871:. As of March 2022, there are over 900 randomized trials of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and 60 mediational studies of the ACT literature. ACT has been included in over 275 meta-analyses and systematic reviews. As the result of multiple randomized trials of ACT by the World Health Organization, WHO now distribute ACT-based self-help for "anyone who experiences stress, wherever they live, and whatever their circumstances." As of March 2022, a number of different organizations have stated that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is empirically supported in certain areas or as a whole according to their standards. These include: American Psychological Association, Society of Clinical Psychology (Div. 12), The World Health Organization, The United Kingdom National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), Australian Psychological Society, Netherlands Institute of Psychologists: Sections of Neuropsychology and Rehabilitation, Sweden Association of Physiotherapists, SAMHSA's National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices, California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse for Child Welfare, and the U.S. Veterans Affairs/DoD.
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change and the rewards and punishments that go along with that behaviour. In order for a contingency contract to be official it needs to have five elements. First it must state what each person will get if they successfully complete the desired behaviour. Secondly those people involved have to monitor the behaviours. Third, if the desired behaviour is not being performed in the way that was agreed upon in the contract the punishments that were defined in the contract must be done. Fourth if the persons involved are complying with the contract they must receive bonuses. The last element involves documenting the compliance and noncompliance while using this treatment in order to give the persons involved consistent feedback about the target behaviour and the provision of reinforcers.
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are mainly used in institutional and therapeutic settings. In order for a token economy to be effective there must be consistency in administering the program by the entire staff. Procedures must be clearly defined so that there is no confusion among the clients. Instead of looking for ways to punish the patients or to deny them of rewards, the staff has to reinforce the positive behaviours so that the clients will increase the occurrence of the desired behaviour. Over time the tokens need to be replaced with less tangible rewards such as compliments so that the client will be prepared when they leave the institution and won't expect to get something every time they perform a desired behaviour.
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reduce the attractiveness of certain behaviours and the stimuli that elicit them. The punishment side of aversion therapy is when an aversive stimulus is presented at the same time that a negative stimulus and then they are stopped at the same time when a positive stimulus or response is presented. Examples of the type of negative stimulus or punishment that can be used is shock therapy treatments, aversive drug treatments as well as response cost contingent punishment which involves taking away a reward.
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situations and their perceived powerlessness to change that situation that adds to the hopelessness. For a person with suicidal ideation, it is important to start with small steps. Because that person may perceive everything as being a big step, the smaller you start the easier it will be for the person to master each step. This technique has also been applied to people dealing with agoraphobia, or fear of being in public places or doing something embarrassing.
374:. Classical conditioning happens when a neutral stimulus comes right before another stimulus that triggers a reflexive response. The idea is that if the neutral stimulus and whatever other stimulus that triggers a response is paired together often enough that the neutral stimulus will produce the reflexive response. Operant conditioning has to do with rewards and punishments and how they can either increase or decrease certain behaviours.
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involves not only the cues of the "model person" as well as the situations of a certain behaviour that way the relationship can be seen between the appropriateness of a certain behaviour and situation in which that behaviour occurs is demonstrated. With the behavioural rehearsal and homework treatment a client gets a desired behaviour during a therapy session and then they practice and record that behaviour between their sessions.
342:. In some areas the cognitive component had an additive effect (for example, evidence suggests that cognitive interventions improve the result of social phobia treatment.) but in other areas it did not enhance the treatment, which led to the pursuit of third generation behaviour therapies. Third generation behaviour therapy uses basic principles of operant and respondent psychology but couples them with functional analysis and a
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for any maladaptive responses that the client may have. By having this baseline, as therapy continues this same measure can be used to check a client's progress, which can help determine if the therapy is working. Behaviour therapists do not typically ask the why questions but tend to be more focused on the how, when, where and what questions. Tests such as the
Rorschach inkblot test or personality tests like the MMPI (
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time that this became a feature of human life there must have been occasions when a man complained of his ills to another who advised or persuaded him of a course of action. In a broad sense, this could be called behavior therapy whenever the behavior itself was conceived as the therapeutic agent. Ancient writings contain innumerable behavioral prescriptions that accord with this broad conception of behavior therapy.
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considered. These "person variables" come from a person's social learning history and they affect the way in which the environment affects that person's behaviour. An example of a person variable would be behavioural competence. Behavioural competence looks at whether a person has the appropriate skills and behaviours that are necessary when performing a specific response to a certain situation or stimuli.
223:'s research group. The experimental tradition in clinical psychology used it to refer to psycho-therapeutic techniques derived from empirical research. It has since come to refer mainly to techniques for increasing adaptive behaviour through reinforcement and decreasing maladaptive behaviour through extinction or punishment (with emphasis on the former). Two related terms are behaviour therapy and
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therapeutic effectiveness is to use positive reinforcement or operant conditioning. Although behaviour therapy is based on the general learning model, it can be applied in a lot of different treatment packages that can be specifically developed to deal with problematic behaviours. Some of the more well known types of treatments are: Relaxation training,
412:. Functional analytic psychotherapy is a longer duration behaviour therapy. Functional analytic therapy focuses on in-session use of reinforcement and is primarily a relationally-based therapy. As with most of the behavioural psychotherapies, functional analytic psychotherapy is contextual in its origins and nature. and draws heavily on
926:(formerly the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy) is for those with a more cognitive orientation. The ABCT also has an interest group in behaviour analysis, which focuses on clinical behaviour analysis. In addition, the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies has a special interest group on addictions.
765:(VRT) has shown to be effective for a fear of heights. It has also been shown to help with the treatment of a variety of anxiety disorders. Due to the costs associated with VRT in 2007, therapists were still awaiting results of controlled trials investigating VRT, to assess which applications demonstrate the best results.
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Response costs has been shown to work in suppressing a variety of behaviours such as smoking, overeating or stuttering with a diverse group of clinical populations ranging from sociopaths to school children. These behaviours that have been suppressed using this technique often do not recover when the
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Exposure and prevention procedure techniques can be used to treat people who have anxiety problems as well as any fears or phobias. These procedures have also been used to help people dealing with any anger issues as well as pathological grievers (people who have distressing thoughts about a deceased
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has been used in dealing with fears and phobias. Fears are thought to develop through observational learning, and so positive modelling, when a person's behaviour is imitated, can used to counter these effects. In a systematic review of 1,677 papers, positive modelling was found to lower fear levels.
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Token economies is a behaviour therapy technique where clients are reinforced with tokens that are considered a type of currency that can be used to purchase desired rewards, like being able to watch television or getting a snack that they want when they perform designated behaviours. Token economies
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Another technique of behaviour therapy involves holding a client or patient accountable of their behaviours in an effort to change them. This is called a contingency contract, which is a formal written contract between two or more people that defines the specific expected behaviours that you wish to
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Relaxation training involves clients learning to lower arousal to reduce their stress by tensing and releasing certain muscle groups throughout their body. Systematic desensitization is a treatment in which the client slowly substitutes a new learned response for a maladaptive response by moving up a
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Most behaviour therapists use objective assessment methods like structured interviews, objective psychological tests or different behavioural rating forms. These types of assessments are used so that the behaviour therapist can determine exactly what a client's problem may be and establish a baseline
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Behaviour therapists complete a functional analysis or a functional assessment that looks at four important areas: stimulus, organism, response and consequences. The stimulus is the condition or environmental trigger that causes behaviour. An organism involves the internal responses of a person, like
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The behavioural approach to therapy assumes that behaviour that is associated with psychological problems develops through the same processes of learning that affects the development of other behaviours. Therefore, behaviourists see personality problems in the way that personality was developed. They
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While the modern behavior therapist deliberately applies principles of learning to this therapeutic operations, empirical behavior therapy is probably as old as civilization – if we consider civilization as having started when man first did things to further the well-being of other men. From the
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is based on a functional analysis of the therapeutic relationship. It places a greater emphasis on the therapeutic context and returns to the use of in-session reinforcement. In general, 40 years of research supports the idea that in-session reinforcement of behaviour can lead to behavioural change.
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For those with suicidal ideation, treatment depends on how severe the person's depression and sense of hopelessness is. If these things are severe, the person's response to completing small steps will not be of importance to them, because they don't consider the success an accomplishment. Generally,
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Shaping and graded task assignments are used when behaviour that needs to be learned is complex. The complex behaviours that need to be learned are broken down into simpler steps where the person can achieve small things gradually building up to the more complex behaviour. Each step approximates the
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of situations involving fear. Systematic desensitization is based in part on counter conditioning. Counter conditioning is learning new ways to change one response for another and in the case of desensitization it is substituting that maladaptive behaviour for a more relaxing behaviour. Exposure and
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When making a behavioural assessment the behaviour therapist wants to answer two questions: (1) what are the different factors (environmental or psychological) that are maintaining the maladaptive behaviour and (2) what type of behaviour therapy or technique that can help the individual improve most
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Two large studies done by the
Faculty of Health Sciences at Simon Fraser University indicate that both behaviour therapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) are equally effective for OCD. CBT is typically considered the "first-line" treatment for OCD. CBT has also been shown to perform slightly
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Functional analysis has even been applied to problems that therapists commonly encounter like client resistance, partially engaged clients and involuntary clients. Applications to these problems have left clinicians with considerable tools for enhancing therapeutic effectiveness. One way to enhance
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In general, behaviour therapy is seen as having three distinct points of origin: South Africa (Wolpe's group), the United States (Skinner), and the United
Kingdom (Rachman and Eysenck). Each had its own distinct approach to viewing behaviour problems. Eysenck in particular viewed behaviour problems
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Another characteristic of applied behaviour analysis is how it (behaviour analysis) goes about evaluating treatment effects. The individual subject is where the focus of study is on, the investigation is centred on the one individual being treated. A third characteristic is that it focuses on what
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and punishment is a technique in which an aversive (painful or unpleasant) stimulus is used to decrease unwanted behaviours from occurring. It is concerned with two procedures: 1) the procedures are used to decrease the likelihood of the frequency of a certain behaviour and 2) procedures that will
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Closely related to token economies is a technique called response costs. This technique can either be used with or without token economies. Response costs is the punishment side of token economies where there is a loss of a reward or privilege after someone performs an undesirable behaviour. Like
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Behaviour therapy can be applied to a number of mental disorders and in many cases is more effective for specific disorders as compared to others. Behaviour therapy techniques can be used to deal with any phobias that a person may have. Desensitization has also been successfully applied to other
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Behaviour therapy based its core interventions on functional analysis. Just a few of the many problems that behaviour therapy have functionally analyzed include intimacy in couples relationships, forgiveness in couples, chronic pain, stress-related behaviour problems of being an adult child of a
231:. While behaviour modification and applied behaviour analysis typically uses interventions based on the same behavioural principles, many behaviour modifiers who are not applied behaviour analysts tend to use packages of interventions and do not conduct functional assessments before intervening.
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Token economies are used in controlled environments and are found mostly in psychiatric hospitals. They can be used to help patients with different mental illnesses but it doesn't focus on the treatment of the mental illness but instead on the behavioural aspects of a patient. The response cost
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developed from dissatisfaction with traditional behavioural couples therapy. Integrative behavioural couples therapy looks to
Skinner (1966) for the difference between contingency-shaped and rule-governed behaviour. It couples this analysis with a thorough functional assessment of the couple's
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emerged from a component analysis of cognitive behaviour therapy. Researchers hope to prove that it can be complete treatment in its own right. Behavioural activation is based on a matching model of reinforcement. A recent review of the research, supports the notion that the use of behavioural
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Applied behaviour analysis is using behavioural methods to modify certain behaviours that are seen as being important socially or personally. There are four main characteristics of applied behaviour analysis. First behaviour analysis is focused mainly on overt behaviours in an applied setting.
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When using modelling procedures this technique is often compared to another behavioural therapy technique. When compared to desensitization, the modelling technique does appear to be less effective. However it is clear that the greater the interaction between the patient and the subject he is
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Virtual reality therapy provides realistic, computer-based simulations of troublesome situations. The modelling process involves a person being subjected to watching other individuals who demonstrate behaviour that is considered adaptive and that should be adopted by the client. This exposure
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There has been a development towards combining techniques to treat psychiatric disorders. Cognitive interventions are used to enhance the effects of more established behavioural interventions based on operant and classical conditioning. An increased effort has also been placed to address the
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Shaping and graded task assignments has been used in dealing with suicide and depressed or inhibited individuals. This is used when a patient feel hopeless and they have no way of changing their lives. This hopelessness involves how the person reacts and responds to someone else and certain
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Behavioural assessment specifically attempts to find out what the environmental and self-imposed variables are. These variables are the things that are allowing a person to maintain their maladaptive feelings, thoughts and behaviours. In a behavioural assessment "person variables" are also
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While undergoing exposure therapy, a person typically needs five sessions to assess the treatment's effectiveness. After five sessions, exposure treatment has been shown to provide benefit to the patient. However, it is still recommended treatment continue beyond the initial five sessions.
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Systematic desensitization has been shown to successfully treat phobias about heights, driving, insects as well as any anxiety that a person may have. Anxiety can include social anxiety, anxiety about public speaking as well as test anxiety. It has been shown that the use of systematic
447:) are not commonly used for behavioural assessment because they are based on personality trait theory assuming that a person's answer to these methods can predict behaviour. Behaviour assessment is more focused on the observations of a person's behaviour in their natural environment.
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Cautilli, J.; Tillman, T.C.; Axelrod, S.; Dziewolska, H. & Hineline, P. (2006). Resistance Is Not Futile: An experimental analogue of the effects of consultee "resistance" on the consultant's therapeutic behavior in the consultation process: A replication and extension.
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Bechdolf, A., Knost, B., Kuntermann, C., Schiller, S., Klosterkotter, J., Hambrecht, M., & Pukrop, R. (2004). A randomized comparison of group cognitive-behavioural therapy and group psychoeducation in patients with schizophrenia. Acta
Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110,
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effectively. The first question involves looking at all aspects of a person, which can be summed up by the acronym BASIC ID. This acronym stands for behaviour, affective responses, sensory reactions, imagery, cognitive processes, interpersonal relationships and drug use.
286:, which developed a particular type of graphing program called the standard celeration chart to monitor the progress of clients. Skinner became interested in the individualising of programs for improved learning in those with or without disabilities and worked with
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Virtual reality therapy deals with fear of heights, fear of flying, and a variety of other anxiety disorders. VRT has also been applied to help people with substance abuse problems reduce their responsiveness to certain cues that trigger their need to use drugs.
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By nature, behavioural therapies are empirical (data-driven), contextual (focused on the environment and context), functional (interested in the effect or consequence a behaviour ultimately has), probabilistic (viewing behaviour as statistically predictable),
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Cognitive-behavioural therapy views cognition and emotions as preceding overt behaviour and implements treatment plans in psychotherapy to lessen the issue by managing competing thoughts and emotions, often in conjunction with behavioural learning principles.
400:. Behavioral psychotherapy has become increasingly contextual in recent years. Behavioral psychotherapy has developed greater interest in recent years in personality disorders as well as a greater focus on acceptance and complex case conceptualizations.
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the environment does to cause significant behaviour changes. Finally the last characteristic of applied behaviour analysis is the use of those techniques that stem from operant and classical conditioning such as providing reinforcement, punishment,
346:/case conceptualisation of verbal behaviour more inline with view of the behaviour analysts. Some research supports these therapies as being more effective in some cases than cognitive therapy, but overall the question is still in need of answers.
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remains relatively stable. While the concept had its share of advocates and critics in the west, its introduction in the Asian setting, particularly in India in the early 1970s and its grand success were testament to the famous Indian psychologist
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Contingency contracts have been seen to be effective in changing any undesired behaviours of individuals. It has been seen to be effective in treating behaviour problems in delinquents regardless of the specific characteristics of the contract.
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physiological responses, emotions and cognition. A response is the behaviour that a person exhibits and the consequences are the result of the behaviour. These four things are incorporated into an assessment done by the behaviour therapist.
227:. Since techniques derived from behavioural psychology tend to be the most effective in altering behaviour, most practitioners consider behaviour modification along with behaviour therapy and applied behaviour analysis to be founded in
115:. They tend to look for treatment outcomes that are objectively measurable. Behaviour therapy does not involve one specific method, but it has a wide range of techniques that can be used to treat a person's psychological problems.
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A 2013 Cochrane review comparing behaviour therapies to psychological therapies found them to be equally effective, although at the time the evidence base that evaluates the benefits and harms of behaviour therapies was weak.
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Clark, David M.; Ehlers, A.; Hackmann, A.; McManus, F.; Fennell, M.; Grey, N.; Waddington, L.; Wild, J. (June 2006). "Cognitive therapy versus exposure and applied relaxation in social phobia: A randomized controlled trial".
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Klein, R.A. (1999). Treating fear of flying with virtual reality exposure therapy. In L. Vandercreek & T.L. Jackson (Eds.), Innovations in clinical practice: A sourcebook, (Vol. 17). Sarasota, Fl: Professional
Resource
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Kramer, Geoffrey P., Douglas A. Bernstein, and Vicky Phares. "Behavioral and
Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapies." Introduction to Clinical Psychology. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009. 269-300.
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Token economies have been shown to be effective when treating patients in psychiatric wards who had chronic schizophrenia. The results showed that the contingent tokens were controlling the behaviour of the patients.
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Recent efforts in behavioural psychotherapy have focused on the supervision process. A key point of behavioural models of supervision is that the supervisory process parallels the behavioural psychotherapy provided.
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eventual goal and helps the person to expand their activities in a gradual way. This behaviour is used when a person feels that something in their lives can not be changed and life's tasks appear to be overwhelming.
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Other authors object to the term "third generation" or "third wave" and incorporate many of the "third wave" therapeutic techniques under the general umbrella term of modern cognitive behavioural therapies.
250:. The paper talked about operant conditioning and how it could be used to help improve the functioning of people who were diagnosed with chronic schizophrenia. Early pioneers in behaviour therapy include
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Gregory C. Murphy & Neville J. King (2007). Clinical data illustrating the need for greater involvement of behaviourally-oriented psychologists in the design and delivery of rehabilitation services.
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issues such as dealing with anger, if a person has trouble sleeping and certain speech disorders. Desensitization does not occur over night, there is a process of treatment. Desensitization is done on a
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is another professional organisation. ACBS is home to many clinicians with specific interest in third generation behaviour therapy. Doctoral-level behaviour analysts who are psychologists belong to
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Kanter, J.W.; Cautilli, J.D.; Busch, A.M. & Baruch, D.E. (2005). Toward a
Comprehensive Functional Analysis of Depressive Behavior: Five Environmental Factors and a Possible Sixth and Seventh.
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Nelson, R.O., & Hayes, S.C. (1986). The nature of behavioural assessment. In R.O. Nelson & S.C. Hayes (Eds.) Conceptual foundations of behavioural assessment (pp. 3-41). New York: Guilford.
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Behavioural therapy develops, adds and provides behavioural intervention strategies and programs for clients, and training to people who care to facilitate successful lives in various communities.
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in those without severe depression or fear, this technique has been successful, as completion of simpler activities builds their confidences and allows them to progress to more complex situations.
156:(ABA) is the application of behaviour analysis that focuses on functionally assessing how behaviour is influenced by the observable learning environment and how to change such behaviour through
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Some other techniques that have been used in behaviour therapy are contingency contracting, response costs, token economies, biofeedback, and using shaping and grading task assignments.
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do not look at behaviour disorders as something a person has, but consider that it reflects how learning has influenced certain people to behave in a certain way in certain situations.
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and happens over a number of sessions. The hierarchy goes from situations that make a person less anxious or nervous up to things that are considered to be extreme for the patient.
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Shinohara, Kiyomi; Honyashiki, Mina; Imai, Hissei; Hunot, Vivien; Caldwell, Deborah M.; Davies, Philippa; Moore, Theresa H. M.; Furukawa, Toshi A.; Churchill, Rachel (2013-10-16).
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Krijin, M., Emmelkamp, P.M.G., Olafsson, R.P., & Biemond, R. (2004). Virtual reality exposure therapy of anxiety disorders: A review. Clinical
Psychology Review, 24, 259-281.
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and response prevention) is the general technique in which a therapist exposes an individual to anxiety-provoking stimuli while keeping them from having any avoidance responses.
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Functional analytic psychotherapy has a strong research support. Recent functional analytic psychotherapy research efforts are focusing on management of aggressive inpatients.
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Lloyd, Kenneth E., and Warren K. Garlington. "Weekly
Variations in Performance on a Token Economy Psychiatric Ward." Behaviour Research and Therapy 6.4 (1968): 407-10. Print.
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A review study published in 2008, concluded that at the time, third-generation behavioral psychotherapies did not meet the criteria for empirically supported treatments.
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as "the third-generation" of behavioural therapy. Under this classification, the first generation of behavioural therapy is that independently developed in the 1950s by
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punishment contingency is withdrawn. Also undesirable side effects that are usually seen with punishment are not typically found when using the response cost technique.
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Bernstein, D.A., Borkovec, T.D., & Hazlette-Stevens, H. (2000). Progressive relaxation training: A manual for the helping professions (2nd ed.). New York: Praeger.
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Antony, M.M., & Roemer, E. (2003). Behaviour therapy. In A.S. Gurman & S.B. Messer (Eds.), Essential psychotherapies (2nd ed., pp. 182-223). New York: Guilford.
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Stuart, Richard B., and Leroy A. Lott, Jr. "Behavior Contracting with Delinquents." Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 3 (1972): 161-69. Print
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This "third wave" of behavioural therapy has sometimes been called clinical behaviour analysis because it has been claimed that it represents a movement away from
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Cautilli, J.D.; Riley-Tillman, T.C.; Axelrod, S. & Hineline, P. (2005). Current Behavioral Models of Client and Consultee Resistance: A Critical Review.
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1997:
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Agras, W. Stewart., Alan E. Kazdin, and G. Terence Wilson. Behavior Therapy: Toward an Applied Clinical Science. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1979. Print.
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Behavioural therapy based on operant and respondent principles has considerable evidence base to support its usage. This approach remains a vital area of
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Spates, C.R.; Pagoto, S. & Kalata, A. (2006). A Qualitative And Quantitative Review of Behavioral Activation Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder.
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Schnieder, B.H. & Bryne, B.M. (1985). Children's social skills training: A meta-analysis. In B.H. Schneider, K. Rubin, & J.E. Ledingham (Eds.)
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Contingency contracting has been used to effectively deal with behaviour problems in delinquents and when dealing with on task behaviours in students.
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Lindsley, O.; Skinner, B.F.; Solomon, H.C. (1953). Studies in behavior therapy (Status Report I) (Report). Walthama, MA.: Metropolitan State Hospital.
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Cullen, J.M.; Spates, C.R; Pagoto, S. & Doran, N. (2006). Behavioral Activation Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Pilot Investigation.
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Walser, R.D. & Westrup, D. (2006). Supervising Trainees in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
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Holmes, Dykstra Williamns, Diwan, & River, (2003) Functional Analytic Rehabilitation: A Contextual Behavioral Approach to Chronic Distress.
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Cautilli, J.T.; Riley-Tillman, C.; Axelrod S. & Hineline, P. (2005). The Role of Verbal Conditioning in Third Generation Behavior Therapy.
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Christensen, A.; Jacobson, N.S. & Babcock, J.C. (1995). Integrative behavioral couples therapy. In N.S. Jacobson & A.S. Gurman (Eds.)
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Precursors of certain fundamental aspects of behaviour therapy have been identified in various ancient philosophical traditions, particularly
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2291:"Predictors of response to cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a systematic review"
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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) may be the most well-researched of all the third-generation behaviour therapy models. It is based on
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Considerable policy implications have been inspired by behavioural views of various forms of psychopathology. One form of behaviour therapy (
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Considerable policy implications have been inspired by behavioural views of various forms of psychopathology. One form of behaviour therapy,
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Functional analytic psychotherapy holds to a process model of research, which makes it unique compared to traditional behaviour therapy and
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Price, M., & Anderson, P. (2007). The role of presence in virtual reality exposure therapy. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 724-751.
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Jacobson, N.S.; Martell, C.R. & Dimidjian, S. (2001). Behavioral activation treatment for depression: Returning to contextual roots.
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Kazdin, Alan E. "Response Cost: The Removal of Conditioned Reinforcers for Therapeutic Change." Behavior Therapy 3.4 (1972): 533-46. Web.
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Hayes, S. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies.
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Freeman, Arthur. "Treatment of Suicidal Behavior." Comprehensive Handbook of Cognitive Therapy. New York: Plenum, 1989. Pg. 341. Print.
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relationship. Recent efforts have used radical behavioural concepts to interpret a number of clinical phenomena including forgiveness.
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as an interplay between personality characteristics, environment, and behaviour. Skinner's group in the United States took more of an
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Wong, S.E. (2006). Behavior Analysis of Psychotic Disorders: Scientific Dead End or Casualty of the Mental Health Political Economy?
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Smith, J.E.; Milford, J.L & Meyers, R.J. (2004). CRA and CRAFT: Behavioral Approaches to Treating Substance-Abusing Individuals.
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technique has been used to successfully address a variety of behaviours such as smoking, overeating, stuttering, and psychotic talk.
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rehabilitation. Gerald Patterson used programme instruction to develop his parenting text for children with conduct problems. (see
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540:, coaching, and social cognitive techniques in that order. Social skills training has some empirical support particularly for
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Cordova, J.; Cautilli, J.D.; Simon, C. & Axelrod-sabag, R. (2006). Behavior Analysis of Forgiveness in Couples Therapy.
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makes frequent use of the term "modifying behavior". Through early research in the 1940s and the 1950s the term was used by
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National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (May 4, 2023).
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1506:"Personality, Personality "Theory" and Dissociative Identity Disorder: What Behavior Analysis Can Contribute and Clarify"
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Corrigan, P.W. & Holmes, E.P. (1994). Patient identification of "street skills" for a psychosocial training module.
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Block, J.A. & Wulfert, E. (2000) Acceptance or Change: Treating Socially Anxious College Students with ACT or CBGT.
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McDonald, Sarah; Melkonian, Maral; Karin, Eyal; Dear, Blake F; Titov, Nickolai; Wootton, Bethany M. (April 4, 2023).
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and respondent paradigm, in the second half of the 20th century, many therapists coupled behaviour therapy with the
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Treatments are developed as a way to alter the relationship between those overt behaviours and their consequences.
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Ruben, D.H. (2001). Treating Adult Children of Alcoholics: A behavioral approach. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
1363:Ă–st, L.-G. (2008). "Efficacy of the third wave of behavioral therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
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1655:"Clinical behavior analysis: Where it went wrong, how it was made good again, and why its future is so bright"
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desensitization is an effective technique that can be applied to a number of problems that a person may have.
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Lappalainen and Tuomisto (2005): Functional Analysis of Anorexia Nervosa: Applications to Clinical Practice.
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Since the 1980s, a series of new behavioral therapies have been developed. These have been later labeled by
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Currently, there is a greater call for behavioural psychologists to be involved in rehabilitation efforts.
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Augustson (2002). An Overview of Some Current Challenges within the Field of Clinical Behavior Analysis.
1179:
In A.J. Bachrach (Ed.), Experimental foundations of clinical psychology (pp. 3–25). New York: Basic Books
331:
616:
Aversive therapy techniques have been used to treat sexual deviations, as well as alcohol use disorder.
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Rothbaum, B.O. (2006). Virtual reality in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. CNS Spectrums, 11,34.
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Gifford, E. (2002) Socrates and the Dodo Bird: Clinical Behavior Analysis and Psychotherapy Research.
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667:
481:
153:
108:
99:, influences those behaviours, and consists of techniques based on behaviorism's theory of learning:
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1996:
Kyle, S. (2011). Brief Behavioural Treatment Improves Chronic Sleep Disturbance in Elderly Adults.
817:
417:
50:
2790:
1983:
Hopko, D.R.; Robertson, S. & Lejuez, C.W.(2006). Behavioral Activation for Anxiety Disorders.
266:
focus. The operant focus created a functional approach to assessment and interventions focused on
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3623:
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1208:
1110:
The Philosophy of Cognitive–Behavioural Therapy: Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy
868:
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127:
119:
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27:
Clinical psychotherapy that uses techniques derived from behaviourism and/or cognitive psychology
1240:
Goldfarb, R. (2006). Operant Conditioning and Programmed Instruction in Aphasia Rehabilitation.
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Possibly the first occurrence of the term "behavior therapy" was in a 1953 research project by
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131:
2746:
Blackledge, J.T. (2003). An Introduction to Relational Frame Theory: Basics and Applications.
1281:
903:
Many organisations exist for behaviour therapists around the world. In the United States, the
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2516:(Second ed.). Science Direct: Practical Resources for the Mental Health Professional.
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and treating the person as a unit), and relational (analysing bidirectional interactions).
821:
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529:
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104:
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1909:
Sanders, S.H. (2006). Behavioral Conceptualization and Treatment for Chronic Pain (2006).
1619:
Functional Analytic Psychotherapy: Creating Intense and Curative Therapeutic Relationships
919:'s Division 25 – behaviour analysis. APA offers a diploma in behavioural psychology.
836:(ACT), cognitive behavioural analysis system of psychotherapy (CBASP) (McCullough, 2000),
8:
3883:
3794:
3671:
3542:
1784:
Michael Daffern (2007). Assessing The Functions Of Aggression In Psychiatric Inpatients.
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token economies this technique is used mainly in institutional and therapeutic settings.
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143:
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2593:
Gorman, J.M. (2006). Virtual Reality: A real treatment option. CNS Spectrums, 11, 12-13.
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Modelling has been used in the treatment of fear of snakes as well as a fear of water.
603:
493:
335:
283:
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3187:
2989:
2820:"Meta-Analyses and Systematic, Scoping, or Narrative Reviews of the ACT Evidence Base"
2341:
1505:
95:. It looks at specific, learned behaviours and how the environment, or other people's
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2312:
2173:
Corrigan, P.W. (1997). Behavior therapy empowers persons with severe mental illness.
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519:
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247:
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161:
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Craighead, L.W.; Craighead, W.E. (1990). "Behavior therapy: recent developments".
464:
person with an alcohol use disorder, anorexia, chronic distress, substance abuse,
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3608:
3552:
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3160:
3112:
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3070:
1108:
790:
315:'s enduring commitment to the principles of behavioural therapy and biofeedback.
56:
2724:
An Introduction to Modern CBT. Psychological Solutions to Mental Health Problems
544:. However, with schizophrenia, behavioural programs have generally lost favour.
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1652:
1538:
Augustson, Erik M. (1999). "Issues of acceptance in chronic pain populations".
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1147:
Thorndike, E.L. (1911), "Provisional Laws of Acquired Behavior or Learning",
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271:
84:
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3603:
2464:
2316:
1854:
Cordova, J. (2003). Behavior Analysis and the Scientific Study of Couples.
1384:
1329:
1093:
1052:"Behavioural therapies versus other psychological therapies for depression"
980:
825:
802:
794:
371:
255:
251:
243:
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195:
3151:
66:
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528:
teaches clients skills to access reinforcers and lessen life punishment.
480:
techniques, social skills training, modelling, behavioural rehearsal and
363:
211:
The first use of the term behaviour modification appears to have been by
135:
88:
318:
While many behaviour therapists remain staunchly committed to the basic
4081:
3996:
3891:
806:
677:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
327:
1188:
4041:
3976:
3961:
3691:
1826:
1824:
1736:
1719:
1701:
Williams (2002). Constructing a Behavior Analytical Helping Process.
1673:
1591:
1574:
1551:
1524:
1481:
1464:
1440:
1423:
96:
1653:
Kohlenberg, R.J.; Bolling, M.Y.; Kanter, J.W.; Parker, C.R. (2002).
885:
activation is clinically important for the treatment of depression.
805:, while the second generation is the cognitive therapy developed by
536:
had the largest effect size for training social skills, followed by
3767:
3440:
3051:
Callaghan, G.M. Functional Analytic Psychotherapy and Supervision.
1009:
1007:
936:
191:
1821:
1465:"Contextual behavior therapies in the treatment of PTSD: A review"
3117:. Prentice-Hall series on social learning theory. Prentice-Hall.
2964:
1463:
Mulick, Patrick S.; Landes, Sara J.; Kanter, Jonathan W. (2005).
1135:
Behavior Therapy Techniques: A Guide to the Treatment of Neuroses
1019:
319:
295:
3386:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2162:
Children's Peer relations: Issues in assessment and intervention
1004:
2671:
2669:
2565:
2563:
1836:
1403:
1036:
1034:
2479:
2082:
828:, in particular functional analysis and behavioural models of
168:
or other interventions based on the same learning principles.
3090:
Boyle, S.W. (2006). "Knowledge and Skills for Intervention".
2225:
2072:
2070:
1867:
Stuart, R.B. (1998). Updating Behavior Therapy with Couples.
1796:
1794:
1424:"Evidence-based practice in psychology and behavior analysis"
3040:
International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy
3016:
Clinical Psychology: Evolving Theory, Practice, and Research
2666:
2560:
2548:
1579:
International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy
1469:
International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy
1391:
1199:
1049:
1031:
2654:
2258:
2256:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2106:
1720:"Can contextual therapies save clinical behavior analysis?"
594:) has been found to be highly effective for treating tics.
570:, has been found to be highly effective for treating tics.
2536:
2491:
2288:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2130:
2118:
2094:
2067:
1791:
1306:
755:
modelling the greater the effectiveness of the treatment.
2635:
2633:
2420:
2147:
2145:
2055:
107:. Behaviourists who practice these techniques are either
4213:
Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
2253:
2208:
3217:
2239:
118:
Behavioural psychotherapy is sometimes juxtaposed with
2952:
Contingencies of Reinforcement: A Theoretical Analysis
2647:
2645:
2630:
2142:
1808:
1806:
294:. Programmed instruction had some clinical success in
3255:
Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy
1421:
3265:
Community reinforcement approach and family training
2690:
2618:
403:
3134:
Behavior therapy: techniques and empirical findings
2642:
2601:
2599:
1803:
1255:
Families: A social learning approach to family life
1231:
Yates, A.J.(1970). Behavior Therapy. New York Wiley
1205:
Science and Practice of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
4218:Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
2365:
1730:(3). American Psychological Association: 254–258.
1648:
1646:
1612:
1610:
1475:(3). American Psychological Association: 223–238.
1462:
1434:(3). American Psychological Association: 335–350.
924:Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
522:and any other learning principles that may apply.
358:Behaviour therapy is based upon the principles of
3110:
2580:
2578:
1842:
1830:
1279:
1193:
1025:
1013:
408:One current form of behavioural psychotherapy is
217:Provisional Laws of Acquired Behavior or Learning
4250:
4208:Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy
2866:
2596:
1585:(1). American Psychological Association: 56–76.
1546:(1). American Psychological Association: 14–17.
1100:
581:
4223:Association for Behavior Analysis International
1892:
1890:
1817:(3rd ed.). New York: Pergamon. p. 13.
1713:
1711:
1643:
1607:
1182:
784:
380:programs are a direct product of research from
126:integrates aspects of both approaches, such as
3158:
2575:
1616:
1422:O'Donohue, William; Ferguson, Kyle E. (2006).
1409:
1397:
673:Please review the contents of the section and
497:response prevention techniques (also known as
3402:
3203:
3075:. General Psychology Series. Pergamon Press.
3068:
2965:"Association for Contextual Behavior Science"
2828:Association for Contextual Behavioral Science
2799:Association for Contextual Behavioral Science
2770:Association for Contextual Behavioral Science
2762:"ACT Randomized Controlled Trials since 1986"
2675:
2660:
2569:
2554:
2112:
1310:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
1106:
913:Association for Contextual Behavioral Science
2439:Krause, Litza; Askew, Chris (January 2022).
1887:
1708:
1160:
1158:
587:better at treating co-occurring depression.
3131:
3096:(1st ed.). Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.
2782:
2542:
2497:
2485:
2438:
2426:
2136:
2124:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2061:
1617:Kohlenberg, Robert J.; Tsai, Mavis (1991).
1056:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
991:Professional practice of behaviour analysis
860:. These approaches are squarely within the
445:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
282:is credited with forming a movement called
3409:
3395:
3210:
3196:
2721:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
3114:Behavior Therapy: Application and Outcome
3072:Dictionary of Behavior Therapy Techniques
2913:Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
2513:Functional Analysis in Clinical Treatment
2346:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
2306:
1735:
1590:
1537:
1480:
1439:
1280:Michael.J.Stevens, Danny Vedding (2004).
1169:, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
1155:
1146:
1083:
3013:
2811:
2164:(pp. 175–90). New York: Springer-Verlag.
458:
2849:"Doing What Matters in Times of Stress"
2295:Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
1717:
1349:
889:Integrative behavioural couples therapy
850:integrative behavioural couples therapy
14:
4251:
4228:European Association for Psychotherapy
3132:Rimm, David; Masters, John C. (1974).
1572:
1503:
1266:Perlmutter, M. & Hall, E. (1985).
1167:Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition
83:is a broad term referring to clinical
3390:
3191:
3159:Schaefer, H.H.; Martin, P.L. (1969).
3089:
2696:
2624:
2509:
2262:
1882:Clinical Handbook for Couples Therapy
1812:
1286:. Francis & Taylor. p. 227.
1164:
638:
166:clinical behaviour analysis therapies
3111:O'Leary, K.D.; Wilson, G.T. (1975).
2840:
2753:
1283:Handbook of International Psychology
642:
598:interpersonal context of behaviour.
573:
349:
3513:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
3346:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
3018:. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
2791:"ACT Studies with Mediational Data"
2726:. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
1362:
1133:Wolpe, J. & Lazarus, A. (1966)
907:'s Division 25 is the division for
24:
4233:Society for Psychotherapy Research
3461:Transference focused psychotherapy
3165:. Blakiston Division, McGraw-Hill.
3069:Bellack, A.S.; Hersen, M. (1985).
2522:10.1016/B978-0-12-805469-7.00017-6
1203:; Christopher G. Fairburn (1997).
929:
917:American Psychological Association
905:American Psychological Association
87:that uses techniques derived from
25:
4280:
3518:Rational emotive behavior therapy
3491:Functional analytic psychotherapy
3486:Acceptance and commitment therapy
3416:
3356:Rational emotive behavior therapy
3321:Functional analytic psychotherapy
3235:Acceptance and commitment therapy
3170:
2954:. New York: Meredith Corporation.
2872:
2846:
2188:Hospital and Community Psychiatry
1884:(pp. 31–64). New York: Guildford.
1151:, New York: The Macmillan Company
875:Functional analytic psychotherapy
846:functional analytic psychotherapy
834:acceptance and commitment therapy
468:, anxiety, insomnia and obesity.
410:functional analytic psychotherapy
404:Functional analytic psychotherapy
3294:Exposure and response prevention
3045:
3032:
3007:
2982:
2957:
2944:
2931:
2918:
2905:
2892:
2817:
2788:
2759:
2380:10.1097/00001504-199112000-00020
2010:Behavioral Control of overeating
1815:The Practice of Behavior Therapy
898:
864:tradition of behaviour therapy.
739:
647:
478:exposure and response prevention
387:
113:cognitive-behavioural therapists
4238:World Council for Psychotherapy
2740:
2715:
2702:
2681:
2609:
2587:
2510:Plaud, Joseph J. (2020). "17".
2503:
2432:
2394:
2359:
2333:
2323:
2282:
2268:
2193:
2180:
2167:
2154:
2046:
2033:
2019:
2002:
1990:
1977:
1964:
1951:
1938:
1925:
1916:
1903:
1874:
1861:
1848:
1778:
1765:
1752:
1695:
1566:
1531:
1497:
1456:
1415:
1336:
1300:
1273:
1260:
1247:
1234:
1225:
3093:Direct Practice in Social Work
2445:Behaviour Research and Therapy
2342:"Tourette Syndrome Treatments"
2014:Behaviour Research and Therapy
1365:Behaviour Research and Therapy
1173:
1140:
1127:
1068:10.1002/14651858.CD008696.pub2
1043:
675:add the appropriate references
13:
1:
3451:Mentalization-based treatment
2368:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
997:
842:dialectical behaviour therapy
582:Treatment of mental disorders
433:
425:cognitive behavioural therapy
124:cognitive behavioural therapy
3508:Dialectical behavior therapy
3498:Cognitive behavioral therapy
3316:Dialectical behavior therapy
3219:Cognitive behavioral therapy
3136:. New York: Academic Press.
2847:World, Health Organization.
476:, virtual reality exposure,
164:, which are used throughout
7:
3538:Emotionally focused therapy
3289:Direct therapeutic exposure
2875:"State of the ACT Evidence"
2475:– via Science Direct.
1621:. Boston, MA: Springer US.
1573:Farmer, Richard F. (2005).
1268:Adult development and aging
958:
949:
660:reliable medical references
340:cognitive behaviour therapy
10:
4285:
3809:Systematic desensitization
3738:Practitioner–scholar model
3481:Clinical behavior analysis
3309:Systematic desensitization
3304:Prolonged exposure therapy
3270:Compassion-focused therapy
3250:Cognitive analytic therapy
3062:
2969:www.contextualscience.org/
2939:The Behavior Analyst Today
2926:The Behavior Analyst Today
2900:The Behavior Analyst Today
2748:The Behavior Analyst Today
2457:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103992
2201:Behavior and Social Issues
1985:The Behavior Analyst Today
1972:The Behavior Analyst Today
1959:The Behavior Analyst Today
1946:The Behavior Analyst Today
1933:The Behavior Analyst Today
1911:The Behavior Analyst Today
1856:The Behavior Analyst Today
1786:The Behavior Analyst Today
1773:The Behavior Analyst Today
1760:The Behavior Analyst Today
1724:The Behavior Analyst Today
1718:Wulfert, Edelgard (2002).
1703:The Behavior Analyst Today
1662:The Behavior Analyst Today
1540:The Behavior Analyst Today
1513:The Behavior Analyst Today
1428:The Behavior Analyst Today
1410:Schaefer & Martin 1969
1398:Schaefer & Martin 1969
1377:10.1016/j.brat.2007.12.005
1344:The Behavior Analyst Today
1322:10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.568
862:applied behaviour analysis
474:systematic desensitization
398:clinical behavior analysis
300:Parent management training
225:applied behaviour analysis
183:
179:
154:Applied behaviour analysis
4200:
3924:
3882:
3819:
3753:
3746:
3705:
3664:
3632:
3571:
3528:
3469:
3431:
3424:
3230:
3014:Sundberg, Norman (2001).
2879:www.contextualscience.org
2676:Bellack & Hersen 1985
2661:Bellack & Hersen 1985
2570:Bellack & Hersen 1985
2555:Bellack & Hersen 1985
2308:10.1017/s1352465823000103
2113:Bellack & Hersen 1985
1843:O'Leary & Wilson 1975
1831:O'Leary & Wilson 1975
1788:, Volume 8, No. 1, 43–51.
1627:10.1007/978-0-387-70855-3
1504:Phelps, Brady J. (2001).
1026:O'Leary & Wilson 1975
1014:O'Leary & Wilson 1975
666:or relies too heavily on
81:behavioural psychotherapy
63:
49:
37:
32:
3820:Other individual therapy
2873:State, of ACT Evidence.
1253:Patterson, G.R. (1969).
418:functional contextualism
3842:Cognitive restructuring
3563:Person-centered therapy
3331:Inference-based therapy
3326:Habit reversal training
3184:about Behaviour therapy
2543:Rimm & Masters 1974
2498:Rimm & Masters 1974
2486:Rimm & Masters 1974
2427:Rimm & Masters 1974
2137:Rimm & Masters 1974
2125:Rimm & Masters 1974
2101:Rimm & Masters 1974
2089:Rimm & Masters 1974
2077:Rimm & Masters 1974
2062:Rimm & Masters 1974
1270:. New York: John Wiley.
1209:Oxford University Press
869:relational frame theory
763:Virtual reality therapy
592:habit reversal training
568:habit reversal training
304:respondent conditioning
128:cognitive restructuring
120:cognitive psychotherapy
3773:Contingency management
3652:Transtheoretical model
3642:Eclectic psychotherapy
3619:Transactional analysis
3275:Contingency management
2950:Skinner, B.F. (1969).
2277:Behavior Analyst Today
1813:Wolpe, Joseph (1982).
1107:Robertson, D. (2010).
986:Observational learning
882:Behavioural activation
858:metacognitive training
838:behavioural activation
526:Social skills training
378:Contingency management
360:classical conditioning
292:programmed instruction
276:behavioural activation
268:contingency management
209:
186:Behaviour modification
158:contingency management
132:positive reinforcement
4264:Psychotherapy by type
3723:Common factors theory
3687:Residential treatment
3336:Metacognitive therapy
3245:Behavioral activation
2990:"Clinical Psychology"
2824:contextualscience.org
2795:contextualscience.org
2766:contextualscience.org
2402:"Treatment - Phobias"
2175:Behavior Modification
2008:Stuart, R.B. (1967).
939:(rejecting mind–body
854:metacognitive therapy
832:. This area includes
459:Clinical applications
215:in 1911. His article
204:
4152:Lorna Smith Benjamin
3987:Harry Stack Sullivan
3912:Sensitivity training
3713:Clinical formulation
3376:Self-control therapy
2710:Behavior Therapy, 35
966:Behaviour management
822:radical behaviourism
530:Operant conditioning
414:radical behaviourism
396:and is often termed
382:operant conditioning
368:operant conditioning
344:clinical formulation
308:operant conditioning
306:appears to slow but
278:. Skinner's student
264:operant conditioning
105:operant conditioning
93:cognitive psychology
3884:Group psychotherapy
3795:Counterconditioning
3672:Brief psychotherapy
3543:Existential therapy
2722:Hofmann SG (2011).
2488:, pp. 151–153.
2265:, pp. 223–225.
2091:, pp. 125–126.
1149:Animal Intelligence
971:Covert conditioning
824:and other forms of
689:"Behaviour therapy"
394:clinical psychology
144:counterconditioning
4012:Milton H. Erickson
3847:Emotion regulation
3827:Autogenic training
3718:Clinical pluralism
3647:Multimodal therapy
3446:Analytical therapy
3366:Relapse prevention
3351:Multimodal therapy
3182:in other libraries
3176:Library resources
3162:Behavioral Therapy
1869:The Family Journal
1165:Wolpe, J. (1958),
1113:. London: Karnac.
909:behaviour analysis
785:"Third generation"
639:Treatment outcomes
336:Donald Meichenbaum
284:precision teaching
162:exposure therapies
109:behaviour analysts
18:Behavioral therapy
4246:
4245:
4172:William R. Miller
4157:Marsha M. Linehan
4127:Jean Baker Miller
4087:Salvador Minuchin
3967:Ludwig Binswanger
3920:
3919:
3755:Behaviour therapy
3682:Online counseling
3660:
3659:
3599:Narrative therapy
3503:Cognitive therapy
3384:
3383:
3260:Cognitive therapy
3124:978-0-13-073890-5
3103:978-0-205-40162-8
3082:978-0-08-030168-6
2733:978-0-470-97175-8
1833:, pp. 24–25.
1636:978-0-387-70854-6
1412:, pp. 20–24.
1293:978-0-415-94612-4
1120:978-1-85575-756-1
1028:, pp. 12–14.
748:
747:
724:
574:In rehabilitation
350:Theoretical basis
324:cognitive therapy
313:H. Narayan Murthy
77:Behaviour therapy
74:
73:
33:Behaviour therapy
16:(Redirected from
4276:
4259:Behavior therapy
4162:Vittorio Guidano
4132:Otto F. Kernberg
4002:Donald Winnicott
3859:Free association
3804:Exposure therapy
3783:Stimulus control
3763:Aversion therapy
3751:
3750:
3614:Systemic therapy
3589:Feminist therapy
3441:Adlerian therapy
3429:
3428:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3388:
3387:
3341:Method of levels
3284:Exposure therapy
3240:Behavior therapy
3212:
3205:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3166:
3155:
3128:
3107:
3086:
3056:
3049:
3043:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2961:
2955:
2948:
2942:
2935:
2929:
2922:
2916:
2909:
2903:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2757:
2751:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2719:
2713:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2640:
2637:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2573:
2567:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2286:
2280:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2251:
2248:
2237:
2234:
2223:
2219:
2206:
2203:, 15(2), 152–77
2197:
2191:
2184:
2178:
2171:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1961:, 5(4), 391–402.
1955:
1949:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1907:
1901:
1900:, 2(2), 192–213.
1894:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1801:
1798:
1789:
1782:
1776:
1769:
1763:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1737:10.1037/h0099984
1715:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1684:. Archived from
1674:10.1037/h0099988
1659:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1592:10.1037/h0100735
1570:
1564:
1563:
1552:10.1037/h0099866
1535:
1529:
1528:
1525:10.1037/h0099949
1510:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1482:10.1037/h0100747
1460:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1441:10.1037/h0100155
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1360:
1347:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1277:
1271:
1264:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1138:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1062:(10): CD008696.
1047:
1041:
1038:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1016:, pp. 7–12.
1011:
830:verbal behaviour
820:and back toward
743:
742:
734:
731:
725:
723:
682:
651:
650:
643:
520:stimulus control
507:Aversion therapy
488:and punishment.
486:aversion therapy
248:Harry C. Solomon
213:Edward Thorndike
67:edit on Wikidata
59:
30:
29:
21:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4196:
4177:Steven C. Hayes
4107:Paul Watzlawick
4092:Paul Watzlawick
4047:Virginia Axline
3957:Sándor Ferenczi
3916:
3897:Couples therapy
3878:
3852:Affect labeling
3815:
3800:Desensitization
3742:
3728:Discontinuation
3701:
3656:
3628:
3609:Reality therapy
3567:
3553:Gestalt therapy
3524:
3472:
3465:
3420:
3415:
3385:
3380:
3361:Reality therapy
3280:Desensitization
3226:
3216:
3178:in your library
3173:
3144:
3125:
3104:
3083:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3055:, 2(3), 416–31.
3050:
3046:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2996:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2971:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2949:
2945:
2941:, 7(4), 508–12.
2936:
2932:
2928:, 7(1), 151–64.
2923:
2919:
2910:
2906:
2902:, 6(2), 138–57.
2897:
2893:
2884:
2882:
2871:
2867:
2858:
2856:
2845:
2841:
2832:
2830:
2816:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2787:
2783:
2774:
2772:
2758:
2754:
2750:, 3(4), 421–42.
2745:
2741:
2734:
2720:
2716:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2674:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2408:. July 27, 2022
2400:
2399:
2395:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2287:
2283:
2279:, 8(3), 273–83.
2273:
2269:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2240:
2235:
2226:
2220:
2209:
2198:
2194:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:, 1(2), 147–64.
2038:
2034:
2030:, 2(3), 362–76.
2024:
2020:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1987:, 7(2), 212–33.
1982:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1939:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:, 7(2), 253–61.
1908:
1904:
1895:
1888:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1822:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1783:
1779:
1775:, 3(3), 265–70.
1770:
1766:
1757:
1753:
1716:
1709:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1615:
1608:
1571:
1567:
1536:
1532:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1461:
1457:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1361:
1350:
1341:
1337:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1278:
1274:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1201:Clark, David M.
1198:
1194:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1163:
1156:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1105:
1101:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1005:
1000:
995:
961:
952:
932:
930:Characteristics
901:
791:Steven C. Hayes
787:
744:
740:
735:
729:
726:
683:
672:
668:primary sources
652:
648:
641:
584:
576:
461:
436:
406:
390:
352:
194:. For example,
188:
182:
140:desensitisation
70:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4282:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4147:Arnold Lazarus
4144:
4142:Irvin D. Yalom
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4117:Eugene Gendlin
4114:
4109:
4104:
4102:Ogden Lindsley
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4077:Virginia Satir
4074:
4069:
4067:James Bugental
4064:
4062:Silvano Arieti
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3932:Philippe Pinel
3928:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3902:Family therapy
3899:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3844:
3839:
3837:Clean language
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3697:Support groups
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3477:
3475:
3471:Cognitive and
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3456:Psychoanalysis
3453:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3371:Schema therapy
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3172:
3171:External links
3169:
3168:
3167:
3156:
3142:
3129:
3123:
3108:
3102:
3087:
3081:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3044:
3042:, 2(1), 12–16.
3031:
3024:
3006:
2981:
2956:
2943:
2930:
2917:
2904:
2891:
2865:
2839:
2810:
2781:
2752:
2739:
2732:
2714:
2701:
2699:, p. 232.
2689:
2680:
2678:, p. 156.
2665:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2627:, p. 233.
2617:
2608:
2595:
2586:
2574:
2572:, p. 123.
2559:
2557:, p. 122.
2547:
2545:, p. 411.
2535:
2502:
2500:, p. 403.
2490:
2478:
2431:
2419:
2393:
2374:(6): 916–920.
2358:
2332:
2322:
2301:(4): 302–319.
2281:
2267:
2252:
2238:
2224:
2207:
2192:
2179:
2166:
2153:
2141:
2139:, p. 390.
2129:
2127:, p. 374.
2117:
2105:
2103:, p. 353.
2093:
2081:
2079:, p. 348.
2066:
2054:
2045:
2032:
2018:
2001:
1989:
1976:
1974:, 6(1), 65–78.
1963:
1950:
1937:
1935:, 6(3), 166–75
1924:
1915:
1902:
1886:
1873:
1860:
1858:, 3(4), 412–9.
1847:
1835:
1820:
1802:
1790:
1777:
1764:
1762:, 3(3), 259–61
1751:
1707:
1705:, 3(3), 262–4.
1694:
1691:on 2011-10-08.
1642:
1635:
1606:
1565:
1530:
1496:
1455:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1371:(3): 296–321.
1348:
1335:
1299:
1292:
1272:
1259:
1246:
1244:, 1(1), 56–65.
1233:
1224:
1217:
1192:
1181:
1172:
1154:
1139:
1126:
1119:
1099:
1042:
1030:
1018:
1002:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
962:
960:
957:
951:
948:
931:
928:
900:
897:
809:in the 1970s.
799:Ogden Lindsley
786:
783:
746:
745:
738:
736:
730:September 2018
655:
653:
646:
640:
637:
583:
580:
575:
572:
532:procedures in
460:
457:
435:
432:
405:
402:
389:
386:
351:
348:
288:Fred S. Keller
280:Ogden Lindsley
240:Ogden Lindsley
181:
178:
72:
71:
64:
61:
60:
53:
47:
46:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4281:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4187:Jeffrey Young
4185:
4183:
4182:Michael White
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4167:Les Greenberg
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4052:Carl Whitaker
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4032:Viktor Frankl
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4017:Jacques Lacan
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4007:Wilhelm Reich
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Melanie Klein
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3942:Sigmund Freud
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3788:Token economy
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3594:Music therapy
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3584:Dance therapy
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3516:
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3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3492:
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3484:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3433:Psychodynamic
3430:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3418:Psychotherapy
3412:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
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3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
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3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3143:0-12-588850-3
3139:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3054:
3048:
3041:
3035:
3027:
3025:0-13-087119-2
3021:
3017:
3010:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2953:
2947:
2940:
2934:
2927:
2921:
2914:
2908:
2901:
2895:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2743:
2735:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2684:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2663:, p. 73.
2662:
2657:
2648:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2626:
2621:
2612:
2602:
2600:
2590:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2499:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2429:, p. 45.
2428:
2423:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2189:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2163:
2157:
2148:
2146:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2115:, p. 14.
2114:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2064:, p. 43.
2063:
2058:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1948:, 4(1), 34–45
1947:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1919:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1883:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1857:
1851:
1845:, p. 19.
1844:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1816:
1809:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1787:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1761:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1704:
1698:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1668:(3): 248–53.
1667:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1638:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1519:(4): 325–36.
1518:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1400:, p. 20.
1399:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1346:, 1(2), 3–10.
1345:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1316:(3): 568–78.
1315:
1311:
1303:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1228:
1220:
1218:0-19-262726-0
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1185:
1176:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1130:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1003:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
956:
947:
944:
942:
938:
927:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:Organisations
896:
893:
890:
886:
883:
879:
876:
872:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
737:
733:
722:
719:
715:
712:
708:
705:
701:
698:
694:
691: –
690:
686:
685:Find sources:
680:
676:
670:
669:
665:
661:
656:This section
654:
645:
644:
636:
632:
629:
625:
621:
617:
614:
611:
607:
605:
599:
595:
593:
588:
579:
571:
569:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
545:
543:
542:schizophrenia
539:
535:
534:meta-analysis
531:
527:
523:
521:
515:
511:
508:
502:
500:
495:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
469:
467:
456:
452:
448:
446:
440:
431:
428:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
401:
399:
395:
388:Current forms
385:
383:
379:
375:
373:
370:developed by
369:
365:
362:developed by
361:
356:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
309:
305:
302:.) With age,
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:token economy
269:
265:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
187:
177:
173:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:mental states
94:
90:
86:
85:psychotherapy
82:
78:
68:
62:
58:
54:
52:
48:
45:
42:
40:
36:
31:
19:
4201:Associations
4192:Peter Fonagy
4137:Nathan Azrin
4112:Arthur Janov
4072:Joseph Wolpe
4057:Albert Ellis
4037:George Kelly
4022:Erik Erikson
3982:Karen Horney
3952:Alfred Adler
3947:Pierre Janet
3937:Josef Breuer
3869:Hypnotherapy
3754:
3604:Play therapy
3161:
3133:
3113:
3092:
3071:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3034:
3015:
3009:
2997:. Retrieved
2993:
2984:
2972:. Retrieved
2968:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2938:
2933:
2925:
2920:
2915:, 8, 255–70.
2912:
2907:
2899:
2894:
2883:. Retrieved
2878:
2868:
2857:. Retrieved
2852:
2842:
2831:. Retrieved
2823:
2813:
2802:. Retrieved
2794:
2784:
2773:. Retrieved
2765:
2755:
2747:
2742:
2723:
2717:
2709:
2704:
2692:
2683:
2656:
2620:
2611:
2589:
2550:
2538:
2512:
2505:
2493:
2481:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2422:
2412:December 16,
2410:. Retrieved
2405:
2396:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2351:December 16,
2349:. Retrieved
2345:
2335:
2325:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2276:
2270:
2200:
2195:
2190:, 45, 273–6.
2187:
2182:
2174:
2169:
2161:
2156:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2057:
2048:
2040:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2013:
2004:
1992:
1984:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1918:
1910:
1905:
1897:
1881:
1876:
1871:, 6(1), 6–12
1868:
1863:
1855:
1850:
1838:
1814:
1785:
1780:
1772:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1727:
1723:
1702:
1697:
1686:the original
1665:
1661:
1618:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1516:
1512:
1499:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1368:
1364:
1343:
1338:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1227:
1204:
1195:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1148:
1142:
1134:
1129:
1109:
1102:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1021:
981:Matching law
953:
945:
933:
921:
902:
894:
887:
880:
873:
866:
826:behaviourism
815:
811:
803:Hans Eysenck
795:Joseph Wolpe
788:
779:
775:
771:
767:
761:
757:
753:
749:
727:
717:
710:
703:
696:
684:
664:verification
657:
633:
630:
626:
622:
618:
615:
608:
600:
596:
589:
585:
577:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:
524:
516:
512:
503:
490:
470:
462:
453:
449:
441:
437:
429:
422:
407:
391:
376:
372:B.F. Skinner
357:
353:
332:Albert Ellis
317:
270:such as the
260:
256:Hans Eysenck
252:Joseph Wolpe
244:Nathan Azrin
236:B.F. Skinner
233:
229:behaviourism
221:Joseph Wolpe
216:
210:
205:
189:
174:
170:
152:
117:
89:behaviourism
80:
76:
75:
4269:Behaviorism
4122:R. D. Laing
4097:Haim Ginott
4027:Carl Rogers
3992:Fritz Perls
3907:Psychodrama
3832:Biofeedback
3634:Integrative
3579:Art therapy
3558:Logotherapy
2994:www.apa.org
2853:www.who.int
2177:, 21, 45–61
2016:, 5, 357–65
818:cognitivism
658:needs more
364:Ivan Pavlov
290:to develop
136:habituation
4253:Categories
4082:Aaron Beck
3997:Anna Freud
3892:Co-therapy
3747:Techniques
3677:Counseling
3665:Approaches
3530:Humanistic
3473:behavioral
2999:14 January
2885:2022-03-31
2859:2022-03-30
2833:2022-03-31
2804:2022-03-31
2775:2022-03-31
2712:, 639–665.
2697:Boyle 2006
2625:Boyle 2006
2263:Boyle 2006
1137:, pp. 1–2.
998:References
976:Decoupling
807:Aaron Beck
700:newspapers
466:depression
434:Assessment
328:Aaron Beck
184:See also:
101:respondent
4042:Rollo May
3977:Otto Rank
3962:Carl Jung
3692:Self-help
2530:242960404
2473:240187655
2388:261308898
1746:1539-4352
1682:1539-4352
1601:1555-7855
1560:1539-4352
1491:1555-7855
1450:1539-4352
1076:1469-493X
620:person).
610:Modelling
604:hierarchy
538:modelling
494:hierarchy
148:modelling
3874:Modeling
3864:Homework
3768:Chaining
3706:Research
3548:Focusing
3299:Flooding
2974:31 March
2465:34837839
2317:37013903
1385:18258216
1330:16822113
1094:24129886
959:See also
950:Training
937:monistic
499:flooding
482:homework
338:to form
192:Stoicism
122:. While
39:ICD-9-CM
3778:Shaping
3733:History
3425:Schools
3063:Sources
1242:SLP-ABA
1085:4110712
941:dualism
848:(FAP),
714:scholar
679:removed
320:operant
296:aphasia
202:wrote,
200:Lazarus
180:History
91:and/or
57:D001521
3925:People
3152:793562
3150:
3140:
3121:
3100:
3079:
3022:
2818:ACBS.
2789:ACBS.
2760:ACBS.
2730:
2606:Press.
2528:
2471:
2463:
2386:
2330:21-28.
2315:
2222:Print.
1999:(Blog)
1744:
1680:
1633:
1599:
1558:
1489:
1448:
1383:
1328:
1290:
1215:
1117:
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1082:
1074:
911:. The
840:(BA),
716:
709:
702:
695:
687:
484:, and
334:, and
146:, and
3572:Other
3053:IJBCT
2526:S2CID
2469:S2CID
2384:S2CID
2041:IJBCT
2028:IJBCT
1898:IJBCT
1689:(PDF)
1658:(PDF)
1509:(PDF)
721:JSTOR
707:books
326:, of
196:Wolpe
65:[
44:94.33
3624:List
3223:list
3180:and
3148:OCLC
3138:ISBN
3119:ISBN
3098:ISBN
3077:ISBN
3020:ISBN
3001:2022
2976:2022
2728:ISBN
2461:PMID
2414:2023
2353:2023
2313:PMID
1742:ISSN
1678:ISSN
1631:ISBN
1597:ISSN
1556:ISSN
1487:ISSN
1446:ISSN
1381:PMID
1326:PMID
1288:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1115:ISBN
1090:PMID
1072:ISSN
1060:2013
922:The
856:and
801:and
693:news
662:for
416:and
366:and
274:and
254:and
246:and
198:and
138:(or
51:MeSH
2518:doi
2453:doi
2449:148
2406:NHS
2376:doi
2303:doi
1732:doi
1670:doi
1623:doi
1587:doi
1548:doi
1521:doi
1477:doi
1436:doi
1373:doi
1318:doi
1080:PMC
1064:doi
160:or
142:),
111:or
103:or
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