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populations often served by ABA professionals, such as individuals with developmental disabilities, maintaining high ethical standards helps prevent exploitation, harm, and abuse. In today's era, The
Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB) Code of Ethics is a comprehensive framework that guides behavior analysts in their professional conduct. For instance, Code 1.04 emphasizes the importance of integrity, urging behavior analysts to be honest and truthful in their professional dealings. Code 2.01 mandates the prioritization of client dignity and welfare, ensuring that the client's needs come first. Code 2.06 requires informed consent, meaning clients must be fully aware of and agree to the interventions used. Confidentiality is protected under Code 2.07, which ensures that all client information is kept private and secure. Additionally, Code 3.01 stresses the necessity of providing evidence-based treatments, ensuring interventions are scientifically supported and effective. By adhering to these and other ethical guidelines, behavior analysts foster trust, promote positive outcomes, and uphold the integrity of the field.
292:, and this technology was not part of behavior modification. A Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) is a systematic process used to identify the underlying causes and functions of challenging behaviors. Unlike traditional behavior modification, which often focused solely on altering the behavior itself, FBA seeks to understand the reasons behind a behavior by examining the environmental, social, and psychological factors that contribute to it. The FBA process involves several steps: defining the problematic behavior in observable and measurable terms, collecting data through direct observation, interviews, and review of records, identifying patterns and triggers, hypothesizing the function of the behavior, and developing intervention strategies based on these hypotheses.
41:
200:. Since the inception of behavior modification, significant and substantial advancements have been made to focus on the function of behavior, choice, cultural sensitivity, compassion, equity, and quality of life (QoL). Paradigm shifts have been made since the inception of behavior modification, and these changes are focused on the dignity of the individual receiving treatment, and found in today's graduate training programs.
312:(ADHD), one study showed that over a several-year period, children in the behavior modification group had half the number of felony arrests as children in the medication group. These findings have yet to be replicated, but are considered encouraging for the use of behavior modification for children with ADHD. There is strong and consistent evidence that behavioral treatments are effective for treating ADHD. A recent
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identified as a way for an individual to escape a difficult task, the intervention might include teaching more appropriate ways to request a break or modifying the task to make it more manageable. In contrast, traditional behavior modification might only attempt to suppress the escape behavior without addressing the underlying issue, which could lead to frustration and the emergence of other problematic behaviors.
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encouraging individuals to adopt healthy dietary practices, adhere to medication regimens, and engage in regular exercise, with the goal of improving glycemic levels. Notably, the outcomes of these programs have demonstrated promising advancements, with improvements observed in self-efficacy and trends towards significance in hemoglobin A1c levels.
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interaction between environment, behavior and psychological process. There is evidence, however, that imitation is a class of behavior that can be learned just like anything else. Children have been shown to imitate behavior that they have never displayed before and are never reinforced for, after being taught to imitate in general.
240:). In clinical settings positive punishment is usually restricted to using a spray bottle filled with water as an aversive event. When misused, more aversive punishment can lead to affective (emotional) disorders, as well as to the receiver of the punishment increasingly trying to avoid the punishment (i.e., "not get caught")..
354:. These particular homes use a family style approach to residential treatment, which has been carefully replicated over 700 times. Recent efforts have seen a push for the inclusion of more behavior modification programs in residential re-entry programs in the U.S. to aid prisoners in re-adjusting after release.
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in facilitating substantial and lasting weight loss. This program not only offers the advantage of being cost-effective but also provides continuous support. Notably, individuals with and without frequent binge eating have achieved significant long-term weight loss through TBMP's continuing care approach.
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Research has shown effectiveness for obese people who binge eat. One program called the
Trevose Behavior Modification Program (TBMP) is an accessible self-help weight loss program that emphasizes ongoing care. TBMP, administered and directed by non-professionals, has demonstrated remarkable success
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Additionally, FBA emphasizes a positive and proactive approach, focusing on teaching alternative, contextually appropriate behaviors and modifying the environment to support these behaviors design to support QoL. This stands in contrast to the often punitive nature of previous behavior modification
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The importance of FBA lies in its comprehensive and individualized approach. By understanding the function of a behavior, interventions can be tailored to address the root cause rather than just the symptoms. This leads to more effective and lasting behavior change. For example, if a behavior is
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at
Stanford University. His findings indicate that violent behavior is imitated, without being reinforced, in studies conducted with children watching films showing various individuals "beating the daylights out of Bobo". Bandura believes that human personality and learning is the result of the
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Based on the early improper use of behavior modification techniques, substantial emphasis has been placed on the importance of ethics and licensure. Ethics is paramount because it ensures that practitioners prioritize the well-being, dignity, and rights of their clients. Given the vulnerable
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theory, which has proven effective in programs aimed at promoting health-related behavioral modifications in adults with diabetes, various interventions have been implemented. These interventions incorporate group counseling, group discussions, and an empowerment process, all geared towards
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that unrestricted reinforcement is what led to the "feeling of freedom", thus removal of aversive events allows people to "feel freer". Further criticism extends to the presumption that behavior increases only when it is reinforced. This premise is at odds with research conducted by
220:'s research group. The experimental tradition in clinical psychology used it to refer to psycho-therapeutic techniques derived from empirical research. In the 1960s, behavior modification operated on stimulus-response-reinforcement framework (S-R-S), emphasizing the concept of '
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found that the use of behavior modification for ADHD resulted in effect sizes in between group studies (.83), pre-post studies (.70), within group studies (2.64), and single subject studies (3.78) indicating behavioral treatments are highly effective.
224:' explanations of behavior. It has since come to refer mainly to techniques for increasing adaptive behavior through reinforcement and decreasing maladaptive behavior through extinction or punishment (with emphasis on the former).
394:
One way of giving positive reinforcement in behavior modification is in providing compliments, approval, encouragement, and affirmation; a ratio of five compliments for every one complaint is generally seen as being
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by board certified behavior analysts is restricted to extreme circumstances when all other forms of treatment have failed and when the behavior to be modified is a danger to the person or to others (see
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techniques. Overall, FBA represents a more humane and effective method for understanding and addressing challenging behaviors, leading to improved outcomes for individuals.
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has had many critics, though these criticisms tend not to apply to negative punishment (time-outs) and usually apply to the addition of some aversive event. The use of
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programs. They have shown success in reducing recidivism for adolescents with conduct problems and adult offenders. One particular program that is of interest is
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Dean L. Fixsen, Karen A. Blasé, Gary D. Timbers and
Montrose M. Wolf (2007) In Search of Program Implementation: 792 Replications of the Teaching-Family Model.
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Milford, J.L.; Austin, J.L.; Smith, J.E. (2007). Community
Reinforcement and the Dissemination of Evidence-based Practice: Implications for Public Policy.
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Satterfield, J. H.; Schell, A. (1997). "A prospective study of hyperactive boys with conduct problems and normal boys: Adolescent and adult criminality".
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508:
Mahoney, M. J.; Kazdin, A. E.; Lesswing, N. J. (1974). "Behavior modification: delusion or deliverance?". In Franks, C. M.; Wilson, G. T. (eds.).
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425:, which involve "connecting with the human qualities of the person to promote healing", while behaviorism is "denigrating to the human spirit".
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Satterfield, J. H.; Satterfield, B. T.; Schell, A. M. (1987). "Therapeutic interventions to prevent delinquency in hyperactive boys".
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Gottman, J.M.; Levenson, R.W. (1999). "What predicts change in marital interaction over time? A study of alternative models".
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makes frequent use of the term "modifying behavior". Through early research in the 1940s and the 1950s the term was used by
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Parry-Cruwys, Diana E.; MacDonald, Jacquelyn M.; Slaton, Jessica D.; Karsina, Allen; MacManus, Cormac (2024-04-10).
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576:"The impact of functional analysis methodology on treatment choice for self-injurious and aggressive behavior"
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Fabiano, G. A.; Pelham Jr., W. E.; Coles, E. K.; Gnagy, E. M.; Chronis-Tuscano, A.; O'Connor, B. C. (2008).
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1115:"A Qualitative and Quantitative Review of Behavioral Activation Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder"
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995:"Effectiveness of a behavior modification program for older people with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes"
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Holland, J.L. (1976). "A new synthesis for an old method and a new analysis of some old phenomena".
712:"No such thing as a bad boy" Ignite compassion for problematic behavior | Dr. Pat Friman | TEDxOmaha
1920:
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627:"Translational research in behavior analysis: Historical traditions and imperative for the future"
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676:"ABA Promotes Autonomy and Choice of People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities"
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Another area of research that has been strongly supported has been behavioral activation for
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Behavior modification is critiqued in person-centered psychotherapeutic approaches such as
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Sellers, Tyra P.; Seniuk, Holly A.; Lichtenberger, Sarah N.; Carr, James E. (2023-05-16).
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1982:
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D. Baer, R.F.; Peterson, J.A. Sherman
Psychological Modeling: Conflicting Theories, 2006
734:"Strategies for Incorporating Compassionate Care in a Behavior Analysis Graduate Program"
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Keehn, J.D; Webster, C.D (February 1969). "Behavior
Therapy and Behavior Modification".
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Ounnapiruk, Liwan; Wirojratana, Virapun; Meehatchai, Nitaya; Turale, Sue (2014).
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in altering behavior in a desired manner and even in producing stable marriages.
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contingencies to increase desirable behavior, as well as positive and negative
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Earlier term for using respondent and operant conditioning to change behavior.
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Thorndike, E.L. (1911). "Provisional Laws of
Acquired Behavior or Learning".
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1297:"The History of the Behavior Analyst Certification Board's Ethics Codes"
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The first use of the term behavior modification appears to have been by
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Delinsky, Sherrie Selwyn; Latner, Janet D.; Wilson, G. Terence (2006).
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One area that has repeatedly shown effectiveness has been the work of
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Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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525:"The significance and future of functional analysis methodologies"
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Behavior modification programs form the core of many residential
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350:), which is based on a social learning model that emerged from
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Tincani, Matt; Brodhead, Matthew T.; Dowdy, Art (2024-02-27).
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Contemporary applications of behavior modification include
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Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
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The Child and His File: Self Concept in the Early Years
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Pelios, L.; Morren, J.; Tesch, D.; Axelrod, S. (1999).
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Annual Review of Behavior Therapy: Theory and Practice
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Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy
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Community reinforcement approach and family training
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Criticism of Early Behavior Modification Approaches
375:working in the area of community reinforcement for
2406:Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
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680:Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities
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173:and consequences, including positive and negative
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214:Provisional Laws of Acquired Behavior or Learning
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2396:Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy
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470:Decoupling for body-focused repetitive behaviors
2411:Association for Behavior Analysis International
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836:Experimental Foundations of Clinical Psychology
243:Behavior modification relies on the following:
169:, overt behavior is modified with (antecedent)
1155:"The Bruised Self: Mending in the Early Years"
409:Cognitive behavioral therapy § Criticisms
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1113:Spates, R.C.; Pagoto, S.; Kalata, A. (2006).
512:. Vol. 2. Brunner/Mazel. pp. 11–40.
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485:Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports
1152:Kirkhart, Robert; Kirkhart, Evelyn (1972).
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238:professional practice of behavior analysis
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785:"Psychotheraphy by Reciprocal Inhibition"
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625:Mace, F. C.; Critchfield, T. S. (2010).
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310:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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2416:European Association for Psychotherapy
413:Psychotherapy § General critiques
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581:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
530:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
1701:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
1534:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
13:
2421:Society for Psychotherapy Research
1649:Transference focused psychotherapy
840:. New York: Basic Books. pp.
771:. New York: The Macmillan Company.
480:Pain model of behaviour management
157:is a treatment approach that uses
14:
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1706:Rational emotive behavior therapy
1679:Functional analytic psychotherapy
1674:Acceptance and commitment therapy
1604:
1544:Rational emotive behavior therapy
1509:Functional analytic psychotherapy
1423:Acceptance and commitment therapy
1328:
194:acceptance and commitment therapy
1482:Exposure and response prevention
1363:
1201:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1999.00143.x
931:10.1097/00004583-199712000-00021
896:10.1097/00004583-198701000-00012
227:In recent years, the concept of
185:to reduce problematic behavior.
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2426:World Council for Psychotherapy
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21:Behavior Modification (journal)
1166:. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
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321:Uncontrollable diabetes Type 2
286:Functional behavior assessment
1:
1639:Mentalization-based treatment
1301:Behavior Analysis in Practice
999:Nursing & Health Sciences
832:Bachrach, A. J., ed. (1962).
738:Behavior Analysis in Practice
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382:
366:
165:to change behavior. Based on
1696:Dialectical behavior therapy
1686:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1504:Dialectical behavior therapy
1407:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1354:Resources in other libraries
1158:. In Yamamoto, Kaoru (ed.).
1035:Volume 8, No. 1, pp. 96–106
198:cognitive-behavioral therapy
7:
1726:Emotionally focused therapy
1477:Direct therapeutic exposure
1238:The Counseling Psychologist
448:
100:Cognitive dissonance theory
10:
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1997:Systematic desensitization
1926:Practitioner–scholar model
1669:Clinical behavior analysis
1497:Systematic desensitization
1492:Prolonged exposure therapy
1458:Compassion-focused therapy
1438:Cognitive analytic therapy
1310:10.1007/s40617-023-00803-2
1273:Beyond Freedom and Dignity
1250:10.1177/001100007600600303
1223:"Re-evaluation Counseling"
1119:The Behavior Analyst Today
958:Clinical Psychology Review
746:10.1007/s40617-024-00934-0
688:10.1007/s10882-024-09949-5
432:Beyond Freedom and Dignity
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167:methodological behaviorism
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1349:Resources in your library
1275:. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
971:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.11.001
709:TEDx Talks (2021-04-06).
290:applied behavior analysis
192:(ABA), behavior therapy,
190:applied behavior analysis
115:Social and cultural norms
2008:Other individual therapy
643:10.1901/jeab.2010.93-293
594:10.1901/jaba.1999.32-185
543:10.1901/jaba.1994.27-385
423:Re-evaluation Counseling
2030:Cognitive restructuring
1751:Person-centered therapy
1519:Inference-based therapy
1514:Habit reversal training
1271:Skinner, B. F. (1974).
1037:Behavior Analyst Online
857:The Canadian Psychogist
475:Habit Reversal Training
325:Drawing upon Bandura's
256:(positive and negative)
250:(positive and negative)
204:Description and history
1961:Contingency management
1840:Transtheoretical model
1830:Eclectic psychotherapy
1807:Transactional analysis
1463:Contingency management
1033:Behavior Analyst Today
281:Areas of effectiveness
105:Self-perception theory
34:Behavioural influences
2447:Behavior modification
1911:Common factors theory
1875:Residential treatment
1524:Metacognitive therapy
1433:Behavioral activation
1370:Behavior modification
1340:Behavior modification
348:Teaching Family Model
344:teaching-family homes
334:Residential treatment
212:in 1911. His article
155:Behavior modification
19:For the journal, see
2340:Lorna Smith Benjamin
2175:Harry Stack Sullivan
2100:Sensitivity training
1901:Clinical formulation
1564:Self-control therapy
1372:at Wikimedia Commons
1067:10.1038/oby.2006.141
721:– via YouTube.
523:Mace, F. C. (1994).
358:Weight loss outcomes
163:operant conditioning
2072:Group psychotherapy
1983:Counterconditioning
1860:Brief psychotherapy
1731:Existential therapy
769:Animal Intelligence
465:Covert conditioning
455:Behavior management
419:Rogerian Counseling
352:radical behaviorism
233:positive punishment
29:Part of a series on
2200:Milton H. Erickson
2035:Emotion regulation
2015:Autogenic training
1906:Clinical pluralism
1835:Multimodal therapy
1634:Analytical therapy
1554:Relapse prevention
1539:Multimodal therapy
1100:, 3(1), pp. 77–87
802:10.1007/BF03000093
790:Conditional Reflex
782:Wolpe, J. (1968).
340:treatment facility
308:For children with
304:Children with ADHD
288:forms the core of
95:Attribution theory
2434:
2433:
2360:William R. Miller
2345:Marsha M. Linehan
2315:Jean Baker Miller
2275:Salvador Minuchin
2155:Ludwig Binswanger
2108:
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1943:Behaviour therapy
1870:Online counseling
1848:
1847:
1787:Narrative therapy
1691:Cognitive therapy
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1448:Cognitive therapy
1368:Media related to
1335:Library resources
1173:978-0-395-12571-7
1011:10.1111/nhs.12089
152:
151:
77:Social perception
2469:
2350:Vittorio Guidano
2320:Otto F. Kernberg
2190:Donald Winnicott
2047:Free association
1992:Exposure therapy
1971:Stimulus control
1951:Aversion therapy
1939:
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1802:Systemic therapy
1777:Feminist therapy
1629:Adlerian therapy
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1529:Method of levels
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460:Behavior therapy
210:Edward Thorndike
171:stimulus control
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72:Group influences
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2365:Steven C. Hayes
2295:Paul Watzlawick
2280:Paul Watzlawick
2235:Virginia Axline
2145:Sándor Ferenczi
2104:
2085:Couples therapy
2066:
2040:Affect labeling
2003:
1988:Desensitization
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1916:Discontinuation
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1797:Reality therapy
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1741:Gestalt therapy
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1111:
1107:
1095:
1091:
1046:
1042:
1030:
1026:
991:
987:
950:
946:
925:(12): 1726–35.
915:
911:
880:
876:
853:
849:
829:
825:
780:
776:
765:
761:
730:
726:
717:
715:
707:
703:
672:
668:
623:
619:
572:
568:
521:
517:
506:
502:
498:
451:
415:
405:
385:
369:
360:
336:
323:
306:
283:
206:
148:
119:
81:
48:Fields of study
40:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2335:Arnold Lazarus
2332:
2330:Irvin D. Yalom
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2305:Eugene Gendlin
2302:
2297:
2292:
2290:Ogden Lindsley
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2265:Virginia Satir
2262:
2257:
2255:James Bugental
2252:
2250:Silvano Arieti
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2120:Philippe Pinel
2116:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2090:Family therapy
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2027:
2025:Clean language
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1885:Support groups
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1665:
1663:
1659:Cognitive and
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1644:Psychoanalysis
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1559:Schema therapy
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:External links
1327:
1325:
1324:
1287:
1278:
1263:
1228:
1214:
1189:Family Process
1179:
1172:
1144:
1105:
1089:
1040:
1024:
1005:(2): 216–223.
985:
944:
909:
874:
847:
823:
796:(4): 234–240.
774:
759:
724:
701:
666:
637:(3): 293–312.
617:
566:
515:
499:
497:
494:
493:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
450:
447:
438:Albert Bandura
404:
401:
384:
381:
368:
365:
359:
356:
335:
332:
322:
319:
305:
302:
282:
279:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
251:
205:
202:
150:
149:
147:
146:
139:
132:
124:
121:
120:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
91:
88:
87:
83:
82:
80:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
53:
50:
49:
45:
44:
36:
35:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2474:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:Jeffrey Young
2373:
2371:
2370:Michael White
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2355:Les Greenberg
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:Carl Whitaker
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:Viktor Frankl
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Jacques Lacan
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2195:Wilhelm Reich
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Melanie Klein
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Sigmund Freud
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1976:Token economy
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1782:Music therapy
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:Dance therapy
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1621:Psychodynamic
1618:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:Psychotherapy
1600:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1282:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:(2): 143–58.
1194:
1190:
1183:
1175:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:(4): 508–17.
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
981:
977:
972:
967:
964:(2): 129–40.
963:
959:
955:
948:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
913:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
878:
870:
866:
862:
858:
851:
843:
838:
837:
827:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
786:
778:
770:
763:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
728:
714:
713:
705:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
670:
662:
658:
653:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
613:
609:
604:
599:
595:
591:
588:(2): 185–95.
587:
583:
582:
577:
570:
562:
558:
553:
548:
544:
540:
537:(2): 385–92.
536:
532:
531:
526:
519:
511:
504:
500:
491:
490:Token economy
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
446:
442:
439:
434:
433:
428:
424:
420:
414:
410:
400:
398:
392:
390:
380:
378:
374:
364:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
331:
328:
327:self-efficacy
318:
315:
314:meta-analysis
311:
301:
297:
293:
291:
287:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
248:Reinforcement
246:
245:
244:
241:
239:
234:
230:
225:
223:
222:transactional
219:
215:
211:
201:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
175:reinforcement
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
145:
140:
138:
133:
131:
126:
125:
123:
122:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
90:
89:
85:
84:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
52:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
33:
32:
28:
27:
22:
2462:Mind control
2389:Associations
2380:Peter Fonagy
2325:Nathan Azrin
2300:Arthur Janov
2260:Joseph Wolpe
2245:Albert Ellis
2225:George Kelly
2210:Erik Erikson
2170:Karen Horney
2140:Alfred Adler
2135:Pierre Janet
2125:Josef Breuer
2057:Hypnotherapy
1792:Play therapy
1339:
1300:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1266:
1244:(3): 12–15.
1241:
1237:
1231:
1217:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1161:
1147:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1097:
1092:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1032:
1027:
1002:
998:
988:
961:
957:
947:
922:
918:
912:
890:(1): 56–64.
887:
883:
877:
863:(1): 68-73.
860:
856:
850:
835:
826:
793:
789:
777:
768:
762:
737:
727:
716:. Retrieved
711:
704:
679:
669:
634:
630:
620:
585:
579:
569:
534:
528:
518:
509:
503:
443:
430:
427:B.F. Skinner
416:
393:
386:
373:behaviorists
370:
361:
343:
337:
324:
307:
298:
294:
284:
242:
226:
218:Joseph Wolpe
213:
207:
187:
154:
153:
110:Stereotyping
67:Disobedience
2452:Behaviorism
2310:R. D. Laing
2285:Haim Ginott
2215:Carl Rogers
2180:Fritz Perls
2095:Psychodrama
2020:Biofeedback
1822:Integrative
1767:Art therapy
1746:Logotherapy
2441:Categories
2270:Aaron Beck
2185:Anna Freud
2080:Co-therapy
1935:Techniques
1865:Counseling
1853:Approaches
1718:Humanistic
1661:behavioral
718:2024-07-19
496:References
429:argues in
407:See also:
389:depression
383:Depression
377:addictions
367:Addictions
260:Extinction
254:Punishment
229:punishment
183:extinction
179:punishment
159:respondent
62:Compliance
2230:Rollo May
2165:Otto Rank
2150:Carl Jung
1880:Self-help
1319:2196-8934
1258:143031073
754:2196-8934
696:1573-3580
397:effective
57:Obedience
2457:Behavior
2062:Modeling
2052:Homework
1956:Chaining
1894:Research
1736:Focusing
1487:Flooding
1209:10407716
1076:16899805
1019:23991917
980:19131150
818:46015274
661:21119847
612:10396771
561:16795830
449:See also
275:Chaining
1966:Shaping
1921:History
1613:Schools
1139:3337916
1084:1363953
1054:Obesity
939:9401334
904:3584002
810:5712667
652:2861871
603:1284177
552:1297814
265:Shaping
2113:People
1337:about
1317:
1256:
1207:
1170:
1137:
1082:
1074:
1017:
978:
937:
902:
816:
808:
752:
694:
659:
649:
610:
600:
559:
549:
411:, and
270:Fading
196:, and
181:, and
86:Topics
1760:Other
1254:S2CID
1135:S2CID
1098:IJBCT
1080:S2CID
814:S2CID
346:(see
1812:List
1411:list
1315:ISSN
1205:PMID
1168:ISBN
1072:PMID
1015:PMID
976:PMID
935:PMID
900:PMID
844:–25.
806:PMID
750:ISSN
692:ISSN
657:PMID
608:PMID
557:PMID
421:and
161:and
1305:doi
1246:doi
1197:doi
1127:doi
1062:doi
1007:doi
966:doi
927:doi
892:doi
865:doi
830:In
798:doi
742:doi
684:doi
647:PMC
639:doi
598:PMC
590:doi
547:PMC
539:doi
2443::
1470:/
1313:.
1303:.
1299:.
1252:.
1240:.
1203:.
1193:38
1191:.
1133:.
1121:.
1117:.
1078:.
1070:.
1058:14
1056:.
1052:.
1013:.
1003:16
1001:.
997:.
974:.
962:29
960:.
956:.
933:.
923:36
921:.
898:.
888:26
886:.
861:10
859:.
812:.
804:.
792:.
788:.
748:.
740:.
736:.
690:.
682:.
678:.
655:.
645:.
635:93
633:.
629:.
606:.
596:.
586:32
584:.
578:.
555:.
545:.
535:27
533:.
527:.
391:.
379:.
1990:/
1598:e
1591:t
1584:v
1413:)
1409:(
1399:e
1392:t
1385:v
1321:.
1307::
1260:.
1248::
1242:6
1225:.
1211:.
1199::
1176:.
1141:.
1129::
1123:7
1103:)
1086:.
1064::
1021:.
1009::
982:.
968::
941:.
929::
906:.
894::
871:.
867::
842:3
820:.
800::
794:3
756:.
744::
698:.
686::
663:.
641::
614:.
592::
563:.
541::
143:e
136:t
129:v
23:.
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