Benzodiazepine - Knowledge

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benzodiazepines are unlikely to be effective long-term treatments for sleep and anxiety. While BZD therapeutic effects disappear with tolerance, depression and impulsivity with high suicidal risk commonly persist. Several studies have confirmed that long-term benzodiazepines are not significantly different from placebo for sleep or anxiety. This may explain why patients commonly increase doses over time and many eventually take more than one type of benzodiazepine after the first loses effectiveness. Additionally, because tolerance to benzodiazepine sedating effects develops more quickly than does tolerance to brainstem depressant effects, those taking more benzodiazepines to achieve desired effects may experience sudden respiratory depression, hypotension or death. Most patients with anxiety disorders and PTSD have symptoms that persist for at least several months, making tolerance to therapeutic effects a distinct problem for them and necessitating the need for more effective long-term treatment (e.g., psychotherapy, serotonergic antidepressants).

2560: 1514:. Tolerance manifests itself as diminished pharmacological effect and develops relatively quickly to the sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant actions of benzodiazepines. Tolerance to anti-anxiety effects develops more slowly with little evidence of continued effectiveness beyond four to six months of continued use. In general, tolerance to the amnesic effects does not occur. However, controversy exists as to tolerance to the anxiolytic effects with some evidence that benzodiazepines retain efficacy and opposing evidence from a systematic review of the literature that tolerance frequently occurs and some evidence that anxiety may worsen with long-term use. The question of tolerance to the amnesic effects of benzodiazepines is, likewise, unclear. Some evidence suggests that partial tolerance does develop, and that, "memory impairment is limited to a narrow window within 90 minutes after each dose". 1970: 715:, since they result in rapid and marked relief of symptoms in most individuals; however, they are not recommended beyond 2–4 weeks of use due to risks of tolerance and dependence and a lack of long-term effectiveness. As for insomnia, they may also be used on an irregular/"as-needed" basis, such as in cases where said anxiety is at its worst. Compared to other pharmacological treatments, benzodiazepines are twice as likely to lead to a relapse of the underlying condition upon discontinuation. Psychological therapies and other pharmacological therapies are recommended for the long-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Antidepressants have higher remission rates and are, in general, safe and effective in the short and long term. 744:. Their use beyond 2 to 4 weeks is not recommended due to the risk of dependence. The Committee on Safety of Medicines report recommended that where long-term use of benzodiazepines for insomnia is indicated then treatment should be intermittent wherever possible. It is preferred that benzodiazepines be taken intermittently and at the lowest effective dose. They improve sleep-related problems by shortening the time spent in bed before falling asleep, prolonging the sleep time, and, in general, reducing wakefulness. However, they worsen sleep quality by increasing light sleep and decreasing deep sleep. Other drawbacks of hypnotics, including benzodiazepines, are possible tolerance to their effects, 1840: 1527: 2886: 578:, and psychotherapy should be based on the patient's history, preference, and other individual characteristics. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are likely to be the best choice of pharmacotherapy for many patients with panic disorder, but benzodiazepines are also often used, and some studies suggest that these medications are still used with greater frequency than the SSRIs. One advantage of benzodiazepines is that they alleviate the anxiety symptoms much faster than antidepressants, and therefore may be preferred in patients for whom rapid symptom control is critical. However, this advantage is offset by the possibility of developing 1487: 447: 1831: 1250:, and progressively worsens over time. Adverse effects on cognition can be mistaken for the effects of old age. The benefits of withdrawal include improved cognition, alertness, mobility, reduced risk incontinence, and a reduced risk of falls and fractures. The success of gradual-tapering benzodiazepines is as great in the elderly as in younger people. Benzodiazepines should be prescribed to the elderly only with caution and only for a short period at low doses. Short to intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred in the elderly such as 2587: 586:. APA guidelines state that, in general, pharmacotherapy of panic disorder should be continued for at least a year, and that clinical experience supports continuing benzodiazepine treatment to prevent recurrence. Although major concerns about benzodiazepine tolerance and withdrawal have been raised, there is no evidence for significant dose escalation in patients using benzodiazepines long-term. For many such patients, stable doses of benzodiazepines retain their efficacy over several years. 1302: 1372:

relationships may occur. A study published in 2020 found that long-term use of prescription benzodiazepines is associated with an increase in all-cause mortality among those age 65 or younger, but not those older than 65. The study also found that all-cause mortality was increased further in cases in which benzodiazepines are co-prescribed with opioids, relative to cases in which benzodiazepines are prescribed without opioids, but again only in those age 65 or younger.

1400:. However, researchers hold contrary opinions regarding the effects of long-term administration. One view is that many of the short-term effects continue into the long-term and may even worsen, and are not resolved after stopping benzodiazepine usage. Another view maintains that cognitive deficits in chronic benzodiazepine users occur only for a short period after the dose, or that the anxiety disorder is the cause of these deficits. 47: 1849: 3216:

be written in ink with no use of correction fluid (although a written register is not required for temazepam in the United Kingdom). Disposal of expired stock must be witnessed by a designated inspector (either a local drug-enforcement police officer or official from health authority). Benzodiazepine use ranges from occasional binges on large doses, to chronic and compulsive drug use of high doses.

3160: 20786: 570:(APA) guidelines, published in January 2009, note that, in general, benzodiazepines are well tolerated, and their use for the initial treatment for panic disorder is strongly supported by numerous controlled trials. APA states that there is insufficient evidence to recommend any of the established panic disorder treatments over another. The choice of treatment between benzodiazepines, SSRIs, 7684: 730: 2259:. It has been suggested that some of their anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and muscle relaxant effects may be in part mediated by this action. Benzodiazepines have binding sites in the periphery, however their effects on muscle tone is not mediated through these peripheral receptors. The peripheral binding sites for benzodiazepines are present in immune cells and gastrointestinal tract. 2918:

spring-cleaning in the lab. This compound, later named chlordiazepoxide, had not been tested in 1955 because of Sternbach's focus on other issues. Expecting pharmacology results to be negative, and hoping to publish the chemistry-related findings, researchers submitted it for a standard battery of animal tests. The compound showed very strong

767:, also known as z-drugs, in 1992 in response to safety concerns, individuals with insomnia and other sleep disorders have increasingly been prescribed nonbenzodiazepines (2.3% in 1993 to 13.7% of Americans in 2010), less often prescribed benzodiazepines (23.5% in 1993 to 10.8% in 2010). It is not clear as to whether the new 560:. However, there is disagreement among expert bodies regarding the long-term use of benzodiazepines for panic disorder. The views range from those holding benzodiazepines are not effective long-term and should be reserved for treatment-resistant cases to those holding they are as effective in the long term as 11203:

During this cleanup operation, my co-worker, Earl Reeder, drew my attention to a few hundred milligrams of two products, a nicely crystalline base and its hydrochloride. Both the base, which had been prepared by treating the quinazoline N-oxide 11 with methylamine, and its hydrochloride had been made

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among poly-drug users. Polydrug use involving benzodiazepines and alcohol can result in an increased risk of blackouts, risk-taking behaviours, seizures, and overdose. Dependence and tolerance, often coupled with dosage escalation, to benzodiazepines can develop rapidly among people who misuse drugs;

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Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the

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is not routinely recommended because of the high risk of resedation and seizures. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 326 people, 4 people had serious adverse events and 61% became resedated following the use of flumazenil. Numerous contraindications to its use exist. It is contraindicated

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A major disadvantage of benzodiazepines is that tolerance to therapeutic effects develops relatively quickly while many adverse effects persist. Tolerance develops to hypnotic and myorelaxant effects within days to weeks, and to anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects within weeks to months. Therefore,

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While benzodiazepines may have short-term benefits for anxiety, sleep and agitation in some patients, long-term (i.e., greater than 2–4 weeks) use can result in a worsening of the very symptoms the medications are meant to treat. Potential explanations include exacerbating cognitive problems that are

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memory being the most commonly detected impairment. Some of the other impairments reported were decreased IQ, visiomotor coordination, information processing, verbal learning and concentration. The authors of the meta-analysis and a later reviewer noted that the applicability of this meta-analysis is

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Long-term use of benzodiazepines is associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment and dementia, and reduction in prescribing levels is likely to reduce dementia risk. The association of a history of benzodiazepine use and cognitive decline is unclear, with some studies reporting a lower risk

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as well as some ophthalmic procedures like refractive surgery; although such use is controversial and only recommended for those who are very anxious. Midazolam is the most commonly prescribed for this use because of its strong sedative actions and fast recovery time, as well as its water solubility,

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benzodiazepine. Non-medical temazepam use reached epidemic proportions in some parts of the world, in particular, in Europe and Australia, and is a major addictive substance in many Southeast Asian countries. This led authorities of various countries to place temazepam under a more restrictive legal

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midazolam) be stored in safe custody. Safe custody requirements ensures that pharmacists and doctors holding stock of temazepam must store it in securely fixed double-locked steel safety cabinets and maintain a written register, which must be bound and contain separate entries for temazepam and must

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on the development of tranquilizers. The pharmacological properties of the compounds prepared initially were disappointing, and Sternbach abandoned the project. Two years later, in April 1957, co-worker Earl Reeder noticed a "nicely crystalline" compound left over from the discontinued project while

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Benzodiazepines have a reputation with patients and doctors for causing a severe and traumatic withdrawal; however, this is in large part due to the withdrawal process being poorly managed. Over-rapid withdrawal from benzodiazepines increases the severity of the withdrawal syndrome and increases the

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is widely used by specialist epilepsy clinics worldwide and clonazepam is popular in the Netherlands, Belgium and France. Clobazam was approved for use in the United States in 2011. In the UK, both clobazam and clonazepam are second-line choices for treating many forms of epilepsy. Clobazam also has

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only as a second-line choice, if the treatment with two different antidepressants was unsuccessful. Although they are second-line agents, benzodiazepines can be used for a limited time to relieve severe anxiety and agitation. CPA guidelines note that after 4–6 weeks the effect of benzodiazepines may

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receptor subtypes by benzodiazepines may result in distinct pharmacological actions. In terms of the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines, their similarities are too great to separate them into individual categories such as anxiolytic or hypnotic. For example, a hypnotic administered in low doses

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had been withdrawn and there were allegations that the consultant psychiatrists, the expert witnesses, had a conflict of interest. The court case fell through, at a cost of £30 million, and led to more cautious funding through legal aid for future cases. This made future class action lawsuits less

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receptors participate in the regulation of synaptic pruning by prompting microglial spine engulfment. Benzodiazepines have been shown to upregulate microglial spine engulfment and prompt overzealous eradication of synaptic connections. This mechanism may help explain the increased risk of dementia

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A meta-analysis of observational studies has determined an association between benzodiazepine use and cancer, though the risk across different agents and different cancers varied significantly. In terms of experimental basic science evidence, an analysis of carcinogenetic and genotoxicity data for

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for months after cessation of benzodiazepines. Approximately 10% of patients experience a notable protracted withdrawal syndrome, which can persist for many months or in some cases a year or longer. Protracted symptoms tend to resemble those seen during the first couple of months of withdrawal but

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Compared to other sedative-hypnotics, visits to the hospital involving benzodiazepines had a 66% greater odds of a serious adverse health outcome. This included hospitalization, patient transfer, or death, and visits involving a combination of benzodiazepines and non-benzodiapine receptor agonists

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and social phobia, increasing anxiety and depression, loss of interest in leisure pursuits and interests, and an inability to experience or express feelings can also occur. Not everyone, however, experiences problems with long-term use. Additionally, an altered perception of self, environment and

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may be used as an alternative. Both are used in the detoxification of individuals who are motivated to stop drinking, and are prescribed for a short period of time to reduce the risks of developing tolerance and dependence to the benzodiazepine medication itself. The benzodiazepines with a longer

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recommends discontinuing the usage of benzodiazepines in those on opioids and those who have used them long term. Benzodiazepines can have serious adverse health outcomes, and these findings support clinical and regulatory efforts to reduce usage, especially in combination with non-benzodiazepine

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Benzodiazepines have been detected in plant specimens and brain samples of animals not exposed to synthetic sources, including a human brain from the 1940s. However, it is unclear whether these compounds are biosynthesized by microbes or by plants and animals themselves. A microbial biosynthetic

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Withdrawal is best managed by transferring the physically dependent patient to an equivalent dose of diazepam because it has the longest half-life of all of the benzodiazepines, is metabolised into long-acting active metabolites and is available in low-potency tablets, which can be quartered for

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Although antidepressants with anxiolytic properties have been introduced, and there is increasing awareness of the adverse effects of benzodiazepines, prescriptions for short-term anxiety relief have not significantly dropped. For treatment of insomnia, benzodiazepines are now less popular than

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customised to the individual and, if indicated, psychological support is the most effective way of managing the withdrawal. Opinion as to the time needed to complete withdrawal ranges from four weeks to several years. A goal of less than six months has been suggested, but due to factors such as

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Some observational studies have detected significant associations between benzodiazepines and respiratory infections such as pneumonia where others have not. A large meta-analysis of pre-marketing randomized controlled trials on the pharmacologically related Z-Drugs suggest a small increase in

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and suicidality, disrupting sleep architecture by inhibiting deep stage sleep, withdrawal symptoms or rebound symptoms in between doses mimicking or exacerbating underlying anxiety or sleep disorders, inhibiting the benefits of psychotherapy by inhibiting memory consolidation and reducing fear

2975:. This led some doctors to require a signed consent form from their patients and to recommend that all patients be adequately warned of the risks of dependence and withdrawal before starting treatment with benzodiazepines. The court case against the drug manufacturers never reached a verdict; 1656:-based antibiotics are best avoided if possible; they displace benzodiazepines from their binding site and reduce GABA function and, thus, may aggravate withdrawal symptoms. Antipsychotics are not recommended for benzodiazepine withdrawal (or other CNS depressant withdrawal states) especially 1432:

and suicidal behavior sometimes occur. These reactions have been explained as consequences of disinhibition and the subsequent loss of control over socially unacceptable behavior. Paradoxical reactions are rare in the general population, with an incidence rate below 1% and similar to placebo.

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A 1999–2005 Australian police survey of detainees reported preliminary findings that self-reported users of benzodiazepines were less likely than non-user detainees to work full-time and more likely to receive government benefits, use methamphetamine or heroin, and be arrested or imprisoned.

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The list of benzodiazepines approved for the treatment of insomnia is fairly similar among most countries, but which benzodiazepines are officially designated as first-line hypnotics prescribed for the treatment of insomnia varies between countries. Longer-acting benzodiazepines such as

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problems are perhaps the most important risk factor for disinhibition; learning disabilities and neurological disorders are also significant risks. Most reports of disinhibition involve high doses of high-potency benzodiazepines. Paradoxical effects may also appear after chronic use of

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did not find any convincing evidence in favor of Z-drugs. NICE review pointed out that short-acting Z-drugs were inappropriately compared in clinical trials with long-acting benzodiazepines. There have been no trials comparing short-acting Z-drugs with appropriate doses of short-acting

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that increase ligand binding, benzodiazepine binding acts as a positive allosteric modulator by increasing the total conduction of chloride ions across the neuronal cell membrane when GABA is already bound to its receptor. This increased chloride ion influx hyperpolarizes the neuron's

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receptors that are made up of different combinations of subunit subtypes have different properties, different distributions in the brain and different activities relative to pharmacological and clinical effects. Benzodiazepines bind at the interface of the α and γ subunits on the

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A number of studies have drawn an association between long-term benzodiazepine use and neuro-degenerative disease, particularly Alzheimer's disease. It has been determined that long-term use of benzodiazepines is associated with increased dementia risk, even after controlling for

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agents, inhibit cytochrome enzymes in the liver. They reduce the rate of elimination of the benzodiazepines that are metabolized by CYP450, leading to possibly excessive drug accumulation and increased side-effects. In contrast, drugs that induce cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as

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In the United Kingdom, benzodiazepines are Class C controlled drugs, carrying the maximum penalty of 7 years imprisonment, an unlimited fine or both for possession and a maximum penalty of 14 years imprisonment, an unlimited fine or both for supplying benzodiazepines to others.

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Older adults should not use benzodiazepines to treat insomnia unless other treatments have failed. When benzodiazepines are used, patients, their caretakers, and their physician should discuss the increased risk of harms, including evidence that shows twice the incidence of

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for medical or dental procedures. Benzodiazepines are categorized as short, intermediate, or long-acting. Short- and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia; longer-acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety.

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The new group of drugs was initially greeted with optimism by the medical profession, but gradually concerns arose; in particular, the risk of dependence became evident in the 1980s. Benzodiazepines have a unique history in that they were responsible for the largest-ever

3320:, and as maintenance therapy in epilepsy (in particular, in cats). They are widely used in small and large animals (including horses, swine, cattle and exotic and wild animals) for their anxiolytic and sedative effects, as pre-medication before surgery, for induction of 1403:

While the definitive studies are lacking, the former view received support from a 2004 meta-analysis of 13 small studies. This meta-analysis found that long-term use of benzodiazepines was associated with moderate to large adverse effects on all areas of cognition, with

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is sometimes prescribed for acute psychosis or mania; their long-term use is not recommended due to risks of dependence. Further research investigating the use of benzodiazepines alone and in combination with antipsychotic medications for treating acute psychosis is

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receptor complex that depicts the five-protein subunits that form the receptor, the chloride (Cl) ion channel pore at the center, the two GABA active binding sites at the α1 and β2 interfaces and the benzodiazepine (BZD) allosteric binding site at the α1 and γ2

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that alleged the manufacturers knew of the dependence potential but intentionally withheld this information from doctors. At the same time, 117 general practitioners and 50 health authorities were sued by patients to recover damages for the harmful effects of

1464:. Anxiety, insomnia and irritability may be temporarily exacerbated during withdrawal, but psychiatric symptoms after discontinuation are usually less than even while taking benzodiazepines. Functioning significantly improves within 1 year of discontinuation. 3296:

status. Some countries, such as Sweden, banned the drug outright. Temazepam also has certain pharmacokinetic properties of absorption, distribution, elimination, and clearance that make it more apt to non-medical use compared to many other benzodiazepines.

775:, indirect comparison indicates that side-effects from benzodiazepines may be about twice as frequent as from nonbenzodiazepines. Some experts suggest using nonbenzodiazepines preferentially as a first-line long-term treatment of insomnia. However, the UK 1735:. A criticism of confounding can be applied to these findings as with the other controversial associations above. Further well-designed research from other populations as well as a biologically plausible mechanism is required to confirm this association. 1409:

limited because the subjects were taken mostly from withdrawal clinics; the coexisting drug, alcohol use, and psychiatric disorders were not defined; and several of the included studies conducted the cognitive measurements during the withdrawal period.

662:(NICE), benzodiazepines can be used in the immediate management of GAD, if necessary. However, they should not usually be given for longer than 2–4 weeks. The only medications NICE recommends for the longer term management of GAD are antidepressants. 982:

intoxication. Benzodiazepines are also used to calm the acutely agitated individual and can, if required, be given via an intramuscular injection. They can sometimes be effective in the short-term treatment of psychiatric emergencies such as acute

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withdrawal syndrome may appear after as little as three weeks of continuous use. Long-term use has the potential to cause both physical and psychological dependence and severe withdrawal symptoms such as depression, anxiety (often to the point of

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may result in falls and injuries particularly in the elderly. Another result is impairment of driving skills and increased likelihood of road traffic accidents. Decreased libido and erection problems are a common side effect. Depression and

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Beyond the well established link between benzodiazepines and psychomotor impairment resulting in motor vehicle accidents and falls leading to fracture; research in the 2000s and 2010s has raised the association between benzodiazepines (and

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Martin JL, Sainz-Pardo M, Furukawa TA, Martín-Sánchez E, Seoane T, Galán C (September 2007). "Benzodiazepines in generalized anxiety disorder: heterogeneity of outcomes based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials".

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Left: US yearly overdose deaths involving benzodiazepines. Center: The top line represents the number of benzodiazepine deaths that also involved opioids in the US. The bottom line represents benzodiazepine deaths that did not involve

521:, and upon discontinuation a withdrawal syndrome may occur. These factors, combined with other possible secondary effects after prolonged use such as psychomotor, cognitive, or memory impairments, limit their long-term applicability. 9050: 8185:

Matar MA, Zohar J, Kaplan Z, Cohen H (April 2009). "Alprazolam treatment immediately after stress exposure interferes with the normal HPA-stress response and increases vulnerability to subsequent stress in an animal model of PTSD".

3079:. A prescription is needed for possession of all benzodiazepines. Temazepam formulations containing 20 mg or greater of the drug are placed on List 1, thus requiring doctors to write prescriptions in the List 1 format. 3272:, which may have additional health consequences. Once benzodiazepine dependence has been established, a clinician usually converts the patient to an equivalent dose of diazepam before beginning a gradual reduction program. 3171:

Benzodiazepines are considered major addictive substances. Non-medical benzodiazepine use is mostly limited to individuals who use other substances, i.e., people who engage in polysubstance use. On the international scene,

1561:. Rebound symptoms are the return of the symptoms for which the patient was treated but worse than before. Withdrawal symptoms are the new symptoms that occur when the benzodiazepine is stopped. They are the main sign of 1395:

The short-term use of benzodiazepines adversely affects multiple areas of cognition, the most notable one being that it interferes with the formation and consolidation of memories of new material and may induce complete

1198:, and vomiting and may last for up to three to six months. Tapering down the dose during pregnancy may lessen its severity. If used in pregnancy, those benzodiazepines with a better and longer safety record, such as 1037:(OCD), although they are generally believed ineffective for this indication. Effectiveness was, however, found in one small study. Benzodiazepines can be considered as a treatment option in treatment resistant cases. 10891:

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, et al. (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC (ed.).

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By the American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel (November 2015). "American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults".

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markedly raises the toxicity. The elderly are more sensitive to the side effects of benzodiazepines, and poisoning may even occur from their long-term use. The various benzodiazepines differ in their toxicity;

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with benzodiazepines and can induce dependence. Alcohol is also cross tolerant with benzodiazepines and more toxic and thus caution is needed to avoid replacing one dependence with another. During withdrawal,

593:(NICE), carried out a systematic review using different methodology and came to a different conclusion. They questioned the accuracy of studies that were not placebo-controlled. And, based on the findings of 868:. Discontinuation after long-term use in epilepsy requires additional caution because of the risks of rebound seizures. Therefore, the dose is slowly tapered over a period of up to six months or longer. 8645:

Heather N, Bowie A, Ashton H, McAvoy B, Spencer I, Brodie J, et al. (2004). "Randomised controlled trial of two brief interventions against long-term benzodiazepine use: outcome of intervention".

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and are more sensitive to the adverse effects such as memory problems, daytime sedation, impaired motor coordination, and increased risk of motor vehicle accidents and falls, and an increased risk of

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extinction, and reducing coping with trauma/stress and increasing vulnerability to future stress. The latter two explanations may be why benzodiazepines are ineffective and/or potentially harmful in

517:. In general, benzodiazepines are well tolerated and are safe and effective drugs in the short term for a wide range of conditions. Tolerance can develop to their effects and there is also a risk of 2526:

Long-acting compounds have a half-life of 40–250 hours. They have a risk of accumulation in the elderly and in individuals with severely impaired liver function, but they have a reduced severity of

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the membrane of the associated neuron. The inhibitory effect of the available GABA is potentiated, leading to sedative and anxiolytic effects. For instance, those ligands with high activity at the α

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which reduces pain upon injection. Diazepam and lorazepam are sometimes used. Lorazepam has particularly marked amnesic properties that may make it more effective when amnesia is the desired effect.

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half-life make detoxification more tolerable, and dangerous (and potentially lethal) alcohol withdrawal effects are less likely to occur. On the other hand, short-acting benzodiazepines may lead to

4827:"Clinical Guideline 22 (amended). Anxiety: management of anxiety (panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia, and generalised anxiety disorder) in adults in primary, secondary and community care" 967:

Benzodiazepines are well known for their strong muscle-relaxing properties and can be useful in the treatment of muscle spasms, although tolerance often develops to their muscle relaxant effects.

19974: 9067: 8682:"World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders – first revision" 7166:

Snowden M, Sato K, Roy-Byrne P (September 2003). "Assessment and treatment of nursing home residents with depression or behavioral symptoms associated with dementia: a review of the literature".

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Sand P, Kavvadias D, Feineis D, Riederer P, Schreier P, Kleinschnitz M, et al. (1 August 2000). "Naturally occurring benzodiazepines: current status of research and clinical implications".

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Allain H, Bentué-Ferrer D, Polard E, Akwa Y, Patat A (2005). "Postural instability and consequent falls and hip fractures associated with use of hypnotics in the elderly: a comparative review".

1608:. Increased glutamatergic activity is thought to be part of a compensatory mechanism to chronic GABAergic inhibition from benzodiazepines. Therefore, a gradual reduction regimen is recommended. 18924: 6488:

Gallegos J, Vaidya P, D'Agati D, Jayaram G, Nguyen T, Tripathi A, et al. (June 2012). "Decreasing adverse outcomes of unmodified electroconvulsive therapy: suggestions and possibilities".

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be updated for all benzodiazepine medicines to describe the risks of abuse, misuse, addiction, physical dependence, and withdrawal reactions consistently across all the medicines in the class.

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in newborns, a controversial conclusion as some studies find no association between benzodiazepines and cleft palate. Their use by expectant mothers shortly before the delivery may result in a

2456:. Desmethyldiazepam has a half-life of 36–200 hours, and flurazepam, with the main active metabolite of desalkylflurazepam, with a half-life of 40–250 hours. These long-acting metabolites are 2711:

receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common

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Benzodiazepines are indicated in the management of breathlessness (shortness of breath) in advanced diseases, in particular where other treatments have failed to adequately control symptoms.

2634:, which increases the overall conductance of these inhibitory channels; this results in the various therapeutic effects as well as adverse effects of benzodiazepines. Other less important 19006: 4129: 2701:)-one substructure (see figure to the right). Benzodiazepines have been found to mimic protein reverse turns structurally, which enable them with their biological activity in many cases. 1305:

Table from the 2010 ISCD study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. Benzodiazepines were found to be the 10th most dangerous drug overall.

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Allgulander C, Bandelow B, Hollander E, Montgomery SA, Nutt DJ, Okasha A, et al. (August 2003). "WCA recommendations for the long-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder".

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receptor complexes also contain a single binding site for benzodiazepines. Binding of benzodiazepines to this receptor complex does not alter binding of GABA. Unlike other positive

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Penninkilampi R, Eslick GD (June 2018). "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Risk of Dementia Associated with Benzodiazepine Use, After Controlling for Protopathic Bias".

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potentiates their action. This often results in increased sedation, impaired motor coordination, suppressed breathing, and other adverse effects that have potential to be lethal.

9270: 4629:"World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders" 1553:

Discontinuation of benzodiazepines or abrupt reduction of the dose, even after a relatively short course of treatment (two to four weeks), may result in two groups of symptoms,

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particularly in the elderly; although some long term users report continued benefit from taking benzodiazepines, this may be the result of suppression of withdrawal effects.

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Galdiero F, Bentivoglio C, Nuzzo I, Ianniello R, Capasso C, Mattera S, et al. (November 1995). "Effects of benzodiazepines on immunodeficiency and resistance in mice".

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Withdrawal from long term benzodiazepines is beneficial for most individuals. Withdrawal of benzodiazepines from long-term users, in general, leads to improved physical and

19036: 17725: 5175: 4130:"FDA requires strong warnings for opioid analgesics, prescription opioid cough products, and benzodiazepine labeling related to serious risks and death from combined use" 8772:

Morin CM, Bélanger L, Bastien C, Vallières A (January 2005). "Long-term outcome after discontinuation of benzodiazepines for insomnia: a survival analysis of relapse".

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Verdoux H, Lagnaoui R, Begaud B (March 2005). "Is benzodiazepine use a risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia? A literature review of epidemiological studies".

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Kamen L, Henney HR, Runyan JD (February 2008). "A practical overview of tizanidine use for spasticity secondary to multiple sclerosis, stroke, and spinal cord injury".

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Parker AM, Sricharoenchai T, Raparla S, Schneck KW, Bienvenu OJ, Needham DM (May 2015). "Posttraumatic stress disorder in critical illness survivors: a metaanalysis".

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The benefits of benzodiazepines are least and the risks are greatest in the elderly. They are listed as a potentially inappropriate medication for older adults by the

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Michelini S, Cassano GB, Frare F, et al. (1996). "Long-term use of benzodiazepines: tolerance, dependence and clinical problems in anxiety and mood disorders".

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indicated as a second- or third-line treatment and suitable for long-term use. NICE stated that long-term use of benzodiazepines for panic disorder with or without

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The frequent use of benzodiazepines for the treatment of anxiety is likely a reflection of their effectiveness, rapid onset of anxiolytic effect, and tolerability.

11896: 16792: 11818: 9336:"The impact of benzodiazepines on occurrence of pneumonia and mortality from pneumonia: a nested case-control and survival analysis in a population-based cohort" 6531:

Authier N, Balayssac D, Sautereau M, Zangarelli A, Courty P, Somogyi AA, et al. (November 2009). "Benzodiazepine dependence: focus on withdrawal syndrome".

1757:; statistics in England showed that benzodiazepines were responsible for 3.8% of all deaths by poisoning from a single drug. However, combining these drugs with 3189: 3177: 3134: 3130: 1731:

The evidence suggesting a link between benzodiazepines (and Z-Drugs) and pancreatic inflammation is very sparse and limited to a few observational studies from

11142:

Carlo P, Finollo R, Ledda A, Brambilla G (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs".

4042:

ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins--Obstetrics (April 2008). "ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 92: Use of Psychiatric Medications During Pregnancy and Lactation".

1182:. This syndrome may be hard to recognize, as it starts several days after delivery, for example, as late as 21 days for chlordiazepoxide. The symptoms include 530: 10469:"Long-term diazepam treatment enhances microglial spine engulfment and impairs cognitive performance via the mitochondrial 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO)" 3075:

In the Netherlands, since October 1993, benzodiazepines, including formulations containing less than 20 mg of temazepam, are all placed on List 2 of the

19026: 19011: 5199: 949:

treatment facilities should be available. They have also been found to increase the likelihood of later PTSD after people have been removed from ventilators.

776: 659: 590: 84: 6636: 925:. Lorazepam is the only benzodiazepine with predictable intramuscular absorption and it is the most effective in preventing and controlling acute seizures. 18996: 18991: 18986: 10860: 2942:

in 1963, and for a while the two were the most commercially successful drugs. The introduction of benzodiazepines led to a decrease in the prescription of

6311: 629:

is an unlicensed indication, does not have long-term efficacy, and is, therefore, not recommended by clinical guidelines. Psychological therapies such as

19031: 14240: 3519:

Dikeos DG, Theleritis CG, Soldatos CR (2008). "Benzodiazepines: effects on sleep". In Pandi-Perumal SR, Verster JC, Monti JM, Lader M, Langer SZ (eds.).

2491:. Rebound insomnia, however, is more common upon discontinuation of intermediate-acting benzodiazepines than longer-acting benzodiazepines. Examples are 342:, long-term use can cause "impaired thinking or memory loss, anxiety and depression, irritability, paranoia, aggression, etc." A minority of people have 5465:"Clinical Guidelines and Evidence Review for the Epilepsies: diagnosis and management in adults and children in primary and secondary care (Appendix B)" 633:

are recommended as a first-line therapy for panic disorder; benzodiazepine use has been found to interfere with therapeutic gains from these therapies.

11013:

Ripka WC, De Lucca GV, Bach AC, Pottorf RS, Blaney JM (1993). "Protein β-turn mimetics I. Design, synthesis, and evaluation in model cyclic peptides".

10922: 2980:

likely to succeed, due to the high cost from financing a smaller number of cases, and increasing charges for losing the case for each person involved.

4708:"Proposal for the inclusion in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines of a selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor for Generalised Anxiety Disorder" 771:

hypnotics (Z-drugs) are better than the short-acting benzodiazepines. The efficacy of these two groups of medications is similar. According to the US

20326: 20060: 19021: 15316: 12047: 11746:

Lee KK, Chan TY, Chan AW, Lau GS, Critchley JA (1995). "Use and abuse of benzodiazepines in Hong Kong 1990–1993 – the impact of regulatory changes".

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Wafford KA, Macaulay AJ, Fradley R, O'Meara GF, Reynolds DS, Rosahl TW (June 2004). "Differentiating the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA

3000:. Nonbenzodiazepines are molecularly distinct, but nonetheless, they work on the same benzodiazepine receptors and produce similar sedative effects. 2693:

receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1

11000: 9271:"The association between benzodiazepines and influenza-like illness-related pneumonia and mortality: a survival analysis using UK Primary Care data" 8076:

Gelpin E, Bonne O, Peri T, Brandes D, Shalev AY (September 1996). "Treatment of recent trauma survivors with benzodiazepines: a prospective study".

2487:

Intermediate-acting compounds have a median half-life of 12–40 hours. They may have some residual effects in the first half of the day if used as a

381:

of inappropriate medications for older adults. There is controversy concerning the safety of benzodiazepines in pregnancy. While they are not major

20228: 17880: 17718: 16126: 5464: 1889:(CYP450) enzymes and possess significant potential for interactions with other drugs. The other group comprises those that are metabolized through 1714:

infection risk as well. An immunodeficiency effect from the action of benzodiazepines on GABA-A receptors has been postulated from animal studies.

975:

are sometimes used as an alternative to benzodiazepines. Tizanidine has been found to have superior tolerability compared to diazepam and baclofen.

686:, the core symptom of GAD. However, in some cases, a prolonged treatment with benzodiazepines as the add-on to an antidepressant may be justified. 571: 11608: 7209:

Wang PS, Brookhart MA, Setoguchi S, Patrick AR, Schneeweiss S (November 2006). "Psychotropic medication use for behavioral symptoms of dementia".

4475: 1814:

in people with a history of long-term use of benzodiazepines, those having ingested a substance that lowers the seizure threshold or may cause an

636:

Benzodiazepines are usually administered orally; however, very occasionally lorazepam or diazepam may be given intravenously for the treatment of

20811: 10817: 7422:

Rapoport MJ, Lanctôt KL, Streiner DL, Bédard M, Vingilis E, Murray B, et al. (May 2009). "Benzodiazepine use and driving: a meta-analysis".

5325: 4023: 2606:. Red and blue sticks are oxygen and nitrogen atoms that are present in both structures. The red spheres labeled H1 and H2/A3 are, respectively, 11101: 8375:"Benzodiazepine use, cognitive impairment, and cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: issues in the treatment of a patient in need" 5701:

Devlin JW, Roberts RJ (July 2009). "Pharmacology of commonly used analgesics and sedatives in the ICU: benzodiazepines, propofol, and opioids".

4826: 16933: 13546: 8901:"Valium without dependence? Individual GABAA receptor subtype contribution toward benzodiazepine addiction, tolerance, and therapeutic effects" 8478:"Older adults and withdrawal from benzodiazepine hypnotics in general practice: effects on cognitive function, sleep, mood and quality of life" 8266:"Older adults and withdrawal from benzodiazepine hypnotics in general practice: effects on cognitive function, sleep, mood and quality of life" 4904:

Bandelow B, Reitt M, Röver C, Michaelis S, Görlich Y, Wedekind D (July 2015). "Efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis".

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Charlson F, Degenhardt L, McLaren J, Hall W, Lynskey M (2009). "A systematic review of research examining benzodiazepine-related mortality".

1692:) and other, as of yet unproven, adverse effects including dementia, cancer, infections, pancreatitis and respiratory disease exacerbations. 1138: 17734: 16950: 14987: 14972: 14902: 12675: 11644: 10980: 9747:

Gaudreault P, Guay J, Thivierge RL, Verdy I (1991). "Benzodiazepine poisoning. Clinical and pharmacological considerations and treatment".

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sometime in 1955. The products were not submitted for pharmacological testing at that time because of our involvement with other problems

5377:

Clinical Guidelines and Evidence Review for the Epilepsies: diagnosis and management in adults and children in primary and secondary care

4595: 690: 11680: 5384: 4990: 20298: 19984: 19979: 19529: 19263: 19258: 19253: 19243: 19094: 15777: 12388: 9309: 9096: 6134:"Sleep and sex: what can go wrong? A review of the literature on sleep related disorders and abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences" 1344:) may be encountered with intravenous use. Less common side effects include nausea and changes in appetite, blurred vision, confusion, 1293:

have shown some benefit. Cognitive impairing effects of benzodiazepines that occur frequently in the elderly can also worsen dementia.

772: 10755: 19454: 18914: 13932: 12464: 10581: 4991:"Technology Appraisal Guidance 77. Guidance on the use of zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone for the short-term management of insomnia" 3061: 4553:

Stevens JC, Pollack MH (2005). "Benzodiazepines in clinical practice: consideration of their long-term use and alternative agents".

3244:

are sometimes used intravenously, which, if done incorrectly or in an unsterile manner, can lead to medical complications including

748:, and reduced slow-wave sleep and a withdrawal period typified by rebound insomnia and a prolonged period of anxiety and agitation. 8428: 8374: 7586: 11917: 8575:

Poyares D, Guilleminault C, Ohayon MM, Tufik S (1 June 2004). "Chronic benzodiazepine usage and withdrawal in insomnia patients".

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Symptoms may also occur during a gradual dosage reduction, but are typically less severe and may persist as part of a protracted

694: 561: 389:

in a small number of babies and whether neurobehavioural effects occur as a result of prenatal exposure; they are known to cause

229: 228:(Valium) three years later, in 1963. By 1977, benzodiazepines were the most prescribed medications globally; the introduction of 11716: 10024:"Treatment of benzodiazepine overdose with flumazenil. The Flumazenil in Benzodiazepine Intoxication Multicenter Study Group". 8864:

Allison C, Pratt JA (May 2003). "Neuroadaptive processes in GABAergic and glutamatergic systems in benzodiazepine dependence".

4859: 2247:, and to a lesser extent the central nervous system. These peripheral receptors are not structurally related or coupled to GABA 1616:

usually are of a sub-acute level of severity. Such symptoms do gradually lessen over time, eventually disappearing altogether.

1600:. Severe symptoms usually occur as a result of abrupt or over-rapid withdrawal. Abrupt withdrawal can be dangerous and lead to 1367:

as well as affective and behavioural problems. Feelings of turmoil, difficulty in thinking constructively, loss of sex-drive,

1282:

of cognitive decline in former users, some finding no association and some indicating an increased risk of cognitive decline.

20816: 20740: 17669: 15309: 15260: 14623: 14567: 12339: 12248: 11953: 10901: 10872: 10255: 10191: 10087: 9828: 9145: 9083:

Generally, a longer-acting benzodiazepine such as chlordiazepoxide or diazepam is used and the initial dose titrated downward

8963: 8848: 8823: 8240: 8060: 7938: 7564: 7535: 7363: 7107: 7080: 6724: 6689: 6616: 6584: 6386: 5993: 5098: 5069: 4316: 3963: 3528: 3492: 3456: 3428: 3353: 3193: 3138: 2930:

effects. These impressive clinical findings led to its speedy introduction throughout the world in 1960 under the brand name

2071:

produces anxiety-relieving effects, whereas a benzodiazepine marketed as an anti-anxiety drug at higher doses induces sleep.

1998:. This reduces the communication between neurons and, therefore, has a calming effect on many of the functions of the brain. 1885:

pathway, benzodiazepines can be divided roughly into two groups. The largest group consists of those that are metabolized by

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Kintz P (2007). "Bioanalytical procedures for detection of chemical agents in hair in the case of drug-facilitated crimes".

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practice in the treatment of various disorders and conditions. As in humans, they are used in the first-line management of

1310: 1235: 1023: 959:, which can be useful, as patients may not remember unpleasantness from the procedure. They are also used in patients with 522: 374: 5679: 3106:

are also restricted or controlled to certain degrees. In Hong Kong, all benzodiazepines are regulated under Schedule 1 of

353:

due to aggression, impulsivity, and negative withdrawal effects. Long-term use is controversial because of concerns about

10402:"Synaptic pruning in the female hippocampus is triggered at puberty by extrasynaptic GABAA receptors on dendritic spines" 9097:"Guidance for the use and reduction of misuse of benzodiazepines and other hypnotics and anxiolytics in general practice" 6742:"Benzodiazepine use in pregnancy and major malformations or oral cleft: meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies" 5092:"Manifestations and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults. Summary, Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: Number 125" 3065: 1360: 1121:

and are sometimes used for suicidal overdoses. Individuals with a history of excessive alcohol use or non-medical use of

955:

Benzodiazepines are effective as medication given a couple of hours before surgery to relieve anxiety. They also produce

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Exposure to benzodiazepines during pregnancy has been associated with a slightly increased (from 0.06 to 0.07%) risk of

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occurring after six weeks or more of use. Nevertheless, benzodiazepines are still prescribed for long-term treatment of

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Serfaty M, Masterton G (September 1993). "Fatal poisonings attributed to benzodiazepines in Britain during the 1980s".

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Handbook of Integrative Clinical Psychology, Psychiatry, and Behavioral Medicine: Perspectives, Practices, and Research

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The most common side-effects of benzodiazepines are related to their sedating and muscle-relaxing action. They include

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Brambilla G, Carrozzino R, Martelli A (December 2007). "Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies of benzodiazepines".

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Tesar GE (May 1990). "High-potency benzodiazepines for short-term management of panic disorder: the U.S. experience".

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Short-acting compounds have a median half-life of 1–12 hours. They have few residual effects if taken before bedtime,

1774:

appears most toxic in overdose and when used with other drugs. The symptoms of a benzodiazepine overdose may include;

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Ballenger JC (2000). "Benzodiazepine receptors agonists and antagonists". In Sadock VA, Sadock BJ, Kaplan HI (eds.).

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Prater CD, Miller KE, Zylstra RG (September 1999). "Outpatient detoxification of the addicted or alcoholic patient".

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receptor subtypes have varying distributions within different regions of the brain and, therefore, control distinct

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Busto U, Sellers EM (1986). "Pharmacokinetic determinants of drug abuse and dependence. A conceptual perspective".

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various benzodiazepines has suggested a small possibility of carcinogenesis for a small number of benzodiazepines.

1633:

smaller doses. A further benefit is that it is available in liquid form, which allows for even smaller reductions.

1030:

can be treated using clonazepam as a third line treatment option as the use of clonazepam is still investigational.

921:, in particular, for the prevention and treatment of the dangerous complication of seizures and in subduing severe 780:

benzodiazepines. Based on this, NICE recommended choosing the hypnotic based on cost and the patient's preference.

567: 9651:"Relationship Between Acute Benzodiazepine Poisoning and Acute Pancreatitis Risk: A Population-Based Cohort Study" 5207: 1604:, causing damage and even death to nerve cells as a result of excessive levels of the excitatory neurotransmitter 682:

decrease to the level of placebo, and that benzodiazepines are less effective than antidepressants in alleviating

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Bogunovic OJ, Greenfield SF (March 2004). "Practical geriatrics: Use of benzodiazepines among elderly patients".

5278:"American Geriatrics Society updated Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults" 1944:, accelerate elimination of many benzodiazepines and decrease their action. Taking benzodiazepines with alcohol, 1434: 339: 9385:"Use of opioids or benzodiazepines and risk of pneumonia in older adults: a population-based case-control study" 9163:"Benzodiazepines and Z-Drugs: An Updated Review of Major Adverse Outcomes Reported on in Epidemiologic Research" 14697: 6350: 1481: 1457: 14463: 11971:"The Benzo Research Project: An evaluation of recreational benzodiazepine use amongst UK young people (18-25)" 10579:

Arvat E, Giordano R, Grottoli S, Ghigo E (September 2002). "Benzodiazepines and anterior pituitary function".

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Benzodiazepines are generally viewed as safe and effective for short-term use of two to four weeks, although

10524:"Risk of Dementia in Long-Term Benzodiazepine Users: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies" 1672:

as they lower the seizure threshold and can worsen withdrawal effects; if used extreme caution is required.

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Lader MH (1999). "Limitations on the use of benzodiazepines in anxiety and insomnia: are they justified?".

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In Canada, possession of benzodiazepines is legal for personal use. All benzodiazepines are categorized as

2618:

Benzodiazepines share a similar chemical structure, and their effects in humans are mainly produced by the

2256: 1605: 1380: 1314: 1214:. Using the lowest effective dose for the shortest period of time minimizes the risks to the unborn child. 1175: 655: 649: 7298:

Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD (November 2010). "Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis".

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Benzodiazepines are sometimes used for criminal purposes; they serve to incapacitate a victim in cases of

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that can usually be dealt with effectively by administering fast-acting benzodiazepines, which are potent

232:(SSRIs), among other factors, decreased rates of prescription, but they remain frequently used worldwide. 20042: 19153: 16814: 16464: 15017: 14115: 6609:

Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: the International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions

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When benzodiazepines were first introduced, they were enthusiastically adopted for treating all forms of

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A 2015 review found a larger effect with medications than talk therapy. Medications with benefit include

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Stone KL, Ensrud KE, Ancoli-Israel S (September 2008). "Sleep, insomnia and falls in elderly patients".

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3205: 3196:. Some variation in drug scheduling exists in individual countries; for example, in the United Kingdom, 1818:, and in those with abnormal vital signs. One study found that only 10% of the people presenting with a 840:

are used, with a preference for midazolam as its administration is easier and more socially acceptable.

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Zimbroff DL (2008). "Pharmacological control of acute agitation: focus on intramuscular preparations".

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can slow down absorption of some benzodiazepines; however, this effect is marginal and inconsistent.

1766: 1538: 1494: 1473: 1266:

and long-acting benzodiazepines are not recommended in the elderly due to increased adverse effects.

1239: 1114: 1055: 582:. APA does not recommend benzodiazepines for persons with depressive symptoms or a recent history of 579: 283: 19178: 19173: 19168: 9700:"Zopiclone use associated with increased risk of acute pancreatitis: a case-control study in Taiwan" 9483:"Benzodiazepine augmented γ-amino-butyric acid signaling increases mortality from pneumonia in mice" 8105:"Do benzodiazepines reduce the effectiveness of exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder?" 7312: 6310:

Trenkwalder C, Hening WA, Montagna P, Oertel WH, Allen RP, Walters AS, et al. (December 2008).

2078:

receptors that also bind benzodiazepines are referred to as benzodiazepine receptors (BzR). The GABA

1753:, they can still cause problems in overdose. Taken alone, they rarely cause severe complications in 1129:

should avoid benzodiazepines, as there is a risk of life-threatening interactions with these drugs.

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are often used in patients at risk of drug accumulation, in particular, the elderly and those with

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may occur upon discontinuation, and they might cause daytime withdrawal symptoms such as next day

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Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, during pregnancy, in children,

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locks the benzodiazepine receptor into a conformation in which it has a greater affinity for the

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Benzodiazepines are sometimes prescribed to treat behavioral symptoms of dementia. However, like

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and low doses of sedating antidepressants are sometimes used as alternatives to benzodiazepines.

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have residual effects that may persist into the next day and are, in general, not recommended.

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instead of a histidine residue. Once bound to the benzodiazepine receptor, the benzodiazepine

1568:

The most frequent symptoms of withdrawal from benzodiazepines are insomnia, gastric problems,

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2914: 2894: 2445: 2186: 1921: 1542: 1417: 1110: 1102: 1075: 829:

are first-line choices. In the community, intravenous administration is not practical and so

658:(GAD), but were not shown effective in producing long-term improvement overall. According to 514: 502: 421: 404:, and death rarely results when a benzodiazepine is the only drug taken. Combined with other 343: 299: 129: 12405: 9107: 6847:"Effects of commonly used benzodiazepines on the fetus, the neonate, and the nursing infant" 4739:

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Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Friesen C, Bialy L, Tubman M, Ospina M, et al. (June 2005).

4682:"APA Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Panic Disorder, Second Edition" 3988:(11). The American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel: 2227–2246. 3371:"The rise and fall and rise of benzodiazepines: a return of the stigmatized and repressed" 597:, they do not recommend use of benzodiazepines beyond two to four weeks, as tolerance and 8: 20650: 20367: 20173: 20056: 19183: 19109: 18198: 18040: 17748: 17579: 17533: 17102: 16235: 16230: 15797: 15354: 13994: 13569: 13283: 12492: 10996: 6263:[Restless legs syndrome: diagnosis and treatment. Opinion of Brazilian experts]. 6259:

Grupo Brasileiro de Estudos em Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas (GBE-SPI) (September 2007).

2959: 2715:(see figure to the lower-right), which explains their binding to a common receptor site. 2276: 1562: 1511: 1397: 865: 598: 506: 482: 390: 358: 279: 11053: 10145: 9790: 9227: 8451: 8397: 8103:

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6740:

Dolovich LR, Addis A, Vaillancourt JM, Power JD, Koren G, Einarson TR (September 1998).

941:

or those in extreme distress. Caution is exercised in this situation due to the risk of

20826: 20821: 20150: 19813: 19711: 19368: 19001: 18373: 17975: 17463: 16666: 16096: 16012: 15377: 13849: 13743: 13703: 13665: 13657: 13624: 13603: 12599: 12216: 12169: 12116: 12024: 11997: 11514: 11471: 11396: 11371: 11355: 11322: 11269: 11252: 11073: 10972: 10662:

Zisterer DM, Williams DC (September 1997). "Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors".

10606: 10556: 10523: 10504: 10449: 10436: 10382: 10157: 10006: 9963: 9915: 9888: 9869: 9772: 9729: 9675: 9650: 9596: 9507: 9482: 9458: 9433: 9409: 9384: 9365: 9301: 9246: 9187: 9162: 8927: 8812: 8754: 8742: 8711: 8662: 8627: 8508: 8355: 8343: 8293: 8211: 7992: 7881: 7800: 7751: 7660: 7651: 7635: 7483: 7458: 7404: 7333: 7234: 7191: 7148: 7008: 6983: 6707: 6670: 6513: 6470: 6427: 6342: 6206: 6158: 6133: 6034: 5966: 5923: 5853: 5805: 5780: 5779:

Simon ST, Higginson IJ, Booth S, Harding R, Weingärtner V, Bausewein C (October 2016).

5761: 5671: 5659: 5570: 5522: 5497: 5445: 5416:"Drug treatment of epilepsy in the century of the ILAE: the second 50 years, 1959-2009" 5302: 5277: 5258: 5141: 5116: 4929: 4808: 4764: 4658: 4530: 4505: 4457: 4360: 4273: 4223: 4189: 4106: 4081: 4005: 3931: 3919: 3866: 3817: 3769: 3719: 3569: 3557: 3395: 3370: 3313: 3284: 3277: 3154: 2646: 2449: 2255:

and are involved in the body response to injury. Benzodiazepines also function as weak

2051: 1638: 1546: 1345: 1328: 1267: 1148: 785: 764: 486: 327: 311: 13524: 12304: 11026: 10675: 10640: 8877: 8552: 8527: 8162: 8145: 7526:

Ashton H (2004). "Benzodiazepine dependence". In Haddad P, Dursun S, Deakin B (eds.).

7392: 7321: 6237: 6194: 6065: 5911: 4261: 1493:

2 mg and 5 mg diazepam tablets, which are commonly used in the treatment of

20548: 20543: 20453: 20293: 20064: 20007: 19948: 19716: 19288: 18383: 18160: 18155: 17703: 17146: 17110: 17068: 16059: 16017: 15850: 15525: 15520: 14771: 14275: 14190: 14139: 14085: 13819: 13786: 13734: 13679: 13652: 13288: 12609: 12419: 12335: 12308: 12273: 12244: 12208: 12204: 12173: 12108: 12058: 12029: 11949: 11763: 11724: 11506: 11463: 11428: 11401: 11342: 11274: 11233: 11194: 11159: 11155: 11065: 10935: 10931: 10897: 10868: 10767: 10709: 10679: 10644: 10598: 10561: 10543: 10508: 10496: 10488: 10441: 10423: 10374: 10331: 10292: 10288: 10251: 10228: 10187: 10149: 10083: 10060: 10033: 9998: 9955: 9920: 9861: 9857: 9824: 9764: 9760: 9721: 9680: 9631: 9588: 9547: 9543: 9512: 9463: 9414: 9400: 9357: 9293: 9251: 9192: 9141: 9000: 8996: 8959: 8932: 8881: 8844: 8819: 8789: 8746: 8703: 8631: 8592: 8588: 8557: 8500: 8443: 8389: 8347: 8285: 8246: 8236: 8203: 8167: 8126: 8085: 8056: 8030: 7984: 7934: 7908: 7885: 7877: 7792: 7787: 7770: 7743: 7739: 7665: 7601: 7560: 7531: 7488: 7439: 7408: 7396: 7359: 7325: 7268: 7226: 7183: 7179: 7140: 7103: 7076: 7048: 7013: 6938: 6903: 6868: 6815: 6773: 6768: 6741: 6720: 6685: 6612: 6580: 6548: 6505: 6462: 6458: 6419: 6382: 6334: 6292: 6241: 6198: 6163: 6114: 6069: 6026: 6022: 5989: 5958: 5915: 5880: 5857: 5845: 5810: 5753: 5718: 5663: 5624: 5597: 5562: 5558: 5527: 5437: 5432: 5415: 5307: 5293: 5250: 5246: 5146: 5065: 5040: 4921: 4871: 4800: 4756: 4713:. WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health. Archived from 4650: 4562: 4535: 4449: 4414: 4387: 4352: 4348: 4312: 4265: 4227: 4181: 4111: 4097: 4059: 3997: 3959: 3923: 3858: 3809: 3761: 3711: 3673: 3611: 3561: 3524: 3498: 3488: 3452: 3424: 3400: 3349: 2985: 2704: 2453: 1830: 1644: 1625:

dosage and type of benzodiazepine, reasons for prescription, lifestyle, personality,

1577: 1433:

However, they occur with greater frequency in recreational abusers, individuals with

1349: 1247: 1086: 1085:

in susceptible individuals. For that reason, they are contraindicated in people with

807: 803: 768: 606: 526: 494: 303: 12220: 12120: 11475: 10610: 10386: 10161: 10010: 9967: 9873: 9776: 9733: 9600: 9567:"Use of benzodiazepine and risk of cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies" 9305: 8715: 8666: 8512: 8359: 8297: 8199: 7996: 7804: 7755: 7238: 6934: 6431: 6277: 6260: 6210: 6038: 5970: 5927: 5765: 5449: 5091: 4933: 4879: 4768: 4461: 4364: 4277: 4193: 4009: 3870: 3837:"Use of benzodiazepine and risk of cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies" 3821: 3757: 3744:

Lader M, Tylee A, Donoghue J (2009). "Withdrawing benzodiazepines in primary care".

3723: 19969: 19635: 19122: 18899: 18869: 18801: 18708: 18378: 18258: 18150: 17862: 17852: 17306: 16200: 15810: 14736: 14245: 13881: 13801: 12888: 12604: 12518: 12300: 12200: 12165: 12100: 12019: 12011: 11978: 11755: 11585: 11518: 11498: 11455: 11391: 11383: 11350: 11334: 11264: 11225: 11186: 11151: 11077: 11057: 11022: 10976: 10964: 10950:"Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)" 10671: 10636: 10590: 10551: 10535: 10480: 10453: 10431: 10413: 10366: 10323: 10284: 10220: 10141: 9990: 9947: 9910: 9902: 9853: 9756: 9711: 9670: 9662: 9623: 9578: 9539: 9502: 9494: 9453: 9445: 9404: 9396: 9369: 9347: 9285: 9241: 9231: 9182: 9174: 8992: 8922: 8912: 8873: 8781: 8758: 8738: 8693: 8654: 8619: 8584: 8547: 8539: 8492: 8339: 8277: 8195: 8157: 8116: 8022: 7976: 7873: 7837: 7782: 7735: 7655: 7647: 7478: 7470: 7431: 7388: 7337: 7317: 7218: 7195: 7175: 7152: 7132: 7040: 7003: 6995: 6930: 6895: 6858: 6807: 6763: 6755: 6540: 6517: 6497: 6454: 6411: 6326: 6282: 6272: 6233: 6190: 6153: 6145: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6061: 6018: 5950: 5907: 5837: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5745: 5710: 5675: 5655: 5574: 5554: 5517: 5509: 5427: 5345:. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. 2005. pp. 17–19. Archived from 5297: 5289: 5288:(4). American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel: 616–631. 5262: 5242: 5136: 5128: 4913: 4812: 4792: 4748: 4640: 4525: 4517: 4441: 4344: 4257: 4219: 4173: 4101: 4093: 4051: 3989: 3935: 3915: 3848: 3801: 3753: 3703: 3663: 3603: 3573: 3553: 3480: 3390: 3382: 3253: 2902: 2890: 2543: 2465: 2457: 2300: 2193: 2055: 2038: 2018: 1878: 1815: 1702: 1634: 1597: 1530: 1203: 1054:

There is some evidence that low doses of benzodiazepines reduce adverse effects of

898:, and are, therefore, not recommended for detoxification in an outpatient setting. 882: 745: 240: 213: 201: 65: 11459: 9352: 9335: 8729:

Ashton H (May 2005). "The diagnosis and management of benzodiazepine dependence".

7822: 5463:

Stokes T, Shaw EJ, Juarez-Garcia A, Camosso-Stefinovic J, Baker R (October 2004).

5374:

Stokes T, Shaw EJ, Juarez-Garcia A, Camosso-Stefinovic J, Baker R (October 2004).

5276:

American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel (April 2012).

4662: 3773: 3544:

Ashton H (May 2005). "The diagnosis and management of benzodiazepine dependence".

20790: 20261: 20126: 20110: 20098: 20052: 20003: 19818: 19793: 19788: 19602: 19335: 19188: 17990: 17985: 17847: 17780: 17477: 17271: 17247: 17225: 17200: 17166: 16833: 16785: 16699: 16521: 16486: 16285: 16163: 16081: 16076: 16054: 15936: 15445: 15135: 15127: 15117: 14914: 14645: 13221: 11943: 11900: 11040:

Hata M, Marshall GR (2006). "Do benzodiazepines mimic reverse-turn structures?".

10467:

Shi Y, Cui M, Ochs K, Brendel M, Strübing FL, Briel N, et al. (March 2022).

9498: 9236: 9211: 9133: 8429:"Issues in the clinical use of benzodiazepines: potency, withdrawal, and rebound" 8215: 7552: 7070: 6790: 6544: 6501: 6474: 6346: 5984:

Wyatt JP, Illingworth RN, Robertson CE, Clancy MJ, Munro PT (2005). "Poisoning".

5749: 5059: 4917: 4752: 4055: 3484: 2972: 2927: 2531: 2527: 2469: 1990:

Benzodiazepines work by increasing the effectiveness of the endogenous chemical,

1969: 1934: 1890: 1886: 1749:

Although benzodiazepines are much safer in overdose than their predecessors, the

1653: 1621: 1526: 1438: 1341: 1227: 1082: 1048: 911: 811: 610: 602: 518: 478: 275: 263: 148: 20371: 15333: 14636: 13560: 11821:. UK: Exchange Supplies, 2009 National Drug Treatment Conference. Archived from 9666: 8658: 7257:"Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines – side effects, abuse risk and alternatives" 4041: 3607: 3386: 1467: 20751: 20438: 20433: 20273: 20102: 20011: 19878: 19873: 19297: 18090: 17965: 17930: 17925: 17811: 17776: 17680: 17590: 17457: 17266: 17150: 16605: 16533: 16419: 16330: 16280: 16224: 16195: 16184: 16168: 16064: 15490: 15387: 15372: 15342: 15271: 15107: 14949: 14863: 14685: 14578: 14353: 14089: 13963: 13941: 13796: 13510: 10484: 10224: 9627: 8785: 8477: 8235:(14th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: South London and Maudsley NHS Trust. 8026: 6899: 4521: 3228: 2923: 2635: 2627: 2002: 1917: 1779: 1669: 1665: 1648: 1601: 1554: 1507: 1353: 1286: 1040: 910:, because they are metabolized differently from other benzodiazepines, through 848: 618: 557: 543: 454: 413: 378: 354: 291: 271: 247: 101: 96: 89: 77: 12406:"Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines—side effects, abuse risk and alternatives" 12104: 11759: 11387: 11061: 9178: 8698: 8681: 8543: 8496: 8281: 8250: 7222: 7136: 6999: 6415: 5871:

Berthold C (May 2007). "Enteral sedation: safety, efficacy, and controversy".

5714: 5117:"Trends in prescribing of sedative-hypnotic medications in the USA: 1993–2010" 5028: 4645: 4628: 4445: 3805: 3707: 2946:, and by the 1970s they had largely replaced the older drugs for sedative and 505:, and insomnia. Most are administered orally; however, they can also be given 20800: 20668: 20629: 20533: 20458: 20443: 20403: 20336: 20269: 20232: 20106: 20032: 20027: 20017: 19953: 19893: 19823: 19668: 19625: 18831: 18796: 18771: 18583: 18443: 18423: 18418: 18408: 18403: 18303: 18193: 18135: 18130: 18115: 18095: 18085: 18065: 18055: 18045: 18010: 17980: 17970: 17915: 17839: 17786: 17771: 17631: 17599: 17505: 17441: 17335: 17296: 17235: 17220: 17210: 17171: 17132: 17128: 17106: 17015: 17005: 16858: 16848: 16838: 16807: 16727: 16592: 16551: 16406: 16365: 16300: 16205: 16158: 16153: 16131: 16091: 15969: 15954: 15706: 15701: 15691: 15608: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15485: 15475: 15470: 15460: 15440: 15382: 15294: 15216: 15101: 15078: 14896: 14858: 14837: 14544: 14473: 14468: 14383: 14358: 14297: 14287: 14004: 13999: 13898: 13806: 13776: 13303: 13298: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 12764: 12644: 12629: 12614: 12584: 12538: 12487: 12062: 12015: 11903:(supply to addicts) (amendment) regulations 2005. No. 2864. Accessed 20–10–03 11346: 11338: 10547: 10492: 10427: 10207:

Rudolph U, Möhler H (February 2006). "GABA-based therapeutic approaches: GABA

9906: 7688: 7276: 7044: 6793:"Neonatal drug withdrawal. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs" 6759: 6181:

Ferini-Strambi L, Zucconi M (September 2000). "REM sleep behavior disorder".

6149: 5954: 5513: 5470:. London: Royal College of General Practitioners. p. 432. Archived from 4796: 3900: 3420:

Treating Alcohol and Drug Problems in Psychotherapy Practice Doing What Works

3224: 3185: 3119: 3099: 3095: 3046: 3034: 3030: 3018: 2910: 2885: 2796: 2712: 2611: 2607: 2591: 2500: 2348: 2252: 2034: 1937: 1754: 1676: 1629:, and amount of available support, a year or more may be needed to withdraw. 1581: 1506:

The main problem of the chronic use of benzodiazepines is the development of

1384: 1333: 1290: 1231: 1195: 1191: 988: 960: 834: 425: 331: 315: 278:

properties. High doses of many shorter-acting benzodiazepines may also cause

217: 73: 12362:

Benzodiazepines: how they work & how to withdraw (aka The Ashton Manual)

10968: 10792: 10539: 10468: 10127:"Benzodiazepines in anxiety disorders: managing therapeutics and dependence" 9027:

Benzodiazepines: how they work & how to withdraw (aka The Ashton Manual)

8476:

Curran HV, Collins R, Fletcher S, Kee SC, Woods B, Iliffe S (October 2003).

8311:

Pary R, Lewis S (2008). "Prescribing benzodiazepines in clinical practice".

8264:

Curran HV, Collins R, Fletcher S, Kee SC, Woods B, Iliffe S (October 2003).

6863: 6846: 6811: 665:

Likewise, Canadian Psychiatric Association (CPA) recommends benzodiazepines

20701: 20683: 20634: 20528: 20523: 20393: 20141: 19883: 19833: 19803: 19748: 19706: 19701: 19696: 19686: 19681: 19610: 19268: 19233: 19228: 19198: 19147: 19074: 18766: 18756: 18528: 18523: 18513: 18508: 18438: 18263: 18253: 18145: 18105: 18070: 18050: 18035: 18020: 17955: 17950: 17935: 17905: 17900: 17885: 17831: 17821: 17655: 17639: 17468: 17377: 17359: 17343: 17321: 17316: 17281: 17214: 17204: 17181: 17136: 17030: 16900: 16802: 16797: 16707: 16610: 16561: 16496: 16424: 16375: 16320: 16315: 16121: 16038: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15987: 15982: 15944: 15840: 15830: 15762: 15676: 15618: 15603: 15505: 15465: 15455: 15435: 15430: 15420: 15410: 15186: 15176: 15166: 15145: 15068: 15011: 14966: 14853: 14675: 14534: 14514: 14378: 14368: 14220: 13984: 13945: 13592: 13273: 12716: 12711: 12701: 12690: 12639: 12513: 12423: 12112: 11982: 11843: 11792: 11510: 11467: 11432: 11069: 10771: 10713: 10602: 10565: 10500: 10445: 10335: 10232: 10002: 9725: 9684: 9635: 9592: 9516: 9467: 9418: 9361: 9297: 9255: 9196: 8936: 8885: 8839:

Harrison PC, Gelder MG, Cowen P (2006). "The misuse of alcohol and drugs".

8793: 8750: 8707: 8596: 8561: 8504: 8447: 8393: 8351: 8289: 8230: 8207: 8146:"Acute and delayed effects of alprazolam on flight phobics during exposure" 8130: 7912: 7796: 7747: 7669: 7605: 7492: 7443: 7400: 7329: 7272: 7230: 7187: 7144: 7052: 7017: 6942: 6907: 6872: 6552: 6509: 6466: 6445:

Attard A, Ranjith G, Taylor D (August 2008). "Delirium and its treatment".

6423: 6338: 6296: 6245: 6202: 6167: 6118: 6073: 6030: 5962: 5884: 5849: 5841: 5814: 5757: 5722: 5628: 5601: 5566: 5441: 5311: 5254: 5150: 5044: 4925: 4875: 4804: 4760: 4654: 4566: 4539: 4453: 4418: 4356: 4269: 4231: 4185: 4063: 4001: 3927: 3862: 3813: 3765: 3715: 3677: 3615: 3565: 3502: 3404: 3269: 3233: 2768: 2508: 1486: 1429: 1000: 979: 712: 706: 637: 462: 386: 12312: 12277: 12264:

Frey HH (1989). "Anticonvulsant drugs used in the treatment of epilepsy".

12212: 12177: 12033: 11914:"List of drugs currently controlled under the misuse of drugs legislation" 11767: 11645:"List of Drugs Currently Controlled Under The Misuse of Drugs Legislation" 11532: 11502: 11405: 11278: 11237: 11229: 11163: 10683: 10648: 10378: 10296: 10153: 10064: 10037: 9994: 9959: 9951: 9924: 9865: 9768: 9551: 9004: 8171: 8089: 8034: 7988: 7980: 6921:

Bain KT (June 2006). "Management of chronic insomnia in elderly persons".

6819: 6777: 5919: 5667: 5531: 4504:

Kaufmann CN, Spira AP, Alexander GC, Rutkow L, Mojtabai R (October 2017).

4391: 4115: 3694:

Lader M (2008). "Effectiveness of benzodiazepines: do they work or not?".

3479:. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 182. pp. 335–360. 2610:

donating and accepting sites in the receptor, while L1, L2, and L3 denote

995:, bringing about rapid tranquillization and sedation until the effects of 20614: 20609: 20581: 20518: 20510: 20495: 20448: 20223: 20218: 20188: 20168: 19923: 19903: 19853: 19676: 19658: 19653: 19643: 19620: 19615: 19582: 19504: 19345: 19312: 19302: 19158: 19142: 19046: 18929: 18846: 18826: 18816: 18786: 18751: 18703: 18693: 18653: 18648: 18623: 18608: 18568: 18558: 18493: 18463: 18413: 18358: 18333: 18313: 18308: 18273: 18170: 18125: 18080: 18060: 18025: 18000: 17895: 17872: 17796: 17766: 17649: 17566: 17547: 17500: 17473: 17453: 17425: 17397: 17387: 17382: 17353: 17311: 17301: 17286: 17256: 17239: 17195: 17160: 17124: 17120: 17077: 17040: 17020: 16990: 16985: 16975: 16885: 16829: 16824: 16780: 16754: 16712: 16689: 16674: 16633: 16579: 16447: 16393: 16343: 16310: 16295: 16255: 16116: 16111: 16106: 15977: 15959: 15949: 15878: 15858: 15820: 15696: 15633: 15628: 15573: 15558: 15530: 15495: 15480: 15415: 15402: 15367: 15196: 15181: 15171: 15149: 15091: 15048: 15026: 14847: 14833: 14781: 14756: 14751: 14524: 14519: 14405: 14363: 14309: 14280: 14255: 14250: 14225: 14105: 14100: 14064: 14044: 13989: 13979: 13893: 13647: 13597: 13498: 13472: 13365: 13349: 13308: 13234: 13201: 13145: 13063: 12955: 12934: 12883: 12794: 12784: 12754: 12744: 12739: 12624: 12589: 12553: 12543: 12528: 8121: 8104: 7842: 7435: 5462: 5373: 4405:

Faught E (2004). "Treatment of refractory primary generalized epilepsy".

3668: 3652:"Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature" 3651: 3237: 3087: 2997: 2943: 2800: 2731: 2678: 2650: 2539: 2244: 2197: 2196:. This increases the frequency of the opening of the associated chloride 2026: 1787: 1750: 1425: 1368: 1337: 1301: 1206:, are recommended over potentially more harmful benzodiazepines, such as 1167: 1126: 1090: 861: 815: 626: 401: 20288: 13910: 11198: 11190: 10418: 10401: 8917: 8900: 4996:. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. April 2004. Archived from 4210:

White JM, Irvine RJ (July 1999). "Mechanisms of fatal opioid overdose".

3954:

McIntosh A, Semple D, Smyth R, Burns J, Darjee R (2005). "Depressants".

2598:

receptor. White sticks represent the carbon atoms of the benzodiazepine

20722: 20696: 20691: 20673: 20658: 20640: 20624: 20428: 20398: 20388: 20256: 20208: 20203: 20121: 20116: 20022: 19993: 19989: 19898: 19863: 19808: 19798: 19758: 19691: 19519: 19484: 19449: 19444: 19398: 19388: 19317: 19278: 19238: 19223: 19203: 19193: 19132: 19127: 19117: 19084: 19066: 18962: 18909: 18874: 18821: 18811: 18781: 18776: 18713: 18688: 18643: 18618: 18598: 18578: 18573: 18563: 18543: 18498: 18488: 18473: 18433: 18428: 18398: 18353: 18348: 18328: 18318: 18298: 18293: 18283: 18243: 18238: 18233: 18228: 18223: 18213: 18208: 18203: 18175: 18030: 17945: 17940: 17826: 17816: 17791: 17607: 17575: 17561: 17538: 17513: 17509: 17481: 17449: 17445: 17392: 17326: 17276: 17261: 17189: 17045: 17025: 17010: 16980: 16970: 16911: 16880: 16853: 16843: 16764: 16744: 16717: 16652: 16628: 16623: 16506: 16501: 16491: 16481: 16442: 16437: 16348: 16290: 16275: 16086: 15992: 15888: 15868: 15835: 15825: 15815: 15805: 15772: 15754: 15739: 15686: 15681: 15643: 15638: 15613: 15598: 15568: 15563: 15553: 15535: 15211: 15139: 15086: 15063: 15058: 15041: 14981: 14939: 14924: 14806: 14761: 14746: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14632: 14549: 14539: 14529: 14488: 14483: 14433: 14415: 14410: 14393: 14388: 14373: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14304: 14270: 14260: 14144: 14134: 14124: 14069: 14039: 14019: 13824: 13758: 13697: 13685: 13642: 13437: 13420: 13344: 13313: 13278: 13268: 13229: 13196: 13191: 13170: 13130: 13115: 13105: 13090: 13085: 13059: 13049: 13044: 13014: 13009: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12970: 12960: 12929: 12914: 12893: 12866: 12809: 12774: 12759: 12749: 12721: 12634: 12619: 12579: 12568: 12548: 12533: 12502: 12497: 11578: 10594: 10370: 10327: 9716: 9699: 9449: 6886:

Tariq SH, Pulisetty S (February 2008). "Pharmacotherapy for insomnia".

6579:(7th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 2317–2323. 6287: 6109: 5115:

Kaufmann CN, Spira AP, Alexander GC, Rutkow L, Mojtabai R (June 2016).

4781: 3321: 3305: 3249: 3164: 3115: 3050: 3042: 2852: 2848: 2824: 2820: 2804: 2792: 2739: 2619: 2547: 2516: 2504: 2492: 2473: 2316: 2287: 1949: 1930: 1913: 1882: 1863: 1806: 1775: 1661: 1421: 1324: 1259: 1187: 1094: 1068: 1019: 1015: 1008: 972: 818: 788:

among driving patients, and falls and hip fracture for older patients.

753: 670: 666: 622: 549: 474: 409: 382: 267: 236: 189: 37: 12134: 10890: 10353:

receptors. Pharmacological and electrophysiological properties of GABA

9583: 9566: 9212:"Association between Benzodiazepine Use and Dementia: A Meta-Analysis" 7694:"FDA expands Boxed Warning to improve safe use of benzodiazepine drug" 7634:

Xu KY, Hartz SM, Borodovsky JT, Bierut LJ, Grucza RA (December 2020).

6330: 5383:. London: Royal College of General Practitioners. pp. 61, 64–65. 4627:

Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E, Kasper S, Möller HJ (October 2002).

4431: 3993: 3853: 3836: 2163:

receptors). For this reason, benzodiazepines show no affinity for GABA

1178:

have been described in infants chronically exposed to benzodiazepines

20717: 20604: 20576: 20566: 20538: 20423: 20418: 20408: 20246: 20198: 20193: 20178: 20136: 20131: 20089: 20084: 20079: 20037: 19933: 19918: 19858: 19843: 19828: 19648: 19559: 19514: 19479: 19469: 19439: 19434: 19419: 19393: 19355: 19350: 19327: 19322: 19307: 19213: 19208: 19089: 18967: 18957: 18949: 18884: 18861: 18841: 18836: 18806: 18791: 18761: 18743: 18733: 18728: 18723: 18718: 18698: 18683: 18678: 18668: 18663: 18658: 18628: 18603: 18553: 18538: 18533: 18518: 18503: 18483: 18478: 18468: 18458: 18453: 18448: 18368: 18363: 18338: 18268: 18248: 18218: 18140: 18075: 18005: 17995: 17960: 17857: 17761: 17622: 17603: 17551: 17528: 17495: 17420: 17291: 17156: 17092: 17060: 17055: 17035: 16995: 16890: 16684: 16574: 16541: 16476: 16388: 16353: 16305: 16148: 16101: 15908: 15893: 15883: 15873: 15782: 15744: 15734: 15726: 15711: 15668: 15658: 15653: 15623: 15578: 15515: 15450: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15226: 15206: 15131: 15053: 14996: 14886: 14868: 14843: 14816: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14731: 14665: 14601: 14509: 14400: 14348: 14265: 14230: 14210: 14176: 14166: 14129: 14095: 14074: 14059: 14054: 14024: 14014: 14009: 13954: 13876: 13859: 13829: 13791: 13753: 13713: 13690: 13613: 13577: 13493: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13399: 13383: 13325: 13239: 13206: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13135: 13125: 13120: 13069: 13054: 13019: 12975: 12965: 12950: 12898: 12877: 12871: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12820: 12814: 12779: 12734: 12706: 12695: 12685: 12680: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12594: 12558: 12523: 12508: 11894:

Explanatory memorandum to the misuse of drugs and the misuse of drugs

10861:"Chronopharmacology and its implication to the pharmacology of sleep" 9289: 9269:

Nakafero G, Sanders RD, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Myles PR (November 2016).

7474: 5132: 4177: 3288: 3265: 3241: 3219:

Benzodiazepines are commonly used recreationally by poly-drug users.

3201: 3197: 3123: 3107: 3103: 3091: 3083: 3076: 2976: 2963: 2856: 2832: 2828: 2776: 2764: 2743: 2666: 2658: 2653:

ring system (see figure to the right), which is a fusion between the

2520: 2512: 2496: 2481: 2477: 2428: 2380: 2364: 2128: 2083: 1941: 1902: 1894: 1783: 1771: 1657: 1589: 1263: 1255: 1211: 1207: 1163: 1004: 984: 933:

Benzodiazepines are often prescribed for a wide range of conditions:

907: 903: 837: 822: 733: 674: 654:

Benzodiazepines have robust efficacy in the short-term management of

450: 197: 14988: 14973: 11970: 11791:. International Narcotics Control Board. August 2003. Archived from 10627:

Zavala F (September 1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity".

10400:

Afroz S, Parato J, Shen H, Smith SS (2 May 2016). Kennedy MB (ed.).

8265: 2452:, such as diazepam and chlordiazepoxide, which are metabolised into 161: 20663: 20619: 20599: 20571: 20500: 20490: 20413: 20303: 20236: 20213: 20162: 20158: 20154: 20094: 20068: 19928: 19888: 19868: 19848: 19838: 19778: 19773: 19587: 19549: 19499: 19464: 19429: 19424: 19408: 19403: 19383: 19378: 19373: 19360: 19248: 19056: 18933: 18919: 18894: 18889: 18879: 18851: 18638: 18633: 18613: 18593: 18588: 18388: 18343: 18323: 18288: 18278: 18165: 18120: 18110: 18015: 17910: 17890: 17806: 17617: 17611: 17555: 17517: 17489: 17087: 17082: 17050: 17000: 16942: 16874: 16865: 16759: 16511: 16240: 16210: 16136: 16071: 15926: 15903: 15898: 15863: 15716: 15648: 15510: 15425: 15329: 15325: 15221: 15201: 15121: 14934: 14878: 14821: 14811: 14776: 14766: 14741: 14670: 14504: 14478: 14235: 14215: 14049: 14034: 13886: 13871: 13811: 13764: 13724: 13719: 13587: 13582: 13453: 13293: 13211: 13110: 12924: 12919: 12825: 12804: 12799: 12789: 12769: 12574: 12371: 11998:"ABC of mental health. Addiction and dependence – I: Illicit drugs" 10051:

Spivey WH (1992). "Flumazenil and seizures: analysis of 43 cases".

9649:

Liaw GW, Hung DZ, Chen WK, Lin CL, Lin IC, Kao CH (December 2015).

7064: 7062: 6530: 5346: 3309: 3261: 3090:

are often heavily controlled and restricted. In certain countries,

3038: 2993: 2989: 2947: 2935: 2919: 2872: 2772: 2747: 2735: 2670: 2603: 2599: 2579: 2535: 2488: 2412: 2396: 2332: 2209: 2182: 2030: 1953: 1898: 1810: 1593: 1585: 1534: 1490: 1275: 1271: 1251: 1243: 1199: 1171: 1101:. Caution is required when benzodiazepines are used in people with 1081:

Because of their muscle relaxant action, benzodiazepines may cause

1072: 1044: 968: 922: 899: 890: 856: 844: 826: 757: 741: 724: 678: 490: 470: 466: 366: 295: 259: 255: 225: 209: 205: 69: 12442: 12048:"Benzodiazepine use and harms among police detainees in Australia" 9268: 8814:

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5

6378:

The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology

5735: 2559: 1533:

5 mg capsules, which are sometimes used as an alternative to

1437:, children, and patients on high-dosage regimes. In these groups, 1376:

had almost four-times increased odds of a serious health outcome.

346:

after taking benzodiazepines such as worsened agitation or panic.

20482: 20250: 20240: 19999: 19938: 19913: 19908: 19783: 19763: 19743: 19564: 19554: 19539: 19524: 19509: 19494: 19489: 19474: 19459: 19340: 19079: 18939: 18393: 18100: 17801: 17635: 17339: 17142: 17114: 16819: 16556: 16370: 16245: 16141: 16048: 15767: 15500: 15191: 14828: 14657: 14081: 13262: 13140: 13100: 13095: 10825: 10793:"Alprazolam – FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses" 10309: 9823:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 791–838 (798). 9529: 9432:

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Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie

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are contraindicated during benzodiazepine withdrawal as they are

1118: 1043:

are generally a first-line treatment for delirium; however, when

978:

Benzodiazepines are also used to treat the acute panic caused by

956: 797: 553: 552:

action, benzodiazepines are frequently used for the treatment of

548:

Because of their effectiveness, tolerability, and rapid onset of

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that also use benzodiazepines. Heavy alcohol use also increases

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meaning potential for harm in the unborn has been demonstrated.

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American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs (June 1998).

6309: 5983: 4860:"Clinical practice guidelines. Management of anxiety disorders" 2674: 2602:, while green represents carbon atoms of the nonbenzodiazepine 2444:

A benzodiazepine can be placed into one of three groups by its

2175: 2168: 2153: 2146: 2139: 2132: 1995: 1945: 1866:, whose use is controversial following benzodiazepine overdose. 1859: 1791: 1732: 1569: 1461: 1183: 1179: 1122: 851:

become problems with continued use and none are now considered

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Bright JK, Martin AJ, Richards M, Morie M (16 December 2022).

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receptor. Binding also requires that alpha subunits contain a

1445: 917:

Benzodiazepines are the preferred choice in the management of

485:

actions, which are useful in a variety of indications such as

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Physical dependence, withdrawal and post-withdrawal syndromes

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GABA controls the excitability of neurons by binding to the

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Obiora E, Hubbard R, Sanders RD, Myles PR (February 2013).

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in the United Kingdom, involving 14,000 patients and 1,800

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composed of five subunits, the most common ones being two

1451:

already common in anxiety disorders, causing or worsening

740:

Benzodiazepines can be useful for short-term treatment of

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European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience

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Benzodiazepines are associated with an increased risk of

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also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA

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controlled drugs, apart from flunitrazepam, which is a

1822:

are suitable candidates for treatment with flumazenil.

1289:, they have little evidence of effectiveness, although 711:

Benzodiazepines are sometimes used in the treatment of

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Cheng T, Wallace DM, Ponteri B, Tuli M (23 May 2018).

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gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), while a subset of GABA

531:

College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia

200:

ring. They are prescribed to treat conditions such as

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Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine

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Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation

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McIntosh A, Cohen A, Turnbull N, et al. (2004).

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The benzodiazepine class of drugs also interact with

1521: 777:

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660:

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

591:

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

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Tooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors

14978:

Tooltip Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

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Internationally, benzodiazepines are categorized as

2594:

model of the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA

2232:

associated with long-term benzodiazepine treatment.

2212:

effects, whereas those with higher affinity for GABA

601:

develop rapidly, with withdrawal symptoms including

396:

In an overdose, benzodiazepines can cause dangerous

15018: 9565:Kim HB, Myung SK, Park YC, Park B (February 2017). 8838: 8046: 8044: 7769:Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S (August 2008). 7030: 6444: 5587: 3835:Kim HB, Myung SK, Park YC, Park B (February 2017). 3791: 3339: 3337: 2938:marketed by Hoffmann–La Roche under the brand name 2677:atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative 1174:, and breathing and feeding difficulties. Cases of 1071:or drug-dependent individuals and individuals with 613:and psychological therapies are recommended as the 13634: 10923:A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds 10919: 10881: 10168: 10124: 10071: 9889:"Relative toxicity of benzodiazepines in overdose" 9209: 8943: 8832: 8811: 8050: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7344: 6706: 6669: 6374: 5986:Oxford Handbook of Accident and Emergency Medicine 5026: 3743: 1862:. Right: Chemical structure of the benzodiazepine 1637:, which also has a long half-life and long-acting 1018:, a benzodiazepine is used to treat many forms of 525:or misuse include the tendency to cause or worsen 400:, but are less toxic than their predecessors, the 20286:Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators: 15003: 12055:Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice 11177:Sternbach LH (1979). "The benzodiazepine story". 10466: 9698:Lai SW, Lai HC, Lin CL, Liao KF (November 2015). 8892: 8232:The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry 8228: 6923:The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy 6654: 6593: 6559: 5940: 5064:. Springer Publishing Company. pp. 128–130. 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 192:whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a 20798: 12378: 11711: 10695: 10693: 10661: 10522:He Q, Chen X, Wu T, Li L, Fei X (January 2019). 9937: 9564: 9210:Zhong G, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Y (27 May 2015). 8422: 8420: 8418: 8041: 8008: 8006: 7721: 7719: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7550: 7297: 7250: 7248: 6844: 5340:"Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults" 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4159: 4157: 4155: 3834: 3334: 14963:Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 11607:Blackpool NHS Primary Care Trust (1 May 2008). 10852: 10622: 10620: 10101: 10099: 9648: 7947: 7353: 6132:Schenck CH, Arnulf I, Mahowald MW (June 2007). 5873:Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 5827: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5228: 5226: 5022: 5020: 5018: 4334: 4243: 4241: 4205: 4203: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3689: 3687: 1905:, and, in general, have few drug interactions. 643: 385:, uncertainty remains as to whether they cause 20366: 15324: 12236: 11995: 11745: 10858: 7096:Rosenthal TC, Williams M, Naughton BJ (2006). 6885: 6224:Silber MH (February 2001). "Sleep disorders". 5821: 5495: 5097:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 4976: 4858:Canadian Psychiatric Association (July 2006). 4705: 4552: 4075: 4073: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3470: 3468: 1877:Individual benzodiazepines may have different 20352: 17719: 16927: 16339:Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors 15310: 14617: 13926: 13540: 12458: 12379:Fruchtengarten L (April 1998). Ruse M (ed.). 11717:"Dangerous Drugs Ordinance – Schedule 1" 11550: 10920:Panico R, Powell WH, Richer JC, eds. (1993). 10690: 10572: 10348: 10303: 10206: 10200: 9818: 9697: 8415: 8366: 8323: 8015:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 8003: 7892: 7823:"Benzodiazepines and disinhibition: a review" 7816: 7814: 7716: 7587:"The effects of benzodiazepines on cognition" 7573: 7530:. Oxford University Press. pp. 239–260. 7372: 7245: 6611:(15th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 429–443. 6606: 5700: 5108: 4738: 4576: 4152: 3645: 3643: 3593: 3474: 2106:γ1). For each subunit, many subtypes exist (α 1805:A reversal agent for benzodiazepines exists, 1682: 1051:, benzodiazepines are a first-line treatment. 885:is the most commonly used benzodiazepine for 17483: 12403: 12190: 12149: 11989: 11948:(2nd ed.). US: CRC Press. p. 217. 11525: 11209: 11176: 11039: 10810: 10655: 10617: 10528:Journal of Clinical Neurology (Seoul, Korea) 10342: 10264: 10186:(7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. 10120: 10118: 10096: 10077: 9140:(2nd ed.). US: CRC Press. p. 512. 8972: 8863: 8051:Tasman A, Kay J, Lieberman JA, eds. (2008). 7521: 7519: 7254: 7024: 6975: 6879: 6845:Iqbal MM, Sobhan T, Ryals T (January 2002). 6574: 6481: 6174: 6051: 5402: 5369: 5367: 5223: 5015: 4851: 4775: 4687:. Work Group on Panic Disorder. January 2009 4546: 4238: 4200: 3780: 3730: 3684: 3656:The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders 3029:, even when not on the market (for example, 1420:, such as increased seizures in epileptics, 1162:. Newborns with this condition tend to have 1147:has categorized benzodiazepines into either 572:serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors 19:"Benzo" redirects here. For other uses, see 17735: 17592: 17580: 16728: 14903: 10756:"Benzodiazepine use, abuse, and dependence" 10753: 10749: 10747: 10745: 10743: 9160: 9049:Lal R, Gupta S, Rao R, Kattimani S (2007). 8950:Collier J, Longmore M, Amarakone K (2013). 8143: 6784: 6733: 6438: 5828:Broscheit J, Kranke P (February 2008). "". 5785:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5489: 5324:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4899: 4897: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4209: 4070: 4022:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3877: 3580: 3521:Sleep Disorders: Diagnosis and Therapeutics 3465: 3348:. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–42. 1584:, hypersensitivity to stimuli, depression, 1446:Long-term worsening of psychiatric symptoms 1315:Paradoxical reaction § Benzodiazepines 691:serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors 220:in 1955, and was made available in 1960 by 20359: 20345: 17726: 17712: 16934: 16920: 15317: 15303: 14624: 14610: 13933: 13919: 13850: 13744: 13704: 13604: 13547: 13533: 12465: 12451: 12389:International Programme on Chemical Safety 11816: 11748:Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 11372:"End to insurers using genetic data urged" 11215: 11170: 11042:Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 10741: 10739: 10737: 10735: 10733: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10725: 10723: 10521: 9983:Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 9704:International Journal of Clinical Practice 9389:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 9020: 9018: 9016: 9014: 8686:The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 8329: 7924: 7922: 7857: 7811: 7762: 7555:. In Palmer S, Dainow S, Milner P (eds.). 7553:"The effects of medication on counselling" 7291: 7211:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 7168:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 5934: 5456: 5282:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 5190: 5188: 4633:The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 4510:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 3982:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 3972: 3640: 3594:Saïas T, Gallarda T (September 2008). "". 2224:subunits have good anti-anxiety activity. 1226:. The elderly are at an increased risk of 1047:is caused by alcohol or sedative hypnotic 1026:responds well to low doses of clonazepam. 860:a useful role for very short-term seizure 773:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 216:(Librium), was discovered accidentally by 45: 13940: 12369: 12358: 12237:Kahn CM, Line S, Aiello SE, eds. 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Informa Healthcare. pp. 220–222. 3442: 3440: 3158: 2897:beginning in 1960 and branded as Librium 2893:, the first benzodiazepine, marketed by 2884: 2585: 2558: 1968: 1525: 1485: 1300: 855:choices for long-term epilepsy therapy. 728: 445: 14646: 12263: 12232: 12230: 12090: 11819:"What is possible with benzodiazepines" 11418: 11291: 11257:The British Journal of General Practice 10867:. Basel: Birkhäuser. pp. 211–213. 10720: 9094: 9011: 8956:Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties 7919: 7898: 7584: 7559:. Vol. 1. Sage. pp. 211–214. 6667: 6089:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5641: 5413: 5185: 5085: 5083: 5081: 4037: 4035: 4033: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3693: 3514: 3512: 1881:with certain drugs. Depending on their 1356:have been described but are very rare. 1033:Benzodiazepines are sometimes used for 695:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 562:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 230:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 20812:Chemical classes of psychoactive drugs 20799: 14703:Tooltip positive allosteric modulators 14686: 14631: 12319: 12093:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 11869:"Controlled drugs and drug dependence" 11723:. Hong Kong: hklii.org. Archived from 11317: 11315: 11095: 11093: 11091: 11089: 11087: 10910: 10626: 10050: 9809: 8978: 8905:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 8800: 8728: 8229:Taylor D, Barnes TR, Young AH (2021). 8144:Wilhelm FH, Roth WT (September 1997). 6223: 5332: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4404: 4325: 4082:"Use and abuse of the benzodiazepines" 4079: 3898: 3543: 3240:. Benzodiazepines and, in particular, 3007: 2566:: The 1,4-benzodiazepine ring system. 1412: 1139:Effects of benzodiazepines on newborns 51:Structural formula of benzodiazepines. 20340: 17707: 16915: 15298: 14605: 13914: 13528: 12446: 12291:Podell M (1996). "Seizures in dogs". 11941: 11586:"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act" 11439: 11126: 9980: 9131: 8841:Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry 8624:10.1046/j.1440-1819.1998.0520s5S115.x 8612:Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 7820: 5614: 4499: 4497: 4377: 4371: 3649: 3437: 3346:A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry 3344:Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". 3194:Convention on Psychotropic Substances 3139:Convention on Psychotropic Substances 2066:. Hence, activation of different GABA 871: 20327:GABA metabolism/transport modulators 15038:Tooltip Monoamine oxidase inhibitors 12227: 11654:. British Government. Archived from 11250: 11099: 10990: 10986:from the original on 9 October 2022. 10947: 9278:Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 9134:"Alphabetical presentation of drugs" 8985:Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 7853:from the original on 9 October 2022. 7463:Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 6920: 5943:Current Medical Research and Opinion 5496:Ashworth M, Gerada C (August 1997). 5181:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5121:Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 5104:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5078: 4166:Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 4030: 3942: 3509: 2685:ring fused onto the diazepine ring. 1390: 1311:Long-term effects of benzodiazepines 1236:long-term effects of benzodiazepines 1062: 1024:Rapid eye movement behavior disorder 928: 19944:Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) 15023:Tooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants 12472: 11312: 11084: 10146:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb126684.x 10080:Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies 9161:Brandt J, Leong C (December 2017). 6833:Temazepam-Rxlist Pregnancy Category 6674:. In Raymon LP, Mozayani A (eds.). 6607:Meyler L, Aronson JK, eds. (2006). 5390:from the original on 9 October 2022 4669: 4308:British National Formulary (BNF 57) 3144: 3066:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 2689:binding of the molecule to the GABA 2681:. The "benzo" prefix indicates the 2622:modification of a specific kind of 2472:with prolonged usage. Examples are 2262: 2237:peripheral benzodiazepine receptors 1964: 1361:long-term effects of benzodiazepine 1258:. The high potency benzodiazepines 937:They can sedate patients receiving 13: 19007:11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain 12404:Longo LP, Johnson B (April 2000). 12372:"Benzodiazepine equivalence table" 12326:Gross ME (2001). "Tranquilizers, α 12170:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01754.x 11333:(6872): 227–232. 23 January 1993. 11144:Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 10760:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 9438:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 8743:10.1097/01.yco.0000165594.60434.84 8436:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 8382:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 8344:10.1097/01.yic.0000194379.65460.a6 8109:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 8078:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 7652:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.28557 7594:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 7424:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 7255:Longo LP, Johnson B (April 2000). 6713:Introductory Clinical Pharmacology 6533:Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises 5660:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1996.tb02915.x 4864:The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 4555:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 4494: 4380:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 4224:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.9479612.x 3920:10.1097/01.yco.0000165594.60434.84 3696:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 3558:10.1097/01.yco.0000165594.60434.84 1994:, to decrease the excitability of 1950:central nervous system depressants 1522:Withdrawal symptoms and management 1478:Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome 1319:benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome 1296: 589:Guidelines issued by the UK-based 391:withdrawal symptoms in the newborn 363:benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome 14: 20843: 19754:Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate 16044:Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate 15008:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants 13509:* atypical activity profile (not 13447:Tetrahydroisoquinobenzodiazepines 12352: 10833:. 26 October 2012. Archived from 9821:Oxford Handbook of Acute Medicine 9797:. Robin Mantooth. 28 January 2010 9066:(WHO). p. 82. Archived from 5058:Carlstedt RA (13 December 2009). 4476:"Benzodiazepines in chronic pain" 4386:(Suppl): 4–10, discussion 50–53. 3375:Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 3299: 3126:were classed as dangerous drugs. 3082:In East Asia and Southeast Asia, 1641:, can be used as an alternative. 1620:failure rate. A slow and gradual 537: 330:such as aggression or behavioral 20784: 13807:Hydromorphone (extended-release) 12430:from the original on 12 May 2008 12284: 12257: 12205:10.2165/00003088-198611020-00004 12184: 12127: 12084: 12040: 11962: 11935: 11906: 11886: 11879:is only accessible in the UK. A 11861: 11829: 11810: 11774: 11739: 11705: 11637: 11588:. Canadian Department of Justice 11482: 11419:Jufe GS (July–August 2007). "". 11412: 11363: 11244: 11033: 11006: 10785: 10515: 10460: 10393: 10316:Biochemical Society Transactions 10239: 10134:The Medical Journal of Australia 10110:National Institute on Drug Abuse 10044: 10017: 9974: 9931: 9880: 9858:10.2165/00002512-199101010-00008 9837: 9783: 9761:10.2165/00002018-199106040-00003 9740: 9691: 9642: 9607: 9558: 9523: 9474: 9425: 9401:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03586.x 9376: 9327: 9262: 9203: 9154: 9125: 9088: 9042: 8765: 8722: 8673: 8638: 8603: 8589:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2003.10.003 8568: 8519: 8469: 8304: 8257: 8222: 8188:European Neuropsychopharmacology 8178: 8137: 8096: 8069: 7878:10.2165/00023210-199809010-00005 7788:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x 7740:10.2165/00023210-200418010-00004 7682: 7676: 7627: 7544: 7499: 7450: 7415: 7180:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51417.x 7072:Prescribing for Elderly Patients 6459:10.2165/00023210-200822080-00002 6023:10.2165/00023210-200822030-00002 5559:10.2165/00002512-199914060-00002 5433:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02042.x 5294:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03923.x 5247:10.2165/00002512-200522090-00004 5029:"Treatment options for insomnia" 4407:Reviews in Neurological Diseases 4349:10.2165/00023210-200721090-00004 4250:European Neuropsychopharmacology 4098:10.1097/00007691-199810000-00007 3291:may be the most psychologically 2582:(7-chloro-1-methyl substituted). 1847: 1838: 1829: 568:American Psychiatric Association 20174:Menthyl isovalerate (validolum) 13489:Alprazolam triazolobenzophenone 12266:Problems in Veterinary Medicine 11565:Drug Enforcement Administration 11537:Drug Enforcement Administration 11102:"Understanding Benzodiazepines" 10859:Cardinali DP, Monti JM (2006). 10629:Pharmacology & Therapeutics 10277:Pharmacology & Therapeutics 10213:Current Opinion in Pharmacology 9571:International Journal of Cancer 8866:Pharmacology & Therapeutics 8647:Addiction Research & Theory 8577:Journal of Psychiatric Research 8200:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.12.004 7551:Hammersley D, Beeley L (1996). 7354:Tasman A, Lieberman JA (2006). 7202: 7159: 7116: 7089: 6949: 6935:10.1016/j.amjopharm.2006.06.006 6914: 6838: 6826: 6698: 6625: 6524: 6395: 6368: 6303: 6278:10.1590/S0004-282X2007000400035 6252: 6217: 6125: 6080: 6045: 6002: 5977: 5891: 5864: 5772: 5729: 5694: 5635: 5608: 5581: 5538: 5269: 5157: 4940: 4732: 4699: 4620: 4478:. February 2016. Archived from 4468: 4425: 4398: 4140:(Press release). 31 August 2016 4122: 3841:International Journal of Cancer 3828: 3758:10.2165/0023210-200923010-00002 3324:and as adjuncts to anesthesia. 3174:benzodiazepines are categorized 3012: 1959: 1872: 1726: 1435:borderline personality disorder 529:, depression, and anxiety. The 435: 239:that enhance the effect of the 19123:Allopregnanolone (brexanolone) 11179:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 10865:Clinical pharmacology of sleep 8774:Behaviour Research and Therapy 8150:Behaviour Research and Therapy 6988:Calcified Tissue International 6101:10.1002/14651858.CD003079.pub3 6054:Journal of Affective Disorders 5797:10.1002/14651858.CD007354.pub3 3537: 3411: 3362: 2934:. Following chlordiazepoxide, 2909:), was synthesized in 1955 by 2058:is less likely. Different GABA 2037:and two binding sites for the 1572:, agitation, fearfulness, and 1541:. Like diazepam it has a long 1482:post-acute withdrawal syndrome 1003:(antipsychotics) take effect. 1: 20319:Receptor/signaling modulators 18875:Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin) 12305:10.1016/S0195-5616(96)50105-1 11996:Gerada C, Ashworth M (1997). 11609:"Medicines Management Update" 11460:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.09.006 11027:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)90217-0 10676:10.1016/S0306-3623(96)00473-9 10641:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7 10211:receptor subtype functions". 9940:British Journal of Psychiatry 9353:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202374 8878:10.1016/s0163-7258(03)00029-9 8731:Current Opinion in Psychiatry 8163:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00033-8 7775:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 7393:10.1016/S1389-9457(08)70012-1 7356:Handbook of Psychiatric Drugs 7322:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 6963:. American Geriatrics Society 6888:Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 6265:Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 6238:10.1016/S0733-8619(05)70011-6 6195:10.1016/S1388-2457(00)00414-4 6066:10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00317-8 5912:10.1016/S0891-8422(23)00935-7 5879:(5): 264–271, quiz 272, 282. 4785:Journal of Psychopharmacology 4741:Current Opinion in Psychiatry 4706:Barbui C, Cipriani A (2009). 4262:10.1016/S0924-977X(99)00051-6 3956:Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry 3908:Current Opinion in Psychiatry 3546:Current Opinion in Psychiatry 3327: 3206:Schedule III controlled drugs 2257:adenosine reuptake inhibitors 2251:receptors. They modulate the 2208:are associated with stronger 1973:Schematic diagram of the (α1) 1708: 1035:obsessive–compulsive disorder 945:, and it is recommended that 814:. In a hospital environment, 631:cognitive behavioural therapy 20817:Glycine receptor antagonists 20069:ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine) 19154:anabolic-androgenic steroids 17936:Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital 17741:receptor positive modulators 12158:British Journal of Addiction 11327:BMJ: British Medical Journal 11294:"Memorandum by Dr Reg Peart" 11156:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6 10289:10.1016/0163-7258(95)02043-8 10248:Sciences Basic to Psychiatry 9544:10.1016/0024-3205(95)02199-0 9499:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31827c0c8d 9237:10.1371/journal.pone.0127836 8997:10.1016/0740-5472(91)90023-4 8313:Resident and Staff Physician 7700:Food and Drug Administration 6545:10.1016/j.pharma.2009.07.001 6502:10.1097/YCT.0b013e3182359314 5750:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000882 5172:Food and Drug Administration 5165:"Approval letter for Ambien" 4918:10.1097/YIC.0000000000000078 4753:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32831a473d 4136:Food and Drug Administration 4056:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31816fd910 3485:10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_16 3451:(2nd ed.). C.V. Mosby. 3304:Benzodiazepines are used in 2663:Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature 2554: 1501: 1381:Food and Drug Administration 1242:in the elderly can resemble 1176:neonatal withdrawal syndrome 1145:Food and Drug Administration 1132: 656:generalized anxiety disorder 650:Generalized anxiety disorder 644:Generalized anxiety disorder 523:The effects of long-term use 334:can occur. According to the 212:. The first benzodiazepine, 7: 18709:Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904) 17646:Tetracyclic antidepressants 17585:Tooltip 5-hydroxytryptophan 17408:Melatonin receptor agonists 17370:Orexin receptor antagonists 17350:Tetracyclic antidepressants 16570:Tetracyclic antidepressants 16384:Tetracyclic antidepressants 13812:Morphine (extended-release) 12240:The Merck Veterinary Manual 11370:Richards T (October 1996). 9667:10.1097/md.0000000000002376 9095:Ford C, Law F (July 2014). 8958:. OUP Oxford. p. 368. 8659:10.1080/1606635310001634528 7872:(1). Bond AJ: 41–57. 1998. 5196:American Geriatrics Society 4086:Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 3608:10.1016/j.encep.2007.05.005 3387:10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0773 3004:pathway has been proposed. 2889:The molecular structure of 2131:amino acid residue, (i.e., 1738: 1695: 1224:American Geriatrics Society 919:alcohol withdrawal syndrome 791: 718: 365:, and an increased risk of 10: 20848: 19037:5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin 13855:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist 13749:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist 13709:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist 13609:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist 11883:is available from Google.) 11876:British National Formulary 10957:Pure and Applied Chemistry 10485:10.1038/s41593-022-01013-9 10225:10.1016/j.coph.2005.10.003 9791:"Toxicity, benzodiazepine" 9628:10.1016/j.phrs.2007.08.006 8786:10.1016/j.brat.2003.12.002 8027:10.1037/0022-006x.64.4.660 6900:10.1016/j.cger.2007.08.009 6705:Roach SS, Ford SM (2006). 4522:10.1016/j.ajem.2017.04.023 4080:Fraser AD (October 1998). 3151:Benzodiazepine drug misuse 3148: 2901:The first benzodiazepine, 2880: 2669:is a heterocycle with two 1742: 1683:Controversial associations 1471: 1379:In September 2020, the US 1340:and suppressed breathing ( 1308: 1217: 1143:In the United States, the 1136: 1007:is most commonly used but 875: 847:. However, drowsiness and 795: 722: 704: 700: 647: 595:placebo-controlled studies 541: 439: 184:), colloquially known as " 18: 20735: 20710: 20682: 20649: 20590: 20557: 20509: 20481: 20472: 20379: 20312: 19962: 19730: 19667: 19634: 19601: 19573: 19287: 19229:Pregnanolone (eltanolone) 19108: 19065: 18976: 18948: 18860: 18742: 18184: 17871: 17772:Chlorobutanol (cloretone) 17747: 17664: 17628:Tricyclic antidepressants 17434: 17406: 17368: 17332:Tricyclic antidepressants 17234: 16949: 16773: 16726: 16698: 16665: 16645: 16591: 16547:Tricyclic antidepressants 16532: 16520: 16463: 16405: 16361:Tricyclic antidepressants 16329: 16266: 16254: 16183: 16031: 15968: 15935: 15917: 15849: 15796: 15753: 15725: 15667: 15544: 15401: 15353: 15341: 15255: 15159: 15100: 15077: 14948: 14895: 14877: 14684: 14644: 14562: 14497: 14453: 14446: 14424: 14333: 14200: 14189: 14153: 14114: 13962: 13953: 13841:Benzodiazepine dependence 13839: 13733: 13623: 13568: 13507: 13481: 13462: 13446: 13430: 13392: 13374: 13358: 13334: 13248: 13220: 13184: 13078: 12984: 12943: 12907: 12480: 12411:American Family Physician 12193:Clinical Pharmacokinetics 12105:10.1007/s00216-007-1209-z 11760:10.3109/15563659509010615 11448:Physiology & Behavior 11388:10.1136/bmj.313.7061.838a 11062:10.1007/s10822-006-9059-x 10271:Johnston GA (1996). "GABA 9179:10.1007/s40268-017-0207-7 9064:World Health Organization 8699:10.1080/15622970802465807 8544:10.1136/bmj.329.7476.1198 8497:10.1017/s0033291703008213 8282:10.1017/s0033291703008213 7261:American Family Physician 7223:10.1007/s11910-006-0051-6 7137:10.1017/S0033291704003897 7075:. Wiley. pp. 47–48. 7000:10.1007/s00223-012-9603-8 6708:"Sedatives and hypnotics" 6416:10.1017/S1092852900026924 5715:10.1016/j.ccc.2009.03.003 5617:American Family Physician 5590:American Family Physician 5414:Shorvon SD (March 2009). 5033:American Family Physician 4646:10.3109/15622970209150621 4446:10.1017/S1092852900006945 4044:Obstetrics and Gynecology 3806:10.1007/s40263-018-0535-3 3708:10.1586/14737175.8.8.1189 3293:habit-forming (addictive) 3112:Dangerous Drugs Ordinance 3033:), with the exception of 3027:Controlled Substances Act 2624:neurotransmitter receptor 2241:peripheral nervous system 2021:between neurons. All GABA 1809:(Anexate). Its use as an 1767:tricyclic antidepressants 1717: 1539:benzodiazepine withdrawal 1495:benzodiazepine withdrawal 1474:Benzodiazepine dependence 1352:and nightmares. Cases of 1240:benzodiazepine dependence 1056:electroconvulsive therapy 580:benzodiazepine dependence 576:tricyclic antidepressants 375:long-term adverse effects 160: 155: 141: 136: 116: 111: 95: 83: 61: 56: 44: 35: 30: 16:Class of depressant drugs 20323:GABA receptor modulators 20233:sulfonmethane (sulfonal) 16132:Sulfonmethane (sulfonal) 13376:Pyridotriazolodiazepines 13250:Thienotriazolodiazepines 12016:10.1136/bmj.315.7103.297 11899:16 December 2010 at the 11339:10.1136/bmj.306.6872.227 10275:receptor pharmacology". 9907:10.1136/bmj.310.6974.219 9616:Pharmacological Research 7836:(12). Paton C: 460–462. 7045:10.1176/appi.ps.55.3.233 6760:10.1136/bmj.317.7162.839 6183:Clinical Neurophysiology 5955:10.1185/030079908X261113 5514:10.1136/bmj.315.7104.358 4797:10.1177/0269881107077355 3180:controlled drugs by the 3167:) 2 mg tri-score tablets 2718: 1800:cardiorespiratory arrest 736:(Normison) 10 mg tablets 461:Benzodiazepines possess 355:decreasing effectiveness 16619:Atypical antipsychotics 16433:Atypical antipsychotics 14655:Tooltip 5-HT1A receptor 14293:Eslicarbazepine acetate 13482:Benzodiazepine prodrugs 12986:Triazolobenzodiazepines 12243:(9th ed.). Wiley. 12057:(336). Loxley W. 2007. 11616:National Health Service 11292:Peart R (1 June 1999). 10969:10.1351/pac199870010143 10963:(1). Moss GP: 143–216. 10894:Drug Discovery Handbook 10540:10.3988/jcn.2019.15.1.9 7901:Forensic Science Review 6864:10.1176/appi.ps.53.1.39 6812:10.1542/peds.101.6.1079 3650:Dodds TJ (March 2017). 3449:Integrated Pharmacology 1820:benzodiazepine overdose 1745:Benzodiazepine overdose 1117:, they may precipitate 1107:intellectual disability 947:benzodiazepine overdose 693:, benzodiazepines, and 442:List of benzodiazepines 244:gamma-aminobutyric acid 20209:Retigabine (ezogabine) 19485:Lirequinil (Ro41-3696) 19052:7,8-Dihydromethysticin 19042:5,6-Dehydromethysticin 17921:Benzylbutylbarbiturate 16793:Chlorophenylalkyldiols 16601:Typical antipsychotics 16415:Typical antipsychotics 14695:Tooltip GABAA receptor 13464:Pyrrolobenzodiazepines 13185:Oxazolobenzodiazepines 13079:Imidazobenzodiazepines 13062:(active metabolite of 12564:Desmethylflunitrazepam 12135:"Benzodiazepine abuse" 11983:10.5281/zenodo.7813470 11652:Misuse of Drugs Act UK 10359:Molecular Neurobiology 10314:) receptor subtypes". 9487:Critical Care Medicine 9059:Substance Use Disorder 8485:Psychological Medicine 8270:Psychological Medicine 7507:"benzodiazepines-oral" 7358:. Wiley. p. 151. 7125:Psychological Medicine 7099:Office care geriatrics 6150:10.1093/sleep/30.6.683 5842:10.1055/s-2008-1060547 5738:Critical Care Medicine 4957:. 1988. Archived from 3168: 3021:, benzodiazepines are 2898: 2615: 2583: 2216:receptors containing α 1987: 1908:Many drugs, including 1796:respiratory depression 1627:environmental stresses 1550: 1498: 1306: 1160:floppy infant syndrome 1083:respiratory depression 1028:Restless legs syndrome 943:respiratory depression 939:mechanical ventilation 887:alcohol detoxification 878:Alcohol detoxification 737: 584:substance use disorder 458: 406:central nervous system 336:Government of Victoria 21:Benzo (disambiguation) 13336:Thienobenzodiazepines 11503:10.1007/s004060070024 11230:10.1300/J251v08n03_06 10818:"Midazolam Injection" 10078:Goldfrank LR (2002). 10053:Clinical Therapeutics 10026:Clinical Therapeutics 9995:10.1081/CLT-120030946 9952:10.1192/bjp.163.3.386 7981:10.1055/s-2007-979558 6410:(9 Suppl 14): 37–46. 6189:(Suppl 2): S136–140. 5703:Critical Care Clinics 4870:(8 Suppl 2): 9S–91S. 4256:(Suppl 6): S399–405. 3899:Ashton H (May 2005). 3634:Better Health Channel 3256:, arterial puncture, 3162: 3064:substances under the 2888: 2589: 2562: 2446:elimination half-life 2167:receptors containing 2047:allosteric modulators 2033:ions across neuronal 2025:receptors contain an 1972: 1543:elimination half-life 1529: 1489: 1418:Paradoxical reactions 1304: 1111:paradoxical reactions 1103:personality disorders 1076:psychiatric disorders 896:breakthrough seizures 876:Further information: 802:Prolonged convulsive 796:Further information: 763:Since the release of 732: 723:Further information: 705:Further information: 648:Further information: 542:Further information: 449: 424:and also often taken 344:paradoxical reactions 20684:Neuroactive steroids 20651:Arylcyclohexylamines 20264:constituents (e.g., 20048:Deuterated etifoxine 19110:Neuroactive steroids 19080:Apronal (apronalide) 18932:constituents (e.g., 18549:N-Desalkylflurazepam 17572:Serotonin precursors 16943:Insomnia medications 16750:Gabapentin enacarbil 15798:Neuroactive steroids 15768:Apronal (apronalide) 14930:Gabapentin enacarbil 12944:2,3-Benzodiazepines* 11892:Home Office (2005). 11727:on 27 September 2011 11721:Hong Kong Ordinances 11713:Hong Kong Government 11251:King MB (May 1992). 10664:General Pharmacology 10106:Overdose Death Rates 10032:(6): 978–995. 1992. 8526:Holbrook AM (2004). 8427:Chouinard G (2004). 8122:10.4088/JCP.13m08592 7843:10.1192/pb.26.12.460 7436:10.4088/JCP.08m04325 7033:Psychiatric Services 6851:Psychiatric Services 4482:on 23 September 2016 3669:10.4088/PCC.16r02037 3258:deep vein thrombosis 3053:which are placed in 2956:class-action lawsuit 2865:1,5-benzodiazepines: 2757:3-hydroxy compounds: 2661:ring systems. Under 1365:cognitive impairment 1109:because of frequent 615:first-line treatment 609:, although specific 398:deep unconsciousness 340:Department of Health 324:cognitive impairment 235:Benzodiazepines are 20368:General anesthetics 20057:dihydroergocryptine 19369:Pyrazolopyrimidines 19027:5,6-Dihydroyangonin 19012:7,8-Dihydroyangonin 18199:3-Hydroxyphenazepam 18041:Methylphenobarbital 17534:Menthyl isovalerate 16957:positive modulators 13995:Methylphenobarbital 13666:General anesthetics 13570:Nicotine dependence 13284:Deschloroclotizolam 12908:1,5-Benzodiazepines 12730:-Desalkylflurazepam 12493:3-Hydroxyphenazepam 12481:1,4-Benzodiazepines 11945:Drug Abuse Handbook 11923:on 18 February 2011 11817:Chris Ford (2009). 11298:Minutes of Evidence 11191:10.1021/jm00187a001 11054:2006JCAMD..20..321H 10997:CAS registry number 10840:on 22 February 2016 10754:O'brien CP (2005). 10473:Nature Neuroscience 10419:10.7554/eLife.15106 10357:channel subtypes". 9228:2015PLoSO..1027836Z 8918:10.2147/NDT.S164307 8538:(7476): 1198–1199. 8528:"Treating insomnia" 8457:on 13 December 2005 8403:on 14 December 2005 7704:. 23 September 2020 7615:on 13 December 2005 7585:Stewart SA (2005). 7387:(Suppl 1): S18–22. 7306:(9752): 1558–1565. 6680:. Humana. pp. 6642:on 22 February 2012 6356:on 29 December 2009 5642:Peppers MP (1996). 5477:on 27 November 2011 5426:(Suppl 3): 93–130. 5210:on 1 September 2013 4608:on 19 February 2009 4413:(Suppl 1): S34–43. 3008:Society and culture 2813:Triazolo compounds: 2697:-benzo diazepin-2(3 2574:-benzo diazepin-2(3 1910:oral contraceptives 1613:withdrawal syndrome 1563:physical dependence 1413:Paradoxical effects 1398:anterograde amnesia 1383:(FDA) required the 1119:suicidal tendencies 866:catamenial epilepsy 599:physical dependence 534:receptor agonists. 432:in most countries. 422:used recreationally 359:physical dependence 328:paradoxical effects 280:anterograde amnesia 20762:Never to phase III 20151:4-O-methylhonokiol 19814:Dichloralphenazone 19712:Methylmethaqualone 19289:Nonbenzodiazepines 19002:Desmethoxyyangonin 18997:11-Hydroxyyangonin 18992:11-Methoxyyangonin 18987:10-Methoxyyangonin 18374:Ethyl carfluzepate 17976:Cyclopentobarbital 17691:Never to phase III 17069:Nonbenzodiazepines 16815:Diethylpropanediol 16097:Dichloralphenazone 16013:Methylmethaqualone 15851:Nonbenzodiazepines 15378:Diethylpropanediol 15282:Never to phase III 14589:Never to phase III 13820:Opioid antagonists 13680:Opioid antagonists 13658:Hydrogen cyanamide 13625:Alcohol dependence 13393:Pyrazolodiazepines 12600:Ethyl carfluzepate 12370:Ashton CH (2007). 12359:Ashton CH (2002). 11849:on 5 December 2005 11798:on 5 December 2005 11693:on 20 October 2008 11661:on 5 February 2007 11625:on 4 December 2010 10934:. pp. 40–43. 10831:Ministry of Health 10766:(Suppl 2): 28–33. 10595:10.1007/bf03345110 10371:10.1007/BF02741459 10328:10.1042/BST0320553 9717:10.1111/ijcp.12689 9450:10.5664/jcsm.27552 8388:(Suppl 2): 34–38. 7969:Pharmacopsychiatry 6894:(1): 93–105, vii. 6490:The Journal of ECT 6319:Movement Disorders 6226:Neurologic Clinics 5709:(3): 431–49, vii. 5682:on 15 January 2020 5352:on 26 January 2009 5003:on 3 December 2008 4964:on 6 December 2014 4948:"Current problems" 4561:(Suppl 2): 21–27. 4440:(Suppl 1): 53–61. 3477:Modern Anesthetics 3314:status epilepticus 3285:anecdotal evidence 3278:drug assisted rape 3169: 3155:Drug-related crime 3114:. Previously only 3025:under the Federal 2986:nonbenzodiazepines 2960:drug manufacturers 2899: 2841:Imidazo compounds: 2785:7-nitro compounds: 2705:Nonbenzodiazepines 2616: 2584: 2450:active metabolites 2074:The subset of GABA 2052:membrane potential 1988: 1645:Nonbenzodiazepines 1639:active metabolites 1551: 1547:active metabolites 1499: 1307: 1268:Nonbenzodiazepines 872:Alcohol withdrawal 804:epileptic seizures 786:traffic collisions 769:non benzodiazepine 765:nonbenzodiazepines 738: 527:cognitive deficits 487:alcohol dependence 477:, anticonvulsant, 459: 312:alcohol withdrawal 188:", are a class of 20772: 20771: 20731: 20730: 20549:Thiotetrabarbital 20454:Trichloroethylene 20334: 20333: 20294:MRK-409 (MK-0343) 20065:dihydroergotamine 20008:potassium bromide 20002:compounds (e.g., 19949:Trichloroethylene 19717:Nitromethaqualone 19636:Pyrazolopyridines 19138:3α-Androstanediol 19032:7,8-Dihydrokavain 18384:Ethyl loflazepate 18161:Thiotetrabarbital 17777:Ethanol (alcohol) 17701: 17700: 17147:potassium bromide 16909: 16908: 16661: 16660: 16459: 16458: 16179: 16178: 16060:Potassium bromide 16018:Nitromethaqualone 15526:Thiotetrabarbital 15373:Ethanol (alcohol) 15292: 15291: 14864:Ethanol (alcohol) 14772:Ethyl loflazepate 14599: 14598: 14558: 14557: 14442: 14441: 14426:Potassium openers 14344:Oxazolidinediones 14276:Valproate pivoxil 14241:Acetylpheneturide 14185: 14184: 14140:Valproate pivoxil 14116:GABA-T inhibitors 14086:potassium bromide 13908: 13907: 13787:Levacetylmethadol 13735:Opioid dependence 13653:Calcium carbimide 13522: 13521: 13431:Pyrrolodiazepines 13289:Deschloroetizolam 13258:α-Hydroxyetizolam 12610:Ethyl loflazepate 12381:"Benzodiazepines" 12341:978-0-8138-1743-9 12250:978-0-911910-50-6 12164:(12): 1601–1606. 12072:on 12 August 2017 12010:(7103): 297–300. 11955:978-0-8493-1690-6 11942:Karch SB (2006). 11614:. United Kingdom 11558:"BENZODIAZEPINES" 11021:(17): 3593–3608. 10932:Blackwell Science 10903:978-0-471-21384-0 10874:978-3-7643-7440-2 10257:978-0-443-05514-0 10193:978-0-12-088397-4 10089:978-0-07-136001-2 9901:(6974): 219–221. 9846:Drugs & Aging 9830:978-0-19-852072-6 9710:(11): 1275–1280. 9584:10.1002/ijc.30443 9538:(26): 2413–2423. 9395:(10): 1899–1907. 9284:(11): 1263–1273. 9147:978-1-4200-4743-1 9030:. Ashton CH. 2002 8979:Ashton H (1991). 8965:978-0-19-150476-1 8850:978-0-19-856667-0 8825:978-0-89042-555-8 8442:(Suppl 5): 7–12. 8242:978-1-119-77224-8 8115:(12): 1241–1248. 8062:978-0-470-06571-6 7940:978-0-521-87997-2 7640:JAMA Network Open 7600:(Suppl 2): 9–13. 7566:978-0-8039-7477-7 7537:978-0-19-852748-0 7365:978-0-470-02821-6 7109:978-0-7817-6196-3 7082:978-0-470-02428-7 6961:Guideline Central 6754:(7162): 839–843. 6726:978-0-7817-7595-3 6691:978-1-58829-211-7 6618:978-0-444-50998-7 6586:978-0-683-30128-1 6388:978-1-58562-309-9 6331:10.1002/mds.22254 6325:(16): 2267–2302. 6267:(in Portuguese). 5995:978-0-19-852623-0 5547:Drugs & Aging 5508:(7104): 358–360. 5235:Drugs & Aging 5071:978-0-8261-1094-7 4516:(10): 1414–1419. 4318:978-0-85369-845-6 3994:10.1111/jgs.13702 3965:978-0-19-852783-1 3854:10.1002/ijc.30443 3630:"Benzodiazepines" 3530:978-0-415-43818-6 3494:978-3-540-72813-9 3458:978-0-7234-3221-0 3430:978-1-4625-0438-1 3355:978-0-19-517668-1 3023:Schedule IV drugs 2915:Hoffmann–La Roche 2913:while working at 2895:Hoffmann–La Roche 2724:2-keto compounds: 2454:desmethyldiazepam 2442: 2441: 2181:subunits with an 2064:neuronal circuits 1929:, the antibiotic 1578:depersonalization 1442:benzodiazepines. 1391:Cognitive effects 1350:depersonalization 1248:anxiety syndromes 1246:, depression, or 1087:myasthenia gravis 1063:Contraindications 929:Other indications 808:medical emergency 617:options with the 607:anxiety disorders 495:anxiety disorders 222:Hoffmann–La Roche 202:anxiety disorders 167: 166: 66:Anxiety disorders 57:Class identifiers 20839: 20832:Muscle relaxants 20789: 20788: 20787: 20780: 20479: 20478: 20361: 20354: 20347: 20338: 20337: 20053:Dihydroergolines 19970:3-Hydroxybutanal 19603:Piperidinediones 19336:Imidazopyridines 18870:6-Methylapigenin 18802:Hydroxyphenamate 18674:SH-053-R-CH3-2′F 18379:Ethyl dirazepate 18259:Chlordiazepoxide 18151:Thiobutabarbital 17863:Trifluoroethanol 17853:Trichloroethanol 17843:-Pentanol (2M2B) 17737: 17728: 17721: 17714: 17705: 17704: 17594: 17591:Sodium oxybate ( 17586: 17582: 17485: 17307:Phenyltoloxamine 17248:inverse agonists 17201:Piperidinediones 16936: 16929: 16922: 16913: 16912: 16834:muscle relaxants 16737: 16734: 16530: 16529: 16264: 16263: 16201:4-Fluorophenibut 15937:Piperidinediones 15811:Allopregnanolone 15393:Trichloroethanol 15351: 15350: 15319: 15312: 15305: 15296: 15295: 15128:Alpha-2 agonists 15118:Alpha-1 blockers 15111: 15039: 15035: 15024: 15020: 15009: 15005: 14994: 14990: 14979: 14975: 14964: 14960: 14918: 14912: 14909: 14737:Chlordiazepoxide 14704: 14700: 14696: 14692: 14656: 14652: 14626: 14619: 14612: 14603: 14602: 14451: 14450: 14335:Calcium blockers 14246:Chlorphenacemide 14198: 14197: 14172:GAT-1 inhibitors 13960: 13959: 13935: 13928: 13921: 13912: 13911: 13882:Chlordiazepoxide 13856: 13852: 13802:Dihydroetorphine 13750: 13746: 13710: 13706: 13636: 13610: 13606: 13549: 13542: 13535: 13526: 13525: 13359:Pyridodiazepines 13222:Thienodiazepines 13176:SH-053-R-CH3-2′F 12889:Triflunordazepam 12605:Ethyl dirazepate 12519:Chlordiazepoxide 12467: 12460: 12453: 12444: 12443: 12439: 12437: 12435: 12418:(7): 2121–2128. 12400: 12398: 12396: 12375: 12366: 12346: 12345: 12323: 12317: 12316: 12288: 12282: 12281: 12261: 12255: 12254: 12234: 12225: 12224: 12188: 12182: 12181: 12153: 12147: 12146: 12144: 12142: 12131: 12125: 12124: 12099:(7): 1467–1474. 12088: 12082: 12081: 12079: 12077: 12071: 12065:. Archived from 12052: 12044: 12038: 12037: 12027: 11993: 11987: 11986: 11966: 11960: 11959: 11939: 11933: 11932: 11930: 11928: 11922: 11910: 11904: 11890: 11884: 11872: 11865: 11859: 11858: 11856: 11854: 11848: 11841: 11833: 11827: 11826: 11814: 11808: 11807: 11805: 11803: 11797: 11786: 11778: 11772: 11771: 11743: 11737: 11736: 11734: 11732: 11709: 11703: 11702: 11700: 11698: 11692: 11685: 11677: 11671: 11670: 11668: 11666: 11660: 11649: 11641: 11635: 11634: 11632: 11630: 11624: 11618:. Archived from 11613: 11604: 11598: 11597: 11595: 11593: 11582: 11576: 11575: 11573: 11571: 11562: 11554: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11543: 11529: 11523: 11522: 11486: 11480: 11479: 11454:(2–3): 285–293. 11443: 11437: 11436: 11416: 11410: 11409: 11399: 11367: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11319: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11289: 11283: 11282: 11272: 11263:(358): 202–205. 11248: 11242: 11241: 11213: 11207: 11206: 11174: 11168: 11167: 11139: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11119: 11113: 11106: 11097: 11082: 11081: 11037: 11031: 11030: 11010: 11004: 10994: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10954: 10948:Moss GP (1998). 10945: 10917: 10908: 10907: 10888: 10879: 10878: 10856: 10850: 10849: 10847: 10845: 10839: 10822: 10814: 10808: 10807: 10805: 10803: 10789: 10783: 10782: 10780: 10778: 10751: 10718: 10717: 10697: 10688: 10687: 10659: 10653: 10652: 10624: 10615: 10614: 10576: 10570: 10569: 10559: 10519: 10513: 10512: 10464: 10458: 10457: 10439: 10421: 10397: 10391: 10390: 10346: 10340: 10339: 10322:(Pt3): 553–556. 10307: 10301: 10300: 10268: 10262: 10261: 10243: 10237: 10236: 10204: 10198: 10197: 10179: 10166: 10165: 10131: 10122: 10113: 10103: 10094: 10093: 10075: 10069: 10068: 10048: 10042: 10041: 10021: 10015: 10014: 9978: 9972: 9971: 9935: 9929: 9928: 9918: 9884: 9878: 9877: 9841: 9835: 9834: 9816: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9802: 9787: 9781: 9780: 9744: 9738: 9737: 9719: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9678: 9646: 9640: 9639: 9611: 9605: 9604: 9586: 9562: 9556: 9555: 9527: 9521: 9520: 9510: 9493:(7): 1627–1636. 9478: 9472: 9471: 9461: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9412: 9380: 9374: 9373: 9355: 9331: 9325: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9314: 9308:. Archived from 9290:10.1002/pds.4028 9275: 9266: 9260: 9259: 9249: 9239: 9207: 9201: 9200: 9190: 9167:Drugs in R&D 9158: 9152: 9151: 9132:Ebadi M (2007). 9129: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9118: 9112: 9106:. Archived from 9101: 9092: 9086: 9085: 9080: 9078: 9072: 9055: 9046: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9035: 9022: 9009: 9008: 8976: 8970: 8969: 8947: 8941: 8940: 8930: 8920: 8911:(1): 1351–1361. 8896: 8890: 8889: 8861: 8855: 8854: 8836: 8830: 8829: 8817: 8807: 8798: 8797: 8769: 8763: 8762: 8726: 8720: 8719: 8701: 8677: 8671: 8670: 8642: 8636: 8635: 8607: 8601: 8600: 8572: 8566: 8565: 8555: 8523: 8517: 8516: 8491:(7): 1223–1237. 8482: 8473: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8456: 8450:. Archived from 8433: 8424: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8402: 8396:. Archived from 8379: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8327: 8321: 8320: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8276:(7): 1223–1237. 8261: 8255: 8254: 8226: 8220: 8219: 8182: 8176: 8175: 8165: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8124: 8100: 8094: 8093: 8073: 8067: 8066: 8048: 8039: 8038: 8010: 8001: 8000: 7964: 7945: 7944: 7926: 7917: 7916: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7861: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7845: 7830:The Psychiatrist 7827: 7821:Paton C (2002). 7818: 7809: 7808: 7790: 7766: 7760: 7759: 7723: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7663: 7646:(12): e2028557. 7631: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7614: 7608:. Archived from 7591: 7582: 7571: 7570: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7523: 7514: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7486: 7475:10.1002/pds.1763 7454: 7448: 7447: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7376: 7370: 7369: 7351: 7342: 7341: 7315: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7275:. Archived from 7267:(7): 2121–2128. 7252: 7243: 7242: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7174:(9): 1305–1317. 7163: 7157: 7156: 7120: 7114: 7113: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7066: 7057: 7056: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7011: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6953: 6947: 6946: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6866: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6806:(6): 1079–1088. 6797: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6771: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6710: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6673: 6668:Moody D (2004). 6665: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6641: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6604: 6591: 6590: 6572: 6557: 6556: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6355: 6349:. Archived from 6316: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6290: 6280: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6161: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6112: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5808: 5791:(10): CD007354. 5776: 5770: 5769: 5744:(5): 1121–1129. 5733: 5727: 5726: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5678:. Archived from 5639: 5633: 5632: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5596:(4): 1175–1183. 5585: 5579: 5578: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5525: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5476: 5469: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5435: 5411: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5389: 5382: 5371: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5351: 5344: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5323: 5315: 5305: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5230: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5206:. Archived from 5192: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5169: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5144: 5133:10.1002/pds.3951 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5096: 5087: 5076: 5075: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5024: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5002: 4995: 4987: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4963: 4952: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4901: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4878:. Archived from 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4838: 4831: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4719: 4712: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4686: 4678: 4667: 4666: 4648: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4607: 4600: 4591: 4574: 4573: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4533: 4501: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4332: 4323: 4322: 4303: 4282: 4281: 4245: 4236: 4235: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4178:10.1002/pds.1694 4161: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4109: 4077: 4068: 4067: 4050:(4): 1001–1020. 4039: 4028: 4027: 4021: 4013: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3951: 3940: 3939: 3905: 3896: 3875: 3874: 3856: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3789: 3778: 3777: 3741: 3728: 3727: 3702:(8): 1189–1191. 3691: 3682: 3681: 3671: 3647: 3638: 3637: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3591: 3578: 3577: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3516: 3507: 3506: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3444: 3435: 3434: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3398: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3341: 3254:thrombophlebitis 3223:is higher among 3145:Recreational use 2988:, which include 2903:chlordiazepoxide 2891:chlordiazepoxide 2638:are also known. 2544:chlordiazepoxide 2466:rebound insomnia 2458:partial agonists 2435: 2419: 2403: 2387: 2371: 2355: 2339: 2323: 2307: 2301:Chlordiazepoxide 2267: 2266: 2263:Pharmacokinetics 2194:neurotransmitter 2039:neurotransmitter 1965:Pharmacodynamics 1851: 1842: 1833: 1703:protopathic bias 1635:Chlordiazepoxide 1598:delirium tremens 1545:and long-acting 1531:Chlordiazepoxide 1363:use can include 1204:chlordiazepoxide 1115:major depression 883:Chlordiazepoxide 746:rebound insomnia 684:ruminative worry 556:associated with 453:1 & 5 mg/mL 270:(anti-anxiety), 241:neurotransmitter 214:chlordiazepoxide 190:depressant drugs 151: 132: 126: 49: 28: 27: 20847: 20846: 20842: 20841: 20840: 20838: 20837: 20836: 20807:Benzodiazepines 20797: 20796: 20795: 20785: 20783: 20775: 20773: 20768: 20767: 20752:Clinical trials 20727: 20706: 20678: 20645: 20586: 20559:Benzodiazepines 20553: 20505: 20468: 20375: 20365: 20335: 20330: 20308: 20266:isovaleric acid 20229:Sulfonylalkanes 20127:Hopantenic acid 20111:tolfenamic acid 20099:flufenamic acid 20061:dihydroergosine 20004:lithium bromide 19963:Others/unsorted 19958: 19819:Dichloromethane 19794:Chloral hydrate 19789:Chloral betaine 19726: 19663: 19630: 19597: 19569: 19298:Cyclopyrrolones 19283: 19189:Etiocholanolone 19104: 19061: 19022:5-Hydroxykavain 18972: 18944: 18856: 18738: 18186:Benzodiazepines 18180: 17991:Ethallobarbital 17986:Enallylpropymal 17867: 17848:Tribromoethanol 17835:-Butanol (2M2P) 17781:alcoholic drink 17743: 17740: 17732: 17702: 17697: 17696: 17681:Clinical trials 17660: 17584: 17430: 17402: 17364: 17272:Diphenhydramine 17246: 17243: 17230: 17167:Chloral hydrate 17111:amylene hydrate 16966:Benzodiazepines 16956: 16954: 16945: 16940: 16910: 16905: 16769: 16732: 16722: 16694: 16657: 16641: 16587: 16534:Antidepressants 16525: 16516: 16487:Dexmedetomidine 16468: 16455: 16401: 16331:Antidepressants 16325: 16286:Diphenhydramine 16259: 16250: 16188: 16175: 16164:Isovaleric acid 16127:Sulfonylalkanes 16082:Chloral hydrate 16077:Chloral betaine 16055:Lithium bromide 16027: 15964: 15931: 15913: 15845: 15792: 15749: 15721: 15663: 15546:Benzodiazepines 15540: 15446:Ethallobarbital 15397: 15346: 15337: 15323: 15293: 15288: 15287: 15272:Clinical trials 15251: 15155: 15136:dexmedetomidine 15108:Antiadrenergics 15105: 15104: 15096: 15073: 15037: 15022: 15007: 14992: 14977: 14962: 14950:Antidepressants 14944: 14907: 14900: 14899: 14891: 14873: 14712:Benzodiazepines 14702: 14694: 14690: 14680: 14654: 14650: 14640: 14630: 14600: 14595: 14594: 14579:Clinical trials 14554: 14493: 14438: 14420: 14329: 14202:Sodium blockers 14192: 14181: 14149: 14110: 14030:Benzodiazepines 13967: 13949: 13942:Anticonvulsants 13939: 13909: 13904: 13867:Benzodiazepines 13854: 13835: 13748: 13729: 13708: 13619: 13608: 13564: 13557:drug dependence 13553: 13523: 13518: 13514: 13503: 13477: 13458: 13442: 13426: 13388: 13370: 13354: 13330: 13244: 13216: 13180: 13074: 12980: 12939: 12903: 12476: 12474:Benzodiazepines 12471: 12433: 12431: 12394: 12392: 12355: 12350: 12349: 12342: 12329: 12324: 12320: 12289: 12285: 12262: 12258: 12251: 12235: 12228: 12189: 12185: 12154: 12150: 12140: 12138: 12133: 12132: 12128: 12089: 12085: 12075: 12073: 12069: 12050: 12046: 12045: 12041: 11994: 11990: 11967: 11963: 11956: 11940: 11936: 11926: 11924: 11920: 11912: 11911: 11907: 11901:Wayback Machine 11891: 11887: 11867: 11866: 11862: 11852: 11850: 11846: 11839: 11835: 11834: 11830: 11815: 11811: 11801: 11799: 11795: 11784: 11780: 11779: 11775: 11744: 11740: 11730: 11728: 11710: 11706: 11696: 11694: 11690: 11683: 11679: 11678: 11674: 11664: 11662: 11658: 11647: 11643: 11642: 11638: 11628: 11626: 11622: 11611: 11605: 11601: 11591: 11589: 11584: 11583: 11579: 11569: 11567: 11560: 11556: 11555: 11551: 11541: 11539: 11531: 11530: 11526: 11487: 11483: 11444: 11440: 11427:(74): 294–299. 11417: 11413: 11368: 11364: 11321: 11320: 11313: 11303: 11301: 11290: 11286: 11249: 11245: 11214: 11210: 11175: 11171: 11140: 11127: 11117: 11115: 11111: 11104: 11098: 11085: 11038: 11034: 11011: 11007: 10995: 10991: 10983: 10952: 10942: 10918: 10911: 10904: 10889: 10882: 10875: 10857: 10853: 10843: 10841: 10837: 10820: 10816: 10815: 10811: 10801: 10799: 10791: 10790: 10786: 10776: 10774: 10752: 10721: 10704:(in Japanese). 10698: 10691: 10660: 10656: 10625: 10618: 10577: 10573: 10520: 10516: 10465: 10461: 10398: 10394: 10356: 10352: 10347: 10343: 10313: 10308: 10304: 10274: 10269: 10265: 10258: 10244: 10240: 10210: 10205: 10201: 10194: 10180: 10169: 10129: 10123: 10116: 10104: 10097: 10090: 10082:. McGraw-Hill. 10076: 10072: 10049: 10045: 10023: 10022: 10018: 9979: 9975: 9936: 9932: 9885: 9881: 9842: 9838: 9831: 9817: 9810: 9800: 9798: 9789: 9788: 9784: 9745: 9741: 9696: 9692: 9647: 9643: 9612: 9608: 9563: 9559: 9528: 9524: 9479: 9475: 9430: 9426: 9381: 9377: 9332: 9328: 9318: 9316: 9315:on 22 July 2018 9312: 9273: 9267: 9263: 9222:(5): e0127836. 9208: 9204: 9159: 9155: 9148: 9130: 9126: 9116: 9114: 9110: 9099: 9093: 9089: 9076: 9074: 9073:on 13 June 2010 9070: 9053: 9047: 9043: 9033: 9031: 9024: 9023: 9012: 8977: 8973: 8966: 8948: 8944: 8897: 8893: 8862: 8858: 8851: 8837: 8833: 8826: 8808: 8801: 8770: 8766: 8727: 8723: 8678: 8674: 8643: 8639: 8608: 8604: 8573: 8569: 8524: 8520: 8480: 8474: 8470: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8431: 8425: 8416: 8406: 8404: 8400: 8377: 8371: 8367: 8328: 8324: 8309: 8305: 8262: 8258: 8243: 8227: 8223: 8183: 8179: 8142: 8138: 8101: 8097: 8074: 8070: 8063: 8049: 8042: 8011: 8004: 7965: 7948: 7941: 7927: 7920: 7897: 7893: 7863: 7862: 7858: 7850: 7825: 7819: 7812: 7767: 7763: 7724: 7717: 7707: 7705: 7692: 7683: 7681: 7677: 7632: 7628: 7618: 7616: 7612: 7589: 7583: 7574: 7567: 7549: 7545: 7538: 7524: 7517: 7512:medicinenet.com 7504: 7500: 7455: 7451: 7420: 7416: 7377: 7373: 7366: 7352: 7345: 7313:10.1.1.690.1283 7296: 7292: 7282: 7280: 7253: 7246: 7207: 7203: 7164: 7160: 7121: 7117: 7110: 7094: 7090: 7083: 7067: 7060: 7029: 7025: 6980: 6976: 6966: 6964: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6919: 6915: 6884: 6880: 6843: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6795: 6789: 6785: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6666: 6655: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6631: 6630: 6626: 6619: 6605: 6594: 6587: 6573: 6560: 6529: 6525: 6486: 6482: 6443: 6439: 6400: 6396: 6389: 6373: 6369: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6314: 6308: 6304: 6271:(3A): 721–727. 6257: 6253: 6222: 6218: 6179: 6175: 6130: 6126: 6095:(4): CD003079. 6085: 6081: 6050: 6046: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5982: 5978: 5939: 5935: 5896: 5892: 5869: 5865: 5826: 5822: 5777: 5773: 5734: 5730: 5699: 5695: 5685: 5683: 5648:Pharmacotherapy 5640: 5636: 5613: 5609: 5586: 5582: 5543: 5539: 5494: 5490: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5461: 5457: 5412: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5380: 5372: 5365: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5317: 5316: 5274: 5270: 5231: 5224: 5213: 5211: 5193: 5186: 5178: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5113: 5109: 5101: 5094: 5088: 5079: 5072: 5056: 5052: 5025: 5016: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4955:www.mhra.gov.uk 4950: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4902: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4882:on 14 July 2010 4856: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4780: 4776: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4704: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4670: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4592: 4577: 4551: 4547: 4502: 4495: 4485: 4483: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4430: 4426: 4403: 4399: 4376: 4372: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4305: 4304: 4285: 4246: 4239: 4208: 4201: 4162: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4078: 4071: 4040: 4031: 4015: 4014: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3952: 3943: 3903: 3897: 3878: 3833: 3829: 3790: 3781: 3742: 3731: 3692: 3685: 3648: 3641: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3592: 3581: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3517: 3510: 3495: 3473: 3466: 3459: 3445: 3438: 3431: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3342: 3335: 3330: 3302: 3225:poly-drug users 3192:drug under the 3157: 3149:Main articles: 3147: 3137:drug under the 3015: 3010: 2928:muscle relaxant 2883: 2721: 2710: 2692: 2636:modes of action 2631: 2597: 2557: 2534:. Examples are 2528:rebound effects 2470:rebound anxiety 2282:Speed of onset 2274: 2265: 2250: 2230: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2179: 2172: 2166: 2162: 2159:containing GABA 2157: 2150: 2143: 2136: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2061: 2044: 2024: 2017:located in the 2015:protein complex 2012: 2006: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1967: 1962: 1935:anticonvulsants 1918:antidepressants 1891:glucuronidation 1887:cytochrome P450 1875: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1844: 1843: 1835: 1834: 1747: 1741: 1729: 1720: 1711: 1698: 1685: 1664:or low potency 1654:fluoroquinolone 1524: 1504: 1484: 1472:Main articles: 1470: 1448: 1439:impulse control 1415: 1393: 1342:hypoventilation 1321: 1299: 1297:Adverse effects 1287:antidepressants 1220: 1149:category D or X 1141: 1135: 1065: 931: 880: 874: 812:anticonvulsants 800: 794: 727: 721: 709: 703: 652: 646: 611:antidepressants 603:rebound anxiety 546: 540: 511:intramuscularly 479:muscle relaxant 444: 438: 338:'s (Australia) 276:muscle relaxant 254:, resulting in 251: 170:Benzodiazepines 147: 128: 122: 105: 52: 31:Benzodiazepines 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 20845: 20835: 20834: 20829: 20824: 20819: 20814: 20809: 20794: 20793: 20770: 20769: 20766: 20765: 20764: 20763: 20760: 20749: 20743: 20737: 20736: 20733: 20732: 20729: 20728: 20726: 20725: 20720: 20714: 20712: 20708: 20707: 20705: 20704: 20699: 20694: 20688: 20686: 20680: 20679: 20677: 20676: 20671: 20666: 20661: 20655: 20653: 20647: 20646: 20644: 20643: 20638: 20632: 20627: 20622: 20617: 20612: 20607: 20602: 20596: 20594: 20588: 20587: 20585: 20584: 20579: 20574: 20569: 20563: 20561: 20555: 20554: 20552: 20551: 20546: 20541: 20536: 20531: 20526: 20521: 20515: 20513: 20507: 20506: 20504: 20503: 20498: 20493: 20487: 20485: 20476: 20470: 20469: 20467: 20466: 20461: 20456: 20451: 20446: 20441: 20439:Methoxypropane 20436: 20434:Methoxyflurane 20431: 20426: 20421: 20416: 20411: 20406: 20401: 20396: 20391: 20385: 20383: 20377: 20376: 20364: 20363: 20356: 20349: 20341: 20332: 20331: 20313: 20310: 20309: 20307: 20306: 20301: 20296: 20291: 20282: 20281: 20274:valerenic acid 20259: 20254: 20244: 20226: 20221: 20216: 20211: 20206: 20201: 20196: 20191: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20171: 20166: 20144: 20139: 20134: 20129: 20124: 20119: 20114: 20103:mefenamic acid 20092: 20087: 20082: 20077: 20072: 20050: 20045: 20040: 20035: 20030: 20025: 20020: 20015: 20012:sodium bromide 19997: 19987: 19982: 19977: 19972: 19966: 19964: 19960: 19959: 19957: 19956: 19951: 19946: 19941: 19936: 19931: 19926: 19921: 19916: 19911: 19906: 19901: 19896: 19891: 19886: 19881: 19879:Methoxypropane 19876: 19874:Methoxyflurane 19871: 19866: 19861: 19856: 19851: 19846: 19841: 19836: 19834:Ethyl chloride 19831: 19826: 19821: 19816: 19811: 19806: 19801: 19796: 19791: 19786: 19781: 19776: 19771: 19766: 19761: 19756: 19751: 19746: 19740: 19738: 19728: 19727: 19725: 19724: 19719: 19714: 19709: 19704: 19699: 19694: 19689: 19684: 19679: 19673: 19671: 19669:Quinazolinones 19665: 19664: 19662: 19661: 19656: 19651: 19646: 19640: 19638: 19632: 19631: 19629: 19628: 19623: 19618: 19613: 19607: 19605: 19599: 19598: 19596: 19595: 19590: 19585: 19579: 19577: 19571: 19570: 19568: 19567: 19562: 19557: 19552: 19547: 19542: 19537: 19532: 19527: 19522: 19517: 19512: 19507: 19502: 19497: 19492: 19487: 19482: 19477: 19472: 19467: 19462: 19457: 19452: 19447: 19442: 19437: 19432: 19427: 19422: 19412: 19411: 19406: 19401: 19396: 19391: 19386: 19381: 19376: 19364: 19363: 19358: 19353: 19348: 19343: 19331: 19330: 19325: 19320: 19315: 19310: 19305: 19293: 19291: 19285: 19284: 19282: 19281: 19276: 19271: 19266: 19261: 19256: 19251: 19246: 19241: 19236: 19231: 19226: 19221: 19216: 19211: 19206: 19201: 19196: 19191: 19186: 19181: 19176: 19171: 19166: 19161: 19156: 19150: 19145: 19140: 19135: 19130: 19125: 19120: 19114: 19112: 19106: 19105: 19103: 19102: 19097: 19092: 19087: 19082: 19077: 19071: 19069: 19063: 19062: 19060: 19059: 19054: 19049: 19044: 19039: 19034: 19029: 19024: 19019: 19014: 19009: 19004: 18999: 18994: 18989: 18983: 18981: 18974: 18973: 18971: 18970: 18965: 18960: 18954: 18952: 18946: 18945: 18943: 18942: 18937: 18927: 18922: 18917: 18912: 18907: 18902: 18897: 18892: 18887: 18882: 18877: 18872: 18866: 18864: 18858: 18857: 18855: 18854: 18849: 18844: 18839: 18834: 18829: 18824: 18819: 18814: 18809: 18804: 18799: 18794: 18789: 18784: 18779: 18774: 18769: 18764: 18759: 18754: 18748: 18746: 18740: 18739: 18737: 18736: 18731: 18726: 18721: 18716: 18711: 18706: 18701: 18696: 18691: 18686: 18681: 18676: 18671: 18666: 18661: 18656: 18651: 18646: 18641: 18636: 18631: 18626: 18621: 18616: 18611: 18606: 18601: 18596: 18591: 18586: 18581: 18576: 18571: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18536: 18531: 18526: 18521: 18516: 18511: 18506: 18501: 18496: 18491: 18486: 18481: 18476: 18471: 18466: 18461: 18456: 18451: 18446: 18441: 18436: 18431: 18426: 18421: 18416: 18411: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18361: 18356: 18351: 18346: 18341: 18336: 18331: 18326: 18321: 18316: 18311: 18306: 18301: 18296: 18291: 18286: 18281: 18276: 18271: 18266: 18261: 18256: 18251: 18246: 18241: 18236: 18231: 18226: 18221: 18216: 18211: 18206: 18201: 18196: 18190: 18188: 18182: 18181: 18179: 18178: 18173: 18168: 18163: 18158: 18153: 18148: 18143: 18138: 18133: 18128: 18123: 18118: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18091:Propylbarbital 18088: 18083: 18078: 18073: 18068: 18063: 18058: 18053: 18048: 18043: 18038: 18033: 18028: 18023: 18018: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17978: 17973: 17968: 17966:Crotylbarbital 17963: 17958: 17953: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17931:Brophebarbital 17928: 17926:Brallobarbital 17923: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17893: 17888: 17883: 17877: 17875: 17869: 17868: 17866: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17845: 17837: 17829: 17824: 17819: 17814: 17812:Methylpentynol 17809: 17804: 17799: 17794: 17789: 17784: 17774: 17769: 17764: 17759: 17753: 17751: 17745: 17744: 17738: 17731: 17730: 17723: 17716: 17708: 17699: 17698: 17695: 17694: 17693: 17692: 17689: 17678: 17672: 17666: 17665: 17662: 17661: 17659: 17658: 17653: 17643: 17625: 17620: 17615: 17600:Sympatholytics 17597: 17588: 17569: 17564: 17562:Passion flower 17559: 17541: 17536: 17531: 17526: 17521: 17506:Gabapentinoids 17503: 17498: 17493: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17458:chlorpromazine 17442:Antipsychotics 17438: 17436: 17432: 17431: 17429: 17428: 17423: 17418: 17412: 17410: 17404: 17403: 17401: 17400: 17395: 17390: 17385: 17380: 17374: 17372: 17366: 17365: 17363: 17362: 17357: 17347: 17329: 17324: 17319: 17314: 17309: 17304: 17299: 17294: 17289: 17284: 17279: 17274: 17269: 17267:Dimenhydrinate 17264: 17259: 17253: 17251: 17241: 17236:Antihistamines 17232: 17231: 17229: 17228: 17223: 17218: 17211:Quinazolinones 17208: 17198: 17193: 17179: 17174: 17169: 17164: 17154: 17151:sodium bromide 17140: 17118: 17096: 17095: 17090: 17085: 17080: 17064: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17018: 17013: 17008: 17003: 16998: 16993: 16988: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16961: 16959: 16952: 16947: 16946: 16939: 16938: 16931: 16924: 16916: 16907: 16906: 16904: 16903: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16881:Passion flower 16878: 16868: 16863: 16862: 16861: 16856: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16827: 16822: 16817: 16812: 16811: 16810: 16805: 16800: 16790: 16789: 16788: 16777: 16775: 16771: 16770: 16768: 16767: 16762: 16757: 16752: 16747: 16741: 16739: 16730: 16724: 16723: 16721: 16720: 16715: 16710: 16704: 16702: 16696: 16695: 16693: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16677: 16671: 16669: 16663: 16662: 16659: 16658: 16656: 16655: 16649: 16647: 16643: 16642: 16640: 16639: 16638: 16637: 16631: 16626: 16616: 16615: 16614: 16608: 16606:Chlorpromazine 16597: 16595: 16593:Antipsychotics 16589: 16588: 16586: 16585: 16584: 16583: 16577: 16567: 16566: 16565: 16559: 16554: 16544: 16538: 16536: 16527: 16523: 16518: 16517: 16515: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16484: 16479: 16473: 16471: 16466: 16461: 16460: 16457: 16456: 16454: 16453: 16452: 16451: 16445: 16440: 16430: 16429: 16428: 16422: 16420:Chlorpromazine 16411: 16409: 16407:Antipsychotics 16403: 16402: 16400: 16399: 16398: 16397: 16391: 16381: 16380: 16379: 16373: 16368: 16358: 16357: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16335: 16333: 16327: 16326: 16324: 16323: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16281:Cyproheptadine 16278: 16272: 16270: 16268:Antihistamines 16261: 16257: 16252: 16251: 16249: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16233: 16228: 16225:sodium oxybate 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16196:1,4-Butanediol 16192: 16190: 16186: 16181: 16180: 16177: 16176: 16174: 16173: 16172: 16171: 16169:Valerenic acid 16166: 16161: 16151: 16146: 16145: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16089: 16084: 16079: 16074: 16069: 16068: 16067: 16065:Sodium bromide 16062: 16057: 16046: 16041: 16035: 16033: 16029: 16028: 16026: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15974: 15972: 15970:Quinazolinones 15966: 15965: 15963: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15941: 15939: 15933: 15932: 15930: 15929: 15923: 15921: 15915: 15914: 15912: 15911: 15906: 15901: 15896: 15891: 15886: 15881: 15876: 15871: 15866: 15861: 15855: 15853: 15847: 15846: 15844: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15802: 15800: 15794: 15793: 15791: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15759: 15757: 15751: 15750: 15748: 15747: 15742: 15737: 15731: 15729: 15723: 15722: 15720: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15699: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15673: 15671: 15665: 15664: 15662: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15646: 15641: 15636: 15631: 15626: 15621: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15550: 15548: 15542: 15541: 15539: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15491:Propylbarbital 15488: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15407: 15405: 15399: 15398: 15396: 15395: 15390: 15388:Methylpentynol 15385: 15380: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15359: 15357: 15348: 15344: 15339: 15338: 15322: 15321: 15314: 15307: 15299: 15290: 15289: 15286: 15285: 15284: 15283: 15280: 15269: 15263: 15257: 15256: 15253: 15252: 15250: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15163: 15161: 15157: 15156: 15154: 15153: 15143: 15125: 15114: 15112: 15102:Sympatholytics 15098: 15097: 15095: 15094: 15089: 15083: 15081: 15079:Antipsychotics 15075: 15074: 15072: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15030: 15015: 15000: 14985: 14970: 14954: 14952: 14946: 14945: 14943: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14921: 14919: 14905: 14897:Gabapentinoids 14893: 14892: 14890: 14889: 14883: 14881: 14875: 14874: 14872: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14856: 14851: 14841: 14831: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14707: 14705: 14688: 14682: 14681: 14679: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14662: 14660: 14648: 14642: 14641: 14629: 14628: 14621: 14614: 14606: 14597: 14596: 14593: 14592: 14591: 14590: 14587: 14576: 14570: 14564: 14563: 14560: 14559: 14556: 14555: 14553: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14501: 14499: 14495: 14494: 14492: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14459: 14457: 14448: 14444: 14443: 14440: 14439: 14437: 14436: 14430: 14428: 14422: 14421: 14419: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14391: 14384:Gabapentinoids 14376: 14371: 14356: 14354:Paramethadione 14351: 14339: 14337: 14331: 14330: 14328: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14273: 14268: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14206: 14204: 14195: 14187: 14186: 14183: 14182: 14180: 14179: 14162:GABAR agonists 14157: 14155: 14151: 14150: 14148: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127:(and related): 14120: 14118: 14112: 14111: 14109: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14090:sodium bromide 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14022: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13975: 13973: 13965: 13957: 13951: 13950: 13938: 13937: 13930: 13923: 13915: 13906: 13905: 13903: 13902: 13890: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13863: 13845: 13843: 13837: 13836: 13834: 13833: 13827: 13816: 13815: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13797:Dihydrocodeine 13794: 13789: 13784: 13767: 13762: 13756: 13739: 13737: 13731: 13730: 13728: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13700: 13695: 13694: 13693: 13688: 13676: 13675: 13674: 13662: 13661: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13629: 13627: 13621: 13620: 13618: 13617: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13585: 13580: 13574: 13572: 13566: 13565: 13552: 13551: 13544: 13537: 13529: 13520: 13519: 13512: 13508: 13505: 13504: 13502: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13485: 13483: 13479: 13478: 13476: 13475: 13469: 13467: 13460: 13459: 13457: 13456: 13450: 13448: 13444: 13443: 13441: 13440: 13434: 13432: 13428: 13427: 13425: 13424: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13396: 13394: 13390: 13389: 13387: 13386: 13380: 13378: 13372: 13371: 13369: 13368: 13362: 13360: 13356: 13355: 13353: 13352: 13347: 13341: 13339: 13332: 13331: 13329: 13328: 13323: 13317: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13260: 13254: 13252: 13246: 13245: 13243: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13226: 13224: 13218: 13217: 13215: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13188: 13186: 13182: 13181: 13179: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13082: 13080: 13076: 13075: 13073: 13072: 13067: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13001: 12996: 12990: 12988: 12982: 12981: 12979: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12947: 12945: 12941: 12940: 12938: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12911: 12909: 12905: 12904: 12902: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12875: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12823: 12818: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12484: 12482: 12478: 12477: 12470: 12469: 12462: 12455: 12447: 12441: 12440: 12401: 12376: 12367: 12354: 12353:External links 12351: 12348: 12347: 12340: 12327: 12318: 12299:(4): 779–809. 12283: 12272:(4): 558–577. 12256: 12249: 12226: 12199:(2): 144–153. 12183: 12148: 12137:. Benzo.org.uk 12126: 12083: 12039: 11988: 11961: 11954: 11934: 11905: 11885: 11860: 11828: 11825:on 1 May 2010. 11809: 11773: 11754:(6): 597–602. 11738: 11704: 11672: 11636: 11599: 11577: 11549: 11524: 11497:(4): 194–202. 11481: 11438: 11411: 11362: 11311: 11284: 11243: 11224:(3–4): 67–84. 11208: 11169: 11125: 11083: 11048:(5): 321–331. 11032: 11005: 10989: 10940: 10909: 10902: 10880: 10873: 10851: 10829:. New Zealand 10809: 10784: 10719: 10708:(6): 684–691. 10689: 10670:(3): 305–314. 10654: 10635:(3): 199–216. 10616: 10589:(8): 735–747. 10571: 10514: 10479:(3): 317–329. 10459: 10392: 10354: 10350: 10341: 10311: 10302: 10283:(3): 173–198. 10272: 10263: 10256: 10238: 10208: 10199: 10192: 10167: 10140:(9): 490–495. 10114: 10095: 10088: 10070: 10059:(2): 292–305. 10043: 10016: 9989:(2): 209–216. 9973: 9946:(1): 386–393. 9930: 9879: 9836: 9829: 9808: 9782: 9755:(4): 247–265. 9739: 9690: 9641: 9622:(6): 443–458. 9606: 9577:(3): 513–525. 9557: 9522: 9473: 9444:(4): 377–383. 9424: 9375: 9346:(2): 163–170. 9326: 9261: 9202: 9173:(4): 493–507. 9153: 9146: 9124: 9113:on 6 July 2017 9087: 9041: 9010: 8991:(1–2): 19–28. 8971: 8964: 8942: 8891: 8872:(2): 171–195. 8856: 8849: 8831: 8824: 8799: 8764: 8737:(3): 249–255. 8721: 8692:(4): 248–312. 8672: 8653:(2): 141–154. 8637: 8602: 8583:(3): 327–334. 8567: 8518: 8468: 8414: 8365: 8338:(3): 131–142. 8322: 8303: 8256: 8241: 8221: 8194:(4): 283–295. 8177: 8156:(9): 831–841. 8136: 8095: 8084:(9): 390–394. 8068: 8061: 8040: 8021:(4): 660–608. 8002: 7975:(4): 127–134. 7946: 7939: 7918: 7891: 7856: 7810: 7761: 7715: 7675: 7626: 7572: 7565: 7543: 7536: 7515: 7498: 7469:(8): 647–658. 7449: 7430:(5): 663–673. 7414: 7381:Sleep Medicine 7371: 7364: 7343: 7290: 7279:on 12 May 2008 7244: 7217:(6): 490–495. 7201: 7158: 7131:(3): 307–315. 7115: 7108: 7088: 7081: 7058: 7039:(3): 233–235. 7023: 6974: 6948: 6929:(2): 168–192. 6913: 6878: 6837: 6825: 6783: 6732: 6725: 6697: 6690: 6653: 6624: 6617: 6592: 6585: 6558: 6539:(6): 408–413. 6523: 6480: 6453:(8): 631–644. 6437: 6394: 6387: 6367: 6302: 6251: 6232:(1): 173–186. 6216: 6173: 6144:(6): 683–702. 6124: 6079: 6060:(3): 201–208. 6044: 6017:(3): 199–212. 6001: 5994: 5976: 5949:(2): 425–439. 5933: 5890: 5863: 5836:(2): 134–143. 5820: 5771: 5728: 5693: 5634: 5607: 5580: 5553:(6): 409–425. 5537: 5488: 5455: 5401: 5363: 5331: 5268: 5241:(9): 749–765. 5222: 5184: 5156: 5127:(6): 637–645. 5107: 5077: 5070: 5050: 5039:(4): 517–526. 5014: 4975: 4939: 4912:(4): 183–192. 4893: 4850: 4839:on 14 May 2012 4818: 4791:(7): 774–782. 4774: 4731: 4698: 4668: 4639:(4): 171–199. 4619: 4575: 4545: 4493: 4467: 4424: 4397: 4370: 4343:(9): 741–764. 4324: 4317: 4283: 4237: 4218:(7): 961–972. 4199: 4151: 4121: 4092:(5): 481–489. 4069: 4029: 3971: 3964: 3941: 3914:(3): 249–255. 3876: 3847:(3): 513–525. 3827: 3800:(6): 485–497. 3779: 3729: 3683: 3639: 3636:. 19 May 2023. 3621: 3602:(4): 330–336. 3579: 3552:(3): 249–255. 3536: 3529: 3508: 3493: 3464: 3457: 3436: 3429: 3410: 3381:(3): 243–244. 3361: 3354: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3301: 3300:Veterinary use 3298: 3287:suggests that 3146: 3143: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 2924:anticonvulsant 2882: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2779: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2708: 2690: 2643:benzodiazepine 2629: 2614:binding sites. 2595: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2524: 2485: 2440: 2439: 2436: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2271: 2270:Benzodiazepine 2264: 2261: 2248: 2228: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2202:hyperpolarizes 2177: 2170: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2148: 2141: 2134: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2082:receptor is a 2079: 2075: 2067: 2059: 2042: 2035:cell membranes 2029:that conducts 2022: 2013:receptor is a 2010: 2004: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1927:St John's wort 1874: 1871: 1856: 1855: 1846: 1845: 1837: 1836: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1780:slurred speech 1743:Main article: 1740: 1737: 1728: 1725: 1719: 1716: 1710: 1707: 1697: 1694: 1684: 1681: 1670:chlorpromazine 1666:phenothiazines 1649:cross tolerant 1602:excitotoxicity 1523: 1520: 1503: 1500: 1469: 1466: 1447: 1444: 1414: 1411: 1392: 1389: 1354:liver toxicity 1298: 1295: 1291:antipsychotics 1219: 1216: 1134: 1131: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1052: 1041:Antipsychotics 1038: 1031: 1013: 976: 965: 953: 950: 930: 927: 873: 870: 793: 790: 720: 717: 702: 699: 645: 642: 619:anticonvulsant 558:panic disorder 544:Panic disorder 539: 538:Panic disorder 536: 437: 434: 426:in combination 292:panic disorder 272:anticonvulsant 264:sleep-inducing 249: 246:(GABA) at the 165: 164: 158: 157: 153: 152: 145: 139: 138: 137:External links 134: 133: 120: 114: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 97:Mode of action 93: 92: 87: 81: 80: 78:panic disorder 63: 59: 58: 54: 53: 50: 42: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20844: 20833: 20830: 20828: 20825: 20823: 20820: 20818: 20815: 20813: 20810: 20808: 20805: 20804: 20802: 20792: 20782: 20781: 20778: 20761: 20759: 20756: 20755: 20753: 20750: 20747: 20744: 20742: 20739: 20738: 20734: 20724: 20721: 20719: 20716: 20715: 20713: 20709: 20703: 20700: 20698: 20695: 20693: 20690: 20689: 20687: 20685: 20681: 20675: 20672: 20670: 20669:Phencyclidine 20667: 20665: 20662: 20660: 20657: 20656: 20654: 20652: 20648: 20642: 20639: 20636: 20633: 20631: 20630:Phenoperidine 20628: 20626: 20623: 20621: 20618: 20616: 20613: 20611: 20608: 20606: 20603: 20601: 20598: 20597: 20595: 20593: 20589: 20583: 20580: 20578: 20575: 20573: 20570: 20568: 20565: 20564: 20562: 20560: 20556: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20537: 20535: 20534:Narcobarbital 20532: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20520: 20517: 20516: 20514: 20512: 20508: 20502: 20499: 20497: 20494: 20492: 20489: 20488: 20486: 20484: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20471: 20465: 20462: 20460: 20457: 20455: 20452: 20450: 20447: 20445: 20444:Nitrous oxide 20442: 20440: 20437: 20435: 20432: 20430: 20427: 20425: 20422: 20420: 20417: 20415: 20412: 20410: 20407: 20405: 20404:Diethyl ether 20402: 20400: 20397: 20395: 20392: 20390: 20387: 20386: 20384: 20382: 20378: 20373: 20369: 20362: 20357: 20355: 20350: 20348: 20343: 20342: 20339: 20329: 20328: 20324: 20320: 20317: 20311: 20305: 20302: 20300: 20297: 20295: 20292: 20290: 20287: 20284: 20283: 20279: 20275: 20271: 20270:isovaleramide 20267: 20263: 20260: 20258: 20255: 20252: 20248: 20245: 20242: 20238: 20234: 20230: 20227: 20225: 20222: 20220: 20217: 20215: 20212: 20210: 20207: 20205: 20202: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20187: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20164: 20160: 20156: 20152: 20148: 20145: 20143: 20140: 20138: 20135: 20133: 20130: 20128: 20125: 20123: 20120: 20118: 20115: 20112: 20108: 20107:niflumic acid 20104: 20100: 20096: 20093: 20091: 20088: 20086: 20083: 20081: 20078: 20076: 20073: 20070: 20066: 20062: 20058: 20054: 20051: 20049: 20046: 20044: 20041: 20039: 20036: 20034: 20033:Clomethiazole 20031: 20029: 20028:Chlormezanone 20026: 20024: 20021: 20019: 20018:Carbamazepine 20016: 20013: 20009: 20005: 20001: 19998: 19995: 19991: 19988: 19986: 19983: 19981: 19978: 19976: 19973: 19971: 19968: 19967: 19965: 19961: 19955: 19952: 19950: 19947: 19945: 19942: 19940: 19937: 19935: 19932: 19930: 19927: 19925: 19922: 19920: 19917: 19915: 19912: 19910: 19907: 19905: 19902: 19900: 19897: 19895: 19894:Nitrous oxide 19892: 19890: 19887: 19885: 19882: 19880: 19877: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19862: 19860: 19857: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19835: 19832: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19824:Diethyl ether 19822: 19820: 19817: 19815: 19812: 19810: 19807: 19805: 19802: 19800: 19797: 19795: 19792: 19790: 19787: 19785: 19782: 19780: 19777: 19775: 19772: 19770: 19767: 19765: 19762: 19760: 19757: 19755: 19752: 19750: 19747: 19745: 19742: 19741: 19739: 19737: 19733: 19729: 19723: 19720: 19718: 19715: 19713: 19710: 19708: 19705: 19703: 19700: 19698: 19695: 19693: 19690: 19688: 19685: 19683: 19680: 19678: 19675: 19674: 19672: 19670: 19666: 19660: 19657: 19655: 19652: 19650: 19647: 19645: 19642: 19641: 19639: 19637: 19633: 19627: 19626:Pyrithyldione 19624: 19622: 19619: 19617: 19614: 19612: 19609: 19608: 19606: 19604: 19600: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19580: 19578: 19576: 19572: 19566: 19563: 19561: 19558: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19543: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19531: 19528: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19498: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19488: 19486: 19483: 19481: 19478: 19476: 19473: 19471: 19468: 19466: 19463: 19461: 19458: 19456: 19453: 19451: 19448: 19446: 19443: 19441: 19438: 19436: 19433: 19431: 19428: 19426: 19423: 19421: 19417: 19414: 19413: 19410: 19407: 19405: 19402: 19400: 19397: 19395: 19392: 19390: 19387: 19385: 19382: 19380: 19377: 19375: 19371: 19370: 19366: 19365: 19362: 19359: 19357: 19354: 19352: 19349: 19347: 19344: 19342: 19338: 19337: 19333: 19332: 19329: 19326: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19300: 19299: 19295: 19294: 19292: 19290: 19286: 19280: 19277: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19235: 19232: 19230: 19227: 19225: 19222: 19220: 19217: 19215: 19212: 19210: 19207: 19205: 19202: 19200: 19197: 19195: 19192: 19190: 19187: 19185: 19182: 19180: 19177: 19175: 19172: 19170: 19167: 19165: 19162: 19160: 19157: 19155: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19131: 19129: 19126: 19124: 19121: 19119: 19116: 19115: 19113: 19111: 19107: 19101: 19098: 19096: 19093: 19091: 19088: 19086: 19083: 19081: 19078: 19076: 19073: 19072: 19070: 19068: 19064: 19058: 19055: 19053: 19050: 19048: 19045: 19043: 19040: 19038: 19035: 19033: 19030: 19028: 19025: 19023: 19020: 19018: 19015: 19013: 19010: 19008: 19005: 19003: 19000: 18998: 18995: 18993: 18990: 18988: 18985: 18984: 18982: 18979: 18975: 18969: 18966: 18964: 18961: 18959: 18956: 18955: 18953: 18951: 18947: 18941: 18938: 18935: 18931: 18928: 18926: 18923: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18911: 18908: 18906: 18903: 18901: 18898: 18896: 18893: 18891: 18888: 18886: 18883: 18881: 18878: 18876: 18873: 18871: 18868: 18867: 18865: 18863: 18859: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18833: 18832:Phenprobamate 18830: 18828: 18825: 18823: 18820: 18818: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18797:Hexapropymate 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18783: 18780: 18778: 18775: 18773: 18772:Difebarbamate 18770: 18768: 18765: 18763: 18760: 18758: 18755: 18753: 18750: 18749: 18747: 18745: 18741: 18735: 18732: 18730: 18727: 18725: 18722: 18720: 18717: 18715: 18712: 18710: 18707: 18705: 18702: 18700: 18697: 18695: 18692: 18690: 18687: 18685: 18682: 18680: 18677: 18675: 18672: 18670: 18667: 18665: 18662: 18660: 18657: 18655: 18652: 18650: 18647: 18645: 18642: 18640: 18637: 18635: 18632: 18630: 18627: 18625: 18622: 18620: 18617: 18615: 18612: 18610: 18607: 18605: 18602: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18592: 18590: 18587: 18585: 18584:Nortetrazepam 18582: 18580: 18577: 18575: 18572: 18570: 18567: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18522: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18512: 18510: 18507: 18505: 18502: 18500: 18497: 18495: 18492: 18490: 18487: 18485: 18482: 18480: 18477: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18465: 18462: 18460: 18457: 18455: 18452: 18450: 18447: 18445: 18444:Flutoprazepam 18442: 18440: 18437: 18435: 18432: 18430: 18427: 18425: 18424:Flunitrazolam 18422: 18420: 18419:Flunitrazepam 18417: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18409:Flubromazolam 18407: 18405: 18404:Flubromazepam 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18327: 18325: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18304:Cloniprazepam 18302: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18272: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18210: 18207: 18205: 18202: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18194:2-Oxoquazepam 18192: 18191: 18189: 18187: 18183: 18177: 18174: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18136:Thialbarbital 18134: 18132: 18131:Tetrabarbital 18129: 18127: 18124: 18122: 18119: 18117: 18116:Spirobarbital 18114: 18112: 18109: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18096:Proxibarbital 18094: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18086:Propallylonal 18084: 18082: 18079: 18077: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18067: 18066:Phenobarbital 18064: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18056:Pentobarbital 18054: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18046:Narcobarbital 18044: 18042: 18039: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18011:Heptobarbital 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17981:Difebarbamate 17979: 17977: 17974: 17972: 17971:Cyclobarbital 17969: 17967: 17964: 17962: 17959: 17957: 17954: 17952: 17949: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17916:Benzobarbital 17914: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17882: 17879: 17878: 17876: 17874: 17870: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17844: 17842: 17838: 17836: 17834: 17830: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17798: 17795: 17793: 17790: 17788: 17787:Ethchlorvynol 17785: 17782: 17778: 17775: 17773: 17770: 17768: 17765: 17763: 17760: 17758: 17755: 17754: 17752: 17750: 17746: 17742: 17729: 17724: 17722: 17717: 17715: 17710: 17709: 17706: 17690: 17688: 17685: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17667: 17663: 17657: 17654: 17651: 17647: 17644: 17641: 17637: 17633: 17632:amitriptyline 17629: 17626: 17624: 17621: 17619: 17616: 17613: 17609: 17605: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17589: 17583: 17577: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17557: 17553: 17549: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17519: 17515: 17511: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17491: 17487: 17479: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17459: 17455: 17451: 17447: 17443: 17440: 17439: 17437: 17435:Miscellaneous 17433: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17413: 17411: 17409: 17405: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17381: 17379: 17376: 17375: 17373: 17371: 17367: 17361: 17358: 17355: 17351: 17348: 17345: 17341: 17337: 17336:amitriptyline 17333: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17318: 17315: 17313: 17310: 17308: 17305: 17303: 17300: 17298: 17297:Methapyrilene 17295: 17293: 17290: 17288: 17285: 17283: 17280: 17278: 17275: 17273: 17270: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17255: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17245: 17237: 17233: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17221:Sulfonmethane 17219: 17216: 17212: 17209: 17206: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17191: 17187: 17183: 17182:Neurosteroids 17180: 17178: 17175: 17173: 17172:Clomethiazole 17170: 17168: 17165: 17162: 17158: 17155: 17152: 17148: 17144: 17141: 17138: 17134: 17133:phenobarbital 17130: 17129:pentobarbital 17126: 17122: 17119: 17116: 17112: 17108: 17107:ethchlorvynol 17104: 17101: 17098: 17097: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17070: 17066: 17065: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17016:Flutoprazepam 17014: 17012: 17009: 17007: 17006:Flunitrazepam 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16963: 16962: 16960: 16958: 16948: 16944: 16937: 16932: 16930: 16925: 16923: 16918: 16917: 16914: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16876: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16860: 16859:Methocarbamol 16857: 16855: 16852: 16850: 16849:Mephenoxalone 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16839:Chlorphenesin 16837: 16836: 16835: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16813: 16809: 16808:Phenaglycodol 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16795: 16794: 16791: 16787: 16784: 16783: 16782: 16779: 16778: 16776: 16772: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16742: 16740: 16738: 16725: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16705: 16703: 16701: 16697: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16678: 16676: 16673: 16672: 16670: 16668: 16664: 16654: 16651: 16650: 16648: 16644: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16621: 16620: 16617: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16603: 16602: 16599: 16598: 16596: 16594: 16590: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16573: 16572: 16571: 16568: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16552:Amitriptyline 16550: 16549: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16539: 16537: 16535: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16519: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16474: 16472: 16470: 16462: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16435: 16434: 16431: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16417: 16416: 16413: 16412: 16410: 16408: 16404: 16395: 16392: 16390: 16387: 16386: 16385: 16382: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16366:Amitriptyline 16364: 16363: 16362: 16359: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16341: 16340: 16337: 16336: 16334: 16332: 16328: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16301:Methapyrilene 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16273: 16271: 16269: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16253: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16226: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16206:Aceburic acid 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16193: 16191: 16189: 16182: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16159:Isovaleramide 16157: 16156: 16155: 16154:Sesquiterpene 16152: 16150: 16147: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16129: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16092:Clomethiazole 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16073: 16070: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16036: 16034: 16030: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15975: 15973: 15971: 15967: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15955:Pyrithyldione 15953: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15943: 15942: 15940: 15938: 15934: 15928: 15925: 15924: 15922: 15920: 15916: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15856: 15854: 15852: 15848: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15803: 15801: 15799: 15795: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15760: 15758: 15756: 15752: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15732: 15730: 15728: 15724: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15707:Phenprobamate 15705: 15703: 15702:Methocarbamol 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15692:Hexapropymate 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15674: 15672: 15670: 15666: 15660: 15657: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15609:Flutoprazepam 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15594:Flunitrazepam 15592: 15590: 15589:Flunitrazolam 15587: 15585: 15584:Flubromazolam 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15551: 15549: 15547: 15543: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15486:Phenobarbital 15484: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15476:Pentobarbital 15474: 15472: 15471:Narcobarbital 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15461:Mephobarbital 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15441:Cyclobarbital 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15408: 15406: 15404: 15400: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15383:Ethchlorvynol 15381: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15360: 15358: 15356: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15340: 15335: 15331: 15327: 15320: 15315: 15313: 15308: 15306: 15301: 15300: 15297: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15258: 15254: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15217:Phenaglycodol 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15164: 15162: 15158: 15151: 15147: 15146:Beta blockers 15144: 15141: 15137: 15133: 15129: 15126: 15123: 15119: 15116: 15115: 15113: 15109: 15103: 15099: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15084: 15082: 15080: 15076: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15043: 15036: 15031: 15028: 15021: 15016: 15013: 15006: 15001: 14998: 14991: 14986: 14983: 14976: 14971: 14968: 14961: 14956: 14955: 14953: 14951: 14947: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14922: 14920: 14916: 14913: 14898: 14894: 14888: 14885: 14884: 14882: 14880: 14876: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14859:Chlormezanone 14857: 14855: 14852: 14849: 14845: 14842: 14839: 14838:phenobarbital 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14709: 14708: 14706: 14701: 14693: 14683: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14663: 14661: 14659: 14653: 14643: 14638: 14634: 14627: 14622: 14620: 14615: 14613: 14608: 14607: 14604: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14565: 14561: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14545:Levetiracetam 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14502: 14500: 14496: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14474:Ethoxzolamide 14472: 14470: 14469:Acetazolamide 14467: 14465: 14461: 14460: 14458: 14456: 14455:CA inhibitors 14452: 14449: 14445: 14435: 14432: 14431: 14429: 14427: 14423: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14366: 14365: 14360: 14359:Trimethadione 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14341: 14340: 14338: 14336: 14332: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14299: 14298:Oxcarbazepine 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14288:Carbamazepine 14286: 14284: 14282: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14208: 14207: 14205: 14203: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14188: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14168: 14164: 14163: 14159: 14158: 14156: 14152: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14122: 14121: 14119: 14117: 14113: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14091: 14087: 14083: 14080: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14032: 14031: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14017: 14016: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14005:Phenobarbital 14003: 14001: 14000:Pentobarbital 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13977: 13976: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13952: 13947: 13943: 13936: 13931: 13929: 13924: 13922: 13917: 13916: 13913: 13900: 13899:Phenobarbital 13896: 13895: 13891: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13869: 13868: 13864: 13861: 13857: 13853: 13847: 13846: 13844: 13842: 13838: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13822: 13821: 13817: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13782: 13778: 13777:Buprenorphine 13775: 13774: 13773: 13772: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13751: 13747: 13741: 13740: 13738: 13736: 13732: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13715: 13711: 13707: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13683: 13682: 13681: 13677: 13673: 13672:Nitrous oxide 13670: 13669: 13668: 13667: 13663: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13640: 13639: 13638: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13626: 13622: 13615: 13611: 13607: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13575: 13573: 13571: 13567: 13562: 13558: 13555:Treatment of 13550: 13545: 13543: 13538: 13536: 13531: 13530: 13527: 13516: 13506: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13486: 13484: 13480: 13474: 13471: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13461: 13455: 13452: 13451: 13449: 13445: 13439: 13436: 13435: 13433: 13429: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13401: 13398: 13397: 13395: 13391: 13385: 13382: 13381: 13379: 13377: 13373: 13367: 13364: 13363: 13361: 13357: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13333: 13327: 13324: 13321: 13318: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13304:Fluclotizolam 13302: 13300: 13299:Flubrotizolam 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13255: 13253: 13251: 13247: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13227: 13225: 13223: 13219: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13189: 13187: 13183: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13083: 13081: 13077: 13071: 13068: 13065: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13040:Flunitrazolam 13038: 13036: 13035:Flubromazolam 13033: 13031: 13030:Flualprazolam 13028: 13026: 13025:Fluadinazolam 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12991: 12989: 12987: 12983: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12948: 12946: 12942: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12912: 12910: 12906: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12879: 12876: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12765:Nortetrazepam 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12729: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12645:Flutoprazepam 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12630:Flunitrazepam 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12615:Flubromazepam 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12585:Difludiazepam 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12539:Cloniprazepam 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12488:2-Oxoquazepam 12486: 12485: 12483: 12479: 12475: 12468: 12463: 12461: 12456: 12454: 12449: 12448: 12445: 12429: 12425: 12421: 12417: 12413: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12390: 12386: 12382: 12377: 12373: 12368: 12364: 12363: 12357: 12356: 12343: 12337: 12333: 12322: 12314: 12310: 12306: 12302: 12298: 12294: 12287: 12279: 12275: 12271: 12267: 12260: 12252: 12246: 12242: 12241: 12233: 12231: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12194: 12187: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12152: 12136: 12130: 12122: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12106: 12102: 12098: 12094: 12087: 12068: 12064: 12060: 12056: 12049: 12043: 12035: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12009: 12005: 12004: 11999: 11992: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11972: 11965: 11957: 11951: 11947: 11946: 11938: 11919: 11915: 11909: 11902: 11898: 11895: 11889: 11882: 11878: 11877: 11870: 11864: 11845: 11838: 11832: 11824: 11820: 11813: 11794: 11790: 11783: 11777: 11769: 11765: 11761: 11757: 11753: 11749: 11742: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11708: 11689: 11682: 11676: 11657: 11653: 11646: 11640: 11621: 11617: 11610: 11603: 11587: 11581: 11566: 11559: 11553: 11538: 11534: 11528: 11520: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11492: 11485: 11477: 11473: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11442: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11422: 11415: 11407: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11382:(7061): 838. 11381: 11377: 11373: 11366: 11357: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11328: 11324: 11318: 11316: 11299: 11295: 11288: 11280: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11247: 11239: 11235: 11231: 11227: 11223: 11219: 11212: 11205: 11200: 11196: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11180: 11173: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11145: 11138: 11136: 11134: 11132: 11130: 11114:on 8 May 2012 11110: 11103: 11100:Juergens SM. 11096: 11094: 11092: 11090: 11088: 11079: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11036: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11009: 11002: 10998: 10993: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10958: 10951: 10943: 10941:0-632-03488-2 10937: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10924: 10916: 10914: 10905: 10899: 10895: 10887: 10885: 10876: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10855: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10827: 10819: 10813: 10798: 10794: 10788: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10750: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10738: 10736: 10734: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10726: 10724: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10696: 10694: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10658: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10623: 10621: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10583: 10575: 10567: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10537: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10518: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10463: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10396: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10345: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10306: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10278: 10267: 10259: 10253: 10249: 10242: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10203: 10195: 10189: 10185: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10172: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10128: 10121: 10119: 10111: 10107: 10102: 10100: 10091: 10085: 10081: 10074: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10047: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10020: 10012: 10008: 10004: 10000: 9996: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9977: 9969: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9934: 9926: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9895: 9890: 9883: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9840: 9832: 9826: 9822: 9815: 9813: 9796: 9792: 9786: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9743: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9694: 9686: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9661:(52): e2376. 9660: 9656: 9652: 9645: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9610: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9561: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9532:Life Sciences 9526: 9518: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9477: 9469: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9428: 9420: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9379: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9330: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9257: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9206: 9198: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9157: 9149: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9128: 9109: 9105: 9098: 9091: 9084: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9060: 9052: 9045: 9029: 9028: 9021: 9019: 9017: 9015: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8975: 8967: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8946: 8938: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8895: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8860: 8852: 8846: 8842: 8835: 8827: 8821: 8816: 8815: 8806: 8804: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8768: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8725: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8676: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8641: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8618:: S115–S121. 8617: 8613: 8606: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8571: 8563: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8522: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8430: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8376: 8369: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8326: 8318: 8314: 8307: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8260: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8238: 8234: 8233: 8225: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8181: 8173: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8140: 8132: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8099: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8072: 8064: 8058: 8054: 8047: 8045: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8009: 8007: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7963: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7942: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7923: 7914: 7910: 7907:(1–2): 1–14. 7906: 7902: 7895: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7860: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7815: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7765: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7722: 7720: 7703: 7701: 7695: 7690: 7689:public domain 7679: 7671: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7630: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7568: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7547: 7539: 7533: 7529: 7522: 7520: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7502: 7494: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7453: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7418: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7375: 7367: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7348: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7294: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7251: 7249: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7205: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7162: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7119: 7111: 7105: 7101: 7100: 7092: 7084: 7078: 7074: 7073: 7065: 7063: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7027: 7019: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6962: 6958: 6952: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6917: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6882: 6874: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6841: 6834: 6829: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6787: 6779: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6736: 6728: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6709: 6701: 6693: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6672: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6638: 6634: 6628: 6620: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6588: 6582: 6578: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6527: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6484: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6404:CNS Spectrums 6398: 6390: 6384: 6380: 6379: 6371: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6298: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6220: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6120: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6005: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5937: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5775: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5697: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5638: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5611: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5386: 5379: 5378: 5370: 5368: 5348: 5341: 5335: 5327: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5227: 5220:, which cites 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5189: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5073: 5067: 5063: 5062: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5021: 5019: 4999: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4960: 4956: 4949: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4898: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4835: 4828: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4720:on 5 May 2012 4716: 4709: 4702: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4498: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4434:CNS Spectrums 4428: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4329: 4320: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4244: 4242: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4204: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4172:(2): 93–103. 4171: 4167: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4139: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4074: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4025: 4019: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3967: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3688: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3644: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3598:(in French). 3597: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3532: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3513: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3469: 3460: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3441: 3432: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3338: 3333: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3234:panic attacks 3230: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3214: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3188:, which is a 3187: 3186:flunitrazepam 3184:, apart from 3183: 3179: 3175: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3120:flunitrazepam 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3100:flutoprazepam 3097: 3096:flunitrazepam 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3047:flubromazolam 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035:flualprazolam 3032: 3031:flunitrazepam 3028: 3024: 3020: 3019:United States 3005: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2911:Leo Sternbach 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2797:flunitrazepam 2794: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2716: 2714: 2713:pharmacophore 2706: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2647:chemical name 2644: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2608:hydrogen bond 2605: 2601: 2593: 2592:pharmacophore 2588: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501:flunitrazepam 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2375:Intermediate 2374: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2350: 2349:Flunitrazepam 2347: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2311:Intermediate 2310: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2295:Intermediate 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2253:immune system 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2225: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2173: 2158: 2151: 2144: 2137: 2130: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2072: 2065: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2008: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1971: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1938:carbamazepine 1936: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1865: 1861: 1850: 1841: 1832: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1736: 1734: 1724: 1715: 1706: 1704: 1693: 1691: 1680: 1678: 1677:mental health 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1628: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1582:derealization 1579: 1575: 1574:muscle spasms 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1410: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1388: 1386: 1385:boxed warning 1382: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1334:disinhibition 1330: 1326: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1303: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1232:hip fractures 1229: 1225: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1196:hyperactivity 1193: 1192:hyperreflexia 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1140: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 989:schizophrenia 986: 981: 977: 974: 970: 966: 962: 961:dental phobia 958: 954: 951: 948: 944: 940: 936: 935: 934: 926: 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 892: 888: 884: 879: 869: 867: 863: 858: 854: 850: 846: 841: 839: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 817: 813: 809: 805: 799: 789: 787: 781: 778: 774: 770: 766: 761: 759: 755: 749: 747: 743: 735: 731: 726: 716: 714: 713:acute anxiety 708: 698: 696: 692: 687: 685: 680: 676: 672: 668: 663: 661: 657: 651: 641: 639: 638:panic attacks 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 545: 535: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 507:intravenously 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 456: 452: 448: 443: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 332:disinhibition 329: 325: 320: 317: 316:premedication 313: 309: 308:muscle spasms 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 245: 242: 238: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 218:Leo Sternbach 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 163: 159: 154: 150: 146: 144: 140: 135: 131: 125: 121: 119: 115: 112:Clinical data 110: 107: 100: 98: 94: 91: 88: 86: 82: 79: 75: 74:muscle spasms 71: 67: 64: 60: 55: 48: 43: 40: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 20702:Hydroxydione 20635:Remifentanil 20558: 20529:Methohexital 20524:Hexobarbital 20511:Barbiturates 20394:Cyclopropane 20381:Inhalational 20315: 20314: 20285: 20142:Lavender oil 19884:Nitric oxide 19804:Cryofluorane 19749:Acetophenone 19707:Methaqualone 19702:Mecloqualone 19697:Mebroqualone 19687:Diproqualone 19682:Cloroqualone 19611:Glutethimide 19415: 19367: 19334: 19296: 19269:Testosterone 19234:Progesterone 19199:Hydroxydione 19148:Androsterone 19075:Acecarbromal 18980:constituents 18767:Cyclarbamate 18757:Carisoprodol 18529:Metaclazepam 18524:Menitrazepam 18514:Meclonazepam 18509:Lormetazepam 18439:Flutemazepam 18264:Ciclotizolam 18254:Carburazepam 18185: 18146:Thiobarbital 18106:Secobarbital 18071:Phetharbital 18051:Nealbarbital 18036:Methohexital 18021:Hexobarbital 17956:Butallylonal 17951:Butobarbital 17906:Barbexaclone 17901:Aprobarbital 17886:Allobarbital 17873:Barbiturates 17840: 17832: 17822:Petrichloral 17656:Valnoctamide 17640:trimipramine 17482:dronabinol ( 17474:Cannabinoids 17469:Benzoctamine 17378:Daridorexant 17360:Triprolidine 17344:trimipramine 17322:Propiomazine 17317:Promethazine 17282:Etodroxizine 17215:methaqualone 17205:glutethimide 17186:progesterone 17137:secobarbital 17121:Barbiturates 17099: 17067: 17031:Lormetazepam 16965: 16964: 16901:Valnoctamide 16803:Metaglycodol 16798:Fenpentadiol 16708:Daridorexant 16611:Thioridazine 16562:Trimipramine 16497:Medetomidine 16425:Thioridazine 16376:Trimipramine 16321:Propiomazine 16316:Promethazine 16122:Petrichloral 16107:Kavalactones 16039:Acetophenone 16008:Methaqualone 16003:Mecloqualone 15998:Mebroqualone 15988:Diproqualone 15983:Cloroqualone 15945:Glutethimide 15841:Progesterone 15831:Hydroxydione 15763:Acecarbromal 15677:Carisoprodol 15619:Lormetazepam 15604:Flutemazepam 15545: 15506:Secobarbital 15466:Methohexital 15456:Hexobarbital 15436:Butobarbital 15431:Butabarbital 15421:Aprobarbital 15411:Allobarbital 15403:Barbiturates 15187:Lorpiprazole 15177:Fabomotizole 15167:Benzoctamine 15069:Vortioxetine 15045: 15012:clomipramine 14967:escitalopram 14854:Carisoprodol 14834:Barbiturates 14825: 14711: 14710: 14676:Tandospirone 14535:Fenfluramine 14515:Brivaracetam 14464:Sulfonamides 14462: 14397: 14382: 14379:Phensuximide 14369:Ethosuximide 14364:Succinimides 14362: 14342: 14301: 14281:Carboxamides 14279: 14259: 14234: 14221:Fosphenytoin 14209: 14170: 14160: 14123: 14078: 14029: 14028: 14013: 13985:Barbexaclone 13980:Barbiturates 13978: 13894:Barbiturates 13892: 13866: 13865: 13848: 13818: 13769: 13742: 13702: 13678: 13664: 13632: 13602: 13593:Mecamylamine 13274:Ciclotizolam 12727: 12717:Metaclazepam 12712:Menitrazepam 12702:Meclonazepam 12691:Lormetazepam 12640:Flutemazepam 12514:Carburazepam 12473: 12432:. 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Retrieved 4133: 4124: 4089: 4085: 4047: 4043: 4018:cite journal 3985: 3981: 3974: 3955: 3911: 3907: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3797: 3793: 3752:(1): 19–34. 3749: 3745: 3699: 3695: 3659: 3655: 3633: 3624: 3599: 3595: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3520: 3476: 3448: 3419: 3413: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3345: 3303: 3282: 3280:or robbery. 3274: 3270:intranasally 3218: 3212: 3210: 3190:Schedule III 3170: 3135:Schedule III 3128: 3111: 3110:Chapter 134 3081: 3074: 3070: 3059: 3016: 3013:Legal status 3002: 2982: 2952: 2944:barbiturates 2939: 2931: 2906: 2900: 2769:lormetazepam 2750:, and others 2703: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2679:double bonds 2673:atoms, five 2651:heterocyclic 2642: 2640: 2617: 2575: 2571: 2570:: 5-phenyl-1 2567: 2563: 2509:lormetazepam 2443: 2234: 2226: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2073: 2000: 1989: 1960:Pharmacology 1907: 1879:interactions 1876: 1873:Interactions 1804: 1751:barbiturates 1748: 1730: 1727:Pancreatitis 1721: 1712: 1699: 1686: 1674: 1643: 1631: 1618: 1610: 1567: 1552: 1516: 1505: 1449: 1430:irritability 1424:, violence, 1416: 1406:visuospatial 1402: 1394: 1378: 1374: 1358: 1336:may emerge. 1329:coordination 1322: 1284: 1280: 1221: 1156:cleft palate 1153: 1142: 1127:barbiturates 1080: 1066: 1001:neuroleptics 980:hallucinogen 932: 916: 881: 842: 833:diazepam or 801: 782: 762: 750: 739: 710: 707:Panic attack 688: 664: 653: 635: 588: 566: 547: 463:psycholeptic 460: 436:Medical uses 402:barbiturates 395: 387:cleft palate 348: 321: 284:dissociation 234: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 168: 156:Legal status 36: 25: 20748:from market 20615:Embutramide 20610:Anileridine 20582:Remimazolam 20519:Amobarbital 20496:Fospropofol 20459:Vinyl ether 20449:Sevoflurane 20224:Stiripentol 20219:Seproxetine 20189:Niacinamide 20169:Loreclezole 19990:Avermectins 19954:Vinyl ether 19924:Sevoflurane 19904:Paraldehyde 19854:Halopropane 19677:Afloqualone 19659:Tracazolate 19654:ICI-190,622 19644:Cartazolate 19621:Piperidione 19616:Methyprylon 19583:Fospropofol 19505:Pipequaline 19313:Pazinaclone 19303:Eszopiclone 19159:Cholesterol 19143:Androstenol 19067:Monoureides 19047:Methysticin 18847:Tetrabamate 18827:Pentabamate 18817:Meprobamate 18787:Febarbamate 18752:Carisbamate 18704:Triflubazam 18694:Tolufazepam 18654:Rilmazafone 18649:Remimazolam 18624:Proflazepam 18609:Pivoxazepam 18569:Nitrazepate 18559:Nimetazepam 18494:Lopirazepam 18464:Haloxazolam 18414:Fludiazepam 18359:Doxefazepam 18334:Delorazepam 18314:Clotiazepam 18309:Clorazepate 18274:Cinolazepam 18171:Vinbarbital 18126:Tetrabamate 18081:Probarbital 18061:Phenallymal 18026:Metharbital 18001:Febarbamate 17896:Amobarbital 17797:Isopropanol 17767:Chloralodol 17677:from market 17650:mirtazapine 17567:Scopolamine 17548:hydrocodone 17501:Fenadiazole 17464:Ashwagandha 17454:risperidone 17426:Tasimelteon 17398:Vornorexant 17388:Seltorexant 17383:Lemborexant 17354:mirtazapine 17312:Pimethixene 17302:Pheniramine 17287:Hydroxyzine 17257:Alimemazine 17196:Paraldehyde 17161:meprobamate 17125:amobarbital 17078:Eszopiclone 17041:Nimetazepam 17021:Haloxazolam 16991:Doxefazepam 16986:Clorazepate 16976:Cinolazepam 16886:Scopolamine 16830:Guaifenesin 16825:Fenadiazole 16781:Cannabidiol 16755:Mirogabalin 16713:Lemborexant 16690:Tasimelteon 16675:Agomelatine 16634:Risperidone 16580:Mirtazapine 16469:-Adrenergic 16448:Risperidone 16394:Mirtazapine 16344:Etoperidone 16311:Pheniramine 16296:Hydroxyzine 16117:Paraldehyde 16112:Loreclezole 15978:Afloqualone 15960:Piperidione 15950:Methyprylon 15879:Pazinaclone 15859:Eszopiclone 15821:Alphaxolone 15816:Alphadolone 15755:Monoureides 15697:Meprobamate 15634:Nitemazepam 15629:Nimetazepam 15574:Doxefazepam 15559:Cinolazepam 15531:Vinbarbital 15496:Proxibarbal 15481:Phenallymal 15416:Amobarbital 15368:Chloralodol 15268:from market 15197:Mepiprazole 15182:Hydroxyzine 15172:Cycloserine 15150:propranolol 15092:Flupentixol 15049:Agomelatine 15027:mirtazapine 14848:meprobamate 14782:Fludiazepam 14757:Clotiazepam 14752:Clorazepate 14633:Anxiolytics 14575:from market 14525:Carisbamate 14520:Cannabidiol 14406:Lamotrigine 14310:Lamotrigine 14261:Fatty acids 14256:Pheneturide 14251:Phenacemide 14226:Mephenytoin 14125:Fatty acids 14106:Stiripentol 14101:Paraldehyde 14065:Nimetazepam 14045:Clorazepate 13990:Metharbital 13648:Acamprosate 13598:Varenicline 13499:Rilmazafone 13473:Anthramycin 13366:Lopirazepam 13350:Telenzepine 13309:Fluetizolam 13235:Clotiazepam 13202:Haloxazolam 13146:Remimazolam 13121:I-Iomazenil 13064:Rilmazafone 12935:Triflubazam 12884:Tolufazepam 12795:Proflazepam 12785:Pivoxazepam 12755:Nitrazepate 12745:Nitemazepam 12740:Nimetazepam 12625:Fludiazepam 12590:Doxefazepam 12554:Delorazepam 12544:Clorazepate 12529:Cinolazepam 12141:28 November 11881:cached copy 11873:(Note: The 11853:17 December 11802:17 December 11731:10 December 11681:"Opium Law" 11015:Tetrahedron 10777:5 September 10534:(1): 9–19. 9749:Drug Safety 8780:(1): 1–14. 6288:11449/69841 6110:10454/16512 5623:(7): 1191. 4144:1 September 3596:L'Encéphale 3238:agoraphobia 3178:Schedule IV 3131:Schedule IV 3108:Hong Kong's 3088:nimetazepam 3062:Schedule IV 2998:eszopiclone 2801:nimetazepam 2732:clorazepate 2540:clorazepate 2245:glial cells 2198:ion channel 2094:s, and one 2027:ion channel 1914:antibiotics 1788:hypotension 1426:impulsivity 1369:agoraphobia 1338:Hypotension 1168:hypothermia 1091:sleep apnea 912:conjugation 862:prophylaxis 816:intravenous 627:agoraphobia 410:depressants 237:depressants 196:ring and a 162:In Wikidata 124:MedicineNet 20801:Categories 20723:Propanidid 20697:Alfaxalone 20692:Alfadolone 20674:Tiletamine 20659:Esketamine 20641:Sufentanil 20625:Alfentanil 20544:Thiopental 20429:Isoflurane 20399:Desflurane 20389:Chloroform 20257:Topiramate 20247:Terpenoids 20204:Propanidid 20194:Org 25,435 20122:Flupirtine 20117:Fluoxetine 20023:Chloralose 19994:ivermectin 19899:Norflurane 19864:Isoflurane 19809:Desflurane 19799:Chloroform 19759:Aliflurane 19692:Etaqualone 19520:SB-205,384 19450:CP-615,003 19445:CL-218,872 19399:Panadiplon 19389:Lorediplon 19318:Suproclone 19279:Zuranolone 19239:Renanolone 19224:Posovolone 19204:Minaxolone 19194:Ganaxolone 19133:Alfaxalone 19128:Alfadolone 19118:Acebrochol 19085:Bromisoval 18963:Metomidate 18950:Imidazoles 18910:Hispidulin 18862:Flavonoids 18822:Nisobamate 18812:Mebutamate 18782:Ethinamate 18777:Emylcamate 18744:Carbamates 18714:Tuclazepam 18689:Tetrazepam 18644:Reclazepam 18619:Premazepam 18599:Phenazepam 18579:Nordazepam 18574:Nitrazolam 18564:Nitrazepam 18544:Motrazepam 18499:Loprazolam 18489:Lofendazam 18474:Imidazenil 18434:Flutazolam 18429:Flurazepam 18399:Fletazepam 18354:Dimdazenil 18349:Diclazepam 18329:Cyprazepam 18319:Cloxazolam 18299:Clonazolam 18294:Clonazepam 18284:Climazolam 18244:Brotizolam 18239:Bromazolam 18234:Bromazepam 18229:Bretazenil 18224:Bentazepam 18214:Arfendazam 18209:Alprazolam 18204:Adinazolam 18176:Vinylbital 18156:Thiopental 18031:Methitural 17946:Buthalital 17941:Butalbital 17792:Isobutanol 17608:guanfacine 17576:tryptophan 17539:Niaprazine 17514:pregabalin 17510:gabapentin 17450:olanzapine 17446:quetiapine 17393:Suvorexant 17327:Pyrilamine 17277:Doxylamine 17262:Captodiame 17190:zuranolone 17157:Carbamates 17046:Nitrazepam 17026:Loprazolam 17011:Flurazepam 16981:Climazolam 16971:Brotizolam 16854:Metaxalone 16844:Mephenesin 16765:Pregabalin 16745:Gabapentin 16718:Suvorexant 16653:Niaprazine 16629:Quetiapine 16624:Olanzapine 16507:Tizanidine 16502:Romifidine 16492:Lofexidine 16482:Detomidine 16443:Quetiapine 16438:Olanzapine 16349:Nefazodone 16291:Doxylamine 16276:Captodiame 16087:Chloralose 16051:compounds 15993:Etaqualone 15889:Suproclone 15869:Lirequinil 15836:Minaxolone 15826:Eltanolone 15806:Acebrochol 15773:Bromisoval 15740:Metomidate 15727:Imidazoles 15687:Ethinamate 15682:Emylcamate 15669:Carbamates 15644:Nitrazolam 15639:Nitrazepam 15614:Loprazolam 15599:Flurazepam 15569:Clonazolam 15564:Climazolam 15554:Brotizolam 15536:Vinylbital 15521:Thiopental 15212:Oxaflozane 15140:guanfacine 15087:Quetiapine 15064:Vilazodone 15059:Tianeptine 15042:phenelzine 14982:duloxetine 14940:Pregabalin 14925:Gabapentin 14844:Carbamates 14807:Nordazepam 14762:Cloxazolam 14747:Clonazepam 14727:Bromazepam 14722:Alprazolam 14717:Adinazolam 14550:Perampanel 14540:Ganaxolone 14530:Etiracetam 14489:Zonisamide 14484:Topiramate 14434:Retigabine 14416:Zonisamide 14411:Topiramate 14394:Pregabalin 14389:Gabapentin 14374:Mesuximide 14325:Zonisamide 14320:Topiramate 14315:Rufinamide 14305:Lacosamide 14271:Valpromide 14211:Hydantoins 14193:modulators 14145:Vigabatrin 14135:Valpromide 14070:Nitrazepam 14040:Clonazepam 14020:Cenobamate 14015:Carbamates 13955:GABAergics 13825:Naltrexone 13759:Lofexidine 13698:Topiramate 13686:Naltrexone 13643:Disulfiram 13438:Premazepam 13421:Zometapine 13345:Olanzapine 13314:Israpafant 13279:Clotizolam 13269:Brotizolam 13230:Bentazepam 13197:Flutazolam 13192:Cloxazolam 13171:Sarmazenil 13131:Loprazolam 13116:Imidazenil 13106:Flumazenil 13091:Climazolam 13086:Bretazenil 13060:Rilmazolam 13050:Phenazolam 13045:Nitrazolam 13015:Clonazolam 13010:Bromazolam 13004:Balovaptan 12999:Alprazolam 12994:Adinazolam 12971:Talampanel 12961:GYKI-52895 12956:GYKI-52466 12930:Lofendazam 12915:Arfendazam 12894:Tuclazepam 12867:Tetrazepam 12810:Reclazepam 12775:Phenazepam 12760:Nordazepam 12750:Nitrazepam 12722:Motrazepam 12676:Kenazepine 12635:Flurazepam 12620:Fletazepam 12580:Diclazepam 12569:Devazepide 12549:Cyprazepam 12534:Clonazepam 12503:BMS-906024 12498:Bromazepam 11927:30 January 11533:"Rohypnol" 11185:(1): 1–7. 10412:: e15106. 9117:18 October 8319:(1): 8–17. 8251:1250346653 8053:Psychiatry 6967:1 December 6800:Pediatrics 6360:19 January 5686:1 February 3328:References 3322:anesthesia 3306:veterinary 3250:cellulitis 3165:alprazolam 3116:brotizolam 3055:Schedule I 3051:diclazepam 3043:clonazolam 2973:withdrawal 2969:dependence 2853:loprazolam 2849:climazolam 2825:alprazolam 2821:adinazolam 2805:nitrazepam 2793:clonazepam 2740:flurazepam 2620:allosteric 2612:lipophilic 2548:flurazepam 2532:withdrawal 2517:nitrazepam 2505:clonazepam 2493:alprazolam 2474:brotizolam 2317:Clonazepam 2288:Alprazolam 2273:Half-life 2009:. The GABA 1986:interface. 1948:and other 1933:, and the 1931:rifampicin 1922:antifungal 1893:, such as 1883:metabolism 1864:flumazenil 1816:arrhythmia 1807:flumazenil 1776:drowsiness 1709:Infections 1662:olanzapine 1622:withdrawal 1588:behavior, 1559:withdrawal 1512:dependence 1453:depression 1422:aggression 1325:drowsiness 1309:See also: 1260:alprazolam 1228:dependence 1188:hypertonia 1137:See also: 1095:bronchitis 1049:withdrawal 1020:parasomnia 1016:Clonazepam 1012:warranted. 1009:clonazepam 973:tizanidine 853:first-line 819:clonazepam 754:nitrazepam 671:bromazepam 667:alprazolam 623:pregabalin 550:anxiolytic 519:dependence 475:anxiolytic 455:injections 440:See also: 430:controlled 383:teratogens 379:Beers List 268:anxiolytic 38:Drug class 20827:Hypnotics 20822:Sedatives 20758:Phase III 20746:Withdrawn 20718:Etomidate 20605:Oxycodone 20577:Lorazepam 20567:Midazolam 20539:Thiamylal 20474:Injection 20424:Halothane 20419:Fluroxene 20409:Enflurane 20316:See also: 20278:valerenol 20199:Phenytoin 20179:Monastrol 20137:Lanthanum 20132:KRM-II-81 20095:Fenamates 20090:Etifoxine 20085:Etazepine 20080:Efavirenz 20038:Darigabat 19934:Teflurane 19919:Roflurane 19914:Propylene 19859:Halothane 19844:Fluroxene 19829:Enflurane 19732:Volatiles 19649:Etazolate 19560:Viqualine 19515:RWJ-51204 19480:L-838,417 19470:Imepitoin 19440:CGS-20625 19435:CGS-13767 19420:Adipiplon 19394:Ocinaplon 19356:Saripidem 19351:Necopidem 19328:Zopiclone 19323:Suriclone 19308:Pagoclone 19214:ORG-21465 19209:ORG-20599 19100:Ectylurea 19090:Carbromal 18968:Propoxate 18958:Etomidate 18885:Baicalein 18842:Styramate 18837:Procymate 18807:Lorbamate 18792:Felbamate 18762:Clocental 18734:Zomebazam 18729:Zolazepam 18724:Zapizolam 18719:Uldazepam 18699:Triazolam 18684:Temazepam 18679:Sulazepam 18669:Ro48-8684 18664:Ro48-6791 18659:Ripazepam 18629:Pyrazolam 18604:Pinazepam 18554:Nifoxipam 18539:Midazolam 18534:Mexazolam 18519:Medazepam 18504:Lorazepam 18484:Ketazolam 18479:Irazepine 18469:Iclazepam 18459:Halazepam 18454:Gidazepam 18449:Fosazepam 18369:Estazolam 18364:Elfazepam 18339:Demoxepam 18269:Cinazepam 18249:Camazepam 18219:Avizafone 18141:Thiamylal 18076:Primidone 18006:Heptabarb 17996:Eterobarb 17961:Carbubarb 17858:Triclofos 17757:Brometone 17687:Phase III 17675:Withdrawn 17623:Trazodone 17604:clonidine 17552:oxycodone 17496:Chamomile 17421:Ramelteon 17416:Melatonin 17292:Meclizine 17093:Zopiclone 17061:Triazolam 17056:Temazepam 17036:Midazolam 16996:Estazolam 16891:Trazodone 16832:-related 16685:Ramelteon 16680:Melatonin 16667:Melatonin 16575:Mianserin 16542:Trazodone 16477:Clonidine 16389:Mianserin 16354:Trazodone 16306:Perlapine 16149:Triclofos 16102:Gaboxadol 15909:Zopiclone 15894:Suriclone 15884:Saripidem 15874:Necopidem 15788:Ectylurea 15783:Carbromal 15745:Propoxate 15735:Etomidate 15712:Procymate 15659:Triazolam 15654:Temazepam 15624:Midazolam 15579:Estazolam 15516:Thiamylal 15451:Heptabarb 15330:sedatives 15326:Hypnotics 15278:Phase III 15266:Withdrawn 15247:Validolum 15242:Tofisopam 15237:Tiagabine 15227:Picamilon 15207:Opipramol 15132:clonidine 15054:Bupropion 14997:trazodone 14887:Zopiclone 14879:Hypnotics 14869:Etifoxine 14817:Pinazepam 14802:Medazepam 14797:Lorazepam 14792:Ketazolam 14787:Halazepam 14732:Camazepam 14666:Buspirone 14585:Phase III 14573:Withdrawn 14510:Beclamide 14401:Imepitoin 14349:Ethadione 14266:Valproate 14231:Phenytoin 14177:Tiagabine 14167:Progabide 14130:Valproate 14096:Imepitoin 14075:Temazepam 14060:Midazolam 14055:Lorazepam 14025:Felbamate 14010:Primidone 13877:Lorazepam 13860:Clonidine 13830:Nalmefene 13792:Methadone 13781:+naloxone 13754:Clonidine 13714:Clonidine 13691:Nalmefene 13637:inhibitor 13614:Clonidine 13578:Bupropion 13494:Avizafone 13416:Zomebazam 13411:Zolazepam 13406:Ripazepam 13400:Razobazam 13384:Zapizolam 13326:Metizolam 13240:Ro09-9212 13207:Mexazolam 13166:Ro4938581 13161:Ro48-8684 13156:Ro48-6791 13151:Ro15-4513 13136:Midazolam 13126:L-655,708 13070:Triazolam 13055:Pyrazolam 13020:Estazolam 12976:Tofisopam 12966:Nerisopam 12951:Girisopam 12899:Uldazepam 12878:Timelotem 12872:Tifluadom 12862:Temazepam 12857:Sulazepam 12852:SH-I-048A 12847:Ro20-8552 12842:Ro20-8065 12837:Ro07-9749 12832:Ro07-5220 12821:Ro05-4082 12815:RO4491533 12780:Pinazepam 12735:Nifoxipam 12707:Medazepam 12696:Lufuradom 12686:Lorazepam 12681:Ketazolam 12670:Irazepine 12665:Iclazepam 12660:Halazepam 12655:Gidazepam 12650:Fosazepam 12595:Elfazepam 12559:Demoxepam 12524:Cinazepam 12509:Camazepam 12063:0817-8542 11347:0959-8138 11001:2898-08-0 10802:28 August 10797:Drugs.com 10548:1738-6586 10509:247169270 10493:1546-1726 10428:2050-084X 9801:2 October 9795:eMedicine 8632:142421768 7886:140765796 7866:CNS Drugs 7728:CNS Drugs 7409:206134458 7308:CiteSeerX 6447:CNS Drugs 6011:CNS Drugs 5858:259982203 5420:Epilepsia 4337:CNS Drugs 4212:Addiction 3794:CNS Drugs 3746:CNS Drugs 3289:temazepam 3283:Overall, 3266:hepatitis 3246:abscesses 3242:temazepam 3229:mortality 3221:Mortality 3202:temazepam 3198:midazolam 3124:triazolam 3104:midazolam 3092:triazolam 3084:temazepam 3077:Opium Law 2977:legal aid 2964:law firms 2857:midazolam 2833:triazolam 2829:estazolam 2777:temazepam 2765:lorazepam 2744:halazepam 2667:diazepine 2659:diazepine 2641:The term 2555:Chemistry 2521:temazepam 2513:lorazepam 2497:estazolam 2482:triazolam 2478:midazolam 2429:Triazolam 2381:Midazolam 2365:Lorazepam 2243:tissues, 2129:histidine 2084:heteromer 1981:(γ2) GABA 1942:phenytoin 1903:temazepam 1895:lorazepam 1784:nystagmus 1772:temazepam 1658:clozapine 1606:glutamate 1590:psychosis 1508:tolerance 1502:Tolerance 1264:triazolam 1256:temazepam 1212:triazolam 1208:temazepam 1164:hypotonia 1133:Pregnancy 1005:Lorazepam 985:psychosis 908:cirrhosis 904:lorazepam 849:tolerance 838:midazolam 823:lorazepam 734:Temazepam 675:lorazepam 574:(SNRIs), 564:(SSRIs). 503:agitation 451:Midazolam 314:and as a 300:agitation 198:diazepine 20791:Medicine 20664:Ketamine 20620:Fentanyl 20600:Morphine 20572:Diazepam 20501:Propofol 20491:Ciprofol 20414:Ethylene 20304:TCS-1205 20299:TCS-1105 20289:α-Pinene 20262:Valerian 20237:tetronal 20214:Safranal 20163:obovatol 20159:magnolol 20155:honokiol 19985:Alogabat 19980:AA-29504 19929:Synthane 19889:Nitrogen 19869:Kerosine 19849:Gasoline 19839:Ethylene 19779:Centalun 19774:Butylene 19588:Propofol 19550:U-89843A 19530:TGSC01AA 19500:NS-11394 19465:GBLD-345 19430:CGS-9896 19425:CGS-8216 19409:Zaleplon 19404:Taniplon 19384:Indiplon 19379:Fasiplon 19374:Divaplon 19361:Zolpidem 19264:SAGE-872 19259:SAGE-689 19254:SAGE-516 19249:SAGE-324 19244:SAGE-105 19152:Certain 19095:Capuride 19057:Yangonin 18934:baicalin 18930:Skullcap 18920:Luteolin 18895:Catechin 18890:Baicalin 18880:Apigenin 18852:Tybamate 18639:Quazepam 18634:QH-II-66 18614:Prazepam 18594:Oxazolam 18589:Oxazepam 18389:Etizolam 18344:Diazepam 18324:CP-1414S 18289:Clobazam 18279:Clazolam 18166:Valofane 18121:Talbutal 18111:Sigmodal 18016:Hexethal 17911:Barbital 17891:Alphenal 17881:(-)-DMBB 17827:Propanol 17817:Pentanol 17807:Methanol 17749:Alcohols 17618:Theanine 17612:prazosin 17556:morphine 17529:Lavender 17518:phenibut 17490:nabilone 17478:cannabis 17244:receptor 17226:Valerian 17143:Bromides 17103:Alcohols 17088:Zolpidem 17083:Zaleplon 17051:Quazepam 17001:Etizolam 16955:receptor 16875:morphine 16866:Midaflur 16786:Cannabis 16760:Phenibut 16512:Xylazine 16241:Phenibut 16211:Baclofen 16137:Tetronal 16072:Centalun 15927:Propofol 15904:Zolpidem 15899:Zaleplon 15864:Indiplon 15778:Capuride 15717:Tybamate 15649:Quazepam 15511:Talbutal 15426:Barbital 15355:Alcohols 15222:Phenibut 15202:Nicotine 15122:prazosin 14935:Phenibut 14915:blockers 14822:Prazepam 14812:Oxazepam 14777:Etizolam 14767:Diazepam 14742:Clobazam 14671:Gepirone 14658:agonists 14505:Albutoin 14479:Sultiame 14216:Ethotoin 14050:Diazepam 14035:Clobazam 13887:Oxazepam 13872:Diazepam 13765:Ibogaine 13725:Phenibut 13720:Baclofen 13588:Lobeline 13583:Cytisine 13517:ligands) 13515:receptor 13454:Clazolam 13294:Etizolam 13212:Oxazolam 13111:GL-II-73 12925:CP-1414S 12920:Clobazam 12826:Ro5-4864 12805:QH-II-66 12800:Quazepam 12790:Prazepam 12770:Oxazepam 12575:Diazepam 12428:Archived 12424:10779253 12221:41959044 12121:28981255 12113:17340077 11897:Archived 11789:incb.org 11511:11009072 11476:43180871 11468:17049955 11433:18265473 11118:25 April 11070:16972167 10981:Archived 10772:15762817 10714:16780077 10611:32002501 10603:12240908 10566:30375757 10501:35228700 10446:27136678 10387:32359279 10336:15157182 10233:16376150 10162:35852993 10011:39966201 10003:15214628 9968:46001278 9874:13121885 9777:27619795 9734:26126233 9726:26133234 9685:26717383 9655:Medicine 9636:17920927 9601:25777653 9593:27667780 9517:23478657 9468:19968019 9419:22091503 9362:23220867 9306:24289824 9298:27215827 9256:26016483 9216:PLOS ONE 9197:28865038 8937:29872302 8886:12725868 8794:15531349 8751:16639148 8716:39027026 8708:18949648 8667:59516280 8597:15003439 8562:15550406 8513:20586160 8505:14580077 8448:15078112 8394:15762818 8360:29469943 8352:16528135 8298:20586160 8290:14580077 8208:19167197 8131:24434093 7997:19145509 7913:26256485 7848:Archived 7805:24453988 7797:18384456 7756:15340907 7748:14731058 7670:33295972 7606:15762814 7493:19418468 7444:19389334 7401:18929314 7330:21036393 7273:10779253 7239:39610712 7231:17074284 7188:12919245 7145:15841867 7053:15001721 7018:22566242 6943:16860264 6908:18035234 6873:11773648 6553:19900604 6510:22531198 6467:18601302 6432:26691595 6424:18849910 6339:18925578 6297:17876423 6246:11471763 6211:43692512 6203:10996567 6168:17580590 6119:23633309 6074:15013244 6039:73223621 6031:18278976 5971:73086671 5963:18167175 5928:12493035 5885:17607891 5850:18293248 5815:27764523 5766:11478971 5758:25654178 5723:19576523 5629:16623205 5602:10507746 5567:10408740 5450:20445985 5442:19298435 5385:Archived 5312:22376048 5255:16156679 5214:1 August 5176:Archived 5151:26711081 5099:Archived 5045:17853625 4968:21 March 4934:24088074 4926:25932596 4886:8 August 4876:16933543 4843:8 August 4805:17881433 4769:20715355 4761:19122540 4655:12516310 4567:15762816 4540:28476551 4462:32761147 4454:14767398 4419:16400293 4365:43437233 4357:17696574 4278:43443180 4270:10622686 4232:10707430 4194:20125264 4186:19125401 4064:18378767 4010:38797655 4002:26446832 3928:16639148 3871:25777653 3863:27667780 3822:49351844 3814:29926372 3766:19062773 3724:45155299 3716:18671662 3678:28257172 3616:18922233 3566:16639148 3503:18175099 3405:32159714 3310:seizures 3262:gangrene 3039:etizolam 2994:zaleplon 2990:zolpidem 2958:against 2948:hypnotic 2936:diazepam 2920:sedative 2873:clobazam 2773:oxazepam 2748:prazepam 2736:diazepam 2671:nitrogen 2649:for the 2632:receptor 2604:CGS-9896 2600:diazepam 2580:diazepam 2536:diazepam 2489:hypnotic 2413:Prazepam 2397:Oxazepam 2333:Diazepam 2279:, hours) 2220:and/or α 2210:hypnotic 2183:arginine 2031:chloride 2019:synapses 2007:receptor 1954:Antacids 1899:oxazepam 1811:antidote 1794:, coma, 1755:overdose 1739:Overdose 1696:Dementia 1668:, e.g., 1594:seizures 1586:suicidal 1535:diazepam 1491:Diazepam 1346:euphoria 1276:zolpidem 1272:zaleplon 1270:such as 1252:oxazepam 1244:dementia 1200:diazepam 1180:in utero 1172:lethargy 1073:comorbid 1045:delirium 969:Baclofen 923:delirium 900:Oxazepam 891:diazepam 857:Clobazam 845:epilepsy 827:diazepam 792:Seizures 758:diazepam 742:insomnia 725:Insomnia 719:Insomnia 679:diazepam 515:rectally 491:seizures 471:hypnotic 467:sedative 457:(Canada) 412:such as 367:dementia 304:seizures 296:insomnia 260:hypnotic 256:sedative 252:receptor 226:diazepam 210:seizures 206:insomnia 127: 106:receptor 85:ATC code 70:seizures 20592:Opioids 20483:Phenols 20251:borneol 20249:(e.g., 20241:trional 20231:(e.g., 20149:(e.g., 20147:Lignans 20097:(e.g., 20055:(e.g., 20000:Bromide 19992:(e.g., 19975:α-EMTBL 19939:Toluene 19909:Propane 19784:Chloral 19764:Benzene 19744:Acetone 19575:Phenols 19565:Y-23684 19555:U-90042 19540:TPA-023 19525:SX-3228 19510:ROD-188 19495:NS-2710 19490:NS-2664 19475:JM-1232 19460:ELB-139 19455:CTP-354 19341:Alpidem 18940:Wogonin 18915:Linarin 18394:FG-8205 18101:Reposal 17802:Menthol 17762:Butanol 17648:(e.g., 17636:doxepin 17630:(e.g., 17602:(e.g., 17546:(e.g., 17544:Opioids 17508:(e.g., 17476:(e.g., 17444:(e.g., 17352:(e.g., 17340:doxepin 17334:(e.g., 17213:(e.g., 17203:(e.g., 17184:(e.g., 17159:(e.g., 17145:(e.g., 17123:(e.g., 17115:ethanol 17105:(e.g., 17100:Others: 17073:Z-drugs 16873:(e.g., 16871:Opioids 16820:Evoxine 16557:Doxepin 16371:Doxepin 16246:Tolibut 16142:Trional 16049:Bromide 15919:Phenols 15501:Reposal 15192:Mebicar 15148:(e.g., 15130:(e.g., 15120:(e.g., 15046:Others: 15040:(e.g., 15025:(e.g., 15010:(e.g., 14995:(e.g., 14980:(e.g., 14965:(e.g., 14846:(e.g., 14836:(e.g., 14829:Alpidem 14826:Others: 14398:Others: 14302:Others: 14236:Ureides 14191:Channel 14082:Bromide 14079:Others: 13771:Opioids 13263:Apafant 13141:PWZ-029 13101:FG-8205 13096:EVT-201 12313:8813750 12278:2520134 12213:3514044 12178:1786493 12076:10 June 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Index