691:
or voice. For example, someone who is feeling happy would not smile, and the voice would be devoid of emotion. Along the same lines, though, the person may also exhibit excessive, unwarranted displays of emotion. Depression is common in stroke patients. Also common is a loss of or decrease in motivation. Someone might not want to carry out normal daily activities and would not feel "up to it". Those who are close to the person who has experienced the damage may notice changes in behavior. This personality change is characteristic of damage to the frontal lobe, and was exemplified in the case of
48:
418:
917:
Many scientists had thought that the frontal lobe was disproportionately enlarged in humans compared to other primates. This was thought to be an important feature of human evolution and seen as the primary reason why human cognition differs from that of other primates. However, this view in relation
908:
It may be highlighted that the theories described above differ in their focus on certain processes/systems or construct-lets. Stuss (1999) remarks that the question of homogeneity (single construct) or heterogeneity (multiple processes/systems) of function "may represent a problem of semantics and/or
710:
may be the most frequently indicated "less common" effect. In the case of confabulation, someone gives false information while maintaining the belief that it is the truth. In a small number of patients, uncharacteristic cheerfulness can be noted. This effect is seen mostly in patients with lesions to
558:
one year later showed there to have been a marked volumetric decline in those with
Alzheimer's and a much smaller decline (averaging 0.5%) in the healthy group. These findings corroborate those of Coffey, who in 1992 indicated that the frontal lobe decreases in volume approximately 0.5–1% per year.
690:
Common effects of damage to the frontal lobe are varied. Patients who have experienced frontal lobe trauma may know the appropriate response to a situation but display inappropriate responses to those same situations in "real life". Similarly, emotions that are felt may not be expressed in the face
841:
of 7.4 to 17 per cent, earned it a bad reputation. The frontal lobotomy has largely died out as a psychiatric treatment. More precise psychosurgical procedures are still used, although rarely. They may include anterior capsulotomy (bilateral thermal lesions of the anterior limbs of the
722:
after frontal lobe damage believe that an identical "replacement" has taken the identity of a close friend, relative, or other person and is posing as that person. This last effect is seen mostly in schizophrenic patients who also have a neurological disorder in the frontal lobe.
95:
541:
In humans the frontal lobe reaches full maturity only after the 20s—the prefrontal cortex, in particular, continues in maturing till the second and third decades of life—which, thereafter, marks the cognitive maturity associated with adulthood. A small amount of
1225:
Coffey CE, Wilkinson WE, Parashos IA, Soady SA, Sullivan RJ, Patterson LJ, Figiel GS, Webb MC, Spritzer CE, Djang WT (March 1992). "Quantitative cerebral anatomy of the aging human brain: a cross-sectional study using magnetic resonance imaging".
909:
incomplete functional analysis rather than an unresolvable dichotomy" (p. 348). However, further research will show if a unified theory of frontal lobe function that fully accounts for the diversity of functions will be available.
583:
The function of the PFC involves the ability to project future consequences that result from current actions. PFC functions also include override and suppression of socially unacceptable responses as well as differentiation of tasks.
571:
is considered the "sensory cortex". It is devoted to action of one kind or another: skeletal movement, ocular movement, speech control, and the expression of emotions. In humans, the largest part of the frontal cortex, the
1564:
Zhang Y, Wang M, Li H, Zhang H, Shi Y, Wei F, Liu D, Liu K, Chen D (June 2012). "Accumulation of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage in the frontal cortex cells of patients with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders".
587:
The PFC also plays an important part in integrating longer non-task based memories stored across the brain. These are often memories associated with emotions derived from input from the brain's
881:
Multi-process theories, which propose "that the frontal lobe executive system consists of a number of components that typically work together in everyday actions (heterogeneity of function)"
546:, however, is normal in the aging person's frontal lobe. Fjell, in 2009, studied atrophy of the brain in people aged 60–91 years. The 142 healthy participants were scanned using
1821:
884:
Construct-led theories, which propose that "most if not all frontal functions can be explained by one construct (homogeneity of function) such as working memory or inhibition"
1016:
330:, running parallel to it and contains the primary motor cortex, which controls voluntary movements of specific body parts. Three horizontally arranged subsections of the
887:
Single-symptom theories, which propose that a specific dysexecutive symptom (e.g., confabulation) is related to the processes and construct of the underlying structures.
2667:
731:
In the human frontal cortex, a set of genes undergo reduced expression after age 40 and especially after age 70. This set includes genes that have key functions in
224:
755:
of the genes displaying reduced expression in the frontal cortex. In cultured human neurons, these promoters are selectively damaged by oxidative stress.
718:, in which patients believe that the location in which they currently reside is a replica of one located somewhere else. Similarly, those who experience
790:
is related to poorer performance and inefficient functioning of that brain region during working memory, tasks, and to a slightly increased risk for
284:(Sylvian fissure). The most anterior rounded part of the frontal lobe (though not well-defined) is known as the frontal pole, one of the three
200:
1633:
Ogren K, Sandlund M (2007). "Lobotomy at a state mental hospital in Sweden. A survey of patients operated on during the period 1947–1958".
829:(sometimes called frontal leucotomy) successfully reduced distress but at the cost of often blunting the subject's emotions, volition and
646:
are common causes of frontal lobe damage in older adults (65 and over). These strokes and mini-strokes can occur due to the blockage of
1444:
Robinson RG, Kubos KL, Starr LB, Rao K, Price TR (March 1984). "Mood disorders in stroke patients. Importance of location of lesion".
1984:
1856:
1271:"A unified account of cognitive impairments following frontal lobe damage: the role of working memory in complex, organized behavior"
904:
Rolls's stimulus-reward approach and Stuss's anterior attentional functions (Burgess & Simons, 2005; Burgess, 2003; Burke, 2007).
1818:
1975:
355:
1513:
Lu T, Pan Y, Kao SY, Li C, Kohane I, Chan J, Yankner BA (June 2004). "Gene regulation and DNA damage in the ageing human brain".
1961:
347:
1038:
1608:
425:
The frontal lobe is the largest lobe of the brain and makes up about a third of the surface area of each hemisphere. On the
874:
Single-process theories, which propose that "damage to a single process or system is responsible for a number of different
775:
1829:
1310:"Modulating the Activity of the DLPFC and OFC Has Distinct Effects on Risk and Ambiguity Decision-Making: A tDCS Study"
1079:
976:
1368:
Stuss DT, Gow CA, Hetherington CR (June 1992). ""No longer Gage": frontal lobe dysfunction and emotional changes".
898:
Grafman's managerial knowledge units (MKU) / structured event complex (SEC) approach (cf. Wood & Grafman, 2003)
895:
Stuss (1999) suggests a differentiation into two categories according to homogeneity and heterogeneity of function.
748:
231:
938:
and the monkeys. The higher cognition of the humans is instead seen to relate to a greater connectedness given by
2860:
679:
1176:
Fjell AM, Walhovd KB, Fennema-Notestine C, McEvoy LK, Hagler DJ, Holland D, Brewer JB, Dale AM (December 2009).
2448:
2140:
1715:
Semendeferi K, Lu A, Schenker N, Damasio H (March 2002). "Humans and great apes share a large frontal cortex".
1405:""Theory of mind" impairments and their relationship to executive functioning following frontal lobe excisions"
1095:
17:
3063:
1849:
855:
219:
2436:
1015:
João, Rafael
Batista; Filgueiras, Raquel Mattos (2018-10-03), Starcevic, Ana; Filipovic, Branislav (eds.),
783:
453:
449:
426:
2528:
1475:
Durani SK, Ford R, Sajjad SH (September 1991). "Capgras syndrome associated with a frontal lobe tumour".
602:
568:
2940:
2496:
947:
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species, it was found that the human frontal cortex was not relatively larger than the cortex of other
923:
639:
547:
2899:
2597:
2460:
2441:
703:, and inhibition. These functions can decrease drastically in someone whose frontal lobe is damaged.
1834:
638:
Damage to the frontal lobe can occur in a number of ways and result in many different consequences.
2771:
2718:
2639:
2606:
2506:
2322:
2305:
2245:
1842:
715:
175:
158:
122:
2723:
2613:
2257:
1998:
1993:
901:
Miller & Cohen's integrative theory of prefrontal functioning (e.g. Miller & Cohen, 2001)
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531:
497:
312:
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2050:
1948:
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126:
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to determine the volume of the frontal cortex in humans, all extant ape species, and several
875:
847:
675:
651:
622:
594:
523:
370:
362:
273:
1017:"Frontal Lobe: Functional Neuroanatomy of Its Circuitry and Related Disconnection Syndromes"
2944:
2792:
2684:
2361:
2221:
2118:
2067:
1924:
1522:
577:
576:(PFC), is responsible for internal, purposeful mental action, commonly called reasoning or
501:
485:
469:
339:
300:
678:(which can occur at any age). Very often, frontal lobe damage is recognized in those with
8:
2921:
2331:
859:
752:
736:
732:
696:
628:
261:
1526:
591:. The frontal lobe modifies those emotions, generally to fit socially acceptable norms.
3112:
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2802:
2776:
2627:
2377:
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2201:
2189:
2090:
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1309:
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1177:
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1120:
1044:
479:
253:
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The entirety of the frontal cortex can be considered the "action cortex", much as the
3102:
3058:
2887:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2432:
2042:
2021:
1894:
1775:
1758:
Friederici AD (April 2009). "Pathways to language: fiber tracts in the human brain".
1732:
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1207:
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787:
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527:
382:
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31:
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2157:
2152:
2145:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2107:
2095:
2016:
2008:
1980:
1971:
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1934:
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1744:
1724:
1642:
1578:
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1484:
1449:
1416:
1377:
1331:
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1024:
843:
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351:
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163:
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997:
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3107:
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2501:
2481:
2171:
2102:
1771:
1381:
1136:
943:
838:
808:
700:
555:
526:. E.g., the precentral gyrus is in front of the central sulcus, and behind the
434:
430:
327:
281:
277:
74:
1646:
1488:
1421:
1404:
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3076:
2994:
2989:
2582:
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2544:
2523:
2340:
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1453:
1326:
1144:
1029:
971:
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331:
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919:
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493:
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304:
1461:
1389:
1294:
1247:
444:
The frontal lobe can be divided into a lateral, polar, orbital (above the
2821:
1870:
1239:
939:
870:
Theories of frontal lobe function can be separated into four categories:
815:
695:. The frontal lobe is the same part of the brain that is responsible for
417:
1534:
613:, and decision making, all of which are controlled by the frontal lobe.
47:
818:
390:
170:
237:
2404:
1864:
931:
406:
378:
942:
that do not affect the cortical volume. This is also evident in the
821:, involved damaging the pathways connecting the frontal lobe to the
3020:
1611:. National Institute of Mental Health. May 29, 2001. Archived from
1175:
1096:"Incoming Sensory Information - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
826:
812:
699:
such as planning for the future, judgment, decision-making skills,
671:
610:
606:
402:
394:
386:
182:
110:
84:
1728:
543:
550:. Their results were compared to those of 122 participants with
2556:
935:
927:
744:
643:
346:. The inferior frontal gyrus is divided into three parts – the
257:
117:
998:"Frontal pole | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org"
3015:
457:
398:
319:
138:
1714:
1224:
706:
Consequences that are seen less frequently are also varied.
1693:(Stuss, 1999, p. 348; cf. Burgess & Simons, 2005).
779:
762:
associated neurocognitive disorders accumulate nuclear and
1808:, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, 2013.
534:. The middle and inferior frontal gyri are divided by the
530:. The superior and middle frontal gyri are divided by the
94:
759:
307:. The front part of the frontal cortex is covered by the
280:
and from the temporal lobe by a deeper groove called the
1403:
Rowe AD, Bullock PR, Polkey CE, Morris RG (March 2001).
1074:(3rd ed.). Williams & Wilkins. pp. 22–23.
1402:
934:, but was relatively larger than the frontal cortex of
837:
procedure, combined with its severe side effects and a
601:(as the frontal lobe controls voluntary movement), the
433:
separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. The
315:
is a functionally defined portion of the frontal lobe.
1609:"Gene Slows Frontal Lobes, Boosts Schizophrenia Risk"
1443:
1367:
482:, transverse frontopolar gyri, frontomarginal gyrus.
854:) and might be used to treat otherwise untreatable
807:In the early 20th century, a medical treatment for
650:to the brain or as a result of the rupturing of an
456:part. Each of these parts consists of a particular
3075:Some categorizations are approximations, and some
87:viewed laterally (Frontal lobe is shown in blue.).
1178:"One-year brain atrophy evident in healthy aging"
3089:
1563:
1474:
662:incurred following accidents, diagnoses such as
1508:
1506:
658:. Other ways in which injury can occur include
1710:
1708:
1119:Kolk, Sharon M.; Rakic, Pasko (January 2022).
1014:
421:Frontal lobe (red) of left cerebral hemisphere
1850:
1804:Donald T. Stuss and Robert T. Knight (Eds.),
1632:
1370:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
1557:
1503:
1307:
1268:
272:). It is parted from the parietal lobe by a
1705:
1308:Yang X, Gao M, Shi J, Ye H, Chen S (2017).
1275:Journal of Experimental Psychology. General
1065:
1063:
950:connecting the frontal and temporal lobes.
918:to great apes has since been challenged by
597:that measure frontal lobe function include
1857:
1843:
1757:
1751:
1512:
989:
93:
1420:
1335:
1325:
1201:
1152:
1118:
1069:
1028:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1060:
711:the right frontal portion of the brain.
616:
416:
1477:Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine
865:
642:(TIAs) also known as mini-strokes, and
14:
3090:
1269:Kimberg DY, Farah MJ (December 1993).
786:that reduces dopamine activity in the
361:The frontal lobe contains most of the
260:, and is located at the front of each
1838:
1352:
714:Another infrequent effect is that of
437:separates the frontal lobe from the
83:Principal fissures and lobes of the
2767:Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)
1806:Principles of Frontal Lobe Function
850:(involving lesions of the anterior
776:National Institute of Mental Health
291:The frontal lobe is covered by the
24:
1830:Neuroscience Information Framework
1798:
1121:"Development of prefrontal cortex"
977:List of regions in the human brain
735:important in learning and memory,
464:Lateral part: lateral part of the
295:. The frontal cortex includes the
25:
3124:
1812:
1702:(cf. Burgess & Simons, 2005).
995:
912:
833:. The indiscriminate use of this
252:is the largest of the four major
802:
510:Medial part: Medial part of the
429:surface of each hemisphere, the
232:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
46:
2861:Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
2803:Collateral (temporal+occipital)
1696:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1626:
1601:
1468:
1437:
1396:
2449:Secondary somatosensory cortex
2141:Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
1579:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.04.001
1301:
1262:
1218:
1194:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3252-09.2009
1169:
1112:
1088:
1008:
766:damage in the frontal cortex.
13:
1:
3064:Poles of cerebral hemispheres
2798:Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)
1684:(Burgess, 2003, p. 310).
1675:(Burgess, 2003, p. 309).
982:
751:is markedly increased in the
726:
2437:Primary somatosensory cortex
1760:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
1635:Nordic Journal of Psychiatry
412:
326:is directly anterior to the
7:
2529:Transverse occipital sulcus
1287:10.1037/0096-3445.122.4.411
1182:The Journal of Neuroscience
1070:Carpenter, Malcolm (1985).
953:
685:
603:Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
562:
276:between tissues called the
10:
3129:
2941:Isthmus of cingulate gyrus
2762:Central (frontal+parietal)
2497:Occipital pole of cerebrum
1772:10.1016/j.tics.2009.01.001
1448:. 107 ( Pt 1) (1): 81–93.
1382:10.1037/0022-006X.60.3.349
1137:10.1038/s41386-021-01137-9
957:
924:magnetic resonance imaging
797:
769:
640:Transient ischemic attacks
626:
620:
522:The gyri are separated by
397:tends to limit and select
29:
3072:
3051:
3033:
3003:
2970:
2874:
2829:
2820:
2785:
2754:
2743:
2660:
2598:Transverse temporal gyrus
2590:
2581:
2537:
2489:
2480:
2461:Posterior parietal cortex
2425:
2370:
2298:
2289:
2214:
2180:
2041:
2034:
2007:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1819:NIF Search – Frontal Lobe
1647:10.1080/08039480701643498
1489:10.1017/S0790966700015093
1072:Core text of neuroanatomy
680:prenatal alcohol exposure
633:
322:in the frontal lobe. The
318:There are four principal
230:
218:
206:
194:
181:
169:
157:
149:
137:
132:
116:
106:
101:
92:
45:
44:
39:
2719:Inferior temporal sulcus
2640:Superior temporal sulcus
2323:Inferior parietal lobule
2306:Superior parietal lobule
2246:Supplementary motor area
1327:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01417
1030:10.5772/intechopen.79571
891:Other theories include:
716:reduplicative paramnesia
660:traumatic brain injuries
30:Not to be confused with
2724:Inferior temporal gyrus
2668:Occipitotemporal sulcus
2614:Superior temporal gyrus
2507:Lateral occipital gyrus
2258:Supplementary eye field
1999:Inferior frontal sulcus
1994:Superior frontal sulcus
1422:10.1093/brain/124.3.600
1314:Frontiers in Psychology
1125:Neuropsychopharmacology
536:inferior frontal sulcus
532:superior frontal sulcus
498:posterior orbital gyrus
448:; also called basal or
313:nonprimary motor cortex
2985:Fimbria of hippocampus
2051:Superior frontal gyrus
1949:Inferior frontal gyrus
1903:Superior frontal gyrus
1454:10.1093/brain/107.1.81
960:anatomical terminology
741:mitochondrial function
512:superior frontal gyrus
494:anterior orbital gyrus
474:inferior frontal gyrus
466:superior frontal gyrus
422:
344:inferior frontal gyrus
336:superior frontal gyrus
2972:Hippocampal formation
2831:Parahippocampal gyrus
2645:Middle temporal gyrus
1100:www.sciencedirect.com
876:dysexecutive symptoms
856:obsessional disorders
848:bilateral cingulotomy
811:, first developed by
676:frontal lobe epilepsy
623:Frontal lobe disorder
617:Clinical significance
490:Lateral orbital gyrus
420:
371:dopaminergic pathways
286:poles of the cerebrum
2945:Retrosplenial cortex
2793:Longitudinal fissure
2685:Medial temporal lobe
2362:Intraparietal sulcus
2222:Primary motor cortex
2119:Orbitofrontal cortex
2068:Medial frontal gyrus
1925:Middle frontal gyrus
1240:10.1212/wnl.42.3.527
866:Theories of function
578:prefrontal synthesis
502:medial orbital gyrus
470:middle frontal gyrus
373:are associated with
363:dopaminergic neurons
340:middle frontal gyrus
301:primary motor cortex
2922:Posterior cingulate
2332:Supramarginal gyrus
1717:Nature Neuroscience
1535:10.1038/nature02661
1527:2004Natur.429..883L
860:clinical depression
737:vesicular transport
733:synaptic plasticity
697:executive functions
668:Parkinson's disease
664:Alzheimer's disease
629:Frontal lobe injury
595:Psychological tests
552:Alzheimer's disease
399:sensory information
262:cerebral hemisphere
2980:Hippocampal sulcus
2900:Anterior cingulate
2777:Preoccipital notch
2378:Paracentral lobule
2348:Parietal operculum
2270:Frontal eye fields
2202:Paracentral sulcus
2190:Paracentral lobule
2091:Paraolfactory area
2087:Paraterminal gyrus
1824:2013-07-03 at the
1234:(3 Pt 1): 527–36.
958:This article uses
774:A report from the
605:, and measures of
480:frontopolar cortex
423:
254:lobes of the brain
3085:
3084:
3029:
3028:
2854:Postrhinal cortex
2849:Perirhinal cortex
2844:Entorhinal cortex
2816:
2815:
2772:Parieto-occipital
2739:
2738:
2577:
2576:
2476:
2475:
2433:Postcentral gyrus
2285:
2284:
2210:
2209:
2030:
2029:
2022:Precentral sulcus
1985:Pars triangularis
1040:978-1-78923-903-4
1021:Prefrontal Cortex
996:Muzio, Bruno Di.
788:prefrontal cortex
764:mitochondrial DNA
758:Individuals with
574:prefrontal cortex
528:precentral sulcus
383:short-term memory
309:prefrontal cortex
264:(in front of the
246:
245:
241:
123:Anterior cerebral
32:Prefrontal cortex
27:Part of the brain
16:(Redirected from
3120:
3011:Indusium griseum
2876:Cingulate cortex
2866:Prepyriform area
2827:
2826:
2752:
2751:
2632:Planum temporale
2588:
2587:
2569:Calcarine sulcus
2487:
2486:
2296:
2295:
2167:Olfactory sulcus
2153:Subcallosal area
2039:
2038:
2017:Precentral gyrus
1976:Pars opercularis
1891:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1792:
1791:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1712:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1521:(6994): 883–91.
1510:
1501:
1500:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1415:(Pt 3): 600–16.
1400:
1394:
1393:
1365:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1329:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1188:(48): 15223–31.
1173:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1032:
1012:
1006:
1005:
993:
948:language network
844:internal capsule
720:Capgras syndrome
569:posterior cortex
401:coming from the
324:precentral gyrus
238:edit on Wikidata
235:
97:
79:
70:
63:
56:
50:
37:
36:
21:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3068:
3047:
3025:
2999:
2966:
2870:
2812:
2808:Callosal sulcus
2786:Medial/inferior
2781:
2746:
2735:
2661:Medial/inferior
2656:
2628:Wernicke's area
2602:Auditory cortex
2573:
2538:Medial/inferior
2533:
2472:
2421:
2417:Marginal sulcus
2371:Medial/inferior
2366:
2281:
2234:Premotor cortex
2206:
2176:
2035:Medial/inferior
2026:
2003:
1873:
1867:cerebral cortex
1865:Anatomy of the
1863:
1826:Wayback Machine
1815:
1801:
1799:Further reading
1796:
1795:
1756:
1752:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1631:
1627:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1562:
1558:
1511:
1504:
1473:
1469:
1442:
1438:
1401:
1397:
1366:
1353:
1306:
1302:
1267:
1263:
1223:
1219:
1174:
1170:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1051:
1041:
1013:
1009:
1002:radiopaedia.org
994:
990:
985:
963:
956:
922:studies. Using
915:
868:
805:
800:
772:
729:
688:
674:symptoms), and
656:cerebral artery
636:
631:
625:
619:
611:numeracy skills
565:
516:cingulate gyrus
415:
367:cerebral cortex
352:triangular part
303:– parts of the
297:premotor cortex
242:
144:lobus frontalis
127:Middle cerebral
125:
88:
81:
80:
76:
73:
71:
66:
64:
59:
57:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3126:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3083:
3082:
3077:Brodmann areas
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3043:Insular cortex
3039:
3037:
3035:Insular cortex
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2888:Subgenual area
2884:
2882:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2835:
2833:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2749:
2747:sulci/fissures
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2673:Fusiform gyrus
2670:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2621:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2594:
2592:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2504:
2502:Occipital gyri
2499:
2493:
2491:
2484:
2482:Occipital lobe
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2334:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2302:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2172:Orbital sulcus
2169:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2103:Straight gyrus
2100:
2099:
2098:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2047:
2045:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1978:
1964:
1962:Pars orbitalis
1955:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1899:
1897:
1888:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1814:
1813:External links
1811:
1810:
1809:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1750:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1625:
1600:
1567:Brain Research
1556:
1502:
1467:
1436:
1395:
1351:
1300:
1261:
1217:
1168:
1111:
1087:
1081:978-0683014556
1080:
1059:
1039:
1007:
987:
986:
984:
981:
980:
979:
974:
969:
955:
952:
914:
913:Other primates
911:
906:
905:
902:
899:
896:
889:
888:
885:
882:
879:
867:
864:
852:cingulate gyri
839:mortality rate
835:psychosurgical
809:mental illness
804:
801:
799:
796:
771:
768:
728:
725:
701:attention span
687:
684:
635:
632:
627:Main article:
621:Main article:
618:
615:
599:finger tapping
564:
561:
520:
519:
508:
483:
476:
435:lateral sulcus
431:central sulcus
414:
411:
356:opercular part
328:central sulcus
293:frontal cortex
282:lateral sulcus
278:central sulcus
244:
243:
234:
228:
227:
222:
216:
215:
210:
204:
203:
198:
192:
191:
186:
179:
178:
173:
167:
166:
161:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
130:
129:
120:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
99:
98:
90:
89:
82:
72:
65:
58:
51:
42:
41:
26:
18:Frontal cortex
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3125:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3080:
3078:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2995:Rhinal sulcus
2993:
2991:
2990:Dentate gyrus
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:Superolateral
2753:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:Superolateral
2589:
2586:
2584:
2583:Temporal lobe
2580:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:Lingual gyrus
2560:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2545:Visual cortex
2543:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:Lunate sulcus
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:Superolateral
2488:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2341:Angular gyrus
2338:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:Superolateral
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:Parietal lobe
2288:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1887:Superolateral
1885:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:(4): 175–81.
1765:
1761:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:10.1038/nn814
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1709:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1641:(5): 355–62.
1640:
1636:
1629:
1615:on 2015-04-04
1614:
1610:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:(3): 349–59.
1375:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1281:(4): 411–28.
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1003:
999:
992:
988:
978:
975:
973:
972:Limen insulae
970:
968:
965:
964:
961:
951:
949:
945:
941:
940:neural tracts
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
910:
903:
900:
897:
894:
893:
892:
886:
883:
880:
877:
873:
872:
871:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:limbic system
820:
817:
814:
810:
803:Psychosurgery
795:
793:
792:schizophrenia
789:
785:
781:
777:
767:
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
724:
721:
717:
712:
709:
708:Confabulation
704:
702:
698:
694:
683:
681:
677:
673:
670:(which cause
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
630:
624:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
590:
589:limbic system
585:
581:
579:
575:
570:
560:
557:
553:
549:
545:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
517:
513:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
484:
481:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
439:temporal lobe
436:
432:
428:
419:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
332:frontal gyrus
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:temporal lobe
267:
266:parietal lobe
263:
259:
255:
251:
239:
233:
229:
226:
223:
221:
217:
214:
211:
209:
205:
202:
199:
197:
193:
190:
187:
184:
180:
177:
174:
172:
168:
165:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
142:
140:
136:
131:
128:
124:
121:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
100:
96:
91:
86:
78:
69:
68:Parietal lobe
62:
61:Temporal lobe
55:
49:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3098:Frontal lobe
3074:
2838:
2115:Orbital gyri
1967:Broca's area
1879:Frontal lobe
1878:
1805:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1723:(3): 272–6.
1720:
1716:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1638:
1634:
1628:
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920:neuroimaging
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693:Phineas Gage
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506:gyrus rectus
486:Orbital part
478:Polar part:
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348:orbital part
317:
305:motor cortex
292:
290:
250:frontal lobe
249:
247:
201:A14.1.09.110
143:
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40:Frontal lobe
2822:Limbic lobe
1871:human brain
936:lesser apes
831:personality
816:neurologist
782:variant of
189:birnlex_928
133:Identifiers
3092:Categories
3079:span gyri.
2745:Interlobar
2442:3, 1 and 2
2182:Precentral
2043:Prefrontal
2009:Precentral
1895:Prefrontal
1619:2013-06-20
1105:2023-03-31
1054:2023-06-24
1023:, InTech,
983:References
932:great apes
819:Egas Moniz
813:Portuguese
749:DNA damage
743:. During
727:DNA damage
648:blood flow
391:motivation
342:, and the
171:NeuroNames
150:Acronym(s)
3113:Neurology
3059:Operculum
2607:41 and 42
2405:Precuneus
1228:Neurology
1145:1740-634X
1049:149544570
846:) or the
753:promoters
556:follow-up
413:Structure
407:forebrain
379:attention
75:Occipital
3103:Cerebrum
3021:Amygdala
2839:anterior
1828:via the
1822:Archived
1788:15609709
1780:19223226
1737:11850633
1663:26307989
1655:17990197
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944:pathways
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686:Symptoms
672:dementia
652:aneurysm
607:language
563:Function
403:thalamus
395:Dopamine
387:planning
354:and the
334:are the
299:and the
268:and the
183:NeuroLex
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1869:of the
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1523:Bibcode
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798:History
778:says a
770:Genetic
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544:atrophy
452:), and
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427:lateral
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365:in the
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472:, and
454:medial
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375:reward
369:. The
350:, the
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274:groove
118:Artery
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2880:gyrus
1784:S2CID
1741:S2CID
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1591:S2CID
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1493:S2CID
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745:aging
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780:gene
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320:gyri
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213:5445
196:TA98
159:MeSH
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1768:doi
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1133:doi
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858:or
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666:or
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