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while theirs was a legitimate religious group. Some
Western scholars who wrote about Eastern Lightning also concluded that the perpetrators at the time of the murder were members of a group different from Eastern Lightning. In 2017, Chinese authorities announced that two of the assassins had been successfully "re-educated" in jail. Although they maintained that theirs was a group based on the belief that the two female leaders of their movement, not Yang Xiangbin, were the real Almighty God, they also blamed books and Web sites of Eastern Lightning for having "ideologically corrupted" them in their youth.
771:
37:
1071:, who worked as a salesperson in a mall clothing store, was waiting after work to meet her husband and seven-year-old son in a nearby McDonald's. While Wu was there, a group of six persons (including a 12-year-old), entered the restaurant. They announced that they were "missionaries." After presenting their religious message, they demanded that customers supply their cell phone numbers for future contacts. Wu was twice asked to provide her phone number. She refused.
873:
revelations propagated by Zhao announced that Yang herself was more than a prophetic voice; in fact, she was the second coming of Jesus Christ on earth and the incarnated
Almighty God. Since then, Yang was referred to as "he" rather than "she," as she was in fact regarded as Jesus Christ. Chinese media started taking an interest in the sect, and referred to Yang (sometimes also mentioned as "Deng"), as "the female Christ."
971:
while in custody". In its Report on
International Religious Freedom for the year 2019, published on June 10, 2020, the same U.S. Department of State mentioned claims that in 2019, "at least 32,815 Church members were directly persecuted by authorities, compared with 23,567 in 2018," and "at least 19 Church members died as a result of abuse (20 in 2018)." The
1028:
upon some followers." Massimo
Introvigne in his book published in 2020 suggested that China Gospel Fellowship members described as "kidnapping" what was in fact "deception," as they were invited, and went (voluntarily, according to Introvigne), to training sessions without being told that they were organized by Eastern Lightning.
931:
when God in his present incarnation as
Almighty God reveals the fullness of truth and works to free humans from their sinfulness. Also, the group mentions a future Age of Millennial Kingdom, in which the earth will enter after the death of the present divine incarnation, and will be transformed into a kingdom of peace and joy.
930:
The Church describes human history as "God's six-thousand year management plan," divided in three stages: the Age of Law, when God as
Jehovah guided Israel; the Age of Grace, when God as Jesus Christ saved humanity, but did not eradicate its sinful nature; and the Age of Kingdom, inaugurated in 1991,
1078:
The attackers were arrested and identified by the government as members of
Eastern Lightning. Representatives from Eastern Lightning publicly condemned the murder, claiming it had been committed by "psychopaths" who had nothing to do with them. In the wake of the murder, authorities in China engaged
1027:
Scholar Emily Dunn concluded in her 2015 book that rogue members of the sect, acting without the approval of the leaders, might have been responsible for the incident, writing that, "While
Eastern Lightning's leadership evidently does not condone the use of violence, it may be unable to impress this
872:
by the
Chinese government and officially banned. In 1991, Zhao met Yang Xiangbin and quickly became the main leader of her small group, where he was recognized as "the Man used by the Holy Spirit." According to one estimate, by 1991, the organization had more than a thousand members. In 1992, Yang's
1040:
and predicted the end of the world for 2012. The authorities accused them of causing riots and even crimes around China. According to Emily Dunn, the 2012 predictions were accepted by some sect members "without sanctions from authorities," who pointed out that in their theology there is no end of
970:
in its Report on
International Religious Freedom for the year 2018, published on June 21, 2019, reported claims that in 2018, Chinese "authorities arrested 11,111 of its members," and "subjected 525 of its members to 'torture or forced indoctrination,'" mentioning that some were "tortured to death
1109:
suspended dozens of Hebrew-language accounts run in The Church of Almighty God's name that were amplifying right-wing religious and political messages. The BuzzFeed article reported the opinion of Holly Folk, that the political activity was "outside the pattern of CAG's typical behavior," and the
1074:
Wu was then beaten by two of the "missionaries", who used mops the group had brought with them. A chair was thrown at Wu, and her head and face were stomped. One attacker screamed "Go die! Evil spirit!" while another shouted at customers: "Whoever interferes will die!". The attack was captured on
1008:. Liu and Zhao, using knives, steel poles, and lime powder, beat, stabbed, blinded, and robbed 9 people over a 12-day period, reportedly for refusing to join or provide funds to the church. Of the 9 victims, 6 had their legs broken and 2 had their right ears cut off. On March 7, 2000, the Nanyang
1086:
wrote that the perpetrators were in fact not members of Eastern Lightning at the time of the murder: they recognized as the living incarnation of God, rather than Yang Xiangbin, their own two female leaders, regarded as one divine soul in two bodies, and claimed that Eastern Lightning was a cult
949:
Members get together weekly (but not on a fixed day of the week) in what they call "fellowship meetings," in private homes in China and in "community houses," sometimes called "churches," abroad. There, they pray, read and discuss the revelations of Almighty God, sing hymns, hear sermons, and
975:
reported that "in 2018, the Chinese government harassed and arrested thousands of followers of the Church of Almighty God. Many of those detained during the year suffered torture and other abuses, in some cases resulting in deaths or unexplained disappearances while in custody."
876:
In 1995, the group was classified as a cult by China's Ministry of Public Security. On September 6, 2000, both Zhao and Yang entered the United States; they were granted political asylum the following year. Since then, they live in and direct the movement from New York.
946:, Eastern Lighting is organized hierarchically, with "inspectors" overseeing regional and subregional leaders, who in turn oversee the leaders of the local congregations. At the local and regional levels, leaders are elected by the members.
630:
Scholars who have tried to study the group have complained that, due to its "secretive" nature and the fact that in China it operates underground, researching Eastern Lightning is difficult, and media coverage is only partially reliable.
861:; born December 12, 1951), a former physics teacher, had a history of membership in a variety of Christian new religious movements. In 1986, Zhao was a member of a Christian house church, and in 1987 he was baptized into a branch of
865:, a group within China targeted by the Chinese government as a criminal cult. Zhao rose to a leadership position within the group and, according to Chinese governmental sources, preached that he was himself the "Lord of Ability."
953:
Starting in 2001, the group began efforts to proselytize online by creating websites which host church scripture in various languages, links to group chats, and news about online events. The group is also present on
2023:"招远麦当劳杀人案女犯忏悔记：两年写几万字揭批材料 (Confession by the Main Criminal of the McDonald's Murder in Zhaoyuan: She Has Compiled Writings of Revelation and Criticism Amounting to Tens of Thousands Characters in Two Years)"
1045:, the Chinese government arrested 400 members of Eastern Lightning in central China, and as many as 1000 from other provinces of China. Chinese authorities also claimed that a certain Min Yongjun, who
950:
sometimes present artistic performances. Holly Folk, an associate professor at Western Washington University, said that "a lot of their international ministry functions as an internet religion".
2220:"马兴瑞同志在省委防范和处理邪教问题领导小组全体成员会议上的讲话 (Comrade Ma Xingrui's Speech on the Plenary Meeting of the CPC Guangdong Provincial Committee Leading Group on Preventing and Controlling Cults, July 9, 2014)."
934:
According to Holly Folk, an associate professor at Western Washington University that has been studying the Church, it does not view the Bible as God's word but as a human work with flaws.
885:
Eastern Lightning holds that Jesus has returned as a Chinese woman, worshiped by the sect as Almighty God, hence its official name. The group is non-Trinitarian, and teaches a form of
2340:
984:
Eastern Lightning has been described by Chinese media as the nation's "most dangerous cult". The group has been tied to, and accused of condoning and supporting, acts of violence.
614:
as the nation's 'most dangerous cult', and the group has been formally banned in China since 1995. Christian opponents and international media have in turn described it as a
2150:
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in widespread arrests of Eastern Lightning's members. The five adult attackers were found guilty at trial, with two of the murderers being executed for their role in 2015.
2347:
972:
2312:
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Eastern Lightning is banned in China and proselyting or organizing meetings on its behalf is a crime prosecuted under Article 300 of the Chinese Criminal Code. The
1049:, was motivated by the 2012 prophecies, and after the incident occurred pointed out that Eastern Lightning members were among those propagating these prophecies.
992:
From October 30 to November 10, 1998, two alleged members of Eastern Lightning, Liu Shunting and Zhao Fating, committed a series of assaults and robberies across
2104:
1020:
In 2002, The Church of Almighty God was accused of staging a campaign of simultaneous kidnappings across multiple cities to capture thirty-four leaders of the
2267:
2129:"China: Update of CHN106256 of 23 September 2019 on the Church of Almighty God (CAG) (quan neng shen jiao; Quannengshen), also known as 'Eastern Lightning'"
3767:
3721:
2195:
673:
published a compilation of its interviews with scholars about Eastern Lightning. In the same year, the National Commission for the Right of Asylum of the
3447:
1359:
Dunn (2015), 47–48; Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (2019), 2.1; Ministero dell'Interno, Commissione Nazionale per il Diritto d'Asilo (2019), 15.
832:, mimeographed texts with revelations she said were coming from the Holy Spirit. Chinese authorities state that Yang had a history of mental problems.
2394:
3762:
2455:
1960:
3411:
2333:
1638:
622:. In contrast, members of the group deny all accusations and argue they are victims of religious persecution at the hands of Chinese authorities.
2729:
2247:
Palmer, David Alexander (2012). "Heretical Doctrines, Reactionary Secret Societies, Evil Cults: Labelling Heterodoxy in 20th-Century China." In
1702:
3700:
2185:
1565:
Heggie, Rachel (2022). "Virtually Limited: Chinese New Religious Movements, the Great Firewall and the Case of The Church of Almighty God".
1336:
698:
found that Western scholars who have written about Eastern Lightning tend to support the sect's position that it has been unfairly accused.
2206:
1012:
sentenced Liu and Zhao to 18 years' imprisonment and 17 years' imprisonment, respectively, on charges of intentional injury and robbery.
3757:
2160:
3716:
3589:
1974:
1041:
the world, and reprimanded and even expelled members who insisted in spreading the Mayan prophecy. Immediately prior to the supposed
607:
24:27: "For as the lightning cometh out of the east, and shineth even unto the west; so shall also the coming of the Son of man be."
3573:
2237:
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1522:
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1813:
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2783:
2709:
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2143:
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1401:
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2178:
1793:
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967:
3605:
2744:
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2441:
674:
2207:"招遠血案讓全能神教再入公眾視野 (Zhaoyuan Blood Case Brings into Public View the Case of the Reincarnation of the Almighty God)."
3772:
3726:
3220:
2912:
2370:"山东招远血案被告自白：我就是神, The Confession of the Defendant of the Murder Case in Zhaoyuan, Shandong: 'I am God Himself.'"
2306:"山东招远血案被告自白：我就是神, The Confession of the Defendant of the Murder Case in Zhaoyuan, Shandong: 'I Am God Himself.'"
798:
A woman, whose name is never mentioned in the group's literature, but is believed to be Yang Xiangbin (b. 1973,
3663:
3507:
2872:
2815:
2629:
2323:
2285:
1523:"Israel Election: Twitter Suspended Dozens Of Hebrew-Language Accounts Run By A Strange Chinese Religious Sect"
1009:
902:
844:
807:
682:
603:
has returned to earth and is presently living as a Chinese woman. The name "Eastern Lightning" alludes to the
571:
541:
444:
358:
297:
211:
3680:
2169:
Kindopp, Jason (2004). "Fragmented yet Defiant: Protestant Resilience under Chinese Communist Party Rule." In
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894:
836:
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655:
563:
533:
372:
225:
92:
2659:
2497:
1858:
1211:
3255:
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3079:
2492:
2351:
3350:
3335:
3054:
2173:, edited by Jason Kindopp and Carol Lee Hamrin, 122–145. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
1688:
2222:
Reproduced on the website of the Association for the Protection of Human Rights and Religious Freedom.
1373:"The murderous Chinese cult that thinks Jesus has returned — as a Chinese woman – The Washington Post"
3685:
3049:
2754:
2514:
2428:
2006:
1814:"McDonald's murder in China: 'evil cult members' face trial for woman's death | China | The Guardian"
2313:"Cults, New Christianities and Religious Persecution in the Internet Age; a Q&A with Holly Folk"
3695:
3594:
3427:
3300:
3069:
2990:
2975:
2679:
2649:
2622:
2602:
2531:
2295:
2079:"Reincarnated Religion? The Eschatology of the Church of Almighty God in Comparative Perspective."
1434:
Dunn (2015), 31; Ministero dell'Interno, Commissione nazionale per il diritto di asilo (2019), 15.
3180:
3000:
2966:
2565:
1920:
Jesus in Beijing: How Christianity Is Transforming China and Changing the Global Balance of Power
1082:
Covering the trial and the confessions of the accused assassins, reporters for the Chinese daily
1021:
924:
659:
643:
2089:
2056:
2041:
889:. The group publishes the revelations of its female Almighty God; most of them are collected in
3782:
3675:
3623:
3618:
3487:
3477:
3442:
3210:
2611:
2560:
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2464:
619:
589:
58:
3170:
3633:
3345:
3265:
3094:
2902:
2825:
2664:
2654:
1934:
1124:
2296:"视频：招远案嫌疑犯接受采访全程-我感觉很好 (Video: Zhaoyuan Case Suspect Interviewed in Depth – 'I Feel Good.'")
3522:
3517:
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3145:
3032:
2810:
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1670:
1058:
825:
2551:
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2078:
1971:
1939:
8:
3639:
3599:
3542:
3512:
3482:
3140:
3005:
2892:
2788:
2358:
1377:
2867:
2219:
2047:
Dunn, Emily (2008b). "The Big Red Dragon and Indigenizations of Christianity in China."
1859:"Deadly attack raises concern about growth of 'evil cults' in China – Los Angeles Times"
1601:
Ministero dell'Interno, Commissione Nazionale per il Diritto d'Asilo (2019), 2–3 and 17.
3658:
3432:
3370:
3365:
3130:
3084:
3059:
3044:
2985:
2956:
2763:
2734:
2714:
2022:
1584:
1064:
920:
651:
3385:
2032:
Dunn, Emily C. (2008a). "'Cult,' Church, and the CCP: Introducing Eastern Lightning."
1994:
482:
423:
335:
276:
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3462:
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3395:
2961:
2887:
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2768:
2719:
2644:
2504:
2383:
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2256:
2174:
2139:
2085:
2067:
2052:
2037:
2017:
1989:
1953:
1923:
1863:
1840:
1588:
1110:
accounts might have been created by Chinese agencies to discredit Eastern Lightning.
604:
506:
2421:
669:
abroad, some national authorities have published reports on the group. In 2019, the
3355:
3200:
3190:
2939:
2847:
2820:
2778:
2699:
2639:
2634:
2575:
2093:
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camera, with footage widely shared online. Wu died from her injuries at the scene.
635:
395:
248:
128:
3275:
2136:
Inside The Church of Almighty God: The Most Persecuted Religious Movement in China
1940:"China: The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called “heretical organizations”"
685:
a report on "Persecution for religious reasons in China: Church of Almighty God."
596:
in 1991. Government sources estimate the group has three to four million members.
3380:
3285:
3215:
3205:
3165:
2944:
2800:
2773:
2186:"These Chinese Christians Were Branded A Criminal 'Cult.' Now They Have to Flee."
1978:
1818:
1042:
1037:
746:
690:
666:
70:
1337:"These Chinese Christians Were Branded A Criminal 'Cult.' Now They Have to Flee"
3777:
3670:
3390:
3375:
3340:
3325:
3280:
3235:
3225:
3135:
3012:
2862:
2739:
2684:
2607:
2570:
1001:
678:
503:
65:
1961:"Coronavirus Creates New Problems for China's Persecuted Religious Minorities"
3741:
3537:
3467:
3290:
3155:
3150:
3109:
2949:
2805:
2669:
2354:. Washington DC: United States Commission on International Religious Freedom.
2236:
Ministero dell'Interno, Commissione Nazionale per il Diritto d'Asilo (2019).
1101:
993:
943:
886:
611:
416:
269:
109:
2115:
1580:
1325:
Ministero dell'Interno, Commissione Nazionale per il Diritto d'Asilo (2019).
3612:
3547:
3492:
3360:
3260:
3245:
3175:
2924:
2840:
2541:
2521:
2252:
2227:
Lightning from the East: Heterodoxy and Christianity in Contemporary China.
1726:"The Cult Who Kidnaps Christians and Is at War with the Chinese Government"
1567:
997:
955:
862:
829:
754:
600:
472:
402:
325:
255:
150:
55:
2433:
2097:
2064:
Lightning from the East: Heterodoxy and Christianity in Contemporary China
3315:
3250:
3195:
2995:
2929:
2917:
2907:
2830:
2151:"Chinese Boy Whose Eyes Were Gouged Out Fitted with Prosthetic Eyeballs."
2001:
1703:"China Cracks Down on Bonkers Cult That Thinks Jesus Christ Lives In NYC"
1639:"China Cracks Down on Bonkers Cult That Thinks Jesus Christ Lives In NYC"
1129:
695:
496:
101:
36:
2249:
Chinese Religiosities: The Vicissitudes of Modernity and State Formation
919:). The group is anti-Communist, identifying the Great Red Dragon of the
3320:
3270:
3240:
3230:
3185:
2689:
2674:
2215:
2882:
1047:
stabbed an elderly woman and 23 students at a school in Henan province
665:
Due to the growing influx of refugees from Eastern Lightning who seek
3099:
3027:
2897:
2758:
2704:
2595:
2536:
2509:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2255:, 113–134. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
1443:
Dunn (2015), 49; Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (2019), 2.1.
658:, reported in 2020 that she is observing Eastern Lightning through a
437:
290:
117:
97:
2546:
2171:
God and Caesar in China: Policy Implications of Church-State Tension
1212:"Deadly attack raises concern about growth of 'evil cults' in China"
3310:
3017:
2934:
2857:
2585:
2414:
1068:
634:
Two books on the group were published by Western academic presses.
458:
311:
181:
2308:
August 23, 2014. Compiled by Yang Feng (Accessed August 22, 2018).
1841:"China executes two cult members for McDonald's murder – BBC News"
1689:"35 church leaders 'kidnapped by cult' | South China Morning Post"
3497:
3022:
2980:
1402:"Eastern Lightning: Kidnapping, murder and a female Christ | CNN"
1106:
786:
479:
332:
3305:
3568:
3563:
3527:
3472:
2852:
2590:
2359:"一个 '全能神教'家庭的发展史 (History of the Family of Almighty God Group)"
910:
852:
815:
750:
579:
549:
113:
105:
3160:
2278:
Kidnapped by a Cult: A Pastor's Stand Against a Murderous Sect
511:
3104:
1005:
776:
758:
593:
487:
340:
140:
2380:
Atlas of Religion in China: Social and Geographical Contexts
1262:
Dunn (2015); Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (2019).
3532:
3457:
2348:
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
1474:
1472:
1470:
973:
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
869:
615:
1954:"China Cult Murder Trail: Two Members Sentenced to Death."
3569:
INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements)
1798:
1406:
1036:
Some members of Eastern Lightning embraced the so-called
463:
449:
316:
302:
1467:
2105:"Religious refugees from China denied asylum in Europe"
2268:"400 Members of Doomsday Cult Held in Central China."
407:
260:
2138:. New York and Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1555:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (2019), 6.1.
1464:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (2019), 2.1.
1173:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (2019), 3.1.
720:
Administrative leader of The Church of Almighty God
428:
281:
2319:(Western Washington University), January 29, 2020.
1546:Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (2019), 4.
1063:Wu Shuoyan (1977–2014), a 37-year-old woman from
1024:(CGF). Eastern Lightning denied the accusations.
3739:
2324:"China's Other Religious Problem: Christianity."
2280:. New Kensington, Pennsylvania: Whitaker House.
1421:
1419:
1417:
1316:Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (2019).
3701:Religious discrimination against modern pagans
2395:"China detains 93 for doomsday rumors: Xinhua"
1794:"China executes McDonald's cult killers | CNN"
1460:
1458:
2449:
2238:"Persecuzioni per motivi religiosi in China,
1414:
377:
363:
230:
216:
25:
2341:Country Reports on Religious Freedom – China
2334:Country Reports on Religious Freedom – China
2161:"Chatter of Doomsday Makes Beijing Nervous."
1052:
3768:Religious organizations established in 1989
2463:
2378:Yang, Fenggang, with J.E.E. Pettit (2018).
1946:, November 17. (Accessed October 14, 2023).
1558:
1455:
2456:
2442:
2365:, August 22. (Accessed February 22, 2020).
1995:"Inside China's 'Eastern Lightning' Cult."
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
3590:Academic study of new religious movements
2375:, August 23. (Accessed 22 February 2020).
2196:"Chinese Doomsday Cult Expands to Taiwan"
160:3–4 million (Chinese government estimate)
3763:Christian denominations founded in China
3574:World Religions and Spirituality Project
2393:Wee, Sui-Lee, and Robert Birsel (2012).
2276:Shen, Xiaoming, and Eugene Bach (2017).
1148:Always written with a capital T in "The"
1090:
2357:Xiao, Hui and Zhang, Yongsheng (2014).
2125:Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
2029:, May 26. (Accessed February 22, 2020).
1904:China Youth Daily Staff Writers (2017).
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1385:
1367:
1365:
1209:
1015:
987:
671:Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
3740:
3448:Classifications of religious movements
3075:Universal Church of the Kingdom of God
2013:, June 6. (Accessed October 14, 2023).
1610:U.S. Department of State (2019), 2–14.
1564:
1031:
961:
2437:
2225:McLeister, Marc (2018). "Emily Dunn.
1970:Chan, Lois, and Steve Bright (2005).
868:In 1989, the Shouters were labeled a
3296:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
2725:International Peace Mission movement
1826:
1619:U.S. Department of State (2020), 12.
1508:
1362:
1334:
1244:Gracie (2014); Shen and Bach (2017).
677:published and shared with the other
654:in 2020. Holly Folk, a professor at
3115:World Mission Society Church of God
2527:Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis
824:), started spreading in 1991 among
610:The movement has been described by
13:
3691:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses
3065:Unitarian Universalist Association
1938:International Secretariat (2000).
1886:Yang (2014); Xiao and Zhang (2014)
1043:doomsday date of December 21, 2012
14:
3794:
3758:Christian new religious movements
2796:Moorish Science Temple of America
2581:Brotherhood of the Cross and Star
2406:
2339:U.S. Department of State (2020).
2007:"China outraged by cult violence"
1651:China Daily Staff Writers (2014).
1120:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)
968:United States Department of State
688:In 2020, an article published in
648:Inside The Church of Almighty God
3606:Journal of Contemporary Religion
2332:U.S. Department of State (2019)
2212:(Chinese edition), June 3, 2014.
2116:"Chasing China's Doomsday Cult."
979:
769:
675:Italian Ministry of the Interior
35:
3070:United Submitters International
1898:
1889:
1880:
1871:
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1806:
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1540:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1353:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1256:
937:
599:The group's core tenet is that
512:
488:
464:
450:
429:
341:
317:
303:
282:
162:2 million (Holly Folk estimate)
120:, and other countries (claimed)
3664:Christian countercult movement
3508:Polytheistic reconstructionism
2873:Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha
2630:Chinese salvationist religions
1983:The Christian Research Journal
1895:Dunn (2015), 204; Kirk (2020).
1247:
1238:
1229:
1210:Makinen, Julie (7 June 2014).
1203:
1200:Dunn (2008a); Dunn (2015), 62.
1194:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1142:
915:
906:
898:
857:
848:
840:
820:
811:
803:
683:European Asylum Support Office
584:
575:
567:
554:
545:
537:
408:
378:
364:
353:The Church of the Almighty God
261:
231:
217:
16:Chinese new religious movement
1:
2266:Patranobis, Sutirtho (2012).
2231:Studies in World Christianity
2082:Studies in World Christianity
1660:Amnesty International (2000).
1298:Thompson (2020); Kirk (2020).
1155:
891:The Word Appears in the Flesh
656:Western Washington University
465:cyun4 nang4 san4 gaau3 wui6-2
75:The Word Appears in the Flesh
3748:1989 establishments in China
2660:Church of the Guanche People
2336:. (Accessed March 11, 2020).
2149:Irvine, Chris (ed.) (2014).
2134:Introvigne, Massimo (2020).
2111:(Brussels), January 9, 2018.
1922:. Washington D.C.: Regnery.
1911:
1160:
7:
3080:Universal White Brotherhood
2343:. (Accessed June 16, 2020).
1972:"Deceived by the Lightning"
1478:Yang and Pettit (2018), 62.
1335:Kirk, Donald (2020-02-09).
1271:Yang and Pettit (2018), 60.
1113:
1010:Intermediate People's Court
642:by Emily Dunn in 2015, and
10:
3799:
3351:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
3336:Joseph Franklin Rutherford
3055:Unarius Academy of Science
2423:The Church of Almighty God
1965:National Catholic Register
1677:(in Chinese). 22 May 2018.
1289:Brown (2020); Kirk (2020).
1056:
880:
777:People's Republic of China
701:
625:
530:The Church of Almighty God
451:Chyùhn nàhng Sàhn Gaau wúi
93:People's Republic of China
22:The Church of Almighty God
3709:
3686:Persecution of Falun Gong
3649:
3582:
3556:
3420:
3404:
3256:Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi
3123:
3050:Twelve Tribes communities
3040:Transcendental Meditation
2471:
1053:2014 murder of Wu Shuoyan
942:According to sociologist
792:
782:
764:
733:
728:
724:
719:
715:
708:
592:which was established in
523:
502:
495:
478:
471:
457:
443:
436:
422:
415:
401:
394:
389:
385:
371:
357:
352:
331:
324:
310:
296:
289:
275:
268:
254:
247:
242:
238:
224:
210:
205:
201:
196:
176:
166:
156:
146:
134:
124:
88:
80:
64:
51:
43:
34:
26:
21:
3696:Persecution of Rastafari
3595:Anthropology of religion
3428:African-initiated church
3301:Phineas Parkhurst Quimby
2991:Shri Ram Chandra Mission
2680:The Family International
2650:Church of Divine Science
2603:Charismatic Christianity
2322:Tiezzi, Shannon (2014).
2194:Lai, Ting-heng (2014).
1135:
916:Huà zài ròushēn xiǎnxiàn
513:Ciòng-nèng Sìng Gáu-huôi
359:Traditional Chinese
212:Traditional Chinese
3727:New religious movements
3181:Chinmayananda Saraswati
2967:Joy of Satan Ministries
2745:Kingdom of Jesus Christ
2566:Black Hebrew Israelites
2465:New religious movements
2311:Thompson, John (2018).
2202:(Taiwan), June 2, 2014.
2159:Jacobs, Andrew (2012).
2109:The Parliament Magazine
1959:Brown, Loretta (2020).
1747:Introvigne (2020), 113.
1675:China Anti-Cult Network
1581:10.1525/nr.2022.25.4.32
1022:China Gospel Fellowship
925:Chinese Communist Party
828:, most of them part of
660:participant observation
644:Oxford University Press
640:Lightning from the East
373:Simplified Chinese
226:Simplified Chinese
3773:Self-declared messiahs
3681:Persecution of Baháʼís
3676:Persecution of Ahmadis
3624:Psychology of religion
3619:Philosophy of religion
3488:Japanese new religions
3478:Hindu reform movements
3443:Christian denomination
2240:Church of Almighty God
2114:Gracie Carrie (2014).
2103:Fautré, Willy (2018).
2021:Staff Writers (2017).
2005:Staff Writers (2014).
1918:Aikman, David (2003).
826:Chinese house churches
681:countries through the
620:terrorist organization
590:new religious movement
489:Choân-lêng Sîn Kàu-hōe
430:Chhiòn-nèn Sṳ̀n Kau-fi
59:new religious movement
47:Non-Trinitarian Church
3634:Sociology of religion
3346:Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar
3266:Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
3095:The Way International
2826:New Kadampa Tradition
2655:Church of Scientology
2184:Kirk, Donald (2020).
2098:10.3366/swc.2016.0157
1944:Amnesty International
1935:Amnesty International
1783:Wee and Birsel (2012)
1191:Li (2014), Ma (2014).
1125:Christianity in China
1097:2019 Israeli election
1091:2019 Israeli election
588:), is a monotheistic
555:Quánnéng Shén Jiàohuì
409:Quánnéng Shén Jiàohuì
318:dung1 fong1 sim2 din6
81:Administrative leader
3523:Religious syncretism
3518:Religious conversion
3503:Open-source religion
3331:Charles Taze Russell
3146:Herbert W. Armstrong
3033:Theosophical Society
2811:New Apostolic Church
2273:, December 20, 2012.
2166:, December 19, 2012.
2156:, December 12, 2013.
2077:Dunn, Emily (2016).
2062:Dunn, Emily (2015).
1095:In weeks before the
1059:Murder of Wu Shuoyan
1016:2002 mass kidnapping
988:1998 Nanyang attacks
694:by veteran reporter
3640:When Prophecy Fails
3600:History of religion
3543:Spiritual evolution
3513:Prosperity theology
3483:In-group favoritism
3453:Conspiracy theories
3141:Marshall Applewhite
2893:Ramakrishna Mission
2561:Jehovah's Witnesses
2368:Yang, Feng (2014).
2191:, February 9, 2020.
1967:, February 6, 2020.
1756:Dunn (2015), 95–96.
1378:The Washington Post
1032:2012 doomsday riots
962:Repression in China
903:traditional Chinese
845:traditional Chinese
808:traditional Chinese
572:traditional Chinese
542:traditional Chinese
342:Tong-hong Siám-tiān
283:Tûng-fông Sám-thien
3753:Apocalyptic groups
3722:In popular culture
3659:Anti-cult movement
3433:Buddhist modernism
3371:Emanuel Swedenborg
3366:Nirmala Srivastava
3131:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
3085:Vipassana movement
3060:Unification Church
3045:True Buddha School
2986:Shambhala Buddhism
2957:The Satanic Temple
2878:The Process Church
2764:Maha Bodhi Society
2735:Invitation to Life
2715:Humanistic Judaism
2352:2019 Annual Report
2210:The New York Times
2164:The New York Times
2121:, August 14, 2014.
2049:East Asian History
1977:2017-12-22 at the
1847:. 2 February 2015.
1802:. 2 February 2015.
1765:Patranobis (2012).
1628:USCIRF (2019), 40.
921:Book of Revelation
895:simplified Chinese
837:simplified Chinese
800:simplified Chinese
662:study since 2016.
652:Massimo Introvigne
564:simplified Chinese
534:simplified Chinese
304:Dūng fōng Sím dihn
3735:
3734:
3629:Religious studies
3463:Cybersectarianism
3438:Chabad messianism
3412:Pacific Northwest
3396:Poykayil Yohannan
3211:Josemaría Escrivá
3090:Eastern Lightning
2888:Rajneesh movement
2836:Religious Science
2769:Messianic Judaism
2755:Latter Day Saints
2720:Iglesia ni Cristo
2645:Christian Science
2505:Aetherius Society
2382:. Leiden: Brill.
2084:, 22(3):216–233.
2072:978-90-04-29724-1
2066:. Leiden: Brill.
2018:China Youth Daily
1956:October 11, 2014.
1877:Dunn (2015), 204.
1864:Los Angeles Times
1822:. 18 August 2014.
1738:Dunn (2015), 160.
1671:"邪教"全能神"残害生命十大案例"
1280:McLeister (2018).
1216:Los Angeles Times
1099:, as reported by
796:
795:
744:December 12, 1951
605:Gospel of Matthew
585:Dōngfāng Shǎndiàn
560:Eastern Lightning
558:), also known as
527:
526:
519:
518:
445:Yale Romanization
396:Standard Mandarin
348:
347:
298:Yale Romanization
262:Dōngfāng Shǎndiàn
249:Standard Mandarin
206:Eastern Lightning
197:Eastern Lightning
192:
191:
184:.holyspiritspeaks
171:Eastern Lightning
3790:
3557:Public education
3356:Shiv Dayal Singh
3221:Charles Fillmore
3201:Aleister Crowley
3191:Helena Blavatsky
2903:Risshō Kōsei Kai
2868:Pilgrims of Arès
2848:Nuwaubian Nation
2821:New Confucianism
2640:Christadelphians
2635:Chinmaya Mission
2576:Branch Davidians
2515:Lahore Ahmadiyya
2458:
2451:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:Official website
2373:The Beijing News
2363:The Beijing News
2302:The Beijing News
2205:Li, Cao (2014).
2200:Want China Times
2027:The Beijing News
1905:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1837:
1824:
1823:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1705:. 2 August 2017.
1699:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1641:. 2 August 2017.
1635:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1519:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1496:Dunn (2015), 20.
1494:
1488:
1487:Dunn (2015), 49.
1485:
1479:
1476:
1465:
1462:
1453:
1452:Dunn (2019), 48.
1450:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1425:Dunn (2015), 48.
1423:
1412:
1411:
1398:
1383:
1382:
1369:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1149:
1146:
1084:The Beijing News
917:
908:
900:
859:
850:
842:
822:
813:
805:
775:
773:
772:
743:
741:
729:Personal details
706:
705:
586:
577:
569:
556:
547:
539:
515:
514:
491:
490:
467:
466:
453:
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411:
410:
387:
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367:
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344:
343:
320:
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306:
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285:
284:
264:
263:
240:
239:
234:
233:
220:
219:
194:
193:
188:
185:
183:
177:Official website
129:Standard Chinese
39:
30:
29:
28:
19:
18:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3705:
3645:
3578:
3552:
3416:
3400:
3386:Chögyam Trungpa
3381:Joseph W. Tkach
3286:Elijah Muhammad
3216:Louis Farrakhan
3206:Mary Baker Eddy
3166:Sathya Sai Baba
3124:Notable figures
3119:
2976:Sathya Sai Baba
2945:Church of Satan
2801:Nation of Islam
2774:Modern paganism
2623:Neo-charismatic
2467:
2462:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2329:, June 3, 2014.
2271:Hindustan Times
2233:, 24(1), 89–90.
2189:The Daily Beast
1979:Wayback Machine
1914:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1839:
1838:
1827:
1819:TheGuardian.com
1812:
1811:
1807:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1728:. 31 July 2013.
1724:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1669:
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1415:
1400:
1399:
1386:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1341:The Daily Beast
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
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1199:
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1177:
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1158:
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1143:
1138:
1116:
1093:
1061:
1055:
1034:
1018:
990:
982:
964:
940:
883:
770:
768:
747:Acheng District
745:
739:
737:
711:
704:
691:The Daily Beast
628:
180:
161:
139:
96:
71:Christian Bible
24:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3796:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3717:Academic study
3713:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3671:Anti-Mormonism
3668:
3667:
3666:
3655:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
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3515:
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3495:
3490:
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3475:
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3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3391:Ellen G. White
3388:
3383:
3378:
3376:Rudolf Steiner
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3341:Ahn Sahng-hong
3338:
3333:
3328:
3326:Helena Roerich
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3281:Sun Myung Moon
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3236:L. Ron Hubbard
3233:
3228:
3226:Kelsang Gyatso
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3136:Noble Drew Ali
3133:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3013:Sukyo Mahikari
3010:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2863:Peoples Temple
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2816:The New Church
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2740:Jewish Renewal
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2685:Friends of Man
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2571:Brahma Kumaris
2568:
2563:
2557:Bible Students
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2419:
2408:
2407:External links
2405:
2403:
2402:
2401:, December 17.
2391:
2388:978-9004358850
2376:
2366:
2355:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2320:
2309:
2299:
2289:
2274:
2264:
2245:
2234:
2223:
2213:
2203:
2192:
2182:
2167:
2157:
2147:
2144:978-0190089092
2132:
2122:
2112:
2101:
2075:
2060:
2045:
2036:35(1):96–119.
2030:
2014:
1998:
1990:People's Daily
1986:
1968:
1957:
1947:
1931:
1928:978-0895261281
1915:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1867:. 7 June 2014.
1850:
1825:
1805:
1785:
1776:
1774:Jacobs (2012).
1767:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1717:
1708:
1694:
1680:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1529:. 7 April 2019
1507:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1466:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1413:
1410:. 6 June 2014.
1384:
1361:
1352:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1235:Tiezzi (2014).
1228:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1140:
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1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1092:
1089:
1054:
1051:
1038:Mayan prophecy
1033:
1030:
1017:
1014:
989:
986:
981:
978:
963:
960:
939:
936:
882:
879:
835:Zhao Weishan (
794:
793:
790:
789:
784:
780:
779:
766:
762:
761:
735:
731:
730:
726:
725:
722:
721:
717:
716:
713:
712:
709:
703:
700:
679:European Union
627:
624:
618:and even as a
525:
524:
521:
520:
517:
516:
509:
500:
499:
493:
492:
485:
476:
475:
469:
468:
461:
455:
454:
447:
441:
440:
438:Yue: Cantonese
434:
433:
426:
420:
419:
413:
412:
405:
399:
398:
392:
391:
390:Transcriptions
383:
382:
375:
369:
368:
361:
355:
354:
350:
349:
346:
345:
338:
329:
328:
322:
321:
314:
308:
307:
300:
294:
293:
291:Yue: Cantonese
287:
286:
279:
273:
272:
266:
265:
258:
252:
251:
245:
244:
243:Transcriptions
236:
235:
228:
222:
221:
214:
208:
207:
203:
202:
199:
198:
190:
189:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
68:
62:
61:
53:
52:Classification
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
32:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3795:
3784:
3783:Chinese cults
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:Self religion
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:Doomsday cult
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:Nakayama Miki
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3276:Nikkyō Niwano
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Sri Aurobindo
3154:
3152:
3151:Shoko Asahara
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3110:Word of Faith
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2950:Temple of Set
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:New Acropolis
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2710:Heaven's Gate
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:Discordianism
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:Anthroposophy
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2317:Western Today
2314:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2298:May 31, 2014.
2297:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:9780520098640
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:0-8157-4936-8
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2154:The Telegraph
2152:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:June 3, 2014.
1996:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1712:
1704:
1698:
1691:. 8 May 2002.
1690:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1640:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1528:
1527:BuzzFeed News
1524:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1449:
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1431:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1356:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1307:Fautré(2018).
1304:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1182:Dunn (2008a).
1179:
1170:
1166:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1102:BuzzFeed News
1098:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
985:
980:Controversies
977:
974:
969:
959:
957:
951:
947:
945:
944:Fenggang Yang
935:
932:
928:
926:
922:
918:
912:
904:
896:
892:
888:
887:millennialism
878:
874:
871:
866:
864:
860:
854:
846:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
821:Yáng Xiàngbīn
817:
809:
801:
791:
788:
785:
781:
778:
767:
763:
760:
756:
752:
748:
736:
732:
727:
723:
718:
714:
707:
699:
697:
693:
692:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
623:
621:
617:
613:
612:Chinese media
608:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
581:
573:
565:
561:
557:
551:
543:
535:
531:
522:
510:
508:
505:
501:
498:
494:
486:
484:
481:
477:
474:
470:
462:
460:
456:
448:
446:
442:
439:
435:
427:
425:
421:
418:
414:
406:
404:
400:
397:
393:
388:
384:
376:
374:
370:
362:
360:
356:
351:
339:
337:
334:
330:
327:
323:
315:
313:
309:
301:
299:
295:
292:
288:
280:
278:
274:
271:
267:
259:
257:
253:
250:
246:
241:
237:
229:
227:
223:
215:
213:
209:
204:
200:
195:
187:
179:
175:
172:
169:
167:Other name(s)
165:
159:
155:
152:
149:
147:Branched from
145:
142:
137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:United States
107:
103:
99:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
67:
63:
60:
57:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
33:
20:
3638:
3613:Nova Religio
3611:
3604:
3548:UFO religion
3493:Neoshamanism
3361:Joseph Smith
3261:Lu Sheng-yen
3246:David Koresh
3176:Alice Bailey
3089:
3001:Spiritualism
2925:Santa Muerte
2841:Unity Church
2695:Fung Loy Kok
2552:Baháʼí Faith
2542:Armstrongism
2522:Ananda Marga
2472:Major groups
2398:
2379:
2372:
2362:
2327:The Diplomat
2326:
2316:
2301:
2291:
2277:
2270:
2253:Mayfair Yang
2251:, edited by
2248:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2209:
2199:
2188:
2170:
2163:
2153:
2135:
2118:
2108:
2081:
2063:
2048:
2034:Modern China
2033:
2026:
2016:
2010:
2000:
1988:
1982:
1964:
1949:
1943:
1933:
1919:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1817:
1808:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1720:
1711:
1697:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1572:
1568:Nova Religio
1566:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1531:. Retrieved
1526:
1505:Dunn (2008).
1501:
1492:
1483:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1405:
1376:
1355:
1344:. Retrieved
1340:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1253:Kirk (2020).
1249:
1240:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1215:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1144:
1100:
1094:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1062:
1035:
1026:
1019:
1000:Counties in
991:
983:
965:
956:social media
952:
948:
941:
938:Organization
933:
929:
914:
890:
884:
875:
867:
863:The Shouters
858:Zhào Wéishān
856:
834:
830:The Shouters
819:
797:
755:Heilongjiang
710:Zhao Weishan
689:
687:
664:
647:
639:
633:
629:
609:
601:Jesus Christ
598:
583:
559:
553:
529:
528:
473:Southern Min
403:Hanyu Pinyin
326:Southern Min
256:Hanyu Pinyin
170:
151:The Shouters
84:Zhao Weishan
74:
3583:Scholarship
3316:Ramakrishna
3251:Anton LaVey
3196:Sri Chinmoy
3171:Baháʼu'lláh
2996:Soka Gakkai
2930:Santo Daime
2918:Radha Soami
2908:Sahaja Yoga
2831:New Thought
2618:Charismatic
2608:Pentecostal
2216:Ma, Xingrui
2051:36: 73–85.
2002:China Daily
1130:God complex
765:Nationality
696:Donald Kirk
497:Eastern Min
424:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
277:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
102:South Korea
95:(original)
3742:Categories
3651:Opposition
3321:Prem Rawat
3271:Meher Baba
3241:Li Hongzhi
3231:Hak Ja Han
3186:David Berg
3100:Weixinjiao
2690:Fourth Way
2675:Falun Gong
2665:Creativity
2425:'s channel
2350:) (2019).
2292:Sina Video
2286:1629118044
1533:2019-04-08
1346:2020-04-23
1156:References
1057:See also:
783:Profession
740:1951-12-12
646:published
638:published
3405:By region
3028:Theosophy
3006:Spiritism
2898:Rastafari
2789:Rodnovery
2784:Heathenry
2759:Mormonism
2705:Godianism
2596:Noahidism
2537:Antoinism
2510:Ahmadiyya
2488:Adventism
2483:Brahmoism
2479:Adi Dharm
2090:1354-9901
2057:1036-6008
2042:0097-7004
1589:248709979
1575:(4): 49.
1161:Citations
923:with the
118:Australia
98:Singapore
66:Scripture
56:Christian
3421:Concepts
3311:Rajneesh
3018:Tenrikyo
2962:Theistic
2935:Satanism
2913:Sant Mat
2858:Opus Dei
2750:Kopimism
2586:Caodaism
2346:USCIRF (
2304:(2014).
2294:(2014).
2218:(2014).
2127:(2019).
2119:BBC News
1975:Archived
1952:(2014).
1950:BBC News
1845:BBC News
1114:See also
1069:Shandong
1065:Zhaoyuan
459:Jyutping
312:Jyutping
125:Language
3498:New Age
3023:Thelema
2981:Shakers
2940:LaVeyan
2883:Raëlism
2779:Druidry
2700:Goddess
2612:Oneness
2429:YouTube
2399:Reuters
1993:(2014).
1985:, 28,3.
1912:Sources
1221:25 June
1107:Twitter
1002:Nanyang
881:Beliefs
787:Teacher
702:History
626:Sources
480:Hokkien
333:Hokkien
157:Members
3564:CESNUR
3528:Schism
3473:Heresy
2853:Oomoto
2730:ISKCON
2591:Chabad
2547:Bábism
2386:
2284:
2259:
2177:
2142:
2088:
2070:
2055:
2040:
2011:Xinhua
1926:
1587:
994:Tanghe
913::
911:pinyin
907:話在肉身顯現
905::
899:话在肉身显现
897::
855::
853:pinyin
847::
839::
818::
816:pinyin
810::
802::
774:
751:Harbin
667:asylum
582::
580:pinyin
574::
566::
552::
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