Tourette syndrome - Knowledge

537: 439:. People describe the urge to express the tic as a buildup of tension, pressure, or energy which they ultimately choose consciously to release, as if they "had to do it" to relieve the sensation or until it feels "just right". The urge may cause a distressing sensation in the part of the body associated with the resulting tic; the tic is a response that relieves the urge in the anatomical location of the tic. Examples of this urge are the feeling of having something in one's throat, leading to a tic to clear one's throat, or a localized discomfort in the shoulders leading to shrugging the shoulders. The actual tic may be felt as relieving this tension or sensation, similar to scratching an itch or blinking to relieve an uncomfortable feeling in the eye. Some people with Tourette's may not be aware of the premonitory urge associated with tics. Children may be less aware of it than are adults, but their awareness tends to increase with maturity; by the age of ten, most children recognize the premonitory urge. 1143:. Functional tic-like movements can be difficult to distinguish from tics that have an organic (rather than psychological) cause. They may occur alone or co-exist in individuals with tic disorders. These tics are inconsistent with the classic tics of TS in several ways: the premonitory urge (present in 90% of those with tics disorders) is absent in functional tic-like movements; the suppressibility seen in tic disorders is lacking; there is no family or childhood history of tics and there is a female predominance in functional tics, with a later-than-typical age of first presentation; onset is more abrupt than typical with movements that are more suggestible; and there is less co-occurring OCD or ADHD and more co-occurring disorders. Functional tics are "not fully stereotypical", do not respond to medications, do not demonstrate the classic waxing and waning pattern of Tourettic tics, and do not progress in the typical fashion, in which tics often first appear in the face and gradually move to limbs. 1735: 1709:" towards those with co-occurring conditions. The reported prevalence of TS varies "according to the source, age, and sex of the sample; the ascertainment procedures; and diagnostic system", with a range reported between 0.15% and 3.0% for children and adolescents. Sukhodolsky, et al. wrote in 2017 that the best estimate of TS prevalence in children was 1.4%. Both Robertson and Stern state that the prevalence in children is 1%. The prevalence of TS in the general population is estimated as 0.3% to 1.0%. According to turn of the century census data, these prevalence estimates translated to half a million children in the US with TS and half a million people in the UK with TS, although symptoms in many older individuals would be almost unrecognizable. 803: 1854: 1716:(NIH) believed there were fewer than 100 cases in the United States, and a 1973 registry reported only 485 cases worldwide. However, numerous studies published since 2000 have consistently demonstrated that the prevalence is much higher. Recognizing that tics may often be undiagnosed and hard to detect, newer studies use direct classroom observation and multiple informants (parents, teachers and trained observers), and therefore record more cases than older studies. As the diagnostic threshold and assessment methodology have moved towards recognition of milder cases, the estimated prevalence has increased. 454:, suppressible response to the unwanted premonitory urge. The ability to suppress tics varies among individuals, and may be more developed in adults than children. People with tics are sometimes able to suppress them for limited periods of time, but doing so often results in tension or mental exhaustion. People with Tourette's may seek a secluded spot to release the suppressed urge, or there may be a marked increase in tics after a period of suppression at school or work. Children may suppress tics while in the doctor's office, so they may need to be observed when not aware of being watched. 424:; they change in number, frequency, severity, anatomical location, and complexity; each person experiences a unique pattern of fluctuation in their severity and frequency. Tics may also occur in "bouts of bouts", which also vary among people. The variation in tic severity may occur over hours, days, or weeks. Tics may increase when someone is experiencing stress, fatigue, anxiety, or illness, or when engaged in relaxing activities like watching TV. They sometimes decrease when an individual is engrossed in or focused on an activity like playing a musical instrument. 1603: 221:, though coprolalia occurs only in a minority. There are no specific tests for diagnosing Tourette's; it is not always correctly identified, because most cases are mild, and the severity of tics decreases for most children as they pass through adolescence. Therefore, many go undiagnosed or may never seek medical attention. Extreme Tourette's in adulthood, though sensationalized in the media, is rare, but for a small minority, severely debilitating tics can persist into adulthood. Tourette's does not affect intelligence or 49: 9294: 1346:

awareness program to their classmates. It can be helpful to educate teachers and school staff about typical tics, how they fluctuate during the day, how they impact the child, and how to distinguish tics from naughty behavior. By learning to identify tics, adults can refrain from asking or expecting a child to stop ticcing, because "tic suppression can be exhausting, unpleasant, and attention-demanding and can result in a subsequent rebound bout of tics".

876:, or neural pathways, provide inputs to the basal ganglia from the cortex. These circuits connect the basal ganglia with other areas of the brain to transfer information that regulates planning and control of movements, behavior, decision-making, and learning. Behavior is regulated by cross-connections that "allow the integration of information" from these circuits. Involuntary movements may result from impairments in these CSTC circuits, including the 9063: 9303:, p. 624; "... a few 'positive' aspects may be closely linked to TS. People with TS, for example, may have positive personality characteristics and talents such as punctuality, correctness, conscientiousness, a sense of justice, quick comprehension, good intelligence, creativity, musicality, and athletic abilities. For that reason, some people with TS even hesitate when asked whether they wish the disorder would disappear completely". 404: 4072: 1535:(DBS) has become a valid option for individuals with severe symptoms that do not respond to conventional therapy and management, although it is an experimental treatment. Selecting candidates who may benefit from DBS is challenging, and the appropriate lower age range for surgery is unclear; it is potentially useful in less than 3% of individuals. The ideal brain location to target has not been identified as of 2019. 1017:, vision problems, and other conditions. Pediatricians, allergists and ophthalmologists are among the first to see or identify a child as having tics, although the majority of tics are first identified by the child's parents. Coughing, blinking, and tics that mimic unrelated conditions such as asthma are commonly misdiagnosed. In the UK, there is an average delay of three years between symptom onset and diagnosis. 1831:) in 1994 added a diagnostic requirement for "marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning", which led to an outcry from TS experts and researchers, who noted that many people were not even aware they had TS, nor were they distressed by their tics; clinicians and researchers resorted to using the older criteria in research and practice. In 2000, the 10104:

beginning to work toward this goal (TSAICG and TIC Genetics in the United States, and EMTics in the European Union); there is active collaboration among these groups, which will also be essential for success. However, the scale of the funded collection efforts, particularly in the United States, remains quite modest compared to other neuropsychiatric disorders in which there has been success in gene discovery.

1406: 1315:, and improve family support. The decision to use behavioral or pharmacological treatment is "usually made after the educational and supportive interventions have been in place for a period of months, and it is clear that the tic symptoms are persistently severe and are themselves a source of impairment in terms of self-esteem, relationships with the family or peers, or school performance". 469:. Coprolalia is the spontaneous utterance of socially objectionable or taboo words or phrases. Although it is the most publicized symptom of Tourette's, only about 10% of people with Tourette's exhibit it, and it is not required for a diagnosis. Echolalia (repeating the words of others) and palilalia (repeating one's own words) occur in a minority of cases. Complex motor tics include 786:(pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections), which proposes five criteria for diagnosis in children. PANDAS and the newer pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS) hypotheses are the focus of clinical and laboratory research, but remain unproven. There is also a broader hypothesis that links immune-system abnormalities and 9908:

you search for 'Tourette' on Google or YouTube, you'll get a gazillion hits that almost invariably show the most outrageously extreme examples of motor and vocal tics. Television, with notable exceptions such as Oprah, has sensationalized Tourette's so badly, for so long, that it seems beyond hope that most people will ever know the more prosaic truth.

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at home or at school is likely to fare worse than a child who enjoyed an understanding environment. The long-lasting effects of bullying and teasing can influence self-esteem, self-confidence, and even employment choices and opportunities. Comorbid ADHD can severely affect the child's well-being in all realms, and extend into adulthood.

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coprolalia or a comorbid condition, such as ADHD or OCD. Tourette's may be misdiagnosed because of the wide expression of severity, ranging from mild (in the majority of cases) or moderate, to severe (the rare but more widely recognized and publicized cases). About 20% of people with Tourette syndrome do not realize that they have tics.

431:, the tics of Tourette's are nonrhythmic, often preceded by an unwanted urge, and temporarily suppressible. Over time, about 90% of individuals with Tourette's feel an urge preceding the tic, similar to the urge to sneeze or scratch an itch. The urges and sensations that precede the expression of a tic are referred to as premonitory 986:(DSM-5), Tourette's may be diagnosed when a person exhibits both multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics over a period of one year. The motor and vocal tics need not be concurrent. The onset must have occurred before the age of 18 and cannot be attributed to the effects of another condition or substance (such as 581:, symmetry and touching" compulsions. Compulsions associated with OCD without tics are usually related to obsessions and anxiety, while those in tic-related OCD are more likely to be a response to a premonitory urge. There are increased rates of anxiety and depression in those adults with TS who also have OCD. 351:, recognizing that "transient" can only be defined in retrospect. Some experts believe that TS and persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder should be considered the same condition, because vocal tics are also motor tics in the sense that they are muscular contractions of nasal or respiratory muscles. 1372:(ERP) are first-line interventions in the management of Tourette syndrome, and have been shown to be effective. Because tics are somewhat suppressible, when people with TS are aware of the premonitory urge that precedes a tic, they can be trained to develop a response to the urge that competes with the tic. 998:

basic physical and neurological examination may be sufficient. There are no specific medical or screening tests that can be used to diagnose Tourette's; the diagnosis is usually made based on observation of the individual's symptoms and family history, and after ruling out secondary causes of tic disorders (

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that were drawn from clinically referred cases; assessment methods that failed to detect milder cases; and the use of different diagnostic criteria and thresholds. There were few broad-based community studies published before 2000, and most older epidemiological studies were based only on individuals

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A supportive family and environment generally give those with Tourette's the skills to manage the disorder. Outcomes in adulthood are associated more with the perceived significance of having tics as a child than with the actual severity of the tics. A person who was misunderstood, punished or teased

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may be smaller in subjects with tics compared to those without tics, supporting the hypothesis of pathology in CSTC circuits in Tourette's. The ability to suppress tics depends on brain circuits that "regulate response inhibition and cognitive control of motor behavior". Children with TS are found to

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In people with TS, the first tics to appear usually affect the head, face, and shoulders, and include blinking, facial movements, sniffing and throat clearing. Vocal tics often appear months or years after motor tics but can appear first. Among people who experience more severe tics, complex tics may

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As medical problems go, Tourette's is, except in the most severe cases, about the most minor imaginable thing to have. ... the freak-show image, unfortunately, still prevails overwhelmingly. The blame for the warped perceptions lies overwhelmingly with the video media—the Internet, movies and TV. If

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A prevalence range of 0.1% to 1% yields an estimate of 53,000 to 530,000 school-age children with Tourette's in the United States, using 2000 census data. In the United Kingdom, a prevalence estimate of 1.0% based on the 2001 census meant that about half a million people aged five or older

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function, including financial burdens, than they do on children. Adults are more likely to report a reduced quality of life due to depression or anxiety; depression contributes a greater burden than tics to adults' quality of life compared to children. As coping strategies become more effective with

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Some forms of OCD may be genetically linked to Tourette's, although the genetic factors in OCD with and without tics may differ. The genetic relationship of ADHD to Tourette syndrome, however, has not been fully established. A genetic link between autism and Tourette's has not been established as of

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Compulsions that resemble tics are present in some individuals with OCD; "tic-related OCD" is hypothesized to be a subgroup of OCD, distinguished from non-tic related OCD by the type and nature of obsessions and compulsions. Compared to the more typical compulsions of OCD without tics that relate to

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The individuals with TS who do the best, we believe, are: those who have been able to feel relatively good about themselves and remain close to their families; those who have the capacity for humor and for friendship; those who are less burdened by troubles with attention and behavior, particularly

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Tics may be at their highest severity when they are diagnosed, and often improve as an individual's family and friends come to better understand the condition. Studies report that almost eight out of ten children with Tourette's experience a reduction in the severity of their tics by adulthood, and

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Not all people with Tourette's have ADHD or OCD or other comorbid conditions, and estimates of the rate of pure TS or TS-only vary from 15% to 57%; in clinical populations, a high percentage of those under care do have ADHD. Children and adolescents with pure TS are not significantly different from

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Genetic studies indicate that tic disorders cover a spectrum that is not recognized by the clear-cut distinctions in the current diagnostic framework. Since 2008, studies have suggested that Tourette's is not a unitary condition with a distinct mechanism, as described in the existing classification

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interactions among genetic factors, neurobiological substrates, and environmental factors in the production of the clinical phenotypes. The genetic vulnerability factors that underlie Tourette's syndrome and other tic disorders undoubtedly influence the structure and function of the brain, in turn

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Reassurance, explanation, supportive psychotherapy, and psychoeducation are important and ideally the treatment should be multidisciplinary. In mild cases the previous methods may be all that is required, supplemented with contact with the Tourette Syndrome Association where the patient or parents

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Finally, chronic tic disorders, including Tourette syndrome, are classified in the ICD-11 chapter on diseases of the nervous system, but are cross-listed in the grouping of neurodevelopmental disorders because of their high co-occurrence (e.g., with ADHD) and typical onset during the developmental

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According to Dale (2017), over time, 15% of people with tics have only TS (85% of people with Tourette's will develop a co-occurring condition). In a 2017 literature review, Sukhodolsky, et al. stated that 37% of individuals in clinical samples had pure TS. Denckla (2006) reported that a review of

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or school accommodations can be helpful. Even children with milder tics may be angry, depressed or have low self-esteem as a result of increased teasing, bullying, rejection by peers or social stigmatization, and this can lead to social withdrawal. Some children feel empowered by presenting a peer

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impairment in individuals with comorbid Tourette's and ADHD may be accounted for by the ADHD, highlighting the importance of identifying comorbid conditions. Children and adolescents with TS who have learning difficulties are candidates for psychoeducational testing, particularly if the child also

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Delayed diagnosis often occurs because professionals mistakenly believe that TS is rare, always involves coprolalia, or must be severely impairing. The DSM has recognized since 2000 that many individuals with Tourette's do not have significant impairment; diagnosis does not require the presence of

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There is no typical case of Tourette syndrome, but the age of onset and the severity of symptoms follow a fairly reliable course. Although onset may occur anytime before eighteen years, the typical age of onset of tics is from five to seven, and is usually before adolescence. A 1998 study from the

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as social misfits whose only tic is coprolalia, which has furthered the public's misunderstanding and stigmatization of those with Tourette's. The coprolalic symptoms of Tourette's are also fodder for radio and television talk shows in the US and for the British media. High-profile media coverage

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Children with tics typically present when their tics are most severe, but because the condition waxes and wanes, medication is not started immediately or changed often. Tics may subside with education, reassurance and a supportive environment. When medication is used, the goal is not to eliminate

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Patients referred for a tic disorder are assessed based on their family history of tics, vulnerability to ADHD, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, and a number of other chronic medical, psychiatric and neurological conditions. In individuals with a typical onset and a family history of tics or OCD, a

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increases. Aggressive behaviors and angry outbursts in people with TS are not well understood; they are not associated with severe tics, but are connected with the presence of ADHD. ADHD may also contribute to higher rates of anxiety, and aggression and anger control problems are more likely when

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Because of the high male prevalence of TS, there is limited data on females from which conclusion about gender-based differences can be drawn; caution may be warranted in extending conclusions to females regarding the characteristics and treatment of tics based on studies of mostly males. A 2021

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or other non-genetic factors—while not causing Tourette's—can affect the severity of TS in vulnerable individuals and influence the expression of the inherited genes. Pre-natal and peri-natal events increase the risk that a tic disorder or comorbid OCD will be expressed in those with the genetic

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The severity of symptoms varies widely among people with Tourette's, and many cases may be undetected. Most cases are mild and almost unnoticeable; many people with TS may not realize they have tics. Because tics are more commonly expressed in private, Tourette syndrome may go unrecognized, and

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Regardless of whether the focus is on discovering rare or common sequence or structural genetic variation, it is clear that large collections of biomaterials (likely in the tens of thousands) that are accessible by multiple research groups will be essential for success. Three consortia are now

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Tourette syndrome is a spectrum disorder—its severity ranges from mild to severe. Symptoms typically subside as children pass through adolescence. In a group of ten children at the average age of highest tic severity (around ten or eleven), almost four will see complete remission by adulthood.

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Other tic disorders include persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tics, in which one type of tic (motor or vocal, but not both) has been present for more than a year; and provisional tic disorder, in which motor or vocal tics have been present for less than one year. The fifth edition of the DSM

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and control have popular appeal, but they have no proven benefit in the management of Tourette syndrome. Despite this lack of evidence, up to two-thirds of parents, caregivers and individuals with TS use dietary approaches and alternative treatments and do not always inform their physicians.

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Most adults with TS have mild symptoms and do not seek medical attention. While tics subside for the majority after adolescence, some of the "most severe and debilitating forms of tic disorder are encountered" in adults. In some cases, what appear to be adult-onset tics can be childhood tics

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rates are higher among children than adults because tics tend to remit or subside with maturity and a diagnosis may no longer be warranted for many adults. Up to 1% of the overall population experiences tic disorders, including chronic tics and transient (provisional or unspecified) tics in

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among those with pure TS follows a normal curve, although there may be small differences in intelligence in those with comorbid conditions. The severity of tics early in life does not predict their severity in later life. There is no reliable means of predicting the course of symptoms for a

1272:. Treatment is focused on identifying the most troubling or impairing symptoms and helping the individual manage them. Because comorbid conditions are often a larger source of impairment than tics, they are a priority in treatment. The management of Tourette's is individualized and involves 8529:, p. 37. "For example, individuals who were misunderstood and punished at home and at school for their tics or who were teased mercilessly by peers and stigmatized by their communities will fare worse than a child whose interpersonal environment was more understanding and supportive." 406: 1550:

Most women find they can withdraw from medication during pregnancy without much trouble. When needed, medications are used at the lowest doses possible. During pregnancy, neuroleptic medications are avoided when possible because of the risk of pregnancy complications. When needed,

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studies have shown that Tourette's is highly heritable, and 10 to 100 times more likely to be found among close family members than in the general population. The exact mode of inheritance is not known; no single gene has been identified, and hundreds of genes are likely involved.

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may be confused with Tourette syndrome or stereotypies, but self-injury is rare in TS even in cases of violent tics. Most of these conditions are rarer than tic disorders and a thorough history and examination may be enough to rule them out without medical or screening tests.

362:, Tourette syndrome is classified as a disease of the nervous system and a neurodevelopmental disorder, and only one motor tic and one or more vocal tics are required for diagnosis. Older versions of the ICD called it "combined vocal and multiple motor tic disorder ". 1333:

is the first step. A child's parents are typically the first to notice their tics; they may feel worried, imagine that they are somehow responsible, or feel burdened by misinformation about Tourette's. Effectively educating parents about the diagnosis and providing

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or specialty clinics. People with mild symptoms may not have sought treatment and physicians may have avoided an official diagnosis of TS in children due to concerns about stigmatization. Studies are vulnerable to further error because tics vary in intensity and

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There is no cure for Tourette's. There is no single most effective medication, and no one medication effectively treats all symptoms. Most medications prescribed for tics have not been approved for that use, and no medication is without the risk of significant

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some adults who still have tics may not be aware that they have them. A study that used video to record tics in adults found that nine out of ten adults still had tics, and half of the adults who considered themselves tic-free displayed evidence of mild tics.

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may play a role in the alterations of neural circuitry. A reduced level of histamine in the H3 receptor may result in an increase in other neurotransmitters, causing tics. Postmortem studies have also implicated "dysregulation of neuroinflammatory processes".

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showed that tic severity increased with age until it reached its highest point between ages eight and twelve. Severity declines steadily for most children as they pass through adolescence, when half to two-thirds of children see a dramatic decrease in tics.

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believe that there may be latent advantages associated with an individual's genetic vulnerability to developing Tourette syndrome that may have adaptive value, such as heightened awareness and increased attention to detail and surroundings.

904:, which may be the result of an adaptation to help regulate tics. It is likely that tics decrease with age as the capacity of the frontal cortex increases. Cortico-basal ganglia (CBG) circuits may also be impaired, contributing to "sensory, 1759:, reported the first case of Tourette syndrome in 1825, describing the Marquise de Dampierre, an important woman of nobility in her time. In 1884, Jean-Martin Charcot, an influential French physician, assigned his student and intern 559:

or disruptive behaviors. In the absence of ADHD, tic disorders do not appear to be associated with disruptive behavior or functional impairment, while impairment in school, family, or peer relations is greater in those who have more

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headlined an article with "Bizarre outbursts of Tourette's disease victims linked to chemical disorder in brain", and Shapiro said: "The bizarre symptoms of this illness are rivaled only by the bizarre treatments used to treat it."

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Another four will have minimal or mild tics in adulthood, but not complete remission. The remaining two will have moderate or severe tics as adults, but only rarely will their symptoms in adulthood be more severe than in childhood.

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may be present, but whether they are due to tics or comorbid conditions is controversial; older studies that reported higher rates of learning disability did not control well for the presence of comorbid conditions. There are often

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than in the general population are reported. A thorough evaluation for comorbidity is called for when symptoms and impairment warrant, and careful assessment of people with TS includes comprehensive screening for these conditions.

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their peers without TS on ratings of aggressive behaviors or conduct disorders, or on measures of social adaptation. Similarly, adults with pure TS do not appear to have the social difficulties present in those with TS plus ADHD.

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Although not all those with Tourette's have comorbid conditions, most presenting for clinical care exhibit symptoms of other conditions along with their tics. ADHD and OCD are the most common, but autism spectrum disorders or

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are tried when antihypertensives are not effective, and are generally tried first for adults. Because of lower side effects, aripiprazole is preferred over other antipsychotics. The most effective medication for tics is

1547:; however, studies have not shown consistent evidence of a change in frequency or severity of tics related to pregnancy or hormonal levels. Overall, symptoms in women respond better to haloperidol than they do for men. 1376:(CBIT) is based on HRT, the best researched behavioral therapy for tics. TS experts debate whether increasing a child's awareness of tics with HRT/CBIT (as opposed to ignoring tics) can lead to more tics later in life. 193:

and at least one vocal (phonic) tic. Common tics are blinking, coughing, throat clearing, sniffing, and facial movements. These are typically preceded by an unwanted urge or sensation in the affected muscles known as a

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strategies, and a person's age. As ADHD symptoms improve with maturity, adults report less negative impact in their occupational lives than do children in their educational lives. Tics have a greater impact on adults'

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of TS than females, and gender-based differences are not well studied; a 2021 review suggested that the characteristics and progression for females, particularly in adulthood, may differ and better studies are needed.

7484:, p. 626; "Quite often, the unimpaired child receives medical treatment to reduce tics, when instead the parents should more appropriately receive psychoeducation and social support to better cope with the condition". 2028:

patient records revealed that about 40% of people with Tourette's have TS-only. Dure and DeWolfe (2006) reported that 57% of 656 individuals presenting with tic disorders had tics uncomplicated by other conditions.

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Adults with TS may withdraw socially to avoid stigmatization and discrimination because of their tics. Depending on their country's healthcare system, they may receive social services or help from support groups.

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are movements or sounds that take place "intermittently and unpredictably out of a background of normal motor activity", having the appearance of "normal behaviors gone wrong". The tics associated with Tourette's

10477: 10462: 10447: 359: 9329: 1387:, such as exercise, yoga and meditation may be useful in relieving the stress that can aggravate tics. Beyond HRT, the majority of behavioral interventions for Tourette's (for example, relaxation training and 1923:

writings are not relevant; the composer's available medical history is not thorough; the side effects of other conditions may be misinterpreted; and "the evidence of motor tics in Mozart's life is doubtful".

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are the first-line treatment. Education is an important part of any treatment plan, and explanation alone often provides sufficient reassurance that no other treatment is necessary. Other conditions, such as

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as the "most notable individual with Tourette Syndrome around the world", says that his neurological makeup gave him an enhanced perception and an acute focus that contributed to his success on the field.

8322: 1061:. The stereotyped movements associated with autism typically have an earlier age of onset; are more symmetrical, rhythmical and bilateral; and involve the extremities (for example, flapping the hands). 607:

tics. Adults who have severe, often treatment-resistant tics are more likely to also have mood disorders and OCD. Coprolalia is more likely in people with severe tics plus multiple comorbid conditions.

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People with Tourette's are affected by the consequences of tics and by the efforts to suppress them. Head and eye tics can interfere with reading or lead to headaches, and forceful tics can lead to

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view prevailed and little progress was made in explaining or treating tics until well into the 20th century. The possibility that movement disorders, including Tourette syndrome, might have an

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Tourette syndrome is a common but underdiagnosed condition that reaches across all social, racial and ethnic groups. It is three to four times more frequent in males than in females. Observed

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disorders. Modeled after genetic breakthroughs seen with large-scale efforts in other neurodevelopmental disorders, three groups are collaborating in research of the genetics of Tourette's:

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can ease their anxiety. This support can also lower the chance that their child will be unnecessarily medicated or experience an exacerbation of tics due to their parents' emotional state.

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Tic disorder is a common neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood. It is one of the commonest condition encountered by a pediatrician in office practice, especially in developed countries.

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Clinical effectiveness and patient perspectives of different treatment strategies for tics in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and qualitative analysis

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producing clinical symptoms. Available evidence ... also indicates that a range of epigenetic or environmental factors ... are critically involved in the pathogenesis of these disorders.

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symptoms. Instead, the lowest dose that manages symptoms without adverse effects is used, because adverse effects may be more disturbing than the symptoms being treated with medication.

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and at least one vocal tic to be present for more than a year. Tics are sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic movements that involve discrete muscle groups, while vocal (phonic) tics involve

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People with Tourette's may suffer socially if their tics are viewed as "bizarre". If a child has disabling tics, or tics that interfere with social or academic functioning, supportive

10713: 1809:—described as "the father of modern tic disorder research"—used haloperidol to treat a person with Tourette's, and published a paper criticizing the psychoanalytic approach. In 1975, 966: 2310: 4412: 10415: 551:

towards more severe cases. When symptoms are severe enough to warrant referral to clinics, ADHD and OCD are often also found. In specialty clinics, 30% of those with TS also have

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function. A better understanding of comorbid conditions is needed to untangle any neuropsychological differences between TS-only individuals and those with comorbid conditions.

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Gilles de la Tourette G, Goetz CG, Llawans HL (1982). "Étude sur une affection nerveuse caractérisée par de l'incoordination motrice accompagnée d'echolalie et de coprolalie".

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The CCMD-3, DSM-5, and ICD-11 diagnostic criteria for tics are almost the same. Currently, the DSM-5 is mostly used in clinical practice around the world, including China.

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Comorbid conditions such as OCD and ADHD can be more impairing than tics, and cause greater impact on overall functioning. Disruptive behaviors, impaired functioning, or

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Premonitory urges which precede the tic make suppression of the impending tic possible. Because of the urges that precede them, tics are described as semi-voluntary or "

217:(the utterance of obscene words or socially inappropriate and derogatory remarks). It is no longer considered rare; about 1% of school-age children and adolescents are 9345: 659:, but not in the ability to plan or make decisions. Children with TS-only do not show cognitive deficits. They are faster than average for their age on timed tests of 640: 536: 10833: 1720:

review stated that females may see a later peak than males in symptoms, with less remission over time, along with a higher prevalence of anxiety and mood disorders.

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develop, including "arm straightening, touching, tapping, jumping, hopping and twirling". There are different movements in contrasting disorders (for example, the

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Sadek B, Saad A, Sadeq A, Jalal F, Stark H (October 2016). "Histamine H3 receptor as a potential target for cognitive symptoms in neuropsychiatric diseases".

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was reported from a neck tic. Some people may learn to camouflage socially inappropriate tics or channel the energy of their tics into a functional endeavor.

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are typically tried first in children; they can also help with ADHD symptoms, but there is less evidence that they are effective for adults. The neuroleptics

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processes may affect the onset of tics or exacerbate them. Both OCD and tic disorders are hypothesized to arise in a subset of children as a result of a post-

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Pappert EJ, Goetz CG, Louis ED, Blasucci L, Leurgans S (October 2003). "Objective assessments of longitudinal outcome in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome".

6626: 4756:

Scahill L, Williams S, Schwab-Stone M, Applegate J, Leckman JF (2006). "Disruptive behavior problems in a community sample of children with tic disorders".

2089:

would have Tourette's, although symptoms in older individuals would be almost unrecognizable. Prevalence rates in special education populations are higher.

5117:

Denckla MB (2006). "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the childhood co-morbidity that most influences the disability burden in Tourette syndrome".

858:, made progress towards better understanding the neurobiological mechanisms leading to Tourette's. These studies support the basal ganglia model, in which 941:(YGTSS), recommended in international guidelines to assess "frequency, intensity, complexity, distribution, interference and impairment" of or due to tics 3322:"Putting the pieces together in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: exploring the link between clinical observations and the biological basis of dysfunction" 2975: 1751:

portrays a medical lecture by Charcot (the central standing figure) and shows de la Tourette in the audience (seated in the first row, wearing an apron).

912:

in the basal ganglia is higher in people with Tourette's, implicating biochemical changes from "overactive and dysregulated dopaminergic transmissions".

644: 198:, can sometimes be suppressed temporarily, and characteristically change in location, strength, and frequency. Tourette's is at the more severe end of a 1644:

is generally favorable. By the age of fourteen to sixteen, when the highest tic severity has typically passed, a more reliable prognosis might be made.

10591: 9117:

Rickards H, Hartley N, Robertson MM (September 1997). "Seignot's paper on the treatment of Tourette's syndrome with haloperidol. Classic Text No. 31".

9013:"Convulsive tic disorder: Georges Gilles de la Tourette, Guinon and Grasset on the phenomenology and psychopathology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome" 4160:

Robertson MM (November 2008). "The prevalence and epidemiology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Part 1: the epidemiological and prevalence studies".

1848: 636: 2368: 9188: 3210: 584:

Among individuals with TS studied in clinics, between 2.9% and 20% had autism spectrum disorders, but one study indicates that a high association of

6057: 4198:

Knight T, Steeves T, Day L, Lowerison M, Jette N, Pringsheim T (August 2012). "Prevalence of tic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

1324: 249:

often cause more impairment to the individual than the tics; hence it is important to correctly distinguish co-occurring conditions and treat them.

11079: 10923: 1163: 8504: 1965: 9612: 4438: 1439:

agents are also used to treat tics; studies show variable efficacy but a lower side effect profile than the neuroleptics. The antihypertensives

1373: 9996: 9450:

Powell H, Kushner HI (2015). "Mozart at play: the limitations of attributing the etiology of genius to tourette syndrome and mental illness".

8286: 7760: 5170:

Baldermann JC, Schüller T, Huys D, et al. (2016). "Deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

1867:

Not everyone with Tourette's wants treatment or a cure, especially if that means they may lose something else in the process. The researchers

1104:. The typical age of onset of TS is before adolescence. In teenagers and adults with an abrupt onset of tics and other behavioral symptoms, a 10708: 3474: 3186:"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision: Chapter V: Mental and behavioural disorders" 972: 10698: 8914: 8464:"The effects of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders on quality of life across the lifespan: a systematic review" 2314: 944: 9487:"Famous people with Tourette's syndrome: Dr. Samuel Johnson (yes) & Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (may be): Victims of Tourette's syndrome?" 10916: 10553: 8679: 4373: 3972: 1839:) to remove the impairment requirement, recognizing that clinicians often see people who have Tourette's without distress or impairment. 869: 2758: 1115:

Increasing episodes of tic-like behavior among teenagers (predominantly adolescent girls) were reported in several countries during the

588:

and TS may be partly due to difficulties distinguishing between tics and tic-like behaviors or OCD symptoms seen in people with autism.

9045: 8263: 5815:

Rapanelli M, Pittenger C (July 2016). "Histamine and histamine receptors in Tourette syndrome and other neuropsychiatric conditions".

2280: 1064:

If another condition might better explain the tics, tests may be done; for example, if there is diagnostic confusion between tics and

287:

Most published research on Tourette syndrome originates in the United States; in international TS research and clinical practice, the

9591: 9312: 1743: 1277: 339:, oral, nasal or respiratory muscles to produce sounds. The tics must not be explained by other medical conditions or substance use. 9101: 8985: 3742: 10955: 8733: 6284: 6095: 5664:"Genetic and phenotypic overlap of specific obsessive-compulsive and attention-deficit/hyperactive subtypes with Tourette syndrome" 3012: 367: 234: 8815: 4493: 3618:

Swain JE, Scahill L, Lombroso PJ, King RA, Leckman JF (August 2007). "Tourette syndrome and tic disorders: a decade of progress".

228:

There is no cure for Tourette's and no single most effective medication. In most cases, medication for tics is not necessary, and

10896: 10576: 7010:

Spencer T, Biederman J, Harding M, et al. (October 1998). "Disentangling the overlap between Tourette's disorder and ADHD".

2714:

Martino D, Pringsheim TM (February 2018). "Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders: an update on clinical management".

1049:

are distinct from the tics of Tourette's in that they are more rhythmic, not suppressible, and not preceded by an unwanted urge.

683: 366:

systems. Instead, the studies suggest that subtypes should be recognized to distinguish "pure TS" from TS that is accompanied by

8189:

Kranick SM, Mowry EM, Colcher A, Horn S, Golbe LI (April 2010). "Movement disorders and pregnancy: a review of the literature".

2112:, are often intermittent, and are not always recognized by clinicians, individuals with TS, family members, friends or teachers. 8802:

Itard J (1825). "Mémoire sur quelques functions involontaires des appareils de la locomotion, de la préhension et de la voix".

5339:"Interrogating the genetic determinants of Tourette's syndrome and other tic disorders through genome-wide association studies" 5067:

Denckla MB (August 2006). "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comorbidity: a case for "pure" Tourette syndrome?".

1486: 1469: 688:

The exact cause of Tourette's is unknown, but it is well established that both genetic and environmental factors are involved.

42:

Tourette's syndrome, Tourette's disorder, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS), combined vocal and multiple motor tic disorder

10420: 10120:

Abi-Jaoude E, Kideckel D, Stephens R, et al. (2009). "Tourette syndrome: a model of integration". In Carlstedt RA (ed.).

9967: 8816:"'Study of several involuntary functions of the apparatus of movement, gripping, and voice' by Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard (1825)" 7435:"European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders-version 2.0. Part II: psychological interventions" 5751: 3233: 2552:(October 2014). "Tourette's: syndrome, disorder or spectrum? Classificatory challenges and an appraisal of the DSM criteria". 10321: 10283: 10129: 10088: 9635: 9369: 7704:"European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders-version 2.0. Part III: pharmacological treatment" 4461: 4052: 3810: 2836: 2098:

The discrepancy between current and prior prevalence estimates arises from several factors: the ascertainment bias caused by

822:

affecting the inherited vulnerability to Tourette's is not well established. Tics are believed to result from dysfunction in

639:—but ADHD, other comorbid disorders, or tic severity could account for these differences. In contrast with earlier findings, 547:

Because people with milder symptoms are unlikely to be referred to specialty clinics, studies of Tourette's have an inherent

9080:: House physician or house officer. The internes lived at the hospital and had diagnostic and therapeutic responsibilities. 7986: 7851:"Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 3193: 1805:

on tics became known, the psychoanalytic approach to Tourette syndrome was questioned. The turning point came in 1965, when

1400: 1359: 663:, and constant tic suppression may lead to an advantage in switching between tasks because of increased inhibitory control. 8891: 5858:

Rapanelli M (February 2017). "The magnificent two: histamine and the H3 receptor as key modulators of striatal circuitry".

1907: 7209:"Practice guideline recommendations summary: Treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders" 6967:

Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E, Agúndez JA (October 2020). "Sleep disorders in tourette syndrome".

6423: 10492: 9385: 7900:"European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders-version 2.0. Part IV: deep brain stimulation" 6549: 6234: 4634: 10970: 10947: 10939: 10349: 10223: 10204: 10122:

Handbook of Integrative Clinical Psychology, Psychiatry, and Behavioral Medicine: Perspectives, Practices, and Research

5458:"A search for the common ground between Tic; Obsessive-compulsive and Autism Spectrum Disorders: part I, Tic disorders" 4507: 2490:"Comprehensive systematic review summary: Treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders" 1481: 1273: 1025:

Tics that may appear to mimic those of Tourette's—but are associated with disorders other than Tourette's—are known as

1764: 701:

found only a single genome-wide significant locus on chromosome 13, but that result was not found in broader samples.

10302: 10178: 10155: 9585: 8082: 4866:

Hounie AG, do Rosario-Campos MC, Diniz JB, et al. (2006). "Obsessive-compulsive disorder in Tourette syndrome".

1741:

was a French neurologist and professor who named Tourette syndrome for his intern, Georges Gilles de la Tourette. In

1514: 371: 238: 10242:

Müller-Vahl KR (2013). "Information and social support for patients and families". In Martino D, Leckman JF (eds.).

9947: 6870:"TikTok Tourette's: are we witnessing a rise in functional tic-like behavior driven by adolescent social media use?" 4704:"Lifetime prevalence, age of risk, and genetic relationships of comorbid psychiatric disorders in Tourette syndrome" 10996: 6333: 2979: 1832: 1287:

Education, reassurance and psychobehavioral therapy are often sufficient for the majority of cases. In particular,

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was bestowed by Charcot after and on behalf of Gilles de la Tourette, who later became Charcot's senior resident.

11084: 10780: 10688: 10586: 10546: 9927: 9388: 9315: 9160:

Gadow KD, Sverd J (2006). "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, chronic tic disorder, and methylphenidate".

8895: 8690: 8539:

Cohen DJ, Leckman JF, Pauls D (1997). "Neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood: Tourette's syndrome as a model".

8011:

Rabin ML, Stevens-Haas C, Havrilla E, Devi T, Kurlan R (February 2014). "Movement disorders in women: a review".

6280: 1891: 1262: 960: 9622:(Historical biography). Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience. Vol. 22. Basel: Karger. pp. 184–192. 4448:(Historical biography). Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience. Vol. 22. Basel: Karger. pp. 184–192. 10683: 8924: 3879:

Leckman JF, Bloch MH, King RA, Scahill L (2006). "Phenomenology of tics and natural history of tic disorders".

1927:

Likely portrayals of TS or tic disorders in fiction predating Gilles de la Tourette's work are "Mr. Pancks" in

1135: 938: 374:(OCD) or other disorders, similar to the way that subtypes have been established for other conditions, such as 7370:

Peterson BS, Cohen DJ (1998). "The treatment of Tourette's syndrome: multimodal, developmental intervention".

3090: 3039:"Innovations and changes in the ICD-11 classification of mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders" 2983: 1779:

of nine people with "convulsive tic disorder", concluding that a new clinical category should be defined. The

11036: 10965: 10739: 9923: 4122:

Robertson MM (February 2011). "Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: the complexities of phenotype and treatment".

1760: 1713: 1281: 1229: 1058: 694: 569: 260: 56: 10233:

Bloch MH (2013). "Clinical course and adult outcome in Tourette syndrome". In Martino D, Leckman JF (eds.).

2430:"European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders-version 2.0. Part I: assessment" 10991: 10882: 10703: 10581: 2365: 1729: 1304: 954: 772:, are also at increased risk; in premature twins, the lower birthweight twin is more likely to develop TS. 142: 5386:

van de Wetering BJ, Heutink P (May 1993). "The genetics of the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a review".

3562:

Kwak C, Dat Vuong K, Jankovic J (December 2003). "Premonitory sensory phenomenon in Tourette's syndrome".

3207: 1819:

During the 1990s, a more neutral view of Tourette's emerged, in which a genetic predisposition is seen to

10976: 10868: 1167: 1081: 316: 186: 10028:

Swerdlow NR (September 2005). "Tourette syndrome: current controversies and the battlefield landscape".

8287:"Column: Tim Howard, whose career is likely to end Sunday, will retire as the best U.S. goalkeeper ever" 1982:, but questions remain about how best to classify it and how closely it is related to other movement or 1295:"is an acceptable approach" for those who are not functionally impaired. Symptom management may include 620:

function among people with Tourette's, but conditions that occur along with tics can cause variation in

11074: 10539: 6473:

Ringman JM, Jankovic J (June 2000). "Occurrence of tics in Asperger's syndrome and autistic disorder".

5995:"Systematic review of severity scales and screening instruments for tics: Critique and recommendations" 4316:

Garris J, Quigg M (October 2021). "The female Tourette patient: sex differences in Tourette disorder".

1956:, and alternative therapies involving unstudied efficacy and side effects are pursued by many parents. 1380: 674:, and disabilities in written expression and math are reported in those with TS plus other conditions. 9649: 9367:

Tim Howard receives first-ever Champion of Hope Award from the National Tourette Syndrome Association.

6587: 4475: 10847: 10693: 9846:

Lim Fat MJ, Sell E, Barrowman N, Doja A (2012). "Public perception of Tourette syndrome on YouTube".

8121:"Management of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders in women of childbearing age: Part 2" 7095:"Tourette Syndrome treatment updates: a review and discussion of the current and upcoming literature" 3189: 2911:

Dale RC (December 2017). "Tics and Tourette: a clinical, pathophysiological and etiological review".

1432: 1303:

therapies. Pharmacological intervention is reserved for more severe symptoms, while psychotherapy or

1199: 948: 294: 20: 9860: 7388:

Because of the understanding and hope that it provides, education is also the single most important

1901:

is a historical figure who likely had Tourette syndrome, as evidenced by the writings of his friend

1563:

are most often used as they have not been shown to cause fetal abnormalities. One report found that

543:(center) was a French Minister of Culture, author and adventurer who may have had Tourette syndrome. 10503: 10342:

The Clinician's Guide to Treatment and Management of Youth with Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders

10170: 8646:

Abuzzahab FE, Anderson FO (June 1973). "Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome; international registry".

7775: 3374:"Understanding the impact of diet and nutrition on symptoms of Tourette syndrome: A scoping review" 3234:"Definitions and classification of tic disorders. The Tourette Syndrome Classification Study Group" 1661: 1657: 1509:-based medications in the treatment of Tourette's. There is no good evidence supporting the use of 885: 753: 504: 10197:

Tourette's Syndrome—Tics, Obsessions, Compulsions: Developmental Psychopathology and Clinical Care

7658:

Woods DW, Himle MB, Conelea CA (2006). "Behavior therapy: other interventions for tic disorders".

3510: 3475:"Sensory phenomena in obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorders: a review of the literature" 10795: 10749: 1795: 1756: 1365: 1155: 727: 697:

were published in 2013 and 2015 in which no finding reached a threshold for significance; a 2019

604: 512: 495: 9073: 3797:(Historical review). Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 100. Elsevier. pp. 641–657. 2396: 2059:

Movement disorders without an organic cause have been referred to over time using terms such as

1329:

Knowledge, education and understanding are uppermost in management plans for tic disorders, and

9855: 9403:"Doctor Samuel Johnson: 'the great convulsionary' a victim of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome" 8234:"Use of psychoactive medication during pregnancy and possible effects on the fetus and newborn" 5564:

Wilbur C, Bitnun A, Kronenberg S, Laxer RM, Levy DM, Logan WJ, Shouldice M, Yeh EA (May 2019).

2662:

Martino D, Hedderly T (February 2019). "Tics and stereotypies: A comparative clinical review".

2138:"European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders: summary statement" 1953: 1632: 1532: 1425: 1421: 1291:

targeting the patient and their family and surrounding community is a key management strategy.

1069: 1050: 1030: 8937:

Rickards H, Cavanna AE (December 2009). "Gilles de la Tourette: the man behind the syndrome".

8694: 8514: 4011: 10456: 2769: 2099: 1702: 892:

pathways. Abnormalities in these circuits may be responsible for tics and premonitory urges.

782:

autoimmune process. Its potential effect is described by the controversial hypothesis called

749: 628: 268: 10150:. Advances in Neurology. Vol. 85. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 10006: 3107:

Diseases of the nervous system --> Tic disorders: "onset during the developmental period"

1675:

change over time, given the natural fluctuating course of tic disorders, the development of

519:

casual observers might not notice tics. Most studies of TS involve males, who have a higher

9754:

Voss H (October 2012). "The representation of movement disorders in fictional literature".

9012: 8233: 2247: 1820: 1502: 1384: 1379:

When disruptive behaviors related to comorbid conditions exist, anger control training and

1225: 1203: 1179: 1147: 889: 802: 787: 713:

do. But not everyone who inherits the genetic vulnerability will show symptoms. A few rare

689: 9588: 647:

skills are not found to be impaired, while comorbid conditions may have a small effect on

189:

that begins in childhood or adolescence. It is characterized by multiple movement (motor)

8: 10729: 10481: 10071:

Fernandez TV, State MW, Pittenger C (2018). "Tourette disorder and other tic disorders".

9901: 8989: 4895:"Tourettic OCD: Current understanding and treatment challenges of a unique endophenotype" 4035:

Fernandez TV, State MW, Pittenger C (2018). "Tourette disorder and other tic disorders".

3746: 3537: 3249: 2819:

Fernandez TV, State MW, Pittenger C (2018). "Tourette disorder and other tic disorders".

2076: 1787: 1738: 1412:

is one of the medications typically tried first when medication is needed for Tourette's.

1159: 1129: 1101: 877: 873: 666: 652: 632: 272: 256: 8737: 6720:

Thenganatt MA, Jankovic J (August 2019). "Psychogenic (functional) movement disorders".

6273: 6134: 5216:

Cavanna AE (November 2018). "The neuropsychiatry of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: The

4662:

Coffey BJ, Park KS (May 1997). "Behavioral and emotional aspects of Tourette syndrome".

4211: 1586:, other anesthesia options are considered. Neuroleptics in low doses may not affect the 990:). Hence, other medical conditions that include tics or tic-like movements—for example, 10819: 10486: 10384: 10080: 10053: 9881: 9828: 9779: 9729: 9704: 9686: 9661: 9562: 9537: 9513: 9486: 9427: 9402: 9193: 9142: 8846: 8784: 8564: 8552: 8488: 8463: 8431: 8419: 8383: 8356: 8214: 8168: 8096: 8074: 8036: 7937: 7924: 7899: 7875: 7850: 7826: 7801: 7741: 7728: 7703: 7635: 7610: 7571: 7546: 7459: 7434: 7389: 7302: 7277: 7233: 7208: 7173: 7148: 7119: 7094: 7070: 6992: 6949: 6896: 6869: 6845: 6818: 6794: 6769: 6745: 6686: 6661: 6618: 6498: 6394: 6369: 6182: 6157: 6126: 6019: 5994: 5975: 5927: 5902: 5883: 5840: 5782: 5701: 5688: 5663: 5644: 5590: 5565: 5538: 5511: 5482: 5457: 5438: 5363: 5338: 5319: 5245: 5195: 5092: 5021: 4996: 4972: 4945: 4921: 4894: 4828: 4801: 4728: 4703: 4607: 4582: 4549: 4524: 4404: 4341: 4288: 4261: 4044: 4003: 3948: 3852: 3802: 3692: 3667: 3643: 3587: 3502: 3346: 3321: 3162: 3135: 3063: 3038: 2936: 2828: 2739: 2687: 2618: 2591: 2514: 2489: 2454: 2429: 2313:. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. July 6, 2018. Archived from 2175: 2162: 2137: 1811: 1734: 1706: 1296: 1187: 1171: 847: 660: 617: 229: 86: 9189:"Bizarre outbursts of Tourette's disease victims linked to chemical disorder in brain" 8772: 7866: 7685: 7683: 7681: 6937: 4675: 4262:"Provisional Tic Disorder: What to tell parents when their child first starts ticcing" 4075:

No tics when they reach adulthood, 37%; minimal 18%; mild 26%; moderate 14%; worse 5%.

3840: 1748: 1701:

Many individuals with tics do not know they have tics, or do not seek a diagnosis, so

1567:

could be used during pregnancy, to minimize the side effects in the mother, including

10908: 10854: 10840: 10764: 10652: 10514: 10388: 10376: 10345: 10317: 10298: 10279: 10219: 10200: 10174: 10151: 10125: 10094: 10084: 10045: 10001: 9873: 9820: 9771: 9734: 9691: 9641: 9631: 9581: 9567: 9518: 9467: 9432: 9255: 9250: 9233: 9169: 9134: 9037: 8954: 8950: 8838: 8776: 8655: 8556: 8493: 8423: 8388: 8291: 8255: 8206: 8172: 8160: 8152: 8100: 8088: 8078: 8028: 7978: 7941: 7929: 7880: 7831: 7745: 7733: 7667: 7640: 7626: 7576: 7464: 7396: 7379: 7352: 7307: 7238: 7178: 7124: 7074: 7062: 7027: 6996: 6984: 6941: 6901: 6850: 6799: 6749: 6737: 6691: 6622: 6610: 6530: 6490: 6448: 6399: 6246: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6187: 6118: 6040: 6038: 6024: 5967: 5932: 5918: 5875: 5832: 5828: 5774: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5693: 5636: 5595: 5543: 5487: 5430: 5395: 5368: 5311: 5237: 5187: 5126: 5084: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5026: 4977: 4926: 4875: 4849: 4847: 4833: 4765: 4733: 4719: 4679: 4646: 4612: 4554: 4503: 4467: 4457: 4396: 4345: 4333: 4293: 4242: 4215: 4177: 4173: 4139: 4099: 4058: 4048: 3995: 3940: 3888: 3844: 3816: 3806: 3697: 3635: 3579: 3541: 3494: 3452: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3405: 3351: 3291: 3253: 3167: 3068: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2928: 2842: 2832: 2743: 2731: 2679: 2675: 2623: 2569: 2519: 2459: 2392: 2272: 2179: 2167: 1806: 1611: 1308: 1116: 1105: 901: 578: 432: 428: 320: 199: 122: 66: 10057: 9885: 9832: 9783: 8850: 8788: 8568: 8218: 8040: 7802:"A comprehensive review of Tourette syndrome and complementary alternative medicine" 6953: 6443: 5979: 5887: 5844: 5770: 5705: 5648: 5631: 5614: 5442: 5426: 5323: 5249: 5199: 5096: 4408: 4329: 4007: 3856: 2940: 2691: 2592:"Current status, diagnosis, and treatment recommendation for tic disorders in China" 2267: 1853: 421: 11018: 10986: 10960: 10861: 10790: 10759: 10647: 10368: 10271: 10263: 10251:

Pruitt SK, Packer LE (2013). "Tourette syndrome". In Martino D, Leckman JF (eds.).

10188: 10076: 10037: 9971: 9865: 9810: 9763: 9724: 9716: 9681: 9673: 9623: 9557: 9549: 9508: 9498: 9459: 9422: 9414: 9245: 9146: 9126: 9027: 8946: 8830: 8768: 8611: 8548: 8483: 8475: 8435: 8415: 8378: 8368: 8245: 8198: 8142: 8132: 8070: 8020: 7968: 7919: 7911: 7870: 7862: 7821: 7813: 7723: 7715: 7678: 7630: 7622: 7587: 7566: 7558: 7454: 7446: 7342: 7297: 7289: 7228: 7220: 7168: 7160: 7114: 7106: 7054: 7019: 6976: 6933: 6891: 6881: 6840: 6830: 6789: 6781: 6729: 6681: 6673: 6662:"Recognizing uncommon presentations of psychogenic (functional) movement disorders" 6602: 6502: 6482: 6438: 6389: 6381: 6177: 6169: 6130: 6110: 6014: 6006: 5959: 5922: 5914: 5867: 5824: 5786: 5766: 5683: 5675: 5626: 5585: 5577: 5533: 5523: 5477: 5469: 5422: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5301: 5293: 5229: 5179: 5076: 5016: 5008: 4967: 4957: 4916: 4906: 4823: 4813: 4723: 4715: 4671: 4602: 4594: 4544: 4536: 4449: 4388: 4325: 4283: 4273: 4207: 4169: 4131: 4040: 3987: 3952: 3932: 3836: 3798: 3687: 3679: 3668:"Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders in childhood, adolescence and adulthood" 3627: 3591: 3571: 3533: 3506: 3486: 3395: 3385: 3341: 3333: 3261: 3245: 3157: 3147: 3058: 3050: 2920: 2824: 2723: 2671: 2613: 2603: 2561: 2509: 2501: 2449: 2441: 2384: 2262: 2157: 2149: 2009: 1970:

Research since 1999 has advanced knowledge of Tourette's in the areas of genetics,

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childhood. Chronic tics affect 5% of children and transient tics affect up to 20%.

1583: 1436: 1369: 1312: 1292: 1233: 1217: 1034: 855: 745: 656: 565: 556: 474: 436: 195: 10372: 9366: 8231: 7954: 6770:"Current concepts in diagnosis and treatment of functional neurological disorders" 6198: 6035: 5724: 5037: 4946:"Tourette syndrome and other neurodevelopmental disorders: a comprehensive review" 4844: 4278: 3647: 3524:

Bliss J (December 1980). "Sensory experiences of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome".

3416: 2947: 2727: 2012:—the scale of related TS research is lagging in the United States due to funding. 1911:

in 1747, and was a prolific writer, poet, and critic. There is little support for

721:

have been found that explain only a small number of cases in single families (the

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models suggest failures in circuits connecting the brain's cortex and subcortex;

823: 819: 765: 757: 596: 379: 375: 222: 8899: 8718:

See also Zohar AH, Apter A, King RA, et al (1999). "Epidemiological studies" in

7058: 5871: 4135: 1990:

The Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium for Genetics (TSAICG)

360:

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

154:

80% will experience improvement to disappearance of tics beginning in late teens

10754: 10622: 9463: 9418: 9130: 7915: 7719: 7450: 7164: 7110: 6980: 6553: 6486: 6456: 6385: 6173: 5012: 4540: 2549: 2445: 2153: 1979: 1952:

focuses on treatments that do not have established safety or efficacy, such as

1898: 1857: 1335: 1269: 1237: 1085: 896: 851: 846:

implicate the frontal cortex and basal ganglia. In the 2010s, neuroimaging and

827: 651:. Comorbid conditions and severity of tics may account for variable results in 621: 312: 308: 10519: 10471: 10268:

Handbook of Childhood Psychopathology and Developmental Disabilities Treatment

10041: 9815: 9798: 9720: 9553: 9213: 8616: 8599: 8479: 8137: 8120: 7817: 7347: 7330: 5963: 5679: 5413:

Paschou P (July 2013). "The genetic basis of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome".

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Tourette Syndrome Association. October 14, 2014. Retrieved on March 21, 2015.

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Ganos C, Martino D, Espay AJ, Lang AE, Bhatia KP, Edwards MJ (October 2019).

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Rapin I (2001). "Autism spectrum disorders: relevance to Tourette syndrome".

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than they are among the broader population of persons with Tourette's. These

242: 138: 9899:

Holtgren B (January 11, 2006). "Truth about Tourette's not what you think".

9282: 9084:: Senior house officer or resident. In 1889, when Gilles de la Tourette was 8600:"Tics and Tourette Syndrome – Key Clinical Perspectives: Roger Freeman (ed)" 7331:"Tourette syndrome, associated conditions and the complexities of treatment" 7023: 5473: 4818: 1405: 1391:) have not been systematically evaluated and are not empirically supported. 10889: 10662: 10380: 10098: 10075:(Review). Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 147. pp. 343–354. 10049: 9877: 9824: 9775: 9695: 9645: 9522: 9471: 9173: 9138: 9041: 8958: 8842: 8780: 8497: 8427: 8392: 8259: 8250: 8210: 8164: 8119:

García-Ramos R, Santos-García D, Alonso-Cánovas, et al. (March 2021).

8092: 8069:(Review). Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 172. pp. 219–239. 8032: 7982: 7933: 7884: 7835: 7737: 7671: 7644: 7580: 7468: 7400: 7356: 7311: 7242: 7182: 7128: 7066: 6988: 6945: 6905: 6854: 6803: 6741: 6695: 6614: 6534: 6494: 6452: 6403: 6250: 6191: 6122: 6028: 5971: 5936: 5879: 5836: 5778: 5697: 5640: 5599: 5547: 5491: 5434: 5372: 5315: 5241: 5191: 5130: 5088: 5030: 4981: 4930: 4879: 4837: 4769: 4737: 4650: 4616: 4471: 4400: 4337: 4297: 4246: 4219: 4181: 4143: 4103: 4062: 4039:(Review). Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 147. pp. 343–354. 3944: 3892: 3848: 3820: 3701: 3639: 3583: 3498: 3456: 3409: 3355: 3295: 3171: 3072: 2932: 2846: 2823:(Review). Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 147. pp. 343–354. 2735: 2683: 2627: 2573: 2523: 2463: 2276: 2171: 2004:

discovery in certain neurodevelopmental or mental health disorders—autism,

1971: 1882:

from all walks of life are found among people with Tourette's. The athlete

1681: 1636: 1602: 1544: 1494: 1452: 1191: 1183: 843: 835: 740: 324: 203: 10119: 9738: 9571: 9436: 9259: 9032: 8659: 8574:

aggression; and those who have not had development derailed by medication.

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Viswanathan A, Jimenez-Shahed J, Baizabal Carvallo JF, Jankovic J (2012).

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Singer HS (March 2005). "Tourette's syndrome: from behaviour to biology".

5399: 4683: 4558: 3999: 3991: 3936: 3827:

Singer HS (March 2005). "Tourette's syndrome: from behaviour to biology".

3545: 3473:

Prado HS, Rosário MC, Lee J, Hounie AG, Shavitt RG, Miguel EC (May 2008).

3257: 1631:. Symptoms may be lifelong and chronic for some, but the condition is not 1627:

Regardless of symptom severity, individuals with Tourette's have a normal

1093: 354:

Tourette syndrome is defined only slightly differently by the WHO; in its

10612: 9951: 9391:. Retrieved from April 7, 2005, archive.org version on December 30, 2011. 9318:. Retrieved from July 16, 2011, archive.org version on December 21, 2011. 6886: 5581: 5528: 4635:""Dude, you don't have Tourette's:" Tourette's syndrome, beyond the tics" 4392: 1966:

History of Tourette syndrome § Research directions and controversies

1938: 1824: 1802: 1568: 1564: 1556: 1510: 1457: 1448: 1388: 1325:

Management of Tourette syndrome § Psychoeducation and social support

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Kenney C, Kuo SH, Jimenez-Shahed J (March 2008). "Tourette's syndrome".

1835:

revised its diagnostic criteria in the fourth text revision of the DSM (

11051: 11029: 11024: 10744: 10667: 10637: 10627: 10607: 10270:. Autism and Child Psychopathology Series. Springer. pp. 241–256. 9234:"Developmental psychopathology and neurobiology of Tourette's syndrome" 8323:"Tim Howard: Growing up with Tourette syndrome and my love of football" 8147: 8118: 3152: 2109: 1983: 1916: 1883: 1798:

epidemic from 1918 to 1926 was linked to an increase in tic disorders.

1694: 1606: 1560: 1552: 1444: 1151: 1109: 1046: 1026: 999: 775: 714: 702: 671: 520: 482: 478: 458: 214: 132: 79: 71: 10439: 10359:

Olson S (September 2004). "Neurobiology. Making sense of Tourette's".

9627: 8202: 8024: 7973: 6370:"The changing landscape of childhood tic disorders following COVID-19" 6010: 5512:"Immunological dysfunction in Tourette syndrome and related disorders" 5297: 4453: 3575: 3400: 3054: 655:, which can be slightly impaired. There might be slight impairment in 10632: 10617: 10297:. Vol. 99. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 6677: 6521:

Jankovic J, Mejia NI (2006). "Tics associated with other disorders".

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that causes abnormal and involuntary movements). It is listed in the

241:(OCD), are more likely to be present among those who are referred to 149: 75: 10531: 8627: 7547:"Behavioral therapy for Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders" 4802:"A review of the neuropsychological dimensions of Tourette syndrome" 4800:

Morand-Beaulieu S, Leclerc JB, Valois P, et al. (August 2017).

4755: 3973:"Course of tic severity in Tourette syndrome: the first two decades" 564:

conditions. When ADHD is present along with tics, the occurrence of

11046: 10812: 10261: 7689: 7593: 7492: 7490: 6209: 6044: 5737: 5054: 4853: 3427: 2962: 2651:(5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. 2013. p. 81. 2047: 1880:

Accomplished musicians, athletes, public speakers and professionals

1768: 1576: 1241: 1038: 1009:

Tics that appear early in the course of TS are often confused with

909: 863: 811: 561: 508: 387: 264: 246: 210: 10714:

Motor tic, Obsessions and compulsions, Vocal tic Evaluation Survey

9931: 9662:"Mozart's movements and behaviour: a case of Tourette's syndrome?" 6158:"Contemporary assessment and pharmacotherapy of Tourette syndrome" 5712: 5144: 5142: 5140: 3666:

Ludolph AG, Roessner V, Münchau A, Müller-Vahl K (November 2012).

3443:

Jankovic J (2001). "Differential diagnosis and etiology of tics".

1993:

Tourette International Collaborative Genetics Study (TIC Genetics)

1660:. Severe tics can lead to pain or injuries; as an example, a rare 1190:. Acquired causes of tics include drug-induced tics, head trauma, 967:

Motor tic, Obsessions and compulsions, Vocal tic Evaluation Survey

8971: 8232:

Committee on Drugs: American Academy of Pediatrics (April 2000).

6588:"Tics and functional tic-like movements: Can we tell them apart?" 6094:

Walkup JT, Ferrão Y, Leckman JF, Stein DJ, Singer H (June 2010).

3665: 2488:

Pringsheim T, Holler-Managan Y, Okun MS, et al. (May 2019).

1890:

as the "rarest of creatures—an American soccer hero", and by the

1383:

can be effective. CBT is a useful treatment when OCD is present.

1124: 1065: 987: 733: 723: 336: 10497: 7957:"Deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome: target selection" 7487: 5993:

Martino D, Pringsheim TM, Cavanna AE, et al. (March 2017).

3319: 2136:

Müller-Vahl KR, Szejko N, Verdellen C, et al. (July 2021).

1919:

aspect of vocal tics is not transferred to writing, so Mozart's

1619:

history", attributes his success in the sport to his Tourette's.

1420:

The classes of medication with proven efficacy in treating tics—

1088:, which can be a cause of tics. If there is a family history of 10826: 10642: 10466: 10451: 10424: 7849:

Black N, Stockings E, Campbell G, et al. (December 2019).

6817:

Malaty IA, Anderson S, Bennett SM, et al. (October 2022).

5284:

Efron D, Dale RC (October 2018). "Tics and Tourette syndrome".

5137: 4372:

Robertson MM, Eapen V, Singer HS, et al. (February 2017).

3793:

Singer HS (2011). "Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders".

1828: 1780: 1772: 1712:

Tourette syndrome was once thought to be rare: in 1972, the US

1676: 1616: 1526: 1195: 1120: 1014: 905: 859: 783: 585: 355: 332: 9970:(Press release). Tourette Syndrome Association. Archived from 9950:(Press release). Tourette Syndrome Association. Archived from 9796: 8872: 7702:

Roessner V, Eichele H, Stern JS, et al. (November 2021).

7511: 7509: 7507: 7505: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7207:

Pringsheim T, Okun MS, Müller-Vahl K, et al. (May 2019).

2428:

Szejko N, Robinson S, Hartmann A, et al. (October 2021).

1767:

Hospital, with the goal of defining a condition distinct from

1133:, abrupt-onset movements resembling tics are referred to as a 1119:. Researchers linked their occurrence to followers of certain 1057:

disorders may manifest tics, other stereotyped movements, and

1033:

for Tourette syndrome. The abnormal movements associated with

10339: 10314:

Georges Gilles de la Tourette: Beyond the Eponym, a Biography

8065:

Ba F, Miyasaki JM (2020). "Movement disorders in pregnancy".

8010: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 3715: 3713: 3711: 2072: 577:

contamination, tic-related OCD presents with more "counting,

304: 9270: 7433:

Andrén P, Jakubovski E, Murphy TL, et al. (July 2021).

6156:

Scahill L, Erenberg G, Berlin CM, et al. (April 2006).

4865: 4799: 4702:

Hirschtritt ME, Lee PC, Pauls DL, et al. (April 2015).

2487: 2077:

functional neurological symptom disorder/conversion disorder

2037:

The YGTSS is considered the gold standard in tic assessment.

1174:. Other possibilities include chromosomal disorders such as 427:

In contrast to the abnormal movements associated with other

267:

and environmental factors. The mechanism appears to involve

48: 8687:

Medical letter: 2004 retrospective summary of TS literature

8579: 7898:

Szejko N, Worbe Y, Hartmann A, et al. (October 2021).

7521: 7502: 7406: 7278:"Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and its impact in the UK" 7249: 6819:"Diagnosis and management of functional tic-like phenomena" 6768:

Espay AJ, Aybek S, Carson A, et al. (September 2018).

5563: 3320:

Hashemiyoon R, Kuhn J, Visser-Vandewalle V (January 2017).

2001: 1827:

and environmental factors. The fourth revision of the DSM (

1518: 307:), published in 2013, Tourette syndrome is classified as a 91: 10266:(2017). "Tics and Tourette Syndrome". In Matson JL (ed.). 9613:"Mozart in the neurological department – who has the tic?" 6302: 5455: 4997:"Autism spectrum symptoms in a Tourette's disorder sample" 4439:"Mozart in the neurological department – who has the tic?" 3708: 3037:

Reed GM, First MB, Kogan CS, et al. (February 2019).

2135: 2046:

There were no changes in the fifth text revision of 2022,

1543:

A quarter of women report that their tics increase before

866:

are activated and inhibit outputs from the basal ganglia.

481:(repetition or imitation of another person's actions) and 16:

Neurodevelopmental disorder involving motor and vocal tics

10657: 8405: 7206: 4259: 4197: 1801:

During the 1960s and 1970s, as the beneficial effects of

1775:. In 1885, Gilles de la Tourette published an account in 1073: 416: 328: 190: 9845: 9116: 7149:"A review of the current treatment of Tourette syndrome" 6093: 5992: 4995:

Darrow SM, Grados M, Sandor P, et al. (July 2017).

4944:

Cravedi E, Deniau E, Giannitelli M, et al. (2017).

4943: 4893:

Katz TC, Bui TH, Worhach J, Bogut G, Tomczak KK (2022).

3971:

Leckman JF, Zhang H, Vitale A, et al. (July 1998).

3617: 3011:. American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Archived from 10340:

McGuire JF, Murphy TK, Piacentini J, Storch EA (2018).

10262:

Sukhodolsky DG, Gladstone TR, Kaushal SA, Piasecka JB,

10070: 9797:

Calder-Sprackman S, Sutherland S, Doja A (March 2014).

8188: 7009: 6659: 5662:

Hirschtritt ME, Darrow SM, et al. (January 2018).

4232: 4034: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 3878: 2818: 2364:

Hollis C, Pennant M, Cuenca J, et al. (January 2016). "

1276:

between the clinician, patient, family and caregivers.

748:; stress or severe nausea during pregnancy; and use of 10938: 7848: 7800:

Kumar A, Duda L, Mainali G, Asghar S, Byler D (2018).

7799: 7432: 7044: 5612: 5566:"PANDAS/PANS in childhood: Controversies and evidence" 5385: 5169: 2427: 1996:

European Multicentre Tics in Children Studies (EMTICS)

1863:

1772. Johnson is likely to have had Tourette syndrome.

1582:

If severe tics might interfere with administration of

1240:

may be present; higher rates of sleep disturbance and

319:

category. Tourette's is at the more severe end of the

297:(WHO) classification, which is criticized in the 2021 8974:

Advances in Neurology: Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome

6816: 6585: 6232: 6155: 3561: 3472: 2649:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

1947:. The entertainment industry has been criticized for 1318: 984:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

969:(MOVES), to evaluate complex tics and other behaviors 290:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

10429: 10292: 10167:

A Cursing Brain?: The Histories of Tourette Syndrome

7701: 7271: 7269: 6334:"Summary of Practice: Relevant changes to DSM-IV-TR" 5718: 4371: 4260:

Black KJ, Black ER, Greene DJ, Schlaggar BL (2016).

4021: 2131: 2129: 2127: 9968:"Letter of response to Garrison Keillor radio show" 8759:Leckman JF (November 2002). "Tourette's syndrome". 8354: 7897: 7275: 6367: 5949: 5615:"Treatment of PANDAS and PANS: a systematic review" 5337:Yu D, Sul JH, Tsetsos F, et al. (March 2019). 4892: 4701: 4580: 4155: 4153: 1763:, to study patients with movement disorders at the 1685:age, the impact of OCD symptoms seems to diminish. 1501:There is low confidence that tics are reduced with 951:(STSS), for a briefer assessment of tics than YGTSS 209:Tourette's was once regarded as a rare and bizarre 206:. The tics often go unnoticed by casual observers. 10138: 9010: 8633: 8067:Neurology and Pregnancy: Neuro-Obstetric Disorders 7428: 7426: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7045:Morand-Beaulieu S, Leclerc JB (January 2020). "". 6919: 6917: 6915: 6719: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6336:. American Psychiatric Association. Archived from 5814: 4994: 4751: 4749: 4747: 3970: 3966: 3964: 3962: 1849:Societal and cultural aspects of Tourette syndrome 10064: 9620:Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists - Part 2 8645: 8538: 7657: 7266: 6328: 6326: 5661: 5456:Barnhill J, Bedford J, Crowley J, Soda T (2017). 4446:Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists - Part 2 2713: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2124: 1468:, and can be used in combination with clonidine. 1401:Management of Tourette syndrome § Medication 1360:Management of Tourette syndrome § Behavioral 1210: 11066: 10834:I Have Tourette's but Tourette's Doesn't Have Me 10293:Walkup JT, Mink JW, Hollenback PJ, eds. (2006). 9484: 8461: 8316: 8314: 8114: 8112: 8110: 7695: 7544: 7276:Stern JS, Burza S, Robertson MM (January 2005). 7146: 7142: 7140: 7138: 6767: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6647: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4150: 4117: 4115: 4113: 3923:Zinner SH (November 2000). "Tourette disorder". 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3282:Dure LS, DeWolfe J (2006). "Treatment of tics". 1594:and amphetamines may be present in breast milk. 1164:pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration 1146:Other conditions that may manifest tics include 8936: 8350: 8348: 8184: 8182: 7891: 7423: 7189: 6912: 6867: 6702: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6472: 6233:Bagheri MM, Kerbeshian J, Burd L (April 1999). 5613:Sigra S, Hesselmark E, Bejerot S (March 2018). 4744: 3959: 3438: 3436: 3006:"Highlights of changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5" 2661: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 1236:may also be present. Learning disabilities and 19:"Tourette" redirects here. For other uses, see 8673: 8671: 8669: 8462:Evans J, Seri S, Cavanna AE (September 2016). 7540: 7538: 7536: 7003: 6323: 5749: 5211: 5209: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3036: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2547: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2470: 1609:, described in 2019 by a staff writer for the 1374:Comprehensive behavioral intervention for tics 709:share a TS diagnosis, while only 10 to 23% of 611: 10924: 10547: 9803:The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 9449: 8311: 8107: 8006: 8004: 7604: 7602: 7369: 7135: 7088: 7086: 7084: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6644: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6520: 6421: 6368:Horner O, Hedderly T, Malik O (August 2022). 6363: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6089: 6087: 6085: 5900: 5559: 5557: 5279: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5060: 4697: 4695: 4352: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4110: 3863: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3367: 3365: 2814: 2812: 2810: 1278:Practice guidelines for the treatment of tics 1080:studies are not usually warranted. Measuring 595:Among those with an older age of onset, more 10699:Tourette Syndrome Clinical Global Impression 10255:. Oxford University Press. pp. 636–655. 10250: 10246:. Oxford University Press. pp. 623–635. 10237:. Oxford University Press. pp. 107–120. 10187: 9288: 9276: 9231: 9096: 9094: 8719: 8526: 8345: 8179: 7948: 7608: 7496: 6960: 6541: 6509: 5860:Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 5336: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5148: 4581:Bloch M, State M, Pittenger C (April 2011). 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 3433: 3371: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2402: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 1482:Management of Tourette syndrome § Other 1460:, but it has a higher risk of side effects. 945:Tourette Syndrome Clinical Global Impression 573:both OCD and ADHD co-occur with Tourette's. 10241: 9618:. In Bogousslavsky J, Hennerici MG (eds.). 9300: 9107:Pagewise Inc. Retrieved on August 10, 2009. 8986:"Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders" 8666: 8585: 7752: 7533: 7527: 7515: 7481: 7417: 7260: 6810: 6550:"Tourette's syndrome: minimizing confusion" 6317: 6268: 6266: 6264: 5986: 5206: 4444:. In Bogousslavsky J, Hennerici MG (eds.). 4315: 3743:"Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders" 3719: 3654: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3281: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2698: 2590:Liu ZS, Cui YH, Sun D, et al. (2020). 2530: 2379:. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library. 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 1786:Following the 19th-century descriptions, a 1076:can rule out brain abnormalities, but such 994:or other causes of tics—must be ruled out. 744:vulnerability. These include paternal age; 164:Between 0.3% and 1.0% of general population 10931: 10917: 10554: 10540: 10311: 9799:"Tourette syndrome in film and television" 9159: 9069: 8920: 8878: 8547:. Scandinavian University Press: 106–111. 8064: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8001: 7599: 7092: 7081: 6756: 6568: 6352: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6144: 6096:"Tic disorders: some key issues for DSM-V" 6082: 6063:. American Psychiatric Association. 2022. 5554: 5509: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5154: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 4692: 4304: 3761: 3362: 2998: 1590:infant, but most medications are avoided. 1489:approaches, such as dietary modification, 1202:. The extreme self-injurious behaviors of 531: 47: 10709:Autism—Tics, AD/HD, and other Comorbities 10124:. New York: Springer Publishing Company. 10021: 9892: 9859: 9814: 9728: 9685: 9578:Medical and musical byways of Mozartiana. 9561: 9512: 9502: 9426: 9249: 9091: 9031: 8930: 8615: 8487: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8445: 8382: 8372: 8249: 8146: 8136: 7972: 7923: 7874: 7825: 7727: 7634: 7570: 7545:Fründt O, Woods D, Ganos C (April 2017). 7458: 7363: 7346: 7328: 7301: 7232: 7172: 7118: 6895: 6885: 6861: 6844: 6834: 6793: 6685: 6552:. Roger Freeman, MD, blog. Archived from 6442: 6393: 6181: 6018: 5926: 5857: 5687: 5630: 5606: 5589: 5537: 5527: 5481: 5362: 5305: 5283: 5256: 5020: 4971: 4961: 4920: 4910: 4827: 4817: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4727: 4606: 4565: 4548: 4525:"André Malraux: a medical interpretation" 4287: 4277: 4193: 4191: 4159: 4121: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3691: 3399: 3389: 3345: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3161: 3151: 3133: 3062: 2787: 2617: 2607: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2513: 2453: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2266: 2161: 1154:dystonia; and genetic conditions such as 1020: 973:Autism—Tics, AD/HD, and other Comorbities 10414:) is being considered for deletion. See 10295:Advances in Neurology, Tourette Syndrome 10199:. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10027: 9994: 9898: 8884: 8399: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6261: 5510:Hsu CJ, Wong LC, Lee WT (January 2021). 4522: 4085: 4083: 4081: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3468: 3466: 3442: 3302: 3112: 3030: 2853: 2756: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2248:"Tourette's syndrome and its borderland" 2186: 1852: 1733: 1601: 1404: 957:(TODS), to assess tics and comorbidities 908:and executive" features. The release of 801: 535: 488: 402: 368:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 327:; its diagnosis requires multiple motor 235:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 11080:Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood 10897:Tic Talk: Living with Tourette Syndrome 10164: 9660:Ashoori A, Jankovic J (November 2007). 9529: 9327: 9219: 8758: 8725: 8597: 8532: 8047: 7761:"Tourette syndrome—much more than tics" 6660:Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Fekete R (2015). 6215: 5750:Cox JH, Seri S, Cavanna AE (May 2018). 5498: 5412: 5215: 5116: 5103: 5066: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3557: 3555: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 2647:"Tourette's Disorder, 307.23 (F95.2)". 1517:; neither is there evidence supporting 1470:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 975:(A–TAC), to screen for other conditions 684:Causes and origins of Tourette syndrome 457:Complex tics related to speech include 213:and has popularly been associated with 11067: 9535: 9400: 9222:, pp. 142–143, 187, 204, 208–212. 9201:from the original on February 12, 2020 9051:from the original on November 25, 2020 8813: 8731: 8442: 8355:Novotny M, Valis M, Klimova B (2018). 8320: 8299:from the original on December 25, 2019 8284: 7758: 7611:"Clinical course of Tourette syndrome" 7609:Bloch MH, Leckman JF (December 2009). 6923: 6547: 6290:from the original on February 26, 2020 5752:"Sensory aspects of Tourette syndrome" 4859: 4776: 4583:"Recent advances in Tourette syndrome" 4436: 4430: 4188: 3922: 3899: 3826: 3792: 3219: 3136:"Recent progress on Tourette syndrome" 3083: 2642: 2640: 2580: 2298: 1959: 1949:depicting those with Tourette syndrome 1913:speculation that Mozart had Tourette's 1842: 1525:, or antibiotics for the treatment of 1505:, and insufficient evidence for other 1487:Complementary and alternative medicine 760:during pregnancy. Babies who are born 252:Tourette syndrome was named by French 10912: 10561: 10535: 10358: 10253:Information and support for educators 10232: 9232:Cohen DJ, Leckman JF (January 1994). 9186: 8983: 8860:from the original on January 25, 2020 8801: 6410: 5796:from the original on December 1, 2020 4089: 4078: 4068: 3740: 3598: 3523: 3463: 2329: 2286:from the original on December 1, 2018 2245: 627:Only slight impairments are found in 279:and related structures in the brain. 10214:Martino D, Leckman JF, eds. 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October 1993. 3178: 2750: 2655: 2268:10.1136/practneurol-2017-001755 2040: 2031: 2021: 1688: 1640:particular individual, but the 1263:Management of Tourette syndrome 961:Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale 695:Genome-wide association studies 450:; they may be experienced as a 10684:Yale Global Tic Severity Scale 9930:. May 31, 2001. Archived from 9328:Keilman J (January 22, 2015). 6374:Paediatr Child Health (Oxford) 5355:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18070857 2976:"Neurodevelopmental disorders" 2311:"Tourette syndrome fact sheet" 2069:psychogenic movement disorders 1211:Screening for other conditions 1127:artists. Described in 2006 as 939:Yale Global Tic Severity Scale 477:, or inappropriate touching), 343:replaced what had been called 1: 11037:Stereotypic movement disorder 10971:Emotional/behavioral disorder 10966:Oppositional defiant disorder 10740:Georges Gilles de la Tourette 10592:Societal and cultural aspects 10403: 10373:10.1126/science.305.5689.1390 9997:"Stop celebrating Tourette's" 9928:Tourette Syndrome Association 9389:Tourette Syndrome Association 9316:Tourette Syndrome Association 8896:Tourette Syndrome Association 8773:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11526-1 8691:Tourette Syndrome Association 8321:Howard T (December 6, 2014). 7867:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30401-8 6938:10.1016/S1474-4422(05)01012-4 4676:10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70312-1 4279:10.12688/f1000research.8428.1 3841:10.1016/S1474-4422(05)01012-4 3093:. 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Oxford University Press. 10218:. Oxford University Press. 9995:Guldberg H (May 26, 2006). 8988:. eMedicine. Archived from 8984:Black KJ (March 30, 2007). 8814:Newman S (September 2006). 8736:. eMedicine. Archived from 8732:Hawley JS (June 23, 2008). 7329:Robertson MM (March 2000). 7059:10.1016/j.encep.2019.10.002 5872:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.10.002 4136:10.12968/hmed.2011.72.2.100 3745:. eMedicine. Archived from 3741:Black KJ (March 30, 2007). 3481:(Review and meta-anlysis). 3091:"8A05.00 Tourette syndrome" 2664:Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2554:Asian Journal of Psychiatry 1364:Behavioral therapies using 1168:Duchenne muscular dystrophy 1082:thyroid-stimulating hormone 612:Neuropsychological function 317:neurodevelopmental disorder 187:neurodevelopmental disorder 137:Usually none, occasionally 10: 11101: 9848:Journal of Child Neurology 9464:10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.11.010 9419:10.1177/014107689408700709 9289:Leckman & Cohen (1999) 9277:Leckman & Cohen (1999) 9131:10.1177/0957154X9700803109 8720:Leckman & Cohen (1999) 8527:Leckman & Cohen (1999) 7961:Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 7916:10.1007/s00787-021-01881-9 7774:(8): 22–49. Archived from 7720:10.1007/s00787-021-01899-z 7497:Pruitt & Packer (2013) 7451:10.1007/s00787-021-01845-z 7165:10.5863/1551-6776-25.5.401 7111:10.1007/s11910-022-01177-8 7012:J Child Psychol Psychiatry 6981:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101335 6487:10.1177/088307380001500608 6386:10.1016/j.paed.2022.07.007 6174:10.1016/j.nurx.2006.01.009 5149:Pruitt & Packer (2013) 5013:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.05.002 4541:10.1177/014107688507800511 2446:10.1007/s00787-021-01842-2 2154:10.1007/s00787-021-01832-4 1963: 1846: 1727: 1723: 1519:intravenous immunoglobulin 1479: 1398: 1381:parent management training 1357: 1322: 1260: 1084:blood levels can rule out 681: 18: 10946: 10804: 10773: 10722: 10704:Tourette's Disorder Scale 10694:Shapiro TS Severity Scale 10676: 10600: 10569: 10433: 10146:, Goetz CG, eds. 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Archived from 1937:and "Nikolai Levin" in 1796:encephalitis lethargica 1757:Jean Marc Gaspard Itard 1703:epidemiological studies 1366:habit reversal training 705:show that 50 to 77% of 532:Co-occurring conditions 496:Yale Child Study Center 398: 382:. Elucidation of these 247:co-occurring conditions 11085:Neurogenetic disorders 9491:Ann Indian Acad Neurol 8251:10.1542/peds.105.4.880 7395:Also see Zinner 2000, 6245:(8): 2263–2272, 2274. 6058:"DSM-5-TR Fact Sheets" 4645:(3): 243–246, 249–53. 3213:March 4, 2012, at the 2075:classifies them under 1954:deep brain stimulation 1864: 1752: 1620: 1533:Deep brain stimulation 1413: 1280:were published by the 1274:shared decision-making 1031:differential diagnosis 1021:Differential diagnosis 979: 815: 544: 413: 345:transient tic disorder 101:Typically in childhood 11042:Elimination disorders 10312:Walusinski O (2019). 10073:Neurogenetics, Part I 9924:"Oprah and Dr. Laura" 9711:(Editorial comment). 9580:Fithian Press. 2001. 9332:The Game of Our Lives 9020:Behavioural Neurology 8823:History of Psychiatry 7781:on September 30, 2007 7014:(Comparative study). 5759:Neurosci Biobehav Rev 5619:Neurosci Biobehav Rev 5570:Paediatr Child Health 5415:Neurosci Biobehav Rev 5003:(Comparative study). 4760:(Comparative study). 4318:Neurosci Biobehav Rev 4037:Neurogenetics, Part I 3992:10.1542/peds.102.1.14 3937:10.1542/pir.21-11-372 3883:(Historical review). 3526:Arch. 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Pediatr. 2716:Expert Rev Neurother 1503:tetrahydrocannabinol 1299:, psychological and 1230:oppositional defiant 1204:Lesch-Nyhan syndrome 1180:Klinefelter syndrome 1156:Huntington's disease 1112:might be requested. 1100:levels can rule out 788:immune dysregulation 690:Genetic epidemiology 629:intellectual ability 230:behavioral therapies 10869:Motherless Brooklyn 10730:Jean-Martin Charcot 10165:Kushner HI (2000). 9974:on February 7, 2009 9902:Cincinnati Enquirer 9715:(6868): 1515–1516. 9548:(6868): 1563–1567. 9033:10.1155/1991/505791 8902:on January 14, 2012 8881:, pp. 167–169. 8767:(9345): 1577–1586. 8734:"Tourette syndrome" 8722:, pp. 177–192. 8541:Acta Paediatr Suppl 7806:Curr Dev Disord Rep 7499:, pp. 646–647. 7392:that we have in TS. 6836:10.3390/jcm11216470 5151:, pp. 636–637. 4587:Curr. Opin. Neurol. 4381:Nat Rev Dis Primers 3378:J Child Health Care 3018:on February 3, 2013 2766:Practical Neurology 2317:on December 1, 2018 1960:Research directions 1886:, described by the 1843:Society and culture 1794:was raised when an 1739:Jean-Martin Charcot 1160:neuroacanthocytosis 1072:may be ordered. An 633:attentional ability 579:aggressive thoughts 311:(a disorder of the 257:Jean-Martin Charcot 175:Tourette's syndrome 10982:Social functioning 10977:Separation anxiety 10820:Front of the Class 10577:Causes and origins 10344:. Academic Press. 9954:on August 31, 2008 9934:on October 6, 2001 9301:Müller-Vahl (2013) 9194:The New York Times 9102:Tourette syndrome. 8992:on August 22, 2009 8598:Gulati, S (2016). 8586:Müller-Vahl (2013) 7528:Müller-Vahl (2013) 7516:Müller-Vahl (2013) 7482:Müller-Vahl (2013) 7418:Müller-Vahl (2013) 7390:treatment modality 7378:(Suppl 1): 62–74. 7261:Müller-Vahl (2013) 6318:Müller-Vahl (2013) 6257:on March 31, 2005. 5582:10.1093/pch/pxy145 5388:J. Lab. Clin. 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Shapiro 10653:Sensory phenomena 10563:Tourette syndrome 10529: 10528: 10421:Tourette syndrome 10367:(5689): 1390–92. 10323:978-0-19-063603-6 10285:978-3-319-71209-3 10244:Tourette syndrome 10235:Tourette syndrome 10216:Tourette syndrome 10148:Tourette Syndrome 10131:978-0-8261-1095-4 10090:978-0-444-63233-3 10009:on March 14, 2017 9926:(Press release). 9672:(11): 1171–1175. 9637:978-3-8055-8265-0 9628:10.1159/000102880 9611:Kammer T (2007). 9536:Simkin B (1992). 9070:Walusinski (2019) 8921:Walusinski (2019) 8879:Walusinski (2019) 8740:on August 4, 2009 8292:Los Angeles Times 8203:10.1002/mds.23071 8025:10.1002/mds.25723 7974:10.1159/000337776 7855:Lancet Psychiatry 7551:Neurol Clin Pract 7372:J Clin Psychiatry 7341:(Pt 3): 425–462. 6556:on April 11, 2006 6462:on June 28, 2007. 6431:Braz J Psychiatry 6011:10.1002/mds.26891 5952:Behav. Brain Res. 5907:Neuropharmacology 5817:Neuropharmacology 5345:(Meta-analysis). 5298:10.1111/jpc.14165 5292:(10): 1148–1153. 5007:(7): 610–617.e1. 4463:978-3-8055-8265-0 4454:10.1159/000102880 4437:Kammer T (2007). 4054:978-0-444-63233-3 3986:(1 Pt 1): 14–19. 3812:978-0-444-52014-2 3672:Dtsch Ärztebl Int 3576:10.1002/mds.10618 3570:(12): 1530–1533. 3532:(12): 1343–1347. 3208:ICD version 2007. 3055:10.1002/wps.20611 2838:978-0-444-63233-3 2775:on March 24, 2019 1807:Arthur K. Shapiro 1755:A French doctor, 1612:Los Angeles Times 1234:conduct disorders 1148:Sydenham's chorea 1117:COVID-19 pandemic 1106:urine drug screen 982:According to the 902:prefrontal cortex 645:visuoconstructive 557:anxiety disorders 437:premonitory urges 433:sensory phenomena 409: 243:specialty clinics 171:Tourette syndrome 168: 167: 123:Diagnostic method 34:Tourette syndrome 28:Medical condition 11092: 11019:Speech disorders 10987:Selective mutism 10961:Conduct disorder 10933: 10926: 10919: 10910: 10909: 10791:Tourettes Action 10760:James F. Leckman 10677:Assessment tools 10648:Premonitory urge 10556: 10549: 10542: 10533: 10532: 10431: 10430: 10392: 10355: 10327: 10308: 10289: 10256: 10247: 10238: 10229: 10210: 10184: 10161: 10135: 10107: 10106: 10068: 10062: 10061: 10025: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10014: 10005:. Archived from 9992: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9979: 9963: 9961: 9959: 9943: 9941: 9939: 9917: 9911: 9910: 9896: 9890: 9889: 9863: 9854:(8): 1011–1016. 9843: 9837: 9836: 9818: 9794: 9788: 9787: 9751: 9745: 9742: 9732: 9703:Sacks O (1992). 9699: 9689: 9656: 9654: 9648:. Archived from 9617: 9605: 9599: 9575: 9565: 9533: 9527: 9526: 9516: 9506: 9482: 9476: 9475: 9452:Prog. Brain Res. 9447: 9441: 9440: 9430: 9398: 9392: 9383: 9377: 9364: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9348:on April 2, 2015 9344:. Archived from 9325: 9319: 9310: 9304: 9298: 9292: 9286: 9280: 9274: 9268: 9267: 9253: 9229: 9223: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9184: 9178: 9177: 9157: 9151: 9150: 9114: 9108: 9098: 9089: 9086:Chef de Clinique 9082:Chef de Clinique 9067: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9050: 9035: 9017: 9008: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8982:As discussed at 8981: 8969: 8963: 8962: 8934: 8928: 8918: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8898:. Archived from 8888: 8882: 8876: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8865: 8859: 8820: 8811: 8799: 8793: 8792: 8756: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8729: 8723: 8716: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8699: 8693:. Archived from 8684: 8675: 8664: 8663: 8643: 8637: 8636:, p. xviii. 8631: 8625: 8624: 8619: 8604:Indian J Pediatr 8595: 8589: 8583: 8577: 8576: 8536: 8530: 8524: 8518: 8508: 8502: 8501: 8491: 8459: 8440: 8439: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8386: 8376: 8352: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8329:. Archived from 8318: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8304: 8282: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8253: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8186: 8177: 8176: 8150: 8140: 8116: 8105: 8104: 8062: 8045: 8044: 8008: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7976: 7952: 7946: 7945: 7927: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7878: 7861:(12): 995–1010. 7846: 7840: 7839: 7829: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7780: 7765: 7756: 7750: 7749: 7731: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7676: 7675: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7638: 7606: 7597: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7574: 7542: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7500: 7494: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7462: 7430: 7421: 7415: 7404: 7394: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7350: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7305: 7273: 7264: 7258: 7247: 7246: 7236: 7204: 7187: 7186: 7176: 7144: 7133: 7132: 7122: 7090: 7079: 7078: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7018:(7): 1037–1044. 7007: 7001: 7000: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6921: 6910: 6909: 6899: 6889: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6848: 6838: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6797: 6780:(9): 1132–1141. 6765: 6754: 6753: 6728:(4): 1121–1140. 6717: 6700: 6699: 6689: 6678:10.7916/D8VM4B13 6657: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6631: 6592: 6583: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6518: 6507: 6506: 6475:J. Child Neurol. 6470: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6455:. Archived from 6446: 6428: 6419: 6408: 6407: 6397: 6365: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6330: 6321: 6315: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6289: 6278: 6270: 6259: 6258: 6253:. Archived from 6239:Am Fam Physician 6230: 6213: 6207: 6196: 6195: 6185: 6153: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6133:. Archived from 6115:10.1002/da.20711 6100: 6091: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6069: 6062: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6033: 6032: 6022: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5930: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5795: 5756: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5691: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5634: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5593: 5561: 5552: 5551: 5541: 5531: 5507: 5496: 5495: 5485: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5421:(6): 1026–1039. 5410: 5404: 5403: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5366: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5309: 5281: 5254: 5253: 5213: 5204: 5203: 5167: 5152: 5146: 5135: 5134: 5114: 5101: 5100: 5069:J. Child Neurol. 5064: 5058: 5052: 5035: 5034: 5024: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4975: 4965: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4924: 4914: 4899:Front Psychiatry 4890: 4884: 4883: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4842: 4841: 4831: 4821: 4797: 4774: 4773: 4753: 4742: 4741: 4731: 4699: 4690: 4687: 4658: 4653:. Archived from 4627: 4621: 4620: 4610: 4578: 4563: 4562: 4552: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4474:. Archived from 4443: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4417: 4378: 4369: 4350: 4349: 4313: 4302: 4301: 4291: 4281: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4235:Am Fam Physician 4230: 4224: 4223: 4200:Pediatr. Neurol. 4195: 4186: 4185: 4157: 4148: 4147: 4119: 4108: 4107: 4087: 4076: 4066: 4032: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4010:. Archived from 3977: 3968: 3957: 3956: 3920: 3897: 3896: 3876: 3861: 3860: 3824: 3790: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3738: 3723: 3717: 3706: 3705: 3695: 3663: 3652: 3651: 3615: 3596: 3595: 3559: 3550: 3549: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3509:. Archived from 3470: 3461: 3460: 3440: 3431: 3425: 3414: 3413: 3403: 3393: 3369: 3360: 3359: 3349: 3317: 3300: 3299: 3279: 3266: 3265: 3260:. Archived from 3230: 3217: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3165: 3155: 3153:10.12703/r/10-70 3131: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3102: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3066: 3043:World Psychiatry 3034: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3017: 3010: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2982:. Archived from 2972: 2966: 2960: 2945: 2944: 2908: 2851: 2850: 2816: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2774: 2763: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2711: 2696: 2695: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2644: 2635: 2634: 2621: 2611: 2596:Front Psychiatry 2587: 2578: 2577: 2545: 2528: 2527: 2517: 2485: 2468: 2467: 2457: 2425: 2400: 2389:10.3310/hta20040 2362: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2307: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2285: 2270: 2252: 2243: 2184: 2183: 2165: 2133: 2113: 2096: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2057: 2051: 2044: 2038: 2035: 2029: 2025: 2010:bipolar disorder 1905:. Johnson wrote 1862: 1584:local anesthesia 1437:antihypertensive 1313:social isolation 1293:Watchful waiting 1102:Wilson's disease 746:forceps delivery 715:highly penetrant 657:social cognition 637:nonverbal memory 566:conduct disorder 509:self-stimulation 412:Examples of tics 410: 259:for his intern, 196:premonitory urge 177:(abbreviated as 51: 31: 30: 11100: 11099: 11095: 11094: 11093: 11091: 11090: 11089: 11065: 11064: 11063: 11058: 10942: 10937: 10907: 10902: 10800: 10786:Tourette Canada 10769: 10735:Donald J. Cohen 10718: 10672: 10596: 10565: 10560: 10530: 10525: 10524: 10442: 10419: 10400: 10395: 10352: 10335: 10333:Further reading 10330: 10324: 10305: 10286: 10226: 10213: 10207: 10181: 10158: 10132: 10115: 10110: 10091: 10069: 10065: 10026: 10022: 10012: 10010: 9993: 9989: 9977: 9975: 9966: 9957: 9955: 9946: 9937: 9935: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9897: 9893: 9861:10.1.1.997.9069 9844: 9840: 9795: 9791: 9762:(10): 994–999. 9752: 9748: 9702: 9659: 9652: 9638: 9615: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9596:Wayback Machine 9534: 9530: 9483: 9479: 9448: 9444: 9399: 9395: 9386:Samuel Johnson. 9384: 9380: 9374:Wayback Machine 9365: 9361: 9351: 9349: 9342:Chicago Tribune 9326: 9322: 9311: 9307: 9299: 9295: 9287: 9283: 9275: 9271: 9230: 9226: 9218: 9214: 9204: 9202: 9185: 9181: 9158: 9154: 9119:Hist Psychiatry 9115: 9111: 9100:Blue T (2002). 9099: 9092: 9068: 9064: 9054: 9052: 9048: 9015: 9009: 9005: 8995: 8993: 8970: 8966: 8935: 8931: 8919: 8915: 8905: 8903: 8890: 8889: 8885: 8877: 8873: 8863: 8861: 8857: 8818: 8800: 8796: 8757: 8753: 8743: 8741: 8730: 8726: 8717: 8713: 8703: 8701: 8697: 8682: 8676: 8667: 8644: 8640: 8632: 8628: 8596: 8592: 8584: 8580: 8537: 8533: 8525: 8521: 8509: 8505: 8460: 8443: 8404: 8400: 8353: 8346: 8336: 8334: 8319: 8312: 8302: 8300: 8283: 8279: 8269: 8267: 8230: 8226: 8187: 8180: 8117: 8108: 8085: 8063: 8048: 8009: 8002: 7992: 7990: 7953: 7949: 7896: 7892: 7847: 7843: 7798: 7794: 7784: 7782: 7778: 7763: 7757: 7753: 7700: 7696: 7688: 7679: 7656: 7652: 7615:J Psychosom Res 7607: 7600: 7592: 7588: 7543: 7534: 7526: 7522: 7514: 7503: 7495: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7431: 7424: 7416: 7407: 7368: 7364: 7327: 7323: 7274: 7267: 7259: 7250: 7219:(19): 896–906. 7205: 7190: 7145: 7136: 7091: 7082: 7043: 7039: 7008: 7004: 6965: 6961: 6922: 6913: 6866: 6862: 6815: 6811: 6766: 6757: 6718: 6703: 6658: 6645: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6601:(17): 750–758. 6590: 6584: 6569: 6559: 6557: 6546: 6542: 6519: 6510: 6477:(Case report). 6471: 6467: 6459: 6426: 6420: 6411: 6380:(10): 363–367. 6366: 6353: 6343: 6341: 6340:on May 11, 2008 6332: 6331: 6324: 6316: 6303: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6262: 6231: 6216: 6208: 6199: 6154: 6145: 6137: 6103:Depress Anxiety 6098: 6092: 6083: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6060: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6043: 6036: 5991: 5987: 5948: 5944: 5899: 5895: 5856: 5852: 5813: 5809: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5754: 5748: 5744: 5736: 5725: 5717: 5713: 5660: 5656: 5611: 5607: 5562: 5555: 5508: 5499: 5454: 5450: 5411: 5407: 5384: 5380: 5343:Am J Psychiatry 5335: 5331: 5282: 5257: 5214: 5207: 5168: 5155: 5147: 5138: 5115: 5104: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5038: 4993: 4989: 4942: 4938: 4891: 4887: 4864: 4860: 4852: 4845: 4798: 4777: 4754: 4745: 4708:JAMA Psychiatry 4700: 4693: 4661: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4579: 4566: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4500:Alfred A. Knopf 4495:Malraux: A Life 4492:Todd O (2005). 4490: 4486: 4478: 4464: 4441: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4376: 4370: 4353: 4314: 4305: 4258: 4254: 4231: 4227: 4196: 4189: 4162:J Psychosom Res 4158: 4151: 4120: 4111: 4088: 4079: 4055: 4033: 4022: 4014: 3975: 3969: 3960: 3931:(11): 372–383. 3921: 3900: 3877: 3864: 3813: 3791: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3739: 3726: 3718: 3709: 3678:(48): 821–828. 3664: 3655: 3616: 3599: 3560: 3553: 3522: 3518: 3471: 3464: 3441: 3434: 3426: 3417: 3370: 3363: 3318: 3303: 3280: 3269: 3232: 3231: 3220: 3215:Wayback Machine 3199: 3197: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3132: 3113: 3100: 3098: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2986:on May 10, 2011 2974: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2948: 2909: 2854: 2839: 2817: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2761: 2755: 2751: 2712: 2699: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2645: 2638: 2588: 2581: 2546: 2531: 2500:(19): 907–915. 2486: 2471: 2426: 2403: 2373:Wayback Machine 2363: 2330: 2320: 2318: 2309: 2308: 2299: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2250: 2244: 2187: 2134: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2083: 2058: 2054: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2022: 2018: 1976:neurophysiology 1968: 1962: 1929:Charles Dickens 1888:Chicago Tribune 1851: 1845: 1749:André Brouillet 1732: 1726: 1691: 1673:quality of life 1654: 1652:Quality of life 1600: 1573:anticholinergic 1541: 1523:plasma exchange 1495:allergy testing 1484: 1478: 1464:can be used to 1462:Methylphenidate 1433:adverse effects 1403: 1397: 1362: 1356: 1331:psychoeducation 1327: 1321: 1301:pharmacological 1289:psychoeducation 1270:adverse effects 1265: 1259: 1238:sleep disorders 1213: 1055:autism spectrum 1023: 980: 978: 933: 929: 890:decision making 856:genetic studies 800: 766:low birthweight 711:fraternal twins 707:identical twins 686: 680: 614: 597:substance abuse 534: 491: 403: 401: 396: 394:Characteristics 380:type 2 diabetes 285: 273:neural circuits 223:life expectancy 163: 60: 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11098: 11088: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11060: 11059: 11057: 11056: 11055: 11054: 11049: 11039: 11034: 11033: 11032: 11027: 11015: 11014: 11013: 11001: 11000: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10979: 10974: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10952: 10950: 10944: 10943: 10936: 10935: 10928: 10921: 10913: 10904: 10903: 10901: 10900: 10893: 10886: 10879: 10872: 10865: 10858: 10851: 10844: 10841:John's Not Mad 10837: 10830: 10823: 10816: 10808: 10806: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10777: 10775: 10771: 10770: 10768: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10755:Samuel Johnson 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10726: 10724: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10680: 10678: 10674: 10673: 10671: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10623:Echophenomenon 10620: 10615: 10610: 10604: 10602: 10598: 10597: 10595: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10573: 10571: 10567: 10566: 10559: 10558: 10551: 10544: 10536: 10527: 10526: 10523: 10522: 10511: 10500: 10489: 10474: 10459: 10443: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10434:Classification 10428: 10427: 10399: 10398:External links 10396: 10394: 10393: 10356: 10351:978-0128119808 10350: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10328: 10322: 10309: 10303: 10290: 10284: 10259: 10258: 10257: 10248: 10239: 10225:978-0199796267 10224: 10211: 10206:978-0471160373 10205: 10185: 10179: 10162: 10156: 10136: 10130: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10108: 10089: 10063: 10036:(5): 329–331. 10020: 9987: 9985: 9984: 9964: 9944: 9912: 9891: 9838: 9809:(2): 226–232. 9789: 9746: 9744: 9743: 9700: 9657: 9636: 9600: 9528: 9497:(2): 157–161. 9477: 9442: 9413:(7): 396–399. 9393: 9378: 9359: 9338:by Tim Howard" 9320: 9305: 9293: 9281: 9279:, p. 408. 9269: 9224: 9220:Kushner (2000) 9212: 9179: 9152: 9109: 9090: 9062: 9003: 8964: 8945:(6): 469–474. 8929: 8925:xvii–xviii, 23 8913: 8883: 8871: 8794: 8751: 8724: 8711: 8665: 8654:(6): 492–496. 8638: 8626: 8590: 8588:, p. 630. 8578: 8531: 8519: 8503: 8474:(9): 939–948. 8441: 8414:(7): 936–940. 8398: 8344: 8310: 8277: 8244:(4): 880–887. 8224: 8197:(6): 665–671. 8178: 8131:(2): 159–168. 8106: 8083: 8046: 8019:(2): 177–183. 8000: 7967:(4): 213–224. 7947: 7910:(3): 443–461. 7890: 7841: 7792: 7751: 7714:(3): 425–441. 7694: 7692:, p. 251. 7677: 7650: 7621:(6): 497–501. 7598: 7596:, p. 250. 7586: 7557:(2): 148–156. 7532: 7530:, p. 633. 7520: 7518:, p. 627. 7501: 7486: 7474: 7445:(3): 403–423. 7422: 7420:, p. 623. 7405: 7362: 7321: 7288:(951): 12–19. 7282:Postgrad Med J 7265: 7263:, p. 628. 7248: 7188: 7159:(5): 401–412. 7134: 7105:(2): 123–142. 7080: 7037: 7002: 6959: 6932:(3): 149–159. 6911: 6860: 6809: 6755: 6701: 6643: 6567: 6540: 6508: 6481:(6): 394–400. 6465: 6409: 6351: 6322: 6320:, p. 625. 6301: 6260: 6214: 6212:, p. 247. 6197: 6168:(2): 192–206. 6143: 6109:(6): 600–610. 6081: 6049: 6047:, p. 248. 6034: 6005:(3): 467–473. 5985: 5942: 5893: 5850: 5807: 5742: 5740:, p. 246. 5723: 5711: 5674:(2): 279–293. 5654: 5605: 5553: 5497: 5448: 5405: 5394:(5): 638–645. 5378: 5349:(3): 217–227. 5329: 5255: 5228:(9): 621–627. 5205: 5178:(2): 296–304. 5153: 5136: 5102: 5075:(8): 701–703. 5059: 5057:, p. 244. 5036: 4987: 4936: 4885: 4858: 4856:, p. 245. 4843: 4775: 4743: 4714:(4): 325–333. 4691: 4689: 4688: 4659: 4622: 4593:(2): 119–125. 4564: 4535:(5): 401–406. 4515: 4509:978-0375407024 4508: 4484: 4462: 4429: 4351: 4303: 4252: 4241:(5): 651–658. 4225: 4187: 4168:(5): 461–472. 4149: 4130:(2): 100–107. 4109: 4077: 4053: 4020: 3958: 3898: 3862: 3811: 3760: 3724: 3722:, p. 629. 3707: 3653: 3626:(8): 947–968. 3597: 3551: 3516: 3485:(5): 425–432. 3462: 3432: 3430:, p. 243. 3415: 3361: 3301: 3267: 3218: 3177: 3111: 3082: 3029: 2997: 2967: 2965:, p. 242. 2946: 2919:(6): 665–673. 2852: 2837: 2786: 2749: 2722:(2): 125–137. 2697: 2654: 2636: 2579: 2548:Robertson MM, 2529: 2469: 2440:(3): 383–402. 2401: 2328: 2297: 2261:(4): 262–270. 2185: 2148:(3): 377–382. 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2091: 2081: 2052: 2039: 2030: 2019: 2017: 2014: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1980:neuropathology 1961: 1958: 1899:Samuel Johnson 1858:Samuel Johnson 1847:Main article: 1844: 1841: 1792:organic origin 1728:Main article: 1725: 1722: 1690: 1687: 1653: 1650: 1599: 1596: 1540: 1537: 1477: 1474: 1396: 1393: 1355: 1352: 1336:social support 1320: 1317: 1261:Main article: 1258: 1255: 1212: 1209: 1086:hypothyroidism 1022: 1019: 977: 976: 970: 964: 958: 952: 942: 935: 931: 930: 928: 925: 900:have a larger 897:caudate nuclei 836:frontal cortex 799: 796: 682:Main article: 679: 676: 653:verbal fluency 622:neurocognitive 613: 610: 605:self-injurious 601:mood disorders 533: 530: 528:re-surfacing. 490: 487: 400: 397: 395: 392: 313:nervous system 309:motor disorder 284: 283:Classification 281: 185:) is a common 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 152: 146: 145: 143:noradrenergics 135: 129: 128: 125: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 107: 103: 102: 99: 95: 94: 89: 83: 82: 69: 63: 62: 53: 52: 44: 43: 40: 36: 35: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11097: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11072: 11070: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11044: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11022: 11021: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11009: 11008: 11007: 11006: 11005:Tic disorders 11002: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10984: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10953: 10951: 10949: 10945: 10941: 10934: 10929: 10927: 10922: 10920: 10915: 10914: 10911: 10899: 10898: 10894: 10892: 10891: 10887: 10885: 10884: 10880: 10878: 10877: 10873: 10871: 10870: 10866: 10864: 10863: 10859: 10856: 10852: 10850: 10849: 10848:Las Estrellas 10845: 10843: 10842: 10838: 10836: 10835: 10831: 10829: 10828: 10824: 10822: 10821: 10817: 10815: 10814: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10803: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10778: 10776: 10774:Organizations 10772: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10727: 10725: 10721: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10681: 10679: 10675: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10599: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10574: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10557: 10552: 10550: 10545: 10543: 10538: 10537: 10534: 10521: 10517: 10516: 10512: 10510: 10506: 10505: 10501: 10499: 10495: 10494: 10490: 10488: 10484: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10473: 10469: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10458: 10454: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10444: 10441: 10436: 10432: 10426: 10422: 10417: 10413: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10401: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10357: 10353: 10347: 10343: 10338: 10337: 10325: 10319: 10315: 10310: 10306: 10304:0-7817-9970-8 10300: 10296: 10291: 10287: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10260: 10254: 10249: 10245: 10240: 10236: 10231: 10230: 10227: 10221: 10217: 10212: 10208: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10180:0-674-00386-1 10176: 10172: 10168: 10163: 10159: 10157:0-7817-2405-8 10153: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10127: 10123: 10118: 10117: 10105: 10100: 10096: 10092: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10074: 10067: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10024: 10008: 10004: 10003: 9998: 9991: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9920: 9916: 9909: 9904: 9903: 9895: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9842: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9793: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9750: 9740: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9658: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9614: 9609: 9608: 9604: 9597: 9593: 9590: 9587: 9586:1-56474-349-7 9583: 9579: 9573: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9532: 9524: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9481: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9446: 9438: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9397: 9390: 9387: 9382: 9375: 9371: 9368: 9363: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9337: 9333: 9324: 9317: 9314: 9309: 9302: 9297: 9290: 9285: 9278: 9273: 9266: 9261: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9228: 9221: 9216: 9200: 9196: 9195: 9190: 9183: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9156: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9113: 9106: 9103: 9097: 9095: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9066: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9014: 9007: 8991: 8987: 8979: 8975: 8968: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8933: 8926: 8922: 8917: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8887: 8880: 8875: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8817: 8809: 8805: 8798: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8755: 8739: 8735: 8728: 8721: 8715: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8681: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8630: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8594: 8587: 8582: 8575: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8535: 8528: 8523: 8516: 8512: 8507: 8499: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8402: 8394: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8351: 8349: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8317: 8315: 8298: 8294: 8293: 8288: 8281: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8228: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8185: 8183: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8084:9780444642400 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8007: 8005: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7951: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7894: 7886: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7845: 7837: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7812:(2): 95–100. 7811: 7807: 7803: 7796: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7698: 7691: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7654: 7646: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7605: 7603: 7595: 7590: 7582: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7529: 7524: 7517: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7498: 7493: 7491: 7483: 7478: 7470: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7429: 7427: 7419: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7402: 7398: 7393: 7391: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7366: 7358: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7325: 7318: 7313: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7272: 7270: 7262: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7244: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7184: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7130: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7053:(2): 146–52. 7052: 7049:(in French). 7048: 7041: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6969:Sleep Med Rev 6963: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6926:Lancet Neurol 6920: 6918: 6916: 6907: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6880:: 3575–3585. 6879: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6856: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6813: 6805: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6697: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6555: 6551: 6544: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6469: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6425: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6405: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6327: 6319: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6286: 6282: 6275: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6211: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6066: 6059: 6053: 6046: 6041: 6039: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5989: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5946: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5854: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5721:, p. xv. 5720: 5715: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5558: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5516:Int J Mol Sci 5513: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5218:état de l'art 5212: 5210: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5150: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4850: 4848: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4696: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4670:(2): 277–89. 4669: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4511: 4505: 4502:. p. 7. 4501: 4497: 4496: 4488: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4192: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4154: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3835:(3): 149–59. 3834: 3830: 3829:Lancet Neurol 3822: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3556: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3467: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3437: 3429: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3366: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3238:Arch. Neurol. 3235: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3108: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3014: 3007: 3001: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2650: 2643: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2584: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2249: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2123: 2111: 2106: 2105:tertiary care 2101: 2095: 2085: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2056: 2049: 2043: 2034: 2024: 2020: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2006:schizophrenia 2003: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1957: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1944:Anna Karenina 1940: 1936: 1935: 1934:Little Dorrit 1930: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1903:James Boswell 1900: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1721: 1717: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1696: 1686: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1649: 1645: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1548: 1546: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1491:neurofeedback 1488: 1483: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1343:psychotherapy 1339: 1337: 1332: 1326: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1264: 1254: 1251: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1176:Down syndrome 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1098:ceruloplasmin 1095: 1091: 1090:liver disease 1087: 1083: 1079: 1078:brain imaging 1075: 1071: 1068:activity, an 1067: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1051:Developmental 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1003: 1001: 995: 993: 989: 985: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 959: 956: 953: 950: 947:(TS–CGI) and 946: 943: 940: 937: 936: 924: 921: 917: 913: 911: 907: 903: 898: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 850:, as well as 849: 845: 841: 840:Neuroanatomic 837: 833: 832:basal ganglia 829: 825: 821: 813: 809: 808:basal ganglia 804: 795: 791: 789: 785: 781: 780:streptococcal 777: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 742: 738: 736: 735: 730: 729: 725: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 699:meta-analysis 696: 691: 685: 675: 673: 668: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 609: 606: 602: 598: 593: 589: 587: 582: 580: 574: 571: 567: 563: 558: 554: 550: 542: 541:André Malraux 538: 529: 525: 522: 516: 514: 510: 506: 500: 497: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 455: 453: 449: 445: 440: 438: 434: 430: 425: 423: 418: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 363: 361: 357: 352: 350: 346: 340: 338: 334: 330: 326: 325:tic disorders 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 301: 300: 296: 292: 291: 280: 278: 277:basal ganglia 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 255: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 231: 226: 224: 220: 216: 212: 207: 205: 204:tic disorders 201: 197: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 161: 157: 153: 151: 147: 144: 140: 136: 134: 130: 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 93: 90: 88: 84: 81: 77: 73: 70: 68: 64: 58: 54: 50: 45: 41: 37: 32: 26: 22: 11041: 11017: 11010: 11003: 10981: 10895: 10890:The Tic Code 10888: 10881: 10874: 10867: 10860: 10846: 10839: 10832: 10825: 10818: 10811: 10663:Tic disorder 10562: 10513: 10502: 10491: 10476: 10461: 10446: 10409: 10364: 10360: 10341: 10313: 10294: 10267: 10252: 10243: 10234: 10215: 10196: 10166: 10147: 10121: 10113:Book sources 10102: 10072: 10066: 10033: 10029: 10023: 10013:December 26, 10011:. 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Retrieved 8695:the original 8686: 8651: 8647: 8641: 8629: 8621: 8610:(11): 1361. 8607: 8603: 8593: 8581: 8572: 8544: 8540: 8534: 8522: 8506: 8471: 8467: 8411: 8407: 8401: 8364: 8361:Front Neurol 8360: 8335:. Retrieved 8331:the original 8327:The Guardian 8326: 8303:December 28, 8301:. Retrieved 8290: 8280: 8268:. Retrieved 8241: 8237: 8227: 8194: 8191:Mov. Disord. 8190: 8128: 8124: 8066: 8016: 8013:Mov. Disord. 8012: 7991:. Retrieved 7964: 7960: 7950: 7907: 7903: 7893: 7858: 7854: 7844: 7809: 7805: 7795: 7783:. Retrieved 7776:the original 7771: 7767: 7754: 7711: 7707: 7697: 7663: 7659: 7653: 7618: 7614: 7589: 7554: 7550: 7523: 7477: 7442: 7438: 7387: 7375: 7371: 7365: 7338: 7334: 7324: 7315: 7285: 7281: 7216: 7212: 7156: 7152: 7102: 7098: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7015: 7011: 7005: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6929: 6925: 6877: 6873: 6863: 6829:(21): 6470. 6826: 6822: 6812: 6777: 6773: 6725: 6721: 6669: 6665: 6634:. Retrieved 6598: 6594: 6558:. Retrieved 6554:the original 6548:Freeman RD. 6543: 6526: 6522: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6457:the original 6437:(1): 11–17. 6434: 6430: 6377: 6373: 6344:December 29, 6342:. Retrieved 6338:the original 6292:. Retrieved 6255:the original 6242: 6238: 6165: 6161: 6135:the original 6106: 6102: 6072:. Retrieved 6052: 6002: 5999:Mov. Disord. 5998: 5988: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5910: 5906: 5896: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5820: 5816: 5810: 5798:. Retrieved 5762: 5758: 5745: 5714: 5671: 5667: 5657: 5622: 5618: 5608: 5576:(2): 85–91. 5573: 5569: 5519: 5515: 5468:(1): 32–46. 5465: 5461: 5451: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5307:11343/284621 5289: 5285: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5175: 5172:Brain Stimul 5171: 5122: 5118: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4809: 4805: 4761: 4757: 4711: 4707: 4667: 4663: 4655:the original 4642: 4639:Pediatr Nurs 4638: 4625: 4590: 4586: 4532: 4528: 4518: 4494: 4487: 4476:the original 4445: 4432: 4420:. Retrieved 4387:(1): 16097. 4384: 4380: 4321: 4317: 4269: 4265: 4255: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4206:(2): 77–90. 4203: 4199: 4165: 4161: 4127: 4123: 4095: 4091: 4069:Bloch (2013) 4036: 4012:the original 3983: 3979: 3928: 3924: 3884: 3880: 3832: 3828: 3794: 3751:. Retrieved 3747:the original 3675: 3671: 3623: 3619: 3567: 3563: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3511:the original 3482: 3478: 3448: 3444: 3384:(1): 68–83. 3381: 3377: 3329: 3326:Brain Topogr 3325: 3287: 3283: 3262:the original 3241: 3237: 3198:. Retrieved 3180: 3143: 3139: 3106: 3099:. Retrieved 3085: 3076: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3020:. Retrieved 3013:the original 3000: 2990:December 29, 2988:. Retrieved 2984:the original 2970: 2916: 2912: 2820: 2777:. Retrieved 2770:the original 2765: 2752: 2719: 2715: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2648: 2631: 2599: 2595: 2557: 2553: 2497: 2493: 2437: 2433: 2383:(4): 1–450. 2380: 2376: 2321:November 30, 2319:. Retrieved 2315:the original 2290:November 30, 2288:. Retrieved 2258: 2255:Pract Neurol 2254: 2145: 2141: 2103:referred to 2094: 2084: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2042: 2033: 2023: 1999: 1972:neuroimaging 1969: 1942: 1932: 1926: 1921:scatological 1906: 1897: 1887: 1878: 1866: 1818: 1810: 1800: 1785: 1776: 1754: 1742: 1718: 1711: 1700: 1692: 1689:Epidemiology 1682:psychosocial 1670: 1666: 1655: 1646: 1637:Intelligence 1633:degenerative 1626: 1622: 1610: 1581: 1549: 1545:menstruation 1542: 1531: 1500: 1485: 1453:aripiprazole 1429:neuroleptics 1419: 1415: 1378: 1363: 1348: 1340: 1328: 1286: 1266: 1247: 1214: 1192:encephalitis 1184:XYY syndrome 1145: 1140: 1134: 1128: 1114: 1094:serum copper 1063: 1024: 1008: 1004: 996: 983: 981: 914: 894: 878:sensorimotor 868: 817: 792: 774: 770:Apgar scores 752:, caffeine, 741:Psychosocial 739: 732: 722: 703:Twin studies 687: 665: 649:motor skills 626: 615: 594: 590: 583: 575: 546: 526: 517: 513:stereotypies 501: 492: 456: 451: 447: 443: 441: 426: 422:wax and wane 415: 364: 353: 348: 344: 341: 302: 298: 288: 286: 275:between the 251: 227: 208: 182: 178: 174: 170: 169: 139:neuroleptics 59:(1857–1904), 25: 10613:Copropraxia 10404:‹ The 9458:: 277–291. 9407:J R Soc Med 9244:(1): 2–15. 9205:January 19, 9168:: 197–207. 9105:Essortment, 9074:pp. xi, 398 8923:, pp. 8906:January 14, 8864:January 25, 8678:Scahill L. 8148:2445/175997 7993:January 25, 7666:: 234–240. 6774:JAMA Neurol 6560:February 8, 6294:January 19, 5958:: 415–430. 5765:: 170–176. 5668:Psychol Med 4764:: 184–190. 4664:Neurol Clin 4529:J R Soc Med 4324:: 261–268. 3925:Pediatr Rev 3564:Mov. Disord 3332:(1): 3–29. 3290:: 191–196. 3049:(1): 3–19. 2670:: 117–124. 2560:: 106–113. 2065:psychogenic 1984:psychiatric 1939:Leo Tolstoy 1825:non-genetic 1803:haloperidol 1788:psychogenic 1765:Salpêtrière 1565:haloperidol 1557:risperidone 1511:acupuncture 1458:haloperidol 1449:risperidone 1389:biofeedback 1226:personality 1130:psychogenic 1047:dyskinesias 920:H3 receptor 507:), such as 471:copropraxia 448:involuntary 444:unvoluntary 269:dysfunction 254:neurologist 237:(ADHD) and 98:Usual onset 39:Other names 11069:Categories 11052:Encopresis 11030:Cluttering 11025:Stuttering 10745:Tim Howard 10668:Tourettism 10638:Palipraxia 10628:Echopraxia 10608:Coprolalia 10587:Management 10515:DiseasesDB 10264:Leckman JF 10189:Leckman JF 10144:Jankovic J 9919:US media: 9758:(Review). 9336:The Keeper 9330:"Reviews: 9240:(Review). 9164:(Review). 9162:Adv Neurol 8996:August 10, 8810:: 385–407. 8763:(Review). 8744:August 10, 8513:, p. 8470:(Review). 8363:(Review). 8238:Pediatrics 8193:(Review). 8015:(Review). 7963:(Review). 7808:(Review). 7662:(Review). 7660:Adv Neurol 7617:(Review). 7553:(Review). 7374:(Review). 7337:(Review). 7284:(Review). 7215:(Review). 6975:: 101335. 6971:(Review). 6928:(Review). 6823:J Clin Med 6776:(Review). 6724:(Review). 6668:(Review). 6597:(Review). 6525:(Review). 6523:Adv Neurol 6241:(Review). 6164:(Review). 6105:(Review). 6001:(Review). 5954:(Review). 5909:(Review). 5862:(Review). 5819:(Review). 5761:(Review). 5522:(2): 853. 5518:(Review). 5464:(Review). 5462:AIMS Genet 5417:(Review). 5390:(Review). 5288:(Review). 5224:(Review). 5174:(Review). 5121:(Review). 5119:Adv Neurol 5071:(Review). 4952:(Review). 4905:: 929526. 4870:(Review). 4868:Adv Neurol 4812:(8): 106. 4808:(Review). 4758:Adv Neurol 4666:(Review). 4641:(Review). 4589:(Review). 4383:(Review). 4320:(Review). 4268:(Review). 4237:(Review). 4202:(Review). 4164:(Review). 4098:: 89–101. 4094:(Review). 4092:Adv Neurol 4071:, p. 3980:Pediatrics 3927:(Review). 3881:Adv Neurol 3831:(Review). 3753:August 10, 3674:(Review). 3622:(Review). 3479:CNS Spectr 3447:(Review). 3445:Adv Neurol 3401:2299/19887 3380:(Review). 3328:(Review). 3286:(Review). 3284:Adv Neurol 2915:(Review). 2718:(Review). 2666:(Review). 2556:(Review). 2496:(Review). 2119:References 2110:expression 2061:hysterical 1917:coprolalic 1884:Tim Howard 1695:prevalence 1607:Tim Howard 1561:quetiapine 1553:olanzapine 1445:guanfacine 1395:Medication 1368:(HRT) and 1354:Behavioral 1309:depression 1297:behavioral 1257:Management 1253:has ADHD. 1152:idiopathic 1110:stimulants 1027:tourettism 1000:tourettism 818:The exact 776:Autoimmune 521:prevalence 483:palipraxia 479:echopraxia 459:coprolalia 337:pharyngeal 215:coprolalia 183:Tourette's 133:Medication 80:psychiatry 72:Pediatrics 10633:Palilalia 10618:Echolalia 10389:177963554 9856:CiteSeerX 9352:March 21, 8408:Neurology 8337:March 21, 8173:224905452 8157:0213-4853 8101:226513843 7942:238254975 7746:243866351 7213:Neurology 7075:226212092 7047:Encephale 6997:219467176 6750:198984465 6623:202761321 6595:Neurology 6529:: 61–68. 5913:: 74–84. 5866:: 36–40. 5823:: 85–90. 5800:March 18, 5625:: 51–65. 5125:: 17–21. 4956:(1): 59. 4874:: 22–38. 4806:Brain Sci 4629:See also 4422:April 22, 4346:236921688 3825:Also see 3451:: 15–29. 3206:See also 3200:August 7, 3101:March 28, 2779:March 24, 2744:205823966 2494:Neurology 2397:1366-5278 2180:235781456 1837:DSM-IV-TR 1642:prognosis 1629:life span 1598:Prognosis 1592:Clonidine 1588:breastfed 1539:Pregnancy 1441:clonidine 1410:Clonidine 1284:in 2019. 1250:cognitive 1043:myoclonus 1039:dystonias 1011:allergies 927:Diagnosis 916:Histamine 820:mechanism 798:Mechanism 790:with TS. 762:premature 719:mutations 467:palilalia 463:echolalia 452:voluntary 333:laryngeal 159:Frequency 150:Prognosis 109:Long term 76:neurology 67:Specialty 11047:Enuresis 10813:75 Watts 10406:template 10381:15353772 10195:(1999). 10193:Cohen DJ 10140:Cohen DJ 10099:29325623 10058:26342334 10050:16131414 9886:21648806 9878:22821136 9833:39288755 9825:24534035 9784:27902880 9776:22752692 9696:17940168 9646:17495512 9607:Mozart: 9592:Archived 9523:26019411 9472:25684294 9370:Archived 9199:Archived 9174:16536367 9139:11619589 9055:June 17, 9046:Archived 9042:24487352 8959:19913650 8855:Archived 8851:44541188 8843:17214432 8789:27325780 8781:12443611 8704:June 11, 8648:Minn Med 8569:19687202 8498:26880181 8428:14557563 8393:29593638 8297:Archived 8270:June 17, 8264:Archived 8260:10742343 8219:41160705 8211:20437535 8165:32980194 8093:32768090 8041:27527571 8033:24151214 7987:Archived 7983:22699684 7934:34605960 7885:31672337 7836:29755921 7738:34757514 7672:16536371 7645:19913654 7581:29185535 7469:34313861 7401:11077021 7357:10686169 7312:15640424 7243:31061208 7183:32641910 7129:35107785 7067:32014239 6989:32554211 6954:20181150 6946:15721825 6906:36505669 6855:36362696 6804:29868890 6742:31356296 6696:25667816 6636:April 3, 6627:Archived 6615:31551261 6535:16536352 6495:10868783 6453:15867978 6404:35967969 6285:Archived 6251:10221310 6192:16554257 6123:20533370 6065:Archived 6029:28071825 5980:40024812 5972:27363923 5937:26275849 5888:23588346 5880:27773554 5845:20574808 5837:26282120 5791:Archived 5779:29559228 5706:26353939 5698:28651666 5649:40827012 5641:29309797 5600:30996598 5548:33467014 5492:31435502 5443:10515751 5435:23333760 5373:30818990 5324:52934981 5316:30294996 5250:51966823 5242:30098800 5200:22929403 5192:26827109 5131:16536349 5097:44775472 5089:16970871 5031:28647013 4982:29225671 4931:35966462 4880:16536350 4838:28820427 4770:16536365 4738:25671412 4651:12087644 4617:21386676 4472:17495512 4413:Archived 4409:38518566 4401:28150698 4338:34364945 4298:27158458 4266:F1000Res 4247:18350763 4220:22759682 4182:18940377 4144:21378617 4104:11530449 4063:29325623 4008:24743670 3945:11077021 3893:16536348 3887:: 1–16. 3857:20181150 3849:15721825 3821:21496613 3702:23248712 3640:17667475 3584:14673893 3499:18496480 3457:11530424 3410:29268618 3356:27783238 3296:16536366 3211:Archived 3194:Archived 3192:. 2010. 3172:34557874 3095:Archived 3073:30600616 2941:13654194 2933:28915150 2847:29325623 2736:29219631 2692:73486351 2684:30773283 2628:32903695 2574:25453712 2524:31061209 2464:34661764 2369:Archived 2281:Archived 2277:29636375 2172:34244849 2048:DSM-5-TR 1821:interact 1769:hysteria 1747:(1887), 1577:placenta 1507:cannabis 1426:atypical 1242:migraine 918:and the 910:dopamine 886:language 874:circuits 864:striatum 828:thalamus 824:cortical 812:thalamus 758:cannabis 737:genes). 717:genetic 562:comorbid 384:subtypes 370:(ADHD), 321:spectrum 211:syndrome 200:spectrum 106:Duration 87:Symptoms 10876:Quit It 10582:History 10509:D005879 10408:below ( 10361:Science 9739:1286364 9730:1884721 9687:2117611 9572:1286388 9563:1884718 9514:4445189 9437:8046726 9428:1294650 9260:8138517 9147:2009337 9078:Interne 8980:: 1–16. 8660:4514275 8561:9298805 8489:4990617 8436:7815576 8384:5854651 8367:: 139. 7925:8940783 7876:6949116 7827:5932093 7785:May 20, 7729:8940878 7636:3974606 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Some 1422:typical 1218:anxiety 1125:YouTube 1066:seizure 1035:choreas 988:cocaine 872:(CSTC) 862:in the 860:neurons 754:alcohol 750:tobacco 734:CNTNAP2 724:SLITRK1 388:genetic 265:genetic 10827:Hichki 10723:People 10643:PANDAS 10498:137580 10487:307.23 10425:Curlie 10411:Curlie 10387: 10379: 10348: 10320: 10301: 10282: 10222: 10203: 10177: 10154: 10128: 10097: 10087: 10056: 10048: 10002:Spiked 9884: 9876: 9858: 9831: 9823: 9782: 9774: 9737: 9727: 9694: 9684: 9644: 9634: 9589:Review 9584: 9570: 9560: 9521: 9511: 9470: 9435: 9425: 9258: 9172: 9145: 9137: 9040: 8957: 8849: 8841: 8787: 8779: 8761:Lancet 8658: 8567: 8559: 8496: 8486: 8434: 8426: 8391: 8381: 8258: 8217: 8209: 8171: 8163: 8155: 8099: 8091: 8081: 8039: 8031: 7981: 7940: 7932: 7922: 7883: 7873: 7834: 7824: 7744: 7736: 7726: 7670: 7643: 7633: 7579: 7569: 7467: 7457: 7399: 7382: 7355: 7310: 7300: 7241: 7231: 7181: 7171: 7127: 7117: 7073: 7065: 7030: 6995: 6987: 6952: 6944: 6904: 6894: 6853: 6843: 6802: 6792: 6748: 6740: 6694: 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