473:, proposed by researchers Richard Solomon and John Corbit (1974). It is known that responses by the subject tend to change by repetitively presenting certain stimuli. But concerning the opponent-process theory, some emotional reactions to the stimuli weaken (decrease) while others' reactions are strengthened (increase). Take, for example, that it is the end of the semester at your university. You have been worried about your grade for the entire semester and you need a grade of "A" on the final to pass the course. You study efficiently for the test and after taking it, you feel that you will receive a very high grade. But once you check the gradebook, you see that you did not get an "A" on your exam. Instead, you received a "C+". Now you are distraught and know that there is no other way to pass the course for the semester. After a few minutes you begin to calm down and by the next hour, you are back to your normal emotional state. This is an example of an emotional response explained by the opponent-process theory. It begins with an outside stimulus provoking an emotional reaction that increases rapidly until it is at its most intense (presumably after you learned that you did not receive a high letter grade). Gradually, your emotional state declines to a level lower than normal and eventually returns to neutral. This pattern coincides with two internal processes referred to as the a-process and b-process. The a-process, or "affective" response to a stimulus, is the initial emotional response one has and can be pleasant or unpleasant. The b-process is the after reaction and has a lower intensity than the a-process. The a-process is very fast-acting and ends as soon as the stimulus ends or is removed. Unlike the a-process, the b-process is much slower in returning to baseline. Concerning the definition of the opponent process theory—repeated presentations present habituation—the a-process does not necessarily change. It is the b-process that is strengthened instead and rises more quickly to reach the highest intensity, and much slower in attempting to return to baseline after the stimulus is removed. To sum it all up, with the opponent-process theory, repeated presentations of the same stimulus will result in habituation, where subjects show little to no reaction. It is the after-reaction that is much larger and prolonged, than if an initial reaction to a stimulus occurred.
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to the habituated stimulus are made (or a new stimulus is introduced), the looking behavior returns (dishabituates). A recent fMRI study revealed that the presentation of a dishabituating stimulus has an observable, physical effect upon the brain. In one study the mental spatial representations of infants were assessed using the phenomenon of dishabituation. Infants were presented repeatedly with an object in the same position on a table. Once the infants habituated to the object (i.e., spent less time looking at it) either the object was spatially moved while the infant remained at the same place near the table or the object was left in the same place but the infant was moved to the opposite side of the table. In both cases, the spatial relationship between the object and the infant had changed, but only in the former case did the object itself move. Would the infants know the difference? Or would they treat both cases as if the object itself moved? The results revealed a return of looking behavior (dishabituation) when the object's position was changed, but not when the infant's position was changed. Dishabituation indicates that infants perceived a significant change in the stimulus. Therefore, the infants understood when the object itself moved and when it did not. Only when the object itself moved were they interested in it again (dishabituation). When the object remained in the same position as before it was perceived as the same old boring thing (habituation). In general, habituation/dishabituation procedures help researchers determine the way infants perceive their environments.
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quickly to the sudden appearance of a predator. What may be less obvious is the importance of defensive responses to the sudden appearance of any new, unfamiliar stimulus, whether it is dangerous or not. An initial defensive response to a new stimulus is important because if an animal fails to respond to a potentially dangerous unknown stimulus, the results could be deadly. Despite this initial, innate defensive response to an unfamiliar stimulus, the response becomes habituated if the stimulus repeatedly occurs but causes no harm. An example of this is the prairie dog habituating to humans. Prairie dogs give alarm calls when they detect a potentially dangerous stimulus. This defensive call occurs when any mammal, snake, or large bird approaches them. However, they habituate to noises, such as human footsteps, that occur repeatedly but result in no harm to them. If prairie dogs never habituate to nonthreatening stimuli, they would be constantly sending out alarm calls and wasting their time and energy. However, the habituation process in prairie dogs may depend on several factors including the particular defensive response. In one study that measured several different responses to the repeated presence of humans, the alarm calls of prairie dogs showed habituation whereas the behavior of escaping into their burrows showed sensitization.
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should not remain constant and that variable reflexes were a pathological manifestation. Indeed, air pilots who showed habituation of post-rotational nystagmus reflex were sometimes ejected from or not recruited for service for World War I: on the grounds that a variable reflex response indicated either a defective vestibular apparatus or a lack of vigilance. Eventually, however, more research from the medical and scientific communities concluded that stimulus-dependent variability reflexes is clinically normal. The opposition to the considering habituation a form of learning was also based on the assumption that learning processes must produce novel behavioral responses and must occur in the cerebral cortex. Non-associative forms of learning such as habituation (and sensitization) do not produce novel (conditioned) responses but rather diminish a pre-existing (innate) responses and often are shown to depend on peripheral (non-cerebral) synaptic changes in the sensory-motor pathway. Most modern learning theorists, however, consider
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presentation of the eliciting stimulus. The
Sokolov model assumes that when a stimulus is experienced several times, the nervous system creates a model of the expected stimulus (a stimulus model). With additional presentations of the stimulus, the experienced stimulus is compared with the stimulus model. If the experienced stimulus matches the stimulus model, responding is inhibited. At first the stimulus model is not a very good representation of the presented stimulus, and thus responding continues because of this mismatch. With additional presentations the stimulus model is improved, there is no longer a mismatch, and responding is inhibited causing habituation. However, if the stimulus is changed so that it no longer matches the stimulus model, the orienting response is no longer inhibited. Sokolov locates the stimulus model in the cerebral cortex.
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mammal-eating killer whales. However, they did not respond strongly when hearing familiar calls of the local fish-eating population. The seals, therefore, are capable of habituating to the calls of harmless predators, in this case, harmless killer whales. While some researchers prefer to simply describe the adaptive value of observable habituated behavior, others find it useful to infer psychological processes from the observed behavior change. For example, habituation of aggressive responses in male bullfrogs has been explained as "an attentional or learning process that allows animals to form enduring mental representations of the physical properties of a repeated stimulus and to shift their focus of attention away from sources of irrelevant or unimportant stimulation".
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it is repeatedly experienced during a meal. When people eat the same food during a meal, they begin to respond less to the food as they become habituated to the motivating properties of the food and decrease their consumption. Eating less during a meal is usually interpreted as reaching satiety or "getting full", but experiments suggest that habituation also plays an important role. Many experiments with animals and humans have shown that providing variety in a meal increases the amount that is consumed in a meal, most likely because habituation is stimulus-specific and because variety may introduce dishabituation effects. Food variety also slows the rate of habituation in children and may be an important contributing factor to the recent increases in obesity.
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stimuli will elicit both of these processes and that the behavioral output will reflect a summation of both processes. The habituation process is decremental, whereas the sensitization process is incremental enhancing the tendency to respond. Thus when the habituation process exceeds the sensitization process behavior shows habituation, but if the sensitization process exceeds the habituation process, behavior shows sensitization. Groves and
Thompson hypothesize the existence of two neural pathways: an "S-R pathway" involved with the habituation process, and a "state pathway" involved with sensitization. The state system is seen as equivalent to a general state of arousal.
513:(EMG). Depending on the disorder, habituation phenomena have been implicated as a cause, symptom, or therapy. Reduced habituation is the most common habituation phenotype reported across neuropsychiatric disorders although enhanced habituation has been observed in HD and ADHD. It also appears that abnormal habituation is often predictive of symptom severity in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including ASD, PD, and HD. Moreover, there are instances where treatments that normalise the habituation-deficit also improve other associated symptoms. As a therapy, habituation processes have been hypothesized to underlie the efficacy of behavioural therapies (i.e.
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dishabituation was thought to represent their own realization of the remembered stimulus of stimuli. For example: if infants would be dishabituated to a certain color item to a new item, it would be noticed that they remembered the color and compared the two colors for differences. Also, another challenge that comes with habituation is the dichotomy of novelty vs familiar stimuli. If an infant preferred a novel still, this meant the infant observed the new spatial relation of the object, but not the object itself. If an infant preferred familiarity, the infant would notice the pattern of the stimuli, instead of the actual new stimuli.
347:) occurs when an organism can no longer detect the stimulus as efficiently as when first presented and motor fatigue occurs when an organism is able to detect the stimulus but can no longer respond efficiently. Stimulus-specificity stipulates that the response-decline is not general (due to motor fatigue) but occurs only to the original stimulus that was repeated. If a response-decline shows 1) dishabituation, 2) spontaneous recovery that is inversely correlated with the extent of decline, and/or 3) stimulus-specificity, then habituation learning is supported.
539:", researchers habituated the chimpanzees by repeatedly exposing them to the presence of human beings. Their efforts to habituate the chimpanzees before the field researchers studied the animal's behavior was necessary in order for them to eventually be able to note the natural behavior of the chimpanzees, instead of simply noting chimpanzee behavior as a response to the presence of the researchers. In another study, Mitumba chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park were habituated for at least four years before the introduction of systematic data collection.
224:) will increase the rate of habituation. Furthermore, continued exposure to the stimulus after the habituated response has plateaued (i.e., show no further decrement) may have additional effects on subsequent tests of behavior such as delaying spontaneous recovery. The concepts of stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination will be observed. Habituation to an original stimulus will also occur to other stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus (
217:, which is commonly the case with continually repeated stimuli. This characteristic is consistent with the definition of habituation as a procedure, but to confirm habituation as a process, additional characteristics must be demonstrated. Also observed is spontaneous recovery. That is, a habituated response to a stimulus recovers (increases in magnitude) when a significant amount of time (hours, days, weeks) passes between stimulus presentations.
240:" and always occurs to the original eliciting stimulus (not to the added stimulus). Researchers also use evidence of dishabituation to rule out sensory adaptation and fatigue as alternative explanations of the habituation process. Habituation of dishabituation can occur. The amount of dishabituation that occurs as a result of the introduction of a different stimulus can decrease after repeated presentation of the "dishabituating" stimulus.
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dependence on the effect of the drug, but absence of physical dependence and hence of an abstinence syndrome"; 4) "detrimental effects, if any, primarily on the individual". However, also in 1964, a committee from the World Health
Organization once again convened and decided the definitions of drug habituation and drug addiction were insufficient, replacing the two terms with "drug dependence".
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and helps the baby recognize certain abstract properties. Habituation is also found to be influenced by unchangeable factors such as infant age, gender, and complexity of the stimulus. (Caron & Caron, 1969; Cohen, DeLoache, & Rissman, 1975; Friedman, Nagy, & Carpenter, 1970; Miller, 1972; Wetherford & Cohen, 1973).
220:"Potentiation of habituation" is observed when tests of spontaneous recovery are given repeatedly. In this phenomenon, the decrease in responding that follows spontaneous recovery becomes more rapid with each test of spontaneous recovery. Also noted was that an increase in the frequency of stimulus presentation (i.e., shorter
356:"true" learning requires the development of a novel response (whereas habituation is a decrease in a pre-existing response); 3) the behavioral measure of habituation (i.e., a response-decline) is very susceptible to confound by non-learning factors (e.g., fatigue) which, therefore, make it more difficult to study).
291:, whereas participants with an inhibited temperament demonstrated habituation in neither brain region. The researchers suggest that this failure to habituate reflects a social learning deficit in individuals with an extremely inhibited temperament, which is a possible mechanism for a higher risk of social anxiety.
228:). The more similar the new stimulus is to the original stimulus, the greater the habituation that will be observed. When a subject shows habituation to a new stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus but not to a stimulus that is different from the original stimulus, then the subject is showing
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Habituation of innate defensive behaviors is also adaptive in humans, such as habituation of a startle response to a sudden loud noise. But habituation is much more ubiquitous even in humans. An example of habituation that is an essential element of everyone's life is the changing response to food as
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The Groves and
Thompson dual-process theory of habituation posits that two separate processes exist in the central nervous system that interacts to produce habituation. The two distinct processes are a habituation process and a sensitization process. The dual-process theory argues that all noticeable
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have been used as experimental evidence for the habituation process. Spontaneous
Recovery is sensitive to spontaneous recovery, showing recovery that is inversely correlated with the amount of response-decline. This is the opposite of what would be expected if sensory adaptation or motor fatigue were
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Blackford, Allen, Cowan, and Avery (2012) compared the effect of an extremely inhibited temperament and an extremely uninhibited temperament on habituation. Their study found that over repeated presentations individuals with an uninhibited temperament demonstrated habituation in both the amygdala and
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is one of the most-studied areas of the brain in relation to habituation. A common approach is to observe the visual processing of facial expressions. A study by
Breiter and colleagues used fMRI scans to identify which areas of the brain habituate and at what rate. Their results showed that the human
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is the preferred term today when describing drug-related disorders, whereas the use of the term drug habituation has declined substantially. This is not to be confused with true habituation to drugs, wherein repeated doses have an increasingly diminished effect, as is often seen in addicts or persons
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assembled in 1957 to address the problem of drug addiction and adopted the term "drug habituation" to distinguish some drug-use behaviors from drug addiction. According to the WHO lexicon of alcohol and drug terms, habituation is defined as "becoming accustomed to any behavior or condition, including
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Responses that habituate include those that involve the entire organism or those that involve only biological component systems of the organism. The broad ubiquity of habituation across all forms of life has resulted in it being called "the simplest, most universal form of learning...as fundamental a
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Importantly, systematic response-declines can be produced by non-learning factors such as sensory adaptation (obstruction of stimulus detection), motor fatigue, or damage. Three diagnostic criteria are used to distinguish response-declines produced by these non-learning factors and response-declines
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Researchers also use habituation and dishabituation procedures in the laboratory to study the perceptual and cognitive capabilities of human infants. The presentation of a visual stimulus to an infant elicits looking behavior that habituates with repeated presentations of the stimulus. When changes
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Although habituation has been regarded as a learning process by some as early as 1887, its learning status remained controversial up until the 1920s - 1930s. While conceding that reflexes may "relax" or otherwise decrease with repeated stimulation, the "invariance doctrine" stipulated that reflexes
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Though there are various challenges that come with habituation. Some infants have preferences for some stimuli based on their static or dynamic properties. Infant dishabituation also is not perceived as a direct measure for mental processes as well. In previous theories of habituation, an infant's
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Habituation is a useful primary tool for then assessing mental processes in the stages of infancy. The purpose for these tests, or paradigms records looking time, which is the baseline measurement. Habituation of looking time helps to assess certain child capabilities such as: memory, sensitivity,
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to sea slugs to humans. Habituation processes are adaptive, allowing animals to adjust their innate behaviors to changes in their natural world. A natural animal instinct, for example, is to protect themselves and their territory from any danger and potential predators. An animal needs to respond
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Some habituation procedures appear to result in a habituation process that last days or weeks. This is considered long-term habituation. It persists over long durations of time (i.e., shows little or no spontaneous recovery). Long-term habituation can be distinguished from short-term habituation
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Another example of the importance of habituation in the animal world is provided by a study with harbor seals. In one study researchers measured the responses of harbor seals to underwater calls of different types of killer whales. The seals showed a strong response when they heard the calls of
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said "...nobody cares…much about habituation"). It has been suggested that the apathy held towards habituation is due to 1) resistance from traditional learning theorists maintain memory requires reproduction of propositional/linguistic content; 2) resistance from behaviorists who maintain that
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on smoking and health included four features that characterize drug habituation according to WHO: 1) "a desire (but not a compulsion) to continue taking the drug for the sense of improved well-being which it engenders"; 2) "little or no tendency to increase the dose"; 3) "some degree of psychic
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activity. Orienting responses are heightened sensitivity experienced by an organism when exposed to a new or changing stimulus. Orienting responses can result in overt, observable behaviors as well as psychophysiological responses such as EEG activity and undergo habituation with repeated
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Various models have been proposed to account for habituation including the
Stimulus-Model Comparator theory formulated by Evgeny Sokolov, the Groves and Thompson dual-process theory, and the SOP (Standard Operating Procedures/Sometimes Opponent Process) model formulated by Allan Wagner
232:. (For example, if one was habituated to the taste of lemon, their responding would increase significantly when presented with the taste of lime). Stimulus discrimination can be used to rule out sensory adaptation and fatigue as an alternative explanation of the habituation process.
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The changes in synaptic transmission that occur during habituation have been well-characterized in the
Aplysia gill and siphon withdrawal reflex. Habituation has been shown in essentially every species of animal and at least, in one species of plants (Mimosa pudica), in isolated
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Another observation mentioned is when a single introduction of a different stimulus late in the habituation procedure when responding to the eliciting stimulus has declined can cause an increase in the habituated response. This increase in responding is temporary and is called
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The habituation/dishabituation procedure is also used to discover the resolution of perceptual systems. For instance, by habituating someone to one stimulus, and then observing responses to similar ones, one can detect the smallest degree of difference that is detectable.
509:(TS), and migraine. In human clinical studies, habituation is most often studied using the acoustic startle reflex; acoustic tones are delivered to participants through headphones and the subsequent eye-blink response is recorded directly by observation or by
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Early studies relied on the demonstration of 1) Recovery by
Dishabituation (the brief recovery of the response to the eliciting stimulus when another stimulus is added) to distinguish habituation from sensory adaptation and fatigue. More recently, 2)
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characteristic of life as DNA." Functionally-speaking, by diminishing the response to an inconsequential stimulus, habituation is thought to free up cognitive resources to other stimuli that are associated with biologically important events.
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Agostino, R., Berardelli, A., Cruccu, G., Pauletti, G., Stocchi, F., Manfredi, M., 1988. Correlation between facial involuntary movements and abnormalities of blink and corneal reflexes in
Huntington's chorea. Mov. Disord. 3, 281–289.
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Schneider, A., Leigh, M.J., Adams, P., Nanakul, R., Chechi, T., Olichney, J., Hagerman, R., Hessl, D., 2013. Electrocortical changes associated with minocycline treatment in fragile X syndrome. J. Psychopharmacol. 27, 956–63.
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Teo, C., Rasco, L., Al-Mefty, K., Skinner, R.D., Boop, F.A., Garcia-Rill, E., 1997. Decreased habituation of midlatency auditory evoked responses in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 12, 655–664. doi:10.1002/mds.870120506
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Despite the ubiquity of habituation and its modern acceptance as a genuine form of learning it has not enjoyed the same focus within research as other forms of learning. On this topic, the animal psychologist
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amygdala responds and rapidly habituates preferentially to fearful facial expressions over neutral ones. They also observed significant amygdala signal changes in response to happy faces over neutral faces.
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Green, S.A., Hernandez, L., Tottenham, N., Krasileva, K., Bookheimer, S.Y., Dapretto, M., 2015. Neurobiology of Sensory Overresponsivity in Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorders. JAMA psychiatry 72, 778–86.
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Oakes L. M. (2010). Using Habituation of Looking Time to Assess Mental Processes in Infancy. Journal of cognition and development: official journal of the Cognitive Development Society, 11(3), 255–268.
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Hwang, G.C., Tillberg, C.S., Scahill, L., 2012. Habit reversal training for children with tourette syndrome: update and review. J. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Nurs. 25, 178–83. doi:10.1111/jcap.12002
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There is an additional connotation to the term habituation which applies to psychological dependency on drugs, and is included in several online dictionaries. A team of specialists from the
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Pusey, A.; Murray, C.; Wallauer, W.; Wilson, M.; Wroblewski, E.; Goodall, J. (2008). "Severe aggression among female pan troglodytes schweinfurthii at Gombe National Park, Tanzania".
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Gagliano, Monica; Renton, Michael; Depczynski, Martial; Mancuso, Stefano (2014-05-01). "Experience teaches plants to learn faster and forget slower in environments where it matters".
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decreases after repeated or prolonged presentations of that stimulus. For example, organisms may habituate to repeated sudden loud noises when they learn these have no consequences.
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behavioral change that occurs as a result of experience to be learning, so long as it cannot be accounted for by motor fatigue, sensory adaptation, developmental changes or damage.
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Christoffersen, G. R. J. "Habituation: events in the history of its characterization and linkage to synaptic depression. A new proposed kinetic criterion for its identification."
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McDiarmid, T.A.; Bernardos, A.C.. (2017). "Habituation is altered in neuropsychiatric disorders—a comprehensive review with recommendations for experimental design and analysis".
275:. Within fMRI, the response that habituates is the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals triggered by stimuli. Decreases of the BOLD signal are interpreted as habituation.
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Ferguson, I.T., Lenman, J.A., Johnston, B.B., 1978. Habituation of the orbicularis oculi reflex in dementia and dyskinetic states. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 41, 824–8.
206:, fatigue) by considering the characteristics of habituation that have been identified over several decades of research. The characteristics first described by
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Barany, R. Weitere Untersuchungen fiber den vom Vestibularapparat des Ohres reflektorisch ausgel6sten rlaythmischen Nystagmus und seine Begleiterscheinungen.
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Bee, M.A.; Gerhardt, H. C. (2001). "Habituation as a mechanism of reduced aggression between neighboring territorial male bullfrogs (rana catesbeiana)".
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Habituation procedures are used by researchers for many reasons. For example, in a study on aggression in female chimpanzees from a group known as the "
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neuronally-differentiated cell-lines, as well as in quantum perovskite. The experimental investigation of simple organisms such as the large protozoan
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Dana Sugu & Amita Chaterjee 'Flashback: Reshuffling Emotions', International Journal on Humanistic Ideology, Vol. 3 No. 1, Spring-Summer 2010
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Deecke, V. B.; Slater, P. J. B.; Ford, J. K. B. (2002). "Selective habituation shapes acoustic predatory recognition in harbour seals".
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Repeated presentation of a stimulus will cause a decrease in reaction to the stimulus. Habituation is also proclaimed to be a form of
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Mowrer, O. H. (1934) The modification of vestibular nystagmus by means of repeated elicitation. Camp. Psychol. Monogr. IX, 1-48.
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Habituation has been observed in an enormously wide range of species from motile single-celled organisms such as the amoeba and
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Habituation abnormalities have been repeatedly observed in a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions including
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A progressive decline of a behavior in a habituation procedure may also reflect nonspecific effects such as
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Zuo, Fan, et al. "Habituation based synaptic plasticity and organismic learning in a quantum perovskite."
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provides an understanding of the cellular mechanisms that are involved in the habituation process.
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Within psychology, habituation has been studied through different forms of neuroimaging like
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George, W., and Elizabeth G. Peckham. "Some observations on the mental powers of spiders."
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Kececi, H.; Degirmenci, Y.; Atakay, S. (2006). "Habituation and Dishabituation of P300".
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Raynor, H. A.; Epstein, L. H. (2001). "Dietary variety, energy regulation, and obesity".
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Wagner, A. R. (2014). SOP: A model of automatic memory processing in animal behavior. In
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as the cornerstone of his studies, and operationally defining the orienting response as
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Baker, Timothy B.; Tiffany, Stephen T. (1985). "Morphine tolerance as habituation".
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1989:"Habituation: A model phenomenon for the study of neuronal substrates of behavior"
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Temple, J.L.; Giacomelli, A. M.; Roemmich, J. N.; Epstein, L. H. (January 2008).
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3035:"Babies and brains: Habituation in infant cognition and functional neuroimaging"
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We also find that habituation is found in our emotional responses, called the
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2015:
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The Biochemistry of Memory." Chemistry of Learning: Invertebrate Research
2213:"Time Scales of Auditory Habituation in the Amygdala and Cerebral Cortex"
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49: in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2007:
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and Spencer were updated in 2008 and 2009, to include the following:
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1695:
Behind the Mirror: A Search for a Natural History of Human Knowledge
24:
3032:
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Mazur, J. E. (2012). Learning & Behavior (7/E). Pearson. 41–45.
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Blackford, Jennifer; A. Allen; R. Cowan; S. Avery (January 2012).
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Fennel, C. T. (2011). "Habituation procedures". In E. Hoff (ed.).
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can be distinguished from other behavioral changes (e.g., sensory/
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2301:
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1043:
1007:
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155:, as a number of neuropsychiatric conditions, including autism,
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Fisher, Lewis. "Vertigo: Its causes and methods of diagnosis."
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which is identified by the nine characteristics listed above.
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525:, although extinction processes may be operating instead.
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the cause of the response-decline. Sensory adaptation (or
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Sensitivity of Spontaneous Recovery to Rate-of-Stimulation
323:
Sensitivity of Spontaneous Recovery to Rate-of-Stimulation
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10.1644/1545-1542(2005)86[524:brtrhi]2.0.co;2
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Examples of the habituation process in animals and humans
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produced by habituation (learning) processes. These are:
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psychoactive substance use". By 1964, the report of the
16:
Decrease in a behavioral response to a repeated stimulus
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Turk-Browne, N. B.; Scholl, B. J.; Chun, M. M. (2008).
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1986:
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Research methods in child language: A practical guide
308:
Criteria for verifying a response-decline as learning
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368:
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2769:
2850:"Dietary variety impairs habituation in children"
2162:produced by mechanoreceptor channel modification"
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529:Uses and challenges of the habituation procedure
1731:Learning and behavior: A contemporary synthesis
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1931:"DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR: Substance Dependence"
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1821:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
1734:. MA Sinauer: Sunderland. Archived from
503:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
247:
2439:
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2539:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2478:Groves, P.M.; Thompson, R. F. (1970).
1987:Thompson, R.F.; Spencer, W.A. (1966).
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1801:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
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3000:International Journal of Primatology
2965:International Journal of Primatology
2906:doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0737
2480:"Habituation: A dual-process theory"
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182:Surgeon General of the United States
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2454:10.1146/annurev.ph.25.030163.002553
2038:Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
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3149:10.1097/01.wnn.0000213911.80019.c1
3137:Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology
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3012:10.1023/B:IJOP.0000023574.38219.92
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2179:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.08-07-02254.1988
1508:Parents Against Child Exploitation
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2772:Journal of Comparative Psychology
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2521:Information processing in animals
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1478:Mothers Apart from Their Children
3192:=913 "Definition of Habituation"
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369:Stimulus-model comparator theory
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1676:Consumer demand tests (animals)
1336:Management of domestic violence
1182:Corporal punishment in the home
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190:taking painkillers frequently.
34:needs additional citations for
2523:(pp. 15-58). Psychology Press.
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1493:National Fatherhood Initiative
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3122:doi:10.1080/15248371003699977
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2572:10.1126/science.167.3926.1740
2272:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80219-6
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1498:National Parents Organization
1223:Adverse childhood experiences
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536:Kasakela Chimpanzee Community
198:Habituation as a form of non-
3201:. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
3194:. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
2944:doi:10.1177/0269881113494105
1681:Desensitization (psychology)
1548:
1263:Effects of domestic violence
905:Social emotional development
477:Relevance to neuropsychiatry
295:Debate about learning-status
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2819:10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.325
2442:Annual Review of Physiology
1884:World Health Organization.
1760:. About.com. Archived from
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1079:Identification (psychology)
359:
10:
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2866:10.1037/0278-6133.27.1.S10
2784:10.1037/0735-7036.115.1.68
1704:Preference tests (animals)
1503:Parent–teacher association
1278:Parental abuse by children
1159:Positive Parenting Program
1109:Parent management training
1104:Normative social influence
318:Recovery by Dishabituation
3055:10.3389/neuro.09.016.2008
2977:10.1007/s10764-008-9281-6
2925:doi:10.1002/mds.870030401
2611:Physiology & Behavior
2103:10.1007/s00442-013-2873-7
2050:10.1016/j.nlm.2008.09.012
1966:10.1037/0033-295x.92.1.78
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1003:Taking children seriously
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835:Applied behavior analysis
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450:formal, encyclopedic tone
177:World Health Organization
2533:Jennings, H. S. (1906).
2426:. Springer. p. 311.
2368:Progress in neurobiology
1558:Non-associative learning
1144:The talk (sex education)
855:Developmental psychology
483:autism spectrum disorder
126:non-associative learning
3199:"Definition in context"
3101:10.1111/1467-7687.00087
2166:Journal of Neuroscience
1351:Parental responsibility
1311:Cost of raising a child
515:habit reversal training
471:opponent-process theory
230:stimulus discrimination
226:stimulus generalization
2807:Psychological Bulletin
2658:Animal Behavior Online
1599:Observational learning
1589:Classical conditioning
222:interstimulus interval
3089:Developmental Science
2422:McConnell, J (2013).
2352:Journal of Morphology
2232:10.1093/cercor/bhq001
2141:Nature communications
1758:"What is habituation"
1728:Bouton, M.E. (2007).
1473:Families Need Fathers
1034:After-school activity
958:Concerted cultivation
953:Buddha-like parenting
885:Nature versus nurture
850:Cognitive development
248:Biological mechanisms
2684:Journal of Mammalogy
2487:Psychological Review
2354:1.2 (1887): 383-419.
1996:Psychological Review
1954:Psychological Review
1604:Operant conditioning
1581:Associative learning
1331:Right to family life
1258:Dysfunctional family
968:Free-range parenting
943:Attachment parenting
933:Achievement ideology
675:Psychological stress
499:Huntington's disease
431:This paragraph uses
340:Stimulus-specificity
328:Stimulus-specificity
200:associative learning
187:Substance dependence
43:improve this article
3215:Behavioral concepts
3190:Usabilityfirst.com.
2741:10.1038/nature01030
2733:2002Natur.420..171D
2564:1970Sci...167.1740P
2558:(3926): 1740–1742.
2403:31.3 (1917): 67-70.
2370:53.1 (1997): 45-66.
2320:10.1093/scan/nsr078
2156:Wood, D.C. (1988).
2095:2014Oecol.175...63G
1632:Inductive reasoning
1627:Deductive reasoning
1622:Abductive reasoning
1346:Parental alienation
1273:Narcissistic parent
1197:Positive discipline
1018:Work at home parent
998:Strict father model
983:Nurturant parenting
890:Parental investment
725:Kinship terminology
507:Tourette's syndrome
495:Parkinson's disease
386:Dual-process theory
3184:2011-04-30 at the
1686:Hedonic adaptation
1392:T. Berry Brazelton
1129:Social integration
865:Identity formation
625:Cerebral dominance
487:fragile X syndrome
375:orienting response
2854:Health Psychology
2727:(6912): 171–173.
2384:Mschr. Ohrenheilk
2226:(11): 2531–2539.
1865:. Merriam-webster
1658:Psychology portal
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1326:Family disruption
1248:Cinderella effect
1228:Child abandonment
1202:Tactical ignoring
1099:Moral development
978:Helicopter parent
973:Gatekeeper parent
938:Atlas personality
915:Social psychology
860:Human development
845:Child development
830:Attachment theory
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2158:"Habituation in
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824:
819:Theories
816:
815:
813:
812:
805:
800:
798:Blended family
795:
790:
785:
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778:Nuclear family
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448:to use a more
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132:response to a
130:non-reinforced
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2663:September 18,
2659:
2655:
2654:"Habituation"
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2017:
2013:
2009:
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2001:
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1990:
1983:
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1971:
1967:
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1960:(1): 78–108.
1959:
1955:
1948:
1937:September 21,
1932:
1926:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1896:September 12,
1891:
1887:
1880:
1869:September 18,
1864:
1863:"habituation"
1858:
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1759:
1752:
1738:on 2012-11-27
1737:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1709:Tachyphylaxis
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1691:Konrad Lorenz
1689:
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1571:Sensitization
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1468:
1466:Organizations
1464:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1452:B. F. Skinner
1450:
1448:
1447:William Sears
1445:
1443:
1440:
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1430:
1428:
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1423:
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1418:
1417:Thomas Gordon
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1306:Child support
1304:
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1301:Child custody
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1243:Child neglect
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1074:Homeschooling
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910:Socialization
908:
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895:Paternal bond
893:
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880:Maternal bond
878:
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793:Single parent
791:
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779:
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753:Alloparenting
751:
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648:
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645:Reaction time
643:
641:
638:
636:
635:Lie detection
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
620:Consciousness
618:
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521:) for TS and
520:
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491:schizophrenia
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157:schizophrenia
154:
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124:is a form of
123:
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99:February 2010
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
58:"Habituation"
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3140:
3136:
3117:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3045:
3041:
3028:
3003:
2999:
2993:
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2949:
2939:
2930:
2920:
2911:
2901:
2892:
2857:
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2843:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2778:(1): 68–82.
2775:
2771:
2765:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2657:
2652:Breed, M.D.
2647:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2515:
2490:
2486:
2445:
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2423:
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2262:
2258:
2248:
2223:
2219:
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2169:
2165:
2159:
2140:
2135:
2089:(1): 63–72.
2086:
2082:
2076:
2041:
2037:
2002:(1): 16–43.
1999:
1995:
1982:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1925:
1912:
1906:
1894:. Retrieved
1890:the original
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1857:
1824:
1820:
1794:
1787:
1778:
1768:December 27,
1766:. Retrieved
1762:the original
1751:
1740:. Retrieved
1736:the original
1730:
1723:
1565:
1402:David Elkind
1253:Codependency
1238:Child labour
1094:Latchkey kid
1084:Introjection
1068:
870:Introjection
820:
807:
773:Noncustodial
629:
610:Biofeedback
553:
549:
545:
541:
534:
532:
480:
468:
455:
444:Please help
439:
434:
414:
410:
406:
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389:
372:
363:
349:
339:
335:
332:
327:
322:
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285:
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266:
263:Neuroimaging
254:
251:
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212:
197:
174:
142:
138:
121:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2448:: 545–580.
1933:. BehaveNet
1827:(1): 1–43.
1756:Cherry, K.
1566:Habituation
1412:Haim Ginott
1387:John Bowlby
1233:Child abuse
1153:educational
1069:Habituation
1054:Co-sleeping
840:Behaviorism
768:Foster care
758:Coparenting
640:Orientation
630:Habituation
458:August 2023
289:hippocampus
128:in which a
122:Habituation
3209:Categories
1742:2011-10-20
1716:References
1594:Imprinting
1427:Truby King
1321:Disownment
1134:Television
1124:Role model
1049:Child care
1027:Techniques
993:Soccer mom
963:Enmeshment
900:Pediatrics
446:rewrite it
165:Tourette's
149:psychiatry
69:newspapers
2617:: 13–19.
2111:0029-8549
2083:Oecologia
1849:207094378
1361:Paternity
1292:Legal and
1192:Grounding
1089:Kommune 1
1064:Education
1039:Allowance
948:Baby talk
803:Surrogacy
717:Parenting
665:Sensation
655:Satiation
3220:Learning
3182:Archived
3165:41790159
3157:16957490
3109:39671805
3074:19104669
3048:: 1–11.
2985:24445379
2884:18248101
2835:23878288
2827:11393299
2792:11334221
2749:12432391
2631:28408237
2596:14165799
2462:13977960
2338:22260816
2289:17284478
2240:20118185
2119:24390479
2068:18854219
1841:28579490
1644:See also
1550:Learning
1407:Jo Frost
1341:Marriage
1207:Time-out
783:Orphaned
748:Adoptive
615:Blushing
600:Appetite
505:(ADHD),
360:Theories
280:amygdala
269:PET scan
208:Thompson
161:migraine
134:stimulus
3065:2605404
3020:9354530
2875:2291292
2757:4405646
2729:Bibcode
2706:4094320
2639:4022793
2588:5416541
2580:1728291
2560:Bibcode
2552:Science
2507:4319167
2329:3575717
2281:8938120
2198:3249223
2189:6569508
2160:Stentor
2127:5038227
2091:Bibcode
2059:2754195
2016:5324565
1974:3983304
1671:Aplysia
1375:Experts
1151: (
1116: (
1044:Bedtime
1008:Theybie
605:Arousal
485:(ASD),
338:and 3)
145:fatigue
83:scholar
3163:
3155:
3107:
3072:
3062:
3018:
2983:
2882:
2872:
2833:
2825:
2790:
2755:
2747:
2721:Nature
2704:
2637:
2629:
2594:
2586:
2578:
2505:
2460:
2336:
2326:
2287:
2279:
2259:Neuron
2238:
2196:
2186:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2066:
2056:
2014:
1972:
1847:
1839:
1268:Incest
1187:Curfew
925:Styles
743:Father
738:Mother
733:Parent
650:Reflex
501:(HD),
497:(PD),
163:, and
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3161:S2CID
3105:S2CID
3038:(PDF)
3016:S2CID
2981:S2CID
2831:S2CID
2753:S2CID
2702:JSTOR
2635:S2CID
2592:S2CID
2576:JSTOR
2483:(PDF)
2285:S2CID
2216:(PDF)
2123:S2CID
1992:(PDF)
1917:(PDF)
1845:S2CID
1799:(PDF)
1216:Abuse
823:Areas
670:Sleep
90:JSTOR
76:books
3197:BBC
3153:PMID
3070:PMID
2880:PMID
2823:PMID
2788:PMID
2745:PMID
2665:2011
2627:PMID
2584:PMID
2503:PMID
2458:PMID
2334:PMID
2277:PMID
2236:PMID
2194:PMID
2115:PMID
2107:ISSN
2064:PMID
2012:PMID
1970:PMID
1939:2011
1898:2011
1871:2011
1837:PMID
1770:2013
1118:date
1114:Play
875:Love
523:PTSD
278:The
273:fMRI
271:and
151:and
62:news
3145:doi
3097:doi
3060:PMC
3050:doi
3008:doi
2973:doi
2870:PMC
2862:doi
2815:doi
2811:127
2780:doi
2776:115
2737:doi
2725:420
2692:doi
2619:doi
2615:177
2568:doi
2556:167
2495:doi
2450:doi
2324:PMC
2316:doi
2267:doi
2228:doi
2184:PMC
2174:doi
2099:doi
2087:175
2054:PMC
2046:doi
2004:doi
1962:doi
1829:doi
1149:Toy
435:you
379:EEG
302:any
45:by
3211::
3159:.
3151:.
3141:19
3139:.
3103:.
3091:.
3068:.
3058:.
3044:.
3040:.
3014:.
3002:.
2979:.
2969:29
2967:.
2878:.
2868:.
2858:27
2856:.
2852:.
2829:.
2821:.
2809:.
2786:.
2774:.
2751:.
2743:.
2735:.
2723:.
2700:.
2688:86
2686:.
2682:.
2656:.
2633:.
2625:.
2613:.
2590:.
2582:.
2574:.
2566:.
2554:.
2501:.
2491:77
2489:.
2485:.
2470:^
2456:.
2446:25
2444:.
2432:^
2388:41
2386:,
2375:^
2359:^
2332:.
2322:.
2310:.
2306:.
2283:.
2275:.
2263:17
2261:.
2257:.
2234:.
2224:20
2222:.
2218:.
2192:.
2182:.
2168:.
2164:.
2148:^
2121:.
2113:.
2105:.
2097:.
2085:.
2062:.
2052:.
2042:92
2040:.
2036:.
2024:^
2010:.
2000:73
1998:.
1994:.
1968:.
1958:92
1956:.
1843:.
1835:.
1823:.
1807:^
1697::
1693:,
517:,
493:,
489:,
159:,
3167:.
3147::
3111:.
3099::
3093:2
3076:.
3052::
3046:2
3022:.
3010::
3004:2
2987:.
2975::
2886:.
2864::
2837:.
2817::
2794:.
2782::
2759:.
2739::
2731::
2708:.
2694::
2667:.
2641:.
2621::
2598:.
2570::
2562::
2509:.
2497::
2464:.
2452::
2390:.
2340:.
2318::
2312:8
2291:.
2269::
2242:.
2230::
2200:.
2176::
2170:8
2129:.
2101::
2093::
2070:.
2048::
2018:.
2006::
1976:.
1964::
1941:.
1900:.
1873:.
1851:.
1831::
1825:1
1772:.
1745:.
1542:e
1535:t
1528:v
1155:)
1120:)
821:·
709:e
702:t
695:v
581:e
574:t
567:v
460:)
456:(
452:.
442:.
437:)
236:"
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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