuate fasciculus 1028:Conduction aphasia 1004:Expressive aphasia 988: 939:arcuate fasciculus 896:expressive aphasia 760:Conduction aphasia 754:Fluent paraphasic 722:(Broca's aphasia) 720:Expressive aphasia 694: 504:cognitive deficits 498:Cognitive deficits 357:Signs and symptoms 347:Neurodevelopmental 310:expressive aphasia 260:(sometimes called 7671: 7670: 7592:Dyslexia research 7580: 7579: 7495:Tip of the tongue 7450:Language disorder 7369: 7368: 7344: 7343: 7320:Claude's syndrome 7297:Benedikt syndrome 7163:Cerebellar ataxia 7122:Thalamic syndrome 7079:Cortical deafness 7054:Bálint's syndrome 7029:Receptive aphasia 6931: 6930: 6754:Library resources 6554:978-0-444-52009-8 6500:(12): 2283–2289. 6019:(10): 1095–1131. 5602:978-0-444-51897-2 5466:978-0-8036-1247-1 5065:(11): 1006–1014. 4886:978-0-86377-166-8 4768:978-0-7167-5300-1 4674:(12): 1397–1401. 4473:978-0-08-045046-9 4355:(11): 6150–6154. 4329:978-0-323-07867-2 4148:"What is Aphasia" 4125:978-0-7167-5300-1 3584:10.1111/epi.12588 3182:Drugs & Aging 2332:(10): 1226–1245. 1925:978-1-4496-5244-9 1782:(10): 1206–1248. 1603:(Pt 3): 918–930. 1514:Apraxia of speech 1126:Semantic Dementia 1022:Receptive aphasia 910:Individuals with 894:Individuals with 877:receptive aphasia 875:Individuals with 872: 871: 740:Receptive aphasia 704:Speech repetition 559:external capsules 465:Related behaviors 254: 253: 94:Medical condition 92: 91: 84: 7711: 7440:Infantile speech 7422:Speech, language 7418: 7417: 7396: 7389: 7382: 7373: 7372: 7284:Weber's syndrome 7180: 7179: 7153:Intention tremor 6958: 6951: 6944: 6935: 6934: 6789: 6788: 6741: 6740: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6667: 6661: 6651: 6645: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6456:. Archived from 6450: 6444: 6443: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6340: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6273: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6169: 6160: 6159: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6036: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5936: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5886: 5877: 5876: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5831: 5821: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5745: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5696: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5588: 5582: 5569: 5563: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5543: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5452: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5409: 5398: 5397: 5379: 5369: 5367:10.3310/RTLH7522 5344: 5333: 5332: 5322: 5312: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5249: 5232:(8): 1244–1251. 5217: 5211: 5210: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5185: 5176: 5175: 5147: 5126: 5125: 5109: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5082: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5033: 5001: 4992: 4991: 4981: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4906: 4900: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4811: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4730: 4721: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4700: 4699: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4594: 4584: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4451: 4442: 4441: 4423: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4382: 4372: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4313: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4230: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4155: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4048: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3991: 3982:(4): 1252–1264. 3967: 3961: 3960: 3921:Neuropsychologia 3912: 3906: 3905: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3768: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3727: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3670: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3595: 3578:(8): 1145–1150. 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3553: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3421:(5): 1117–1123. 3410: 3404: 3403: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3343: 3332: 3331: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3286: 3276: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3173: 3164: 3163: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3118: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3054:(8): 2785–2811. 3042: 3036: 3035: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2930: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2904: 2887:(5): 1111–1122. 2872: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2767:(4–6): 549–557. 2756: 2750: 2749: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2646:(6–7): 800–812. 2635: 2629: 2628: 2618: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2534: 2524: 2500: 2491: 2490: 2472: 2463:(9): 1773–1776. 2457:Neuropsychologia 2448: 2442: 2441: 2431: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2321: 2312: 2311: 2293: 2283: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2125: 2116: 2103: 2102: 2092: 2069:Neuropsychologia 2060: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2014: 2008: 2007: 1997: 1974:Neuropsychologia 1965: 1959: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1909: 1894: 1893: 1883: 1873: 1849: 1840: 1839: 1828: 1815: 1814: 1803: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1750: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1693: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1634: 1623: 1622: 1612: 1588: 1568: 1565: 1548:Origin of speech 1478:Further research 959:language centers 862:Moderate–severe 824:Moderate–severe 770:Relatively good 731:Mild difficulty 728:Moderate–severe 725:Moderate–severe 700:Type of aphasia 697: 693: 571:right hemisphere 290:written language 216: 215: 212: 211: 208: 205: 202: 199: 196: 193: 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 170: 167: 164: 161: 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 141: 138: 135: 132: 109: 97: 96: 87: 80: 76: 73: 67: 49: 41: 7719: 7718: 7714: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7674: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7646: 7622:Neuropsychology 7576: 7555: 7534: 7499: 7475:Speech disorder 7425: 7409: 7400: 7370: 7365: 7340: 7324: 7272: 7213: 7169: 7126: 7090: 7050:Occipital lobe 6984:Cerebral cortex 6979: 6962: 6932: 6927: 6926: 6892: 6891: 6800: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6750: 6745: 6744: 6693: 6689: 6680: 6678: 6669: 6668: 6664: 6652: 6648: 6636: 6632: 6609: 6605: 6574: 6570: 6555: 6533: 6529: 6490: 6486: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6463: 6461: 6452: 6451: 6447: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6425: 6423: 6409:"Broca Aphasia" 6405: 6401: 6391: 6389: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6317: 6313: 6274: 6265: 6255: 6253: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6217: 6213: 6170: 6163: 6124: 6120: 6089: 6085: 6054: 6050: 6005: 6001: 5972:(10): 941–949. 5962: 5958: 5913: 5909: 5899: 5897: 5888: 5887: 5880: 5849: 5845: 5798: 5794: 5763: 5759: 5714: 5710: 5673: 5669: 5646: 5642: 5633: 5631: 5629:psycnet.apa.org 5623: 5622: 5618: 5603: 5589: 5585: 5580:Wayback Machine 5570: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5518:(5): CD009760. 5504: 5500: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5467: 5453: 5446: 5437: 5435: 5411: 5410: 5401: 5345: 5336: 5295:(6): CD000425. 5281: 5277: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5218: 5214: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5187: 5186: 5179: 5148: 5129: 5122: 5100: 5096: 5051: 5047: 5002: 4995: 4950: 4946: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4873: 4869: 4860: 4858: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4829: 4825: 4788: 4784: 4769: 4755: 4751: 4742: 4740: 4732: 4731: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4703: 4663: 4659: 4612: 4608: 4561: 4557: 4534: 4530: 4507: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4452: 4445: 4402:Code C (1982). 4400: 4396: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4314: 4293: 4284: 4282: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4260: 4258: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4166: 4162: 4153: 4151: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4126: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4066: 4062: 4009: 4005: 3968: 3964: 3913: 3909: 3858: 3854: 3802: 3798: 3745: 3741: 3688: 3684: 3631: 3627: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3564: 3560: 3551: 3549: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3497: 3493: 3454: 3450: 3411: 3407: 3368: 3364: 3355: 3353: 3351:MedicineNet.com 3345: 3344: 3335: 3304: 3300: 3253: 3249: 3240: 3238: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3174: 3167: 3136: 3132: 3087: 3083: 3043: 3039: 3008: 3004: 2964: 2960: 2928: 2922: 2918: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2835: 2831: 2800: 2796: 2757: 2753: 2714: 2710: 2671: 2667: 2636: 2632: 2601:(1S): 379–391. 2587: 2583: 2552: 2548: 2501: 2494: 2449: 2445: 2400: 2396: 2357: 2353: 2322: 2315: 2260: 2256: 2217: 2213: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2123: 2117: 2106: 2061: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2015: 2011: 1966: 1962: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1910: 1897: 1850: 1843: 1830: 1829: 1818: 1805: 1804: 1797: 1768: 1764: 1727: 1723: 1670: 1666: 1635: 1626: 1589: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1497: 1480: 1421: 1389: 1380: 1360: 1351: 1231: 1183: 1174: 1165: 1096: 1074: 980: 955:auditory cortex 943:Wernicke's area 889:Wernicke's area 692: 675: 605: 600: 563:caudate nucleus 529: 500: 486: 467: 462: 449:Speech disorder 359: 329:abnormal speech 298:visual language 220: 190: 186: 158: 154: 129: 125: 95: 88: 77: 71: 68: 65: 50: 39: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7717: 7707: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7654: 7652: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7644: 7642:Writing system 7639: 7634: 7629: 7627:Neurodiversity 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7588: 7586: 7585:Related topics 7582: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7574: 7569: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7553: 7548: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7530: 7520: 7515: 7509: 7507: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7431: 7429: 7415: 7411: 7410: 7399: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7376: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7352: 7350: 7346: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7322: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7280: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7237: 7227: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7186: 7184: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7157: 7156: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7136: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7101:Basal ganglia 7098: 7096: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7075:Temporal lobe 7073: 7072: 7071: 7066: 7064:Anton syndrome 7061: 7056: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7025:Parietal lobe 7023: 7022: 7021: 7016: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6980: 6961: 6960: 6953: 6946: 6938: 6929: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6913: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6878: 6867: 6840: 6825: 6801: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6792:Classification 6786: 6785: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748:External links 6746: 6743: 6742: 6707:(3): 302–317. 6687: 6677:. 6 March 2017 6662: 6646: 6630: 6619:(3): 322–334. 6603: 6584:(5): 306–307. 6568: 6553: 6527: 6484: 6470: 6445: 6431: 6399: 6374: 6360: 6331:(5): 413–422. 6311: 6284:(1–2): 12–18. 6263: 6247:"Aphasia FAQs" 6238: 6211: 6161: 6134:(6): 560–569. 6118: 6083: 6064:(8): 723–750. 6048: 5999: 5956: 5907: 5878: 5843: 5812:(1033): 1033. 5792: 5757: 5708: 5687:(4): 254–267. 5667: 5640: 5616: 5601: 5583: 5564: 5555: 5498: 5480: 5465: 5444: 5399: 5334: 5275: 5261: 5212: 5198: 5177: 5158:(1): 172–187. 5127: 5120: 5094: 5045: 5016:(3): 271–287. 4993: 4944: 4923:10.1002/ana.91 4917:(4): 425–432. 4901: 4892: 4885: 4867: 4857:. 6 March 2017 4842: 4823: 4802:(3): 702–705. 4782: 4767: 4749: 4722: 4713: 4701: 4657: 4622:(4): 479–491. 4606: 4575:(4): 317–325. 4555: 4544:(4): 301–315. 4528: 4505: 4479: 4472: 4443: 4414:(1): 141–152. 4394: 4335: 4328: 4291: 4267: 4242: 4213:(2): 181–191. 4193: 4186: 4160: 4139: 4124: 4106: 4080:(8): 531–539. 4060: 4023:(1): 385–394. 4003: 3962: 3907: 3872:(6): 427–432. 3852: 3796: 3759:(3): 475–483. 3739: 3702:(5): 954–960. 3682: 3625: 3607: 3558: 3534: 3491: 3464:(3): 425–463. 3448: 3405: 3378:(4): 445–448. 3362: 3333: 3314:(6): 669–679. 3298: 3267:(5): 336–341. 3247: 3223: 3188:(2): 163–182. 3165: 3146:(5): 325–339. 3130: 3101:(2): 126–136. 3081: 3037: 3002: 2975:(2): 289–305. 2958: 2939:(2): 406–421. 2916: 2867: 2829: 2810:(6): 688–702. 2794: 2751: 2724:(7): 793–818. 2708: 2665: 2630: 2581: 2546: 2492: 2443: 2394: 2367:(3): 464–483. 2351: 2313: 2254: 2227:(2): 131–136. 2211: 2168: 2104: 2055: 2029:(2): 171–186. 2009: 1960: 1940: 1931: 1924: 1895: 1864:(1526): 1526. 1841: 1816: 1795: 1762: 1721: 1664: 1645:(8): 531–539. 1624: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1479: 1476: 1420: 1417: 1388: 1385: 1379: 1376: 1359: 1356: 1350: 1347: 1300: 1299: 1292: 1291:communication. 1288: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1230: 1227: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1182: 1179: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1161: 1095: 1092: 1073: 1070: 1055:global aphasia 1051:anomic aphasia 1046: 1045: 1035: 1025: 1019: 979: 976: 975: 974: 970: 935: 931: 927: 912:anomic aphasia 908: 892: 870: 869: 866: 863: 860: 857: 855:Anomic aphasia 851: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 836:Global aphasia 832: 831: 828: 825: 822: 819: 813: 812: 809: 806: 803: 800: 794: 793: 790: 787: 784: 781: 775: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 756: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 736: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 716: 715: 712: 709: 706: 701: 691: 688: 674: 673:Classification 671: 662: 661: 645: 644: 632: 631: 604: 601: 599: 596: 528: 525: 499: 496: 495: 494: 485: 482: 481: 480: 477: 474: 466: 463: 461: 460: 457: 451: 446: 443: 440: 434: 428: 425: 419: 413: 410: 407: 401: 395: 392: 389: 382: 375: 358: 355: 252: 251: 249:Speech therapy 242: 238: 237: 228: 222: 221: 219: 218: 122: 120: 116: 115: 111: 110: 102: 101: 93: 90: 89: 56:listed sources 53: 51: 44: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7716: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7649: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7597:Learning Ally 7595: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7583: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7558: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7537: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7427:communication 7423: 7419: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7397: 7392: 7390: 7385: 7383: 7378: 7377: 7374: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7321: 7318: 7314:dorsal, tumor 7313: 7312: 7311: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7216: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7200: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7172: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7123: 7120: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7085: 7084:Prosopagnosia 7082: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7044:Astereognosis 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7010:Frontal lobe 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6954: 6952: 6947: 6945: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6903: 6902: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6872: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6691: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6660:, on Perseus. 6659: 6655: 6650: 6644:, on Perseus. 6643: 6639: 6634: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6607: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6572: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6488: 6480: 6479:"Aphasia FAQ" 6474: 6460:on 2021-02-25 6459: 6455: 6449: 6441: 6435: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6388: 6384: 6378: 6370: 6364: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6215: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6166: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6044: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6003: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5911: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5883: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5630: 5626: 5625:"APA PsycNet" 5620: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5594: 5587: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5568: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5458: 5451: 5449: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5417:NIHR Evidence 5414: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5360:(28): 1–272. 5359: 5355: 5351: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5279: 5271: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5208: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5182: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5123: 5121:9780205239399 5117: 5113: 5108: 5107: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4998: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4896: 4888: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4717: 4708: 4706: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4506:9780444518972 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4475: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4448: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4331: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4189: 4187:9780412334405 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4149: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3589: 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2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2499: 2497: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2320: 2318: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2274:(1): 242–54. 2273: 2269: 2265: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2172: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2134:(2): S51–64. 2133: 2129: 2122: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2059: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1958: 1957:9780078035388 1954: 1950: 1944: 1935: 1927: 1921: 1917: 1916: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1848: 1846: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1812: 1808: 1802: 1800: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1766: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1725: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1668: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1587: 1585: 1580: 1564: 1560: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1475: 1474:, "I speak". 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1460:Ancient Greek 1457: 1453: 1448: 1447:, "speech"). 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1416: 1414: 1408: 1406: 1405:temporal lobe 1402: 1398: 1394: 1384: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1355: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1226: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1178: 1169: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1083:Max Coltheart 1078: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000: 998: 997:Carl Wernicke 994: 984: 971: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 906: 901: 897: 893: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 873: 867: 864: 861: 858: 856: 853: 852: 848: 845: 842: 839: 837: 834: 833: 829: 826: 823: 820: 818: 815: 814: 810: 807: 804: 801: 799: 796: 795: 791: 788: 785: 782: 780: 777: 776: 772: 769: 766: 763: 761: 758: 757: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 737: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 717: 713: 710: 707: 705: 702: 699: 698: 687: 683: 679: 670: 668: 659: 658: 657: 654: 650: 642: 641: 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Retrieved 6674: 6665: 6657: 6649: 6641: 6633: 6616: 6612: 6606: 6581: 6577: 6571: 6536: 6530: 6497: 6493: 6487: 6473: 6462:. Retrieved 6458:the original 6448: 6434: 6424:, retrieved 6412: 6402: 6390:. Retrieved 6386: 6377: 6363: 6328: 6324: 6314: 6281: 6277: 6256:December 16, 6254:. Retrieved 6250: 6241: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6184:(1): 26–41. 6181: 6177: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6099:(1): 45–60. 6096: 6092: 6086: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6016: 6012: 6002: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5916: 5910: 5900:December 16, 5898:. Retrieved 5896:. 2015-08-18 5893: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5809: 5805: 5795: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5725: 5721: 5711: 5684: 5680: 5670: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5632:. Retrieved 5628: 5619: 5592: 5586: 5567: 5558: 5515: 5511: 5501: 5492: 5483: 5456: 5436:. Retrieved 5416: 5377:10072/419101 5357: 5353: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5264: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5201: 5192: 5155: 5151: 5105: 5097: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5013: 5009: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4895: 4876: 4870: 4859:. Retrieved 4854: 4845: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4758: 4752: 4741:. Retrieved 4738:www.asha.org 4737: 4716: 4671: 4667: 4660: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4488: 4482: 4455: 4411: 4407: 4397: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4318: 4283:. Retrieved 4280:www.asha.org 4279: 4270: 4259:. Retrieved 4257:. 2015-08-18 4254: 4245: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4169: 4163: 4152:. Retrieved 4142: 4115: 4109: 4097:. Retrieved 4077: 4073: 4063: 4020: 4016: 4006: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3814: 3810: 3799: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3619: 3610: 3575: 3571: 3561: 3550:. Retrieved 3547:www.asha.org 3546: 3537: 3507:(1): 41–74. 3504: 3500: 3494: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3354:. Retrieved 3350: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3239:. Retrieved 3236:www.asha.org 3235: 3226: 3185: 3181: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3018:(1): 37–61. 3015: 3011: 3005: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2936: 2932: 2919: 2884: 2880: 2870: 2858:. Retrieved 2849:(2): 23–30. 2846: 2842: 2832: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2512: 2508: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2414:(1): 43–56. 2411: 2407: 2397: 2364: 2360: 2354: 2329: 2325: 2271: 2267: 2257: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2181: 2177: 2171: 2131: 2127: 2075:(1): 79–90. 2072: 2068: 2058: 2046:. Retrieved 2026: 2022: 2012: 1977: 1973: 1963: 1948: 1943: 1934: 1914: 1861: 1857: 1835: 1810: 1779: 1775: 1765: 1738: 1734: 1724: 1681: 1677: 1667: 1642: 1638: 1600: 1596: 1563: 1539: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1431: 1423: 1422: 1412: 1409: 1390: 1381: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1352: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1324: 1320: 1305: 1301: 1295: 1266: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1243: 1232: 1223: 1206: 1184: 1175: 1166: 1163:Deaf aphasia 1134: 1107:Pick Complex 1097: 1079: 1075: 1059: 1047: 1012:Broca's area 1007: 989: 966: 962: 947:Broca's area 923: 915: 904: 805:Mild–severe 748:Mild–severe 745:Mild–severe 684: 680: 676: 663: 646: 633: 616: 606: 582: 576: 551: 530: 521: 517: 513: 509: 501: 468: 405:protologisms 370: 360: 345: 332: 324: 322: 294: 286: 274:Global North 261: 257: 255: 78: 69: 58: 7518:Dyscalculia 7236:) (lateral) 7069:Pure alexia 6906:MedlinePlus 6392:18 December 6058:Aphasiology 6013:Aphasiology 5934:11336/40999 5728:: 431–436. 4538:Aphasiology 4099:21 February 3645:: 208–214. 2804:Aphasiology 2761:Aphasiology 2718:Aphasiology 2640:Aphasiology 2408:Aphasiology 2326:Aphasiology 1980:: 272–281. 1776:Aphasiology 1684:(1): 3–10. 1530:Lethologica 1508:Aphasiology 1156:perseverate 1062:pure alexia 849:Non-fluent 811:Non-fluent 792:Non-fluent 484:Subcortical 422:Agrammatism 399:enunciation 59:may not be 7678:Categories 7523:Dysgraphia 7490:Stuttering 7414:Conditions 7132:Cerebellum 6882:DiseasesDB 6681:2021-10-18 6464:2019-12-10 6426:2022-04-18 6413:StatPearls 5634:2023-03-21 5438:2023-09-08 5310:1893/26112 4861:2022-06-17 4743:2015-11-19 4285:2017-05-02 4261:2017-05-02 4154:2008-12-01 3639:NeuroImage 3552:2015-11-15 3356:2011-05-23 3241:2015-11-18 2860:15 October 2562:: 90–103. 2048:15 October 1741:: 106368. 1575:References 1378:Prevalence 1239:handedness 1229:Management 1181:Prevention 1154:, and may 1152:neologisms 1128:(SD), and 993:Paul Broca 953:or to the 922:category ( 885:neologisms 881:Wernicke's 751:Defective 610:(MRI) and 561:, and the 416:Paraphasia 363:dysarthria 235:Psychiatry 72:April 2022 29:aphantasia 7175:Brainstem 7143:Dysmetria 7095:Subcortex 6977:brainstem 6969:syndromes 6922:neuro/437 6917:eMedicine 6721:1040-7308 6522:219209099 6494:Neurology 6306:136750791 6227:: 38–42. 6078:145088109 5890:"Aphasia" 5656:: 85–92. 5611:733092630 5532:1469-493X 5489:"Aphasia" 5433:261470072 5386:2755-0060 5059:Neurology 4777:464808209 4636:0093-934X 4515:733092630 4251:"Aphasia" 4134:464808209 4070:"Aphasia" 3941:0028-3932 3927:: 40–49. 3886:1355-4794 3866:Neurocase 3847:248726399 3831:0197-4580 3817:: 59–70. 3775:0010-9452 3716:0195-6108 3659:1053-8119 3572:Epilepsia 3415:Neurology 3347:"Aphasia" 3328:143811627 3232:"Aphasia" 3202:1179-1969 3076:198934220 2824:146960778 2789:144618814 2781:0268-7038 2746:151808957 2738:0268-7038 2703:260320569 2660:145763896 2346:151445078 2308:151445078 2206:260319083 2148:1058-0360 1700:1754-9507 1520:Aprosodia 1450:The word 1419:Etymology 783:Moderate 598:Diagnosis 588:prodromal 543:infection 455:gibberish 453:Speaking 386:pronounce 349:forms of 341:paralysis 333:mechanics 282:dementias 280:(such as 262:dysphasia 241:Treatment 231:Neurology 226:Specialty 7684:Aphasias 7637:Spelling 7607:Literacy 7513:Dyslexia 7403:Dyslexia 7277:Midbrain 7139:Lateral 7110:Dystonia 6737:39980301 6729:21845354 6625:20257374 6563:19892139 6514:11756611 6421:28613781 6355:32102500 6347:11350565 6298:25888529 6206:27001159 6198:21181603 6156:10559070 6148:21960063 6043:22791930 5994:25995618 5986:17981853 5951:10452302 5943:28446056 5873:27117383 5838:25295017 5787:22202191 5752:19673819 5703:24797214 5576:Archived 5550:31111960 5493:asha.org 5475:70119705 5394:36223438 5329:27245310 5256:24915005 5089:21325651 5040:21809067 4988:20542982 4939:35528862 4931:11310619 4839:: 31–53. 4818:11872891 4696:26120952 4688:21554494 4652:40665691 4601:22063820 4523:18631697 4389:10811887 4237:24404576 4055:19673813 3998:20299389 3957:46093007 3949:26004063 3894:16393756 3839:35665686 3734:28341715 3677:22846659 3602:24981294 3521:15070002 3486:46650843 3478:12468397 3443:21847976 3435:10720284 3400:19945519 3392:12823499 3293:23174874 3284:10836473 3218:22725166 3210:15733022 3160:22771135 3125:29900407 3068:31348732 3032:16039661 2997:23062509 2989:20077315 2953:28199471 2911:27716858 2695:10879547 2625:29497750 2576:53183275 2541:28529495 2487:14620782 2479:23770384 2438:21572584 2389:11497057 2381:15120538 2300:24163248 2241:29072540 2198:18720315 2160:Archived 2156:22230179 2099:23127795 2043:12036150 2004:26863091 1890:26539131 1836:asha.org 1757:37717472 1716:44461150 1708:21329405 1619:24525451 1495:See also 1426:is from 1358:Outcomes 1294:Other – 1172:Severity 1124:(PNFA), 1087:phonemes 920:semantic 714:Fluency 592:fentanyl 584:Epilepsy 555:internal 547:dementia 491:thalamus 300:such as 61:reliable 7560:Sensory 7252:basilar 7183:Medulla 7159:Medial 7006:Aphasia 6876:D001037 6759:Aphasia 6113:1695853 6034:3393127 5829:4172097 5743:2780359 5541:6528187 5320:8078645 5247:4527047 5172:9493743 5080:3059138 5031:3158975 4979:2892940 4592:5377972 4489:Aphasia 4438:4487128 4430:6197231 4357:Bibcode 4228:4098851 4094:1732792 4046:2777670 4025:Bibcode 3902:8650885 3791:4478097 3783:3677734 3725:7960364 3668:3534842 3593:4149314 3529:4481435 3116:5992741 2902:5345556 2616:6111490 2532:5418218 2515:: 149. 2429:3090622 2291:3891442 2249:3884877 2090:3626426 1995:4826482 1881:4611089 1659:1732792 1502:Agnosia 1464:aphatos 1456:aphasia 1452:aphasia 1424:Aphasia 1403:to the 1393:papyrus 1387:History 1144:grammar 1132:(LPA). 930:intact. 900:Broca's 868:Fluent 830:Fluent 773:Fluent 708:Naming 653:apraxia 619:infarct 567:atrophy 367:apraxia 314:Broca's 258:aphasia 100:Aphasia 25:aphagia 21:aphakia 7424:, and 7105:Chorea 7019:Abulia 6967:, and 6911:003204 6865:438.11 6857:315.32 6853:315.31 6838:R47.01 6756:about 6735: 6727: 6719: 6654:ἄφατος 6638:ἀφασία 6623: 6598:324450 6596: 6561: 6551: 6520: 6512: 6419: 6353: 6345: 6304: 6296: 6204: 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