East Africa - Knowledge

2656: 390: 2776: 430: 1044: 3524: 2746: 417: 2174: 1733: 2874: 2626: 256: 100: 2806: 338: 230: 2945: 2684: 204: 178: 2716: 191: 1410: 3005: 2555: 2494: 351: 308: 139: 113: 2424: 269: 1323:. At this stage, the Portuguese presence in East Africa served the purposes of controlling trade within the Indian Ocean and securing the sea routes linking Europe to Asia. Portuguese naval vessels were very disruptive to the commerce of Portugal's enemies within the western Indian Ocean and were able to demand high tariffs on items transported through the sea due to their strategic control of ports and shipping lanes. The construction of 2525: 2332: 126: 87: 3343:. Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25 °C (77 °F) and minima of 15 °C (59 °F) at an altitude of 1,500 metres (4,921 ft). At altitudes of above 2,500 metres (8,200 ft), 2586: 243: 53: 2121: 2975: 2913: 2454: 2394: 295: 282: 217: 165: 2836: 2363: 443: 152: 736: 4123:

together with a range of distinctively "modern" cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.

5539: 1249:, Portugal hoped to use the sea route pioneered by da Gama to break the once Venetian trading monopoly. Portuguese rule in the African Great Lakes region focused mainly on a coastal strip centered around Mombasa. The Portuguese presence in the area officially began after 1505, when flagships under the command of 4059:

Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs

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system began to put pressure on Omani rule. By the late nineteenth century, the slave trade on the open seas had been completely outlawed by the British and the Omani Arabs had little ability to resist the British navy's ability to enforce the directive. The Omani presence continued in Zanzibar and

776:, including: long-distance trade networks (involving goods such as obsidian), the use of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points. It is observed by the authors of three 2018 studies on the site, that the evidence of these behaviors is approximately contemporary to the earliest known 4122:

These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia ~60-50 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and "backed-segment" technologies analogous to the African "Howiesons Poort" and related technologies,

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East Africa has a diverse climate that consists of hot, dry desert regions, cooler regions, and highlands. Its climate generally is rather atypical of equatorial regions, being mostly arid or semi-arid with rainfall totals across much of the lowland regions below 600 millimetres or 24 inches per

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Eastern Africa had an estimated population of 260 million in 2000. This was projected to reach 890 million by 2050, with an average growth rate of 2.5% per annum. The 2000 population is expected to quintuple over the course of the 21st century, to 1.6 billion as of 2100 (UN estimates as of

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as a consequence of these interactions. Its important to note that Kiswahili grammar and structure are purely African and Bantu even if its vocabulary has non African influence in the same way English remains a Germanic language regardless of its vocabulary being heavily influenced by Latin and

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Between the 19th and 20th century, East Africa became a theatre of competition between the major imperialistic European nations of the time. The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. The red stood for the English, blue stood for the French, and the beige stood for

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was a long series of physical migrations, a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving to communities and small groups moving to new areas.

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straits, the Red Sea is about 12 miles (19 kilometres) wide, but 50,000 years ago it was much narrower and sea levels were 70 meters lower. Though the straits were never completely closed, there may have been islands in between which could be reached using simple rafts.

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year. In fact, on the northern coast of Somalia, annual rainfall is less than 100 millimetres or 4 inches and many years can go by without any rain whatsoever. The causes of the low rainfall totals are not fully understood. One factor is presence of the

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Inside of Somalia there are two unrecognised states; Somaliland and Puntland, although Puntland still wants to join back with Somalia, for now it is independent. Adjacent to these mainland territories are island nations and territories such as

3317:. West of the mountains, the rainfall pattern is more typically tropical, with rain throughout the year near the equator and a single wet season in most of the Ethiopian Highlands from June to September — contracting to July and August around 1368:

under closer foreign scrutiny and domination than was experienced during the Portuguese period. Like their predecessors, the Omani Arabs were primarily able only to control the coastal areas, not the interior. However, the creation of clove

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introduced agriculture into much of the African Great Lakes region. During the following fifteen centuries, the Bantu slowly intensified farming and grazing over all suitable regions of East Africa, in the process making contact with

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has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous state in the

1504:. Moreover, this area had the potential for a significant residential expansion, being suitable for the relocation of a large number of British nationals to the region. Prevailing climatic conditions and the regions' 4874:

Chami, Felix A. 2002. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." From: Red Sea Trade and Travel. The British Museum. Sunday 6 October 2002. Organised by The Society for Arabian

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Since the end of colonialism, several East African countries have been riven with military coups, ethnic violence and oppressive dictators. The region has endured the following post-colonial conflicts:

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in 1964. However, the official Omani Arab presence in Kenya was checked by German and British seizure of key ports and creation of crucial trade alliances with influential local leaders in the 1880s.

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of Mombasa. However, the town was taken and destroyed, and its large treasures went to strengthen the resources of Almeida. Attacks followed on Hoja (now known as Ungwana, located at the mouth of the

4506:"Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor — on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans" 696:

first appeared. There are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several; a multiple dispersal model involves the Southern Dispersal theory. Some researchers have suggested that

4421:"A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity — New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species" 1626:

by creating a union between the mainland, and the island chain of Zanzibar. Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in a union with the mainland which is collectively and commonly referred to as

876:, however, prevented the donkey and agriculture from spreading southwards. Only in quite recent times has agriculture spread to the more humid regions south of the equator, through the spread of 5269: 1634:

colonies to the north: the inhabitation of these lands was difficult and thus limited, mainly due to climatic conditions and the local geomorphology. Italy gained control of various parts of

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Casson, Lionel (1989). The Periplus Maris Erythraei. Lionel Casson. (Translation by H. Frisk, 1927, with updates and improvements and detailed notes). Princeton, Princeton University Press.

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The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the east coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of

4198: 3922: 3190:, with at least 80 million speakers as a first or second language, is an important trade language in the Great Lakes area. It has official status in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. 1622:

over Tanganyika which it administered until Independence was granted to Tanganyika in 1961. Following the Zanzibar Revolution of 1965, the independent state of Tanganyika formed the

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Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018).

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from their new Cushitic neighbors. Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus most likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area.

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is characterised by two main rainfall seasons, the long rains from March to May and the short rains from October to December. This is usually attributed to the passage of the

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and the Indian Ocean since the 15th century, while during this period their possessions increasingly grew including parts from the present northern Mozambique country, up to

1692:. By 1896, the war had become a total disaster for the Italians and Ethiopia was able to retain its independence. Ethiopia remained independent until 1936 when, after the 4749: 3270:(a fast wind system) in boreal summer, which brings cool southern hemisphere air into East Africa. A second cause is the presence of east to west river valleys in the 5327: 4046: 3336:. El Niño events tend to increase rainfall except in the northern and western parts of the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands, where they produce drought and poor 1388:

Arab governance of all the major ports along the Swahili coast continued until British interests aimed particularly at ending the slave trade and creation of a

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had already lost its interest on the spice trade sea route due to the decreasing profitability of that business. The Arabs reclaimed much of the

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Over a period of many centuries, most hunting-foraging peoples were displaced and absorbed by incoming Bantu communities, as well as by later

666: 640: 920:. The old kingdom's first mention dates to the 25th century BCE. The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with 4893: 2300:

According to the CIA, as of 2017, the countries in the eastern Africa region have a total population of around 537.9 million inhabitants.

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had gained control over much of the trade routes between Europe and Asia. After traditional land routes to India had been closed by the

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was a trading empire centered Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. It existed from approximately 100–940 CE, growing from the proto-Aksumite

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Roland Oliver, et al. "Africa South of the Equator", in Africa Since 1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 24–25.

4358: 635:, share significant historical and cultural connections with East Africa, particularly through the Indian Ocean's maritime networks. 509:, who first emerged around 200,000 to 300,000 years ago before spreading globally though Madagascar was only settled 3000 years ago. 491:, distinguished by its geographical, historical, and cultural landscape. Defined in varying scopes, the region is recognized in the 4865:

Chami, F. A. (1999). "The Early Iron Age on Mafia Island and its relationship with the mainland." Azania Vol. XXXIV 1999, pp. 1–10.

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is an important part of the economies of Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, and Uganda. The easternmost point of the continent, that is

3321:. Annual rainfall here ranges from over 1,600 mm (63 in) on the western slopes to around 1,250 mm (49 in) at 3043: 1101:

that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many

323: 5182:"Uganda and Its Peoples: Notes on the Protectorate of Uganda, Especially the Anthropology and Ethnology of Its Indigenous Races" 2221:, though populations have been declining under increased stress in recent times, particularly those of the rhino and elephant. 689: 683: 1156:. These early writings perhaps document the first wave of Bantu settlers to reach central east Africa during their migration. 6703: 5941: 5734: 5181: 4841: 4791: 4741: 4632: 3859: 3717: 3047: 1345:

The Omani Arabs posed the most direct challenge to Portuguese influence in the African Great Lakes region. By this time, the

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Miller, J. Innes. 1969. Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". In: The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire. Oxford: University Press.

4797: 1988: 3502: 3090: 1705: 888:. Language distributions suggest that this most likely occurred from Sudan into the African Great Lakes region, since the 6212: 3243: 2661: 2615: 1992: 495: 395: 58: 4010: 3491: 2224:

The geography of East Africa is often stunning and scenic. Shaped by global plate tectonic forces that have created the

1456:), which surrounded the homonymous lake on three sides, leaving the Portuguese the control of lake's eastern coast. The 755:

in Morocco, suggested that modern humans arose earlier and possibly in a larger area of Africa than previously thought.

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On the coastal section of the African Great Lakes region, another mixed Bantu community developed through contact with

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The migration route of the "Out of Africa" theory probably occurred in East Africa through Bab el Mandeb. Today at the

692:, the predominantly held belief among most archaeologists, East Africa in the area of the African Great Lakes is where 492: 784:), and they suggest that complex and modern behaviors had already begun in Africa around the time of the emergence of 6771: 5596: 5164: 5079: 5004: 4919: 4692: 4609: 2259: 2160: 732:

and kibish represent the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans as suggested by the Out-of-Africa theory.

5614:"Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach" 3325:

and 550 mm (22 in) at Asmara. In the high mountains rainfall can be over 2,500 millimetres or 100 inches.

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Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p.114

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in Mombasa in 1593 was meant to solidify Portuguese hegemony in the region, but their influence was clipped by the

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has enjoyed relatively stable governance. However, the politics of it has been turbulent at times, including the

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are believed to have lived. Evidence was found in 2018, dating to about 320,000 years ago, at the Kenyan site of

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directly by sea. This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the

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have each faced instability and ethnic conflict since independence, most notably, they experienced the 1994

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referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50 CE to 500 CE, ultimately giving rise to the name for

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as anatomically modern humans would justify the description of contemporary humans with the subspecies name

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Societies, religion, and history: central-east Tanzanians and the world they created, c. 200 BCE to 1800 CE

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Rainfall generally increases towards the south and with altitude, being around 400 mm (16 in) at

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across the region in those months, but it may also be analogous to the autumn monsoon rains of parts of

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was a safe haven for Portuguese commercial interests. At other places on his way, such as the island of

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Between the 14th and 15th centuries, large African Great Lakes kingdoms and states emerged, such as the

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began a millennia-long series of migrations eastward from their homeland around southern Cameroon. This

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In a narrow sense, particularly in English-speaking contexts, East Africa refers to the area comprising

6776: 6513: 5958: 5238:"Book review. Revenants of the German Empire: Colonial Germans, Imperialism, and the League of Nations" 4135: 1857: 1778: 693: 3785:"East African Community continues on a trajectory of expansion as Summit admits Somalia into the bloc" 1280:), which yielded to him almost without a struggle. A much more vigorous resistance was offered by the 6448: 4138:; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003), "Pleistocene 3946: 3875: 3670: 2210: 2084: 1926: 1880: 1852: 1768: 1619: 711: 5892: 2197:

Some parts of East Africa have been renowned for their concentrations of wild animals, such as the "

2091:, particularly, South Sudanese independence was nearly derailed by a dispute over the status of the 4074:"Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia" 3587: 3506: 3314: 3062: 1892: 1847: 1764: 658: 75: 31: 5457: 2666: 1744: 6648: 3424: 3215: 3086: 2131: 2014: 1914: 1556: 677: 405: 5375: 5237: 4885: 2791: 2786: 2236:, the two tallest peaks in Africa. It also includes the world's second largest freshwater lake, 6165: 3537: 3251: 3082: 3039: 1813: 1579:

trade. The British also held a number of island colonies in the region, including the extended

1572: 1354: 1181: 1025: 652: 565: 2796: 6590: 6548: 6543: 6458: 6321: 6140: 6060: 6055: 5862: 5837: 5341: 4622: 4543: 4539:"Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species" 4011:"Genomic evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route" 3487: 3347:

are common during the dry season and maxima typically about 21 °C (70 °F) or less.

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David Phillipson: revised by Michael DiBlasi (1 November 2012). Neil Asher Silberman (ed.).

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in the Horn of Africa around 200,000 years ago and dispersed from there. The recognition of

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Portugal's main goal on the Swahili coast was to take control of the spice trade from the

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skeletal remains have been found in the wider region, including fossils discovered in the

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was the region of Africa from which modern humans who first trekked out of the continent.

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Balter M (January 2011). "Was North Africa the launch pad for modern human migrations?".

3333: 3298: 3227: 3151: 2840: 2321: 2044: 1954: 1905: 1801: 1697: 1630:. German East Africa, though very extensive, was not of such strategic importance as the 1422:, almost every country in the larger region to varying degrees became part of a European 1419: 1398: 892:

spoken by these pre-Bantu farmers have their closest relatives in the middle Nile basin.

857: 716: 585: 447: 378: 5779: 5629: 5266: 4556: 4469: 4240: 4157: 4089: 3979: 6723: 6628: 6237: 6185: 5807: 5643: 5218: 5136: 4719: 4573: 4538: 4510: 4345: 4268: 4177: 4108: 4073: 4038: 3646: 3621: 3542: 3294: 3255: 3108: 1685: 1650: 1643: 1603: 1374: 1350: 1316:, the Portuguese built forts, and adopted measures to secure the Portuguese supremacy. 1285: 1242: 1068: 901: 538: 506: 4221: 3212:, are spoken in lesser numbers, primarily in the African Great Lakes and Nile Valley. 1460:

set foot in the region's most exploitable and promising lands acquiring what is today

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Meanwhile, in 1884, a narrow coastal strip of Somaliland came under British control (

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In September 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260

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Saji, N. H.; Goswami, B. N.; Vinayachandran, P. N.; Yamagata, T. (September 1999).

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settled the largest island of the Indian Ocean (and the fourth-largest globally),

963:, which was exported throughout the ancient world. Aksum was at the time ruled by 6740: 6533: 6468: 6453: 6418: 6388: 6284: 6001: 5931: 5724: 5490: 5273: 5197:"Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros by Iain Walker (Review)" 5069: 5050: 5032: 4994: 4932: 4830: 4781: 4728: 4354: 4304: 4287: 3953: 3824: 3798: 3671:"Settling Madagascar: When Did People First Colonize the World's Largest Island?" 3552: 3247: 3223: 3205: 3179: 3163: 3159: 3120: 2641: 2636: 2241: 2206: 2190: 1967: 1661:. With these territories secured, Britain was able to serve as gatekeeper of the 1394: 1305: 1185: 1130: 1098: 1056: 1020: 1012: 980: 853: 781: 632: 6638: 4454:"Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age" 3987: 3289:

on the coast, whilst inland it increases from around 130 mm (5 in) at

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coast of Sudan are considered the most likely location of the land known to the

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arose between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago through a merging of populations in

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3622:"A geographically explicit genetic model of worldwide human-settlement history" 3567: 3557: 3400: 3167: 3116: 3096: 2545: 2483: 1772: 1517: 1476:

were located in a rich farmland area mostly appropriate for the cultivation of

1457: 1328: 1277: 1254: 1106: 1090: 704: 542: 5678: 5196: 3234:, remain important in higher institutions in some parts of the larger region. 2193:(from north to south) showing dense vegetation (bright green) and fires (red). 6760: 6528: 6294: 6289: 6279: 6251: 6155: 5795: 5693: 5253: 4595: 4313: 4256: 3727: 3694: 3529: 3209: 3197: 3112: 2510: 2504: 2439: 2237: 2198: 2178: 1977: 1862: 1599: 1505: 1493: 1207: 1122: 1094: 1016: 953:

to achieve prominence by the 1st century CE. The kingdom is mentioned in the

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Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World

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near Kilimanjaro. Rainfall in most of East Africa east of the Rwenzoris and

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An Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Horn: The British-Somali Expedition

5324:"Somalia: Somaliland appeals for 'cooperation with Puntland' a second time" 4582: 4487: 4425: 4321: 4264: 4173: 4117: 4034: 3995: 3655: 3562: 3418: 3412: 3369: 3365: 2700: 2694: 2173: 1701: 1639: 1445: 1361: 1332: 1301: 1246: 1227: 1093:

traders, leading to the development of the mixed Arab, Persian and African

916: 835: 816: 800: 765: 760: 752: 697: 530: 52: 5838:"Could Africa soon split in two? The bizarre scientific theory, explained" 5694:"Valley formation aridifies East Africa and elevates Congo Basin rainfall" 6673: 6618: 6580: 6575: 6568: 6523: 6518: 6495: 6366: 6336: 6331: 6040: 6035: 4501: 4026: 3742:

Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation

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allowed the establishment of flourishing European style settlements like

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in command of a large and powerful fleet, and arrived in July at Quiloa (

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In 2017 finds of modern human remains, dating to ca 300,000 years ago in

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Fleagle, John G.; Brown, Francis H.; McDougall, Ian (17 February 2005).

4165: 1732: 1653:). This Somaliland protectorate was just opposite the British colony of 703:

According to both genetic and fossil evidence, it has been posited that

6623: 6597: 6433: 6423: 6413: 6361: 6346: 6311: 6227: 6045: 6013: 5562:"Climate risk report for the East Africa region - Ethiopia | ReliefWeb" 4979:

Draft annotated English translation. See especially Section 15 on

3267: 2950: 2855: 2811: 2731: 2726: 2689: 2515: 2145: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2096: 2066: 1819: 1584: 1540: 1477: 1433: 1357:(Mozambique) as sole rulers until the 1975 independence of Mozambique. 1324: 1203: 1149: 1133: 932: 873: 839: 721: 628: 624: 605: 468: 464: 460: 343: 235: 209: 183: 4286:

Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (July 2017).

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In 1895, from bases in Somalia and Eritrea, the Italians launched the

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in the 1880s. The southern three-fourths of Somalia became an Italian

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Mellars, P; KC, Gori; M, Carr; PA, Soares; Richards, MB (June 2013).

3306: 3282: 2761: 2756: 2721: 2705: 2646: 2602: 2596: 2576: 2348: 2271: 2186: 1708:. The French also staked out an East African outpost on the route to 1588: 1513: 1449: 1102: 1032:-speaking settlers on southern coastal areas. The latter also spread 639:

is also sometimes included due in part because it is a member of the

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The southern part of East Africa was occupied until recent times by

728:. Because of their early dating and unique physical characteristics 6438: 6428: 6299: 6023: 5506:"World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations" 4008: 3880:

African Development Bank — Building today, a better Africa tomorrow

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in 1978–1979, which led to the removal of Uganda's despotic leader

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Germany during the period of colonialism. During the period of the

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Eritrea at a Crossroads: A Narrative of Triumph, Betrayal and Hope

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There are movies that have depicted East Africa in various forms.

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origin. As cattle terminology in use amongst the few modern Bantu

561:—stands out as a distinct geopolitical entity within East Africa. 6316: 6274: 6205: 6018: 5926:

Christian Jennings (2005). "Eastern Africa: Regional Survey". In

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Rich, Evelyn Jones; Wallerstein, Immanuel Maurice (2 July 1971).

4416: 3440:, East Africa is one of the central locations for the campaigns. 3428:

are a few of the critically acclaimed movies. In the video games

3310: 3290: 3286: 3183: 3175: 3128: 2965: 2894: 2751: 2631: 2591: 2530: 2470: 2464: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2353: 2337: 2283: 2279: 2267: 2248: 2218: 2055:

continue to be involved in related conflicts outside the region.

2024: 1674: 1669:. In 1890, beginning with the purchase of the small port town of 1635: 1611: 1548: 1529: 1509: 1437: 1353:, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south where they remained in 1231: 1211: 1164: 1160: 1052: 921: 907: 850: 831: 792: 744: 613: 597: 593: 573: 558: 550: 422: 248: 131: 105: 92: 66: 5105: 5103: 3503:

Music of Africa § West, Central, Southeast and South Africa

1364:

of the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts brought the once independent

1342:

incursions into the Great Lakes region during the 17th century.

6708: 6668: 6443: 6326: 6028: 5985: 4783:

Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon

4385:"Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up in Kenya" 3436: 3430: 3318: 3132: 3020: 3015: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2960: 2955: 2918: 2850: 2845: 2540: 2535: 2459: 2444: 2434: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2342: 2252: 2052: 2048: 2032: 2028: 2010: 1930: 1607: 1536: 1525: 1481: 1469: 1461: 1453: 1423: 1385:

had the effect of consolidating the Omani power in the region.

1313: 1273: 1145: 1141: 1083: 1076: 1029: 968: 925: 885: 877: 872:

around 7,000 BCE. Lowland barriers and diseases carried by the

861: 577: 526: 488: 300: 287: 222: 170: 1194:

were the first Europeans to explore the region of current-day

747:: now some 12 miles (19 km) wide, narrower in prehistory. 6713: 6356: 5100: 4451: 3344: 2995: 2835: 2368: 2092: 2076: 1984: 1962:

Outside Southeast Africa with Southeast African participation

1670: 1576: 1473: 1465: 1320: 1281: 1215: 1195: 1118: 1033: 971:. The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own 881: 636: 518: 157: 1910:

genocide of Hutus in 1972 and the genocide of Tutsis in 1993

1067:, Bantus also encountered in central east Africa peoples of 6306: 6128: 5639:

10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<3457:gpoirv>2.0.co;2

5536:"IFs Forecast – Version 7.00 – Google Public Data Explorer" 3337: 2889: 2884: 2475: 2100: 1654: 1501: 1497: 1339: 1336: 1086: 865: 735: 5863:"7 Days in Entebbe and 13 Other Movies Set In East Africa" 1700:. The Italian occupation of Ethiopia ended in 1941 during 983:

and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the

667:

List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa § East Africa

57:

Map of countries included in East Africa according to the

4389: 3619: 3162:

branch are most widely spoken. Among these languages are

2289: 2087:. South Sudanese independence was nearly derailed by the 1485: 1309: 568:, an economic and political bloc, currently includes the 4687:(Second ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 48. 4134: 780:

fossil remains from Africa (such as at Jebel Irhoud and

4931:

Klein, Martin A.; Wesley Johnson, G. (8 January 2010).

4620: 4009:

Ghirotto S; Penso-Dolfin L; Barbujani G (August 2011).

3620:

Liu H, Prugnolle F, Manica A, Balloux F (August 2006).

3511:

Sub-Saharan African music traditions § East Africa

1543:, along with a group of smaller islands nearby, namely 6659:

List of countries where Arabic is an official language

5360: 4770:

J. D. Fage, A history of Africa, Routledge, 2002, p.29

3091:

Writing systems of Africa § Ancient orthographies

1492:

with products produced from cattle and goats, such as

1063:

After their movements from their original homeland in

5118: 4219: 1214:

in 1498. Da Gama's voyage was successful in reaching

5661:

Yang, W.; Seager, R.; Cane, M. A.; Lyon, B. (2015).

3519: 3492:

List of African cuisines § East African cuisine

3360:

The largest tectonic movement in East Africa is the

1432:

had first established a strong presence in southern

588:

region overlaps significantly with these countries.

4930: 4779: 4409: 4285: 1712:. Starting in the 1850s, the small protectorate of 1218:, which permitted the Portuguese to trade with the 1047:

Early Iron Age findings in East and Southern Africa

30:For the entity known as (British) East Africa, see 5925: 5660: 4829: 4601:Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies 3048:List of ethnic groups of Africa § East Africa 2247:The unique geography and apparent suitability for 2069:regions of Somalia, have seen relative stability. 1268:the appointment of viceroy of the newly conquered 1075:groups suggests, the Bantu migrants would acquire 541:. Further extending East Africa's definition, the 5691: 5267:Canada's Africa Oil starts Somalia seismic survey 4933:"Perspectives on the African past – Google Books" 3107:predominate, including languages of the family's 1404: 758:East Africa is one of the earliest regions where 6758: 5663:"The Annual Cycle of East African Precipitation" 3843: 3244:Traditional African religions § East Africa 1618:named Tanganyika. In 1922, the British gained a 1444:, they finally met the recently created British 529:, largely due to their shared history under the 5235: 4992: 4195:"Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human" 5119:Killman, James; Bentley-Buckle, A. W. (1972). 3947:Searching for traces of the Southern Dispersal 3712:. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press. 906:Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and the 5966: 5292:"Economic Recovery and the Role of the State" 5125:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 4970: 4962: 4373: 3675:The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 1036:to the coastal belt, but most Bantu remained 641:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 505:East Africa is acknowledged as the cradle of 5764:"A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean" 5692:Munday, C.; Savage, N.; Jones, R.G. (2023). 5380: 4530: 4494: 4071: 3959: 3701: 3615: 3613: 1257:, an island located in what is now southern 5611: 5376:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T6557A16980917.en 4536: 3328:Rainfall variability is influenced by both 1175: 34:. For the region of the African Union, see 5973: 5959: 5612:Dewar, Robert E.; Wallis, James R (1999). 5452: 5450: 5370:. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 5179: 4827: 4742:"The Bantu Migration | World Civilization" 4713: 4379: 3852:Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa 1300:and other coastal towns until the western 5637: 5212: 4627:. Strategic Book Publishing. p. 21. 4572: 4477: 4303: 4107: 4097: 3645: 3610: 3466:Architecture of Africa § East Africa 2161:Learn how and when to remove this message 2099:both remained sources of tension between 1677:, the Italians colonized all of Eritrea. 487:, is a region at the eastern edge of the 5386: 5342:"Sudan's Omar Bashir warning over Abyei" 5067: 4128: 3965: 3849: 3668: 2172: 1408: 1042: 734: 5936:. Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 649–659?. 5447: 5153:Lane, Frederic Chapin (November 1973). 5148: 5146: 5121:"A Portuguese wreck off Mombasa, Kenya" 4960:The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 4537:Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). 4334: 3044:List of African countries by population 2240:, and the world's second deepest lake, 1900:Southern East Africa (Southeast Africa) 1723: 1377:and relocation of the Omani capital to 27:Eastern region of the African continent 14: 6759: 5498: 5194: 5068:Gonzales, Rhonda M. (30 August 2009). 4500: 4445: 3293:to over 1,100 mm (43 in) at 2290:Countries, capitals and largest cities 2079:in 2011, six and a half years after a 1769:Postcolonial Africa § East Africa 690:recent African origin of modern humans 684:Recent African origin of modern humans 6704:Portuguese-speaking African countries 5980: 5954: 5903:from the original on 27 November 2020 5818:from the original on 20 November 2020 5722: 5586: 5395: 4896:from the original on 23 December 2017 4518:from the original on 31 December 2019 4433:from the original on 17 November 2020 4361:from the original on 3 September 2021 4049:from the original on 22 December 2019 3707: 3375: 1602:gained control of a large area named 799:of the last common human ancestor to 659:Sub-Saharan Africa § East Africa 618:Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean 5873:from the original on 16 October 2020 5743:from the original on 13 October 2022 5516:from the original on 24 January 2018 5409:from the original on 14 January 2016 5348:from the original on 13 October 2022 5180:Cunningham, James Frederick (1905). 5152: 5143: 5088:from the original on 13 October 2022 5013:from the original on 13 October 2022 4939:from the original on 13 October 2022 4800:from the original on 13 October 2022 4752:from the original on 13 October 2022 4701:from the original on 6 February 2015 4641:from the original on 13 October 2022 4415: 3940: 3908: 3744:, (The Guildford Press; 2004), p. 26 3734: 3355: 2143:adding citations to reliable sources 2114: 1727: 1264:In March 1505, having received from 1238:to reach the eastern Mediterranean. 584:, Uganda and Tanzania. Notably, the 4684:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology 3956:, by Dr. Marta Mirazón Lahr, et al. 3928:from the original on 7 October 2016 3765:from the original on 28 August 2010 3747: 24: 5466:United Nations Statistics Division 5236:Leonard V Smith (September 2020). 5137:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1972.tb00687.x 4661:Egypt, trunk of the tree, Volume 2 4397:from the original on 15 March 2018 3669:Mitchell, Peter (1 October 2020). 3488:African cuisine § East Africa 3477:Folk costume § Eastern Africa 3285:and 1,200 mm (47 in) at 2315:Second largest city by population 2266:in the nineteenth century. Today, 1887:Internal Political-ethnic Conflict 1413:Map of British East Africa in 1911 994: 895: 663:African empires § East Africa 493:United Nations Statistics Division 25: 6788: 5472:from the original on 2 April 2019 5429:"The World Factbook – Population" 5051:"isbn:1743213026 – Google Search" 5033:"isbn:0714611026 - Google Search" 4886:"Weilue: The Peoples of the West" 3598:from the original on 13 July 2011 2095:, and Abyei and South Kordofan's 1575:, an important island hub of the 1170: 1167:kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania. 1011:Between 2500 and 3000 years ago, 975:. The state also established its 959:as an important market place for 807:, representative of the earliest 4999:. Random House School Division. 4621:Andebrhan Welde Giorgis (2014). 4201:from the original on 2 June 2016 4197:. Smithsonian. 11 January 2012. 3522: 3372:are separating at 7mm per annum 3003: 2973: 2943: 2911: 2872: 2834: 2804: 2774: 2744: 2714: 2682: 2654: 2624: 2584: 2553: 2523: 2492: 2452: 2422: 2392: 2361: 2330: 2119: 1939:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1731: 1001:Bantu expansion § Expansion 967:, who also governed the port of 570:Democratic Republic of the Congo 535:British East Africa Protectorate 441: 428: 415: 388: 349: 336: 306: 293: 280: 267: 254: 241: 228: 215: 202: 189: 176: 163: 150: 137: 124: 111: 98: 85: 51: 5933:Encyclopedia of African History 5919: 5885: 5855: 5830: 5755: 5716: 5685: 5654: 5605: 5589:Deserts and Desert Environments 5580: 5554: 5542:from the original on 1 May 2017 5528: 5484: 5421: 5405:. Garowe Online. 7 March 2015. 5403:"Somalia salt industry revives" 5334: 5316: 5284: 5260: 5229: 5188: 5173: 5112: 5061: 5043: 5025: 4986: 4951: 4924: 4908: 4878: 4868: 4859: 4850: 4821: 4812: 4773: 4764: 4734: 4721:Periplus of the Erythreaean Sea 4674: 4653: 4614: 4589: 4328: 4279: 4213: 4187: 4065: 4002: 3894: 3876:"East Africa Regional Overview" 3868: 3459: 3033: 2130:needs additional citations for 1587:and the rich farming island of 1121:—a seaboard referred to as the 838:of Ethiopia, as well as in the 688:According to the theory of the 6539:Guinean Forests of West Africa 4971: 4963: 4142:from Middle Awash, Ethiopia", 3817: 3791: 3777: 3662: 3580: 3455:African art § East Africa 3303:Intertropical Convergence Zone 2251:made East Africa a target for 1591:, previously under the French 1405:Period of European imperialism 1137:French among other languages. 956:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 623:Regions including portions of 512: 13: 1: 6554:Guinean forest-savanna mosaic 6051:Cameroonian Highlands forests 5074:. Columbia University Press. 4663:, Algora Publishing, p. 258, 3687:10.1080/15564894.2019.1582567 3573: 2296:List of cities in East Africa 2228:, East Africa is the site of 1989:attempted coup d'état in 1982 947: 902:Horn of Africa § History 671: 6679:Middle East and North Africa 6136:East African montane forests 4996:Africa: Tradition and Change 4780:James De Vere Allen (1993). 4355:10.1126/science.356.6342.993 4335:Gibbons, Ann (7 June 2017). 4305:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004 3850:Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). 3787:. Eac.int. 25 November 2023. 3068: 2177:Image of the region between 2110: 1808:Eritrean War of Independence 1783: 1038:African Traditional Religion 1007:Bantu peoples § History 924:during the times of Pharaoh 768:, of the early emergence of 36:Regions of the African Union 7: 5729:. Verso. pp. 263–266. 5156:Venice, A Maritime Republic 4832:The Rough Guide to Tanzania 4786:. James Currey Publishers. 3988:10.1126/science.331.6013.20 3916:"Eastern Africa Power Pool" 3515: 3470: 3237: 2662:French Southern Territories 2004:United Republic of Tanzania 1694:Second Italo-Abyssinian War 1624:United Republic of Tanzania 643:(COMESA) free trade area. 396:French Southern Territories 10: 6793: 5710:10.1038/s41586-022-05662-5 5387:Chittick, Neville (1975). 5344:. BBC News. 11 July 2011. 4565:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w 4292:Journal of Human Evolution 3500: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3463: 3452: 3443: 3350: 3260: 3241: 3072: 3037: 2312:Largest city by population 2293: 1980:(Laurent Nkunda Rebellion) 1858:Sudanese nomadic conflicts 1779:Status of forces agreement 1776: 1762: 1226:routes which utilized the 1179: 1004: 998: 899: 712:anatomically modern humans 694:anatomically modern humans 681: 675: 656: 650: 646: 29: 6606: 6494: 6449:Indian Ocean coastal belt 6387: 6260: 6079: 5992: 5723:Davis, Mike (July 2002). 5679:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00484.1 5462:Demographic Yearbook 2015 5096:– via Google Books. 5021:– via Google Books. 4746:courses.lumenlearning.com 4341:fossils found in Morocco" 4288:"The Omo-Kibish I pelvis" 3708:Maxon, Robert M. (2009). 3389:The Last King of Scotland 2900: 2861: 2613: 2481: 2319: 2181:(on the right) and Lakes 2085:Second Sudanese Civil War 1881:Second Sudanese Civil War 1853:Second Sudanese Civil War 1682:First Italo–Ethiopian War 1620:League of Nations mandate 1614:and the mainland part of 1606:, comprising present-day 1440:in present-day Kenya. At 1373:, intensification of the 868:allowed the beginning of 456: 368: 65: 50: 45: 6772:Geography of East Africa 5587:Laity, Julie J. (2009). 4659:Najovits, Simson (2004) 3854:. Universal-Publishers. 3507:East African urban music 3496: 2075:peacefully seceded from 1893:South Sudanese Civil War 1848:First Sudanese Civil War 1765:Decolonisation of Africa 1488:, as well as for animal 1251:Don Francisco de Almeida 1176:Arab and Portuguese eras 864:and such crop plants as 32:East Africa Protectorate 6649:Guineo-Congolian region 5195:Fabian, Steven (2021). 4479:10.1126/science.aao2646 4099:10.1073/pnas.1306043110 3902:"Eastern Africa region" 3755:"IRIN — Horn of Africa" 3216:Indo-European languages 3087:Indo-European languages 2089:South Kordofan conflict 1673:from a local sultan in 678:Prehistoric East Africa 5254:10.1093/gerhis/ghaa052 5201:African Studies Review 4727:14 August 2014 at the 3538:African historiography 3448: 3332:events and a positive 3252:Christianity in Africa 3083:Nilo-Saharan languages 3040:Demographics of Africa 2697:(1,015,140; 2005 est.) 2573:(2,739,551; 2007 est.) 2467:(1,507,114; 2014 est.) 2194: 1927:Lord's Resistance Army 1814:Eritrean-Ethiopian War 1561:two military campaigns 1557:French colonial empire 1468:. The Protectorate of 1414: 1355:Portuguese East Africa 1182:Portuguese East Africa 1048: 951: 4th century BCE 748: 653:History of East Africa 566:East African Community 6591:West Sudanian savanna 6549:Lower Guinean forests 6544:Upper Guinean forests 6459:Cape Floristic Region 6322:Cataracts of the Nile 6141:Eastern Arc Mountains 6061:Congolian rainforests 6056:East Sudanian savanna 5431:. CIA. Archived from 5272:22 March 2020 at the 4544:Nature Communications 4504:(10 September 2019). 3501:Further information: 3486:Further information: 3475:Further information: 3464:Further information: 3453:Further information: 3407:The Constant Gardener 3242:Further information: 3156:Niger-Congo languages 3105:Afroasiatic languages 3079:Niger-Congo languages 3075:Afroasiatic languages 3073:Further information: 3038:Further information: 2937:(783,296; 2012 est.) 2737:Beau Bassin-Rose Hill 2386:(915,101; 2009 est.) 2176: 1763:Further information: 1706:East African Campaign 1565:Kingdom of Madagascar 1412: 1105:members of the Bantu 1046: 1005:Further information: 830:Some of the earliest 811:, and suggested that 738: 657:Further information: 631:, often aligned with 379:dependent territories 6245:Zanzibar Archipelago 6213:Indian Ocean islands 5842:www.sciencefocus.com 4957:Hill, John E. 2004. 4890:depts.washington.edu 4027:10.3378/027.083.0403 3799:"Somaliland profile" 3313:, and the Brazilian 2926:(868,800; 2012 est.) 2507:(529,000; 2018 est.) 2139:improve this article 1839:Northern East Africa 1826:Dijboutian Civil War 1793:Northern East Africa 1724:Post-colonial period 1696:, it became part of 1266:Manuel I of Portugal 726:Homo sapiens sapiens 533:and as parts of the 406:internal territories 6664:Mediterranean Basin 6644:Greater Middle East 6181:Ethiopian Highlands 6089:African Great Lakes 5780:1999Natur.401..360S 5630:1999JCli...12.3457D 5391:. pp. 117–133. 5366:Emslie, R. (2012). 5330:on 31 January 2014. 5214:10.1017/asr.2021.11 4983:= Azania and notes. 4828:Jens Finke (2010). 4557:2019NatCo..10.3406M 4470:2018Sci...360...90B 4249:10.1038/nature03258 4241:2005Natur.433..733M 4166:10.1038/nature01669 4158:2003Natur.423..742W 4090:2013PNAS..11010699M 3980:2011Sci...331...20B 3952:10 May 2012 at the 3334:Indian Ocean Dipole 3299:Ethiopian Highlands 3152:African Great Lakes 2345:(22,989; 2012 est.) 2322:African Great Lakes 2306:Country / Territory 2045:Burundian Civil War 2043:and the subsequent 2015:Uganda–Tanzania War 1993:2007 election riots 1955:Zanzibar Revolution 1915:Uganda–Tanzania War 1906:Burundian Civil War 1802:Ethiopian Civil War 1698:Italian East Africa 1420:Scramble for Africa 1399:Zanzibar Revolution 1272:, he set sail from 1095:Swahili City States 979:over the declining 858:Ethiopian Highlands 717:Homo sapiens idaltu 586:African Great Lakes 507:early modern humans 502:and 4 territories. 498:as encompassing 18 324:unrecognised states 6724:Sub-Saharan Africa 6629:Commonwealth realm 6238:Northern Highlands 6186:Dahlak Archipelago 5667:Journal of Climate 5618:Journal of Climate 5304:on 12 January 2011 4511:The New York Times 3825:"Puntland profile" 3543:Sub-Saharan Africa 3376:Popular depictions 3256:Religion in Africa 2274:in Somalia, is of 2195: 1947:1990–1993 and the 1908:1993–2005 and the 1743:. You can help by 1651:British Somaliland 1644:Italian Somaliland 1604:German East Africa 1472:and the Colony of 1415: 1351:Indian Ocean trade 1270:territory in India 1243:Republic of Venice 1049: 884:and crops such as 749: 539:German East Africa 6777:Regions of Africa 6754: 6753: 6654:Islands of Africa 6634:Equatorial Africa 6586:Inner Niger Delta 6374:Tibesti Mountains 6233:Central Highlands 6119:Virunga Mountains 6114:Rift Valley lakes 6104:Great Rift Valley 6099:East African Rift 6066:Ouaddaï highlands 5943:978-1-57958-245-6 5928:Kevin Shillington 5869:. 23 April 2018. 5774:(6751): 360–363. 5736:978-1-85984-382-6 5704:(7951): 276–279. 5624:(12): 3457–3466. 5435:on 4 October 2018 4843:978-1-4053-8018-8 4793:978-0-85255-075-5 4634:978-1-62857-331-2 4419:(15 March 2018). 4383:(15 March 2018). 4381:Chatterjee, Rhitu 4235:(7027): 733–736. 4152:(6491): 742–747, 4084:(26): 10699–704. 3904:. 17 August 2017. 3861:978-1-58112-000-4 3719:978-1-933202-46-4 3626:Am. J. Hum. Genet 3383:7 Days in Entebbe 3362:East African Rift 3356:Tectonic activity 3272:East African Rift 3194:Nilotic languages 3186:and many others. 3056:Nilotic expansion 3031: 3030: 2672:Port-aux-Français 2230:Mount Kilimanjaro 2226:East African Rift 2171: 2170: 2163: 2061:, as well as the 1951:against the Tutsi 1945:Rwandan Civil War 1761: 1760: 1718:French Somaliland 1659:Arabian Peninsula 1571:off the coast of 1347:Portuguese Empire 1055:communities. The 989:Himyarite Kingdom 985:Arabian Peninsula 973:Aksumite currency 912:Ancient Egyptians 890:Nilotic languages 856:, whereas in the 819:and East Africa. 489:African continent 474: 473: 16:(Redirected from 6784: 6746:Zambezian region 6734:Sudanian savanna 6719:Southeast Africa 6699:Northeast Africa 6684:Miombo woodlands 6559:Guinea Highlands 6223:Lamu Archipelago 6201:Gulf of Tadjoura 5975: 5968: 5961: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5673:(6): 2385–2404. 5658: 5652: 5651: 5641: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5502: 5496: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5454: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5384: 5378: 5368:Diceros bicornis 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5326:. Archived from 5320: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5303: 5297:. Archived from 5296: 5288: 5282: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5216: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5150: 5141: 5140: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5055:books.google.com 5047: 5041: 5040: 5037:books.google.com 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 4990: 4984: 4974: 4973: 4966: 4965: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4928: 4922: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4882: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4836:. Rough Guides. 4835: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4738: 4732: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4678: 4672: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4618: 4612: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4576: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4481: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4337:"World's oldest 4332: 4326: 4325: 4307: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4226: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4111: 4101: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4056: 4054: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3963: 3957: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3927: 3920: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3751: 3745: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3649: 3617: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3584: 3532: 3527: 3526: 3525: 3425:Captain Phillips 3052:African diaspora 3009: 3007: 3006: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2903:Southeast Africa 2878: 2876: 2875: 2864:Northeast Africa 2839: 2838: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2780: 2778: 2777: 2750: 2748: 2747: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2688: 2686: 2685: 2660: 2658: 2657: 2630: 2628: 2627: 2590: 2588: 2587: 2559: 2557: 2556: 2529: 2527: 2526: 2498: 2496: 2495: 2458: 2456: 2455: 2428: 2426: 2425: 2398: 2396: 2395: 2367: 2365: 2364: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2303: 2302: 2215:black rhinoceros 2166: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2123: 2115: 2041:Burundi genocide 2037:Rwandan genocide 1972:Second Congo War 1949:Rwandan genocide 1921:Ugandan Bush War 1832:Somali Civil War 1796:(Horn of Africa) 1756: 1753: 1735: 1728: 1710:French Indochina 1526:Lourenço Marques 1127:Swahili language 952: 949: 940:Kingdom of Aksum 854:hunter-gatherers 772:associated with 770:modern behaviors 743:crossing in the 500:sovereign states 479:, also known as 446: 445: 444: 434: 432: 431: 421: 419: 418: 409: 394: 392: 391: 382: 355: 353: 352: 342: 340: 339: 327: 312: 310: 309: 299: 297: 296: 286: 284: 283: 273: 271: 270: 260: 258: 257: 247: 245: 244: 234: 232: 231: 221: 219: 218: 208: 206: 205: 195: 193: 192: 182: 180: 179: 169: 167: 166: 156: 154: 153: 143: 141: 140: 130: 128: 127: 117: 115: 114: 104: 102: 101: 91: 89: 88: 79: 76:sovereign states 55: 43: 42: 21: 6792: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6741:Tropical Africa 6602: 6490: 6469:Kalahari Desert 6454:Albany thickets 6419:Succulent Karoo 6383: 6285:Atlas Mountains 6256: 6075: 5988: 5979: 5944: 5922: 5917: 5916: 5906: 5904: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5876: 5874: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5846: 5844: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5819: 5760: 5756: 5746: 5744: 5737: 5721: 5717: 5690: 5686: 5659: 5655: 5610: 5606: 5599: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5569: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5543: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5519: 5517: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5494:City Population 5489: 5485: 5475: 5473: 5456: 5455: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5412: 5410: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5385: 5381: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5274:Wayback Machine 5265: 5261: 5234: 5230: 5193: 5189: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5151: 5144: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5101: 5091: 5089: 5082: 5066: 5062: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5007: 4991: 4987: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4929: 4925: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4794: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4755: 4753: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4729:Wayback Machine 4718: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4695: 4679: 4675: 4658: 4654: 4644: 4642: 4635: 4619: 4615: 4594: 4590: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4499: 4495: 4464:(6384): 90–94. 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4333: 4329: 4284: 4280: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4133: 4129: 4070: 4066: 4052: 4050: 4007: 4003: 3964: 3960: 3954:Wayback Machine 3945: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3739: 3735: 3720: 3706: 3702: 3667: 3663: 3618: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3553:Southern Africa 3528: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3513: 3499: 3494: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3468: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3446: 3378: 3358: 3353: 3263: 3258: 3248:Islam in Africa 3240: 3093: 3071: 3058: 3036: 3004: 3002: 2974: 2972: 2944: 2942: 2912: 2910: 2873: 2871: 2833: 2805: 2803: 2775: 2773: 2745: 2743: 2715: 2713: 2683: 2681: 2655: 2653: 2625: 2623: 2585: 2583: 2554: 2552: 2524: 2522: 2493: 2491: 2453: 2451: 2423: 2421: 2393: 2391: 2362: 2360: 2331: 2329: 2298: 2292: 2264:colonialization 2242:Lake Tanganyika 2167: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2136: 2124: 2113: 2081:peace agreement 1968:First Congo War 1786: 1781: 1775: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1741:needs expansion 1726: 1704:as part of the 1632:British Crown's 1407: 1188: 1186:History of Oman 1180:Main articles: 1178: 1173: 1099:Swahili culture 1057:Bantu expansion 1021:Bantu expansion 1009: 1003: 997: 995:Bantu expansion 981:Kingdom of Kush 950: 922:Pharaonic Egypt 904: 898: 896:Ancient history 795:, of a virtual 686: 680: 674: 669: 655: 649: 633:Southern Africa 515: 467: 463: 452: 442: 440: 429: 427: 416: 414: 411: 410: 404: 400: 389: 387: 384: 383: 377: 364: 361: 350: 348: 337: 335: 329: 328: 322: 318: 307: 305: 294: 292: 281: 279: 268: 266: 255: 253: 242: 240: 229: 227: 216: 214: 203: 201: 190: 188: 177: 175: 164: 162: 151: 149: 138: 136: 125: 123: 112: 110: 99: 97: 86: 84: 81: 80: 74: 61: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6790: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6729:Sudan (region) 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6573: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6564:Gulf of Guinea 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6500: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6479:Cape Peninsula 6476: 6474:Okavango Delta 6471: 6466: 6464:Skeleton Coast 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6393: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6379:Western Sahara 6376: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6352:Nuba Mountains 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6272: 6270:Eastern Desert 6266: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6225: 6220: 6218:Comoro Islands 6210: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6191:Hanish Islands 6188: 6183: 6178: 6176:Danakil Desert 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6151:Horn of Africa 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6094:Albertine Rift 6085: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6071:Ennedi Plateau 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6007:Gulf of Guinea 5998: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5978: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5942: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5884: 5867:tripindigo.com 5854: 5829: 5754: 5735: 5715: 5684: 5653: 5604: 5597: 5591:. p. 18. 5579: 5568:. 11 July 2022 5553: 5527: 5497: 5483: 5446: 5420: 5394: 5379: 5359: 5333: 5315: 5283: 5259: 5242:German History 5228: 5207:(2): E30–E31. 5187: 5172: 5165: 5142: 5111: 5099: 5080: 5060: 5042: 5024: 5005: 4985: 4950: 4923: 4907: 4877: 4867: 4858: 4849: 4842: 4820: 4811: 4792: 4772: 4763: 4733: 4712: 4693: 4673: 4652: 4633: 4613: 4596:Diamond, Jared 4588: 4529: 4493: 4444: 4408: 4372: 4327: 4278: 4212: 4186: 4127: 4064: 4001: 3974:(6013): 20–3. 3958: 3939: 3907: 3893: 3867: 3860: 3842: 3831:. 11 July 2011 3816: 3805:. 11 July 2011 3790: 3776: 3746: 3740:Robert Stock, 3733: 3718: 3700: 3681:(4): 576–595. 3661: 3638:10.1086/505436 3609: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3568:Horn of Africa 3565: 3560: 3558:Central Africa 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3517: 3514: 3498: 3495: 3483: 3480: 3472: 3469: 3461: 3458: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3401:Queen of Katwe 3377: 3374: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3262: 3259: 3239: 3236: 3097:Horn of Africa 3070: 3067: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2939: 2938: 2932: 2927: 2921: 2907: 2906: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2868: 2867: 2859: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2800: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2770: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2710: 2709: 2703: 2698: 2692: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2620: 2619: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2594: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2568: 2563: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2519: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2502: 2488: 2487: 2484:Horn of Africa 2479: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2462: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2418: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2388: 2387: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2340: 2326: 2325: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2294:Main article: 2291: 2288: 2276:archaeological 2169: 2168: 2127: 2125: 2118: 2112: 2109: 1982: 1981: 1975: 1970:1996–1997 and 1964: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1952: 1942: 1929:insurgency in 1924: 1918: 1912: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1785: 1782: 1773:Neocolonialism 1759: 1758: 1738: 1736: 1725: 1722: 1518:Vila Junqueiro 1458:British Empire 1406: 1403: 1236:camel caravans 1177: 1174: 1172: 1171:Modern history 1169: 1129:contains many 1113:(particularly 1107:Swahili people 999:Main article: 996: 993: 900:Main article: 897: 894: 676:Main article: 673: 670: 651:Main article: 648: 645: 543:Horn of Africa 514: 511: 485:East of Africa 481:Eastern Africa 472: 471: 458: 454: 453: 451: 450: 438: 425: 403: 402: 401: 399: 398: 376: 375: 374: 372: 366: 365: 363: 362: 360: 359: 346: 332: 321: 320: 319: 317: 316: 303: 290: 277: 264: 251: 238: 225: 212: 199: 186: 173: 160: 147: 134: 121: 108: 95: 73: 72: 71: 69: 63: 62: 56: 48: 47: 26: 18:Eastern Africa 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6789: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6607:Macro-regions 6605: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6534:Guinea region 6532: 6530: 6529:Cape Mesurado 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6493: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6386: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6295:Gibraltar Arc 6293: 6291: 6290:Barbary Coast 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6280:Ancient Libya 6278: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6253: 6252:Swahili coast 6250: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6156:Afar Triangle 6154: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6002:Guinea region 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5971: 5969: 5964: 5962: 5957: 5956: 5953: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5923: 5902: 5898: 5897:Halo Waypoint 5894: 5893:"New Mombasa" 5888: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5788:10.1038/43854 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5758: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5719: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5600: 5598:9781444300741 5594: 5590: 5583: 5567: 5566:reliefweb.int 5563: 5557: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5492: 5487: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5451: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5390: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5300: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5183: 5176: 5168: 5166:9780801814600 5162: 5159:. JHU Press. 5158: 5157: 5149: 5147: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5106: 5104: 5087: 5083: 5081:9780231142427 5077: 5073: 5072: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5012: 5008: 5006:9780394009384 5002: 4998: 4997: 4989: 4982: 4978: 4977: 4969: 4961: 4954: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4921: 4920:0-19-814264-1 4917: 4911: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4871: 4862: 4853: 4845: 4839: 4834: 4833: 4824: 4815: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4776: 4767: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4716: 4700: 4696: 4694:9780199735785 4690: 4686: 4685: 4677: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4626: 4625: 4617: 4611: 4610:0-393-03891-2 4607: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4340: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4136:White, Tim D. 4131: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4061: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4021:(4): 477–89. 4020: 4016: 4015:Human Biology 4012: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3943: 3924: 3917: 3911: 3903: 3897: 3882:. 8 June 2019 3881: 3877: 3871: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3786: 3780: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3743: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3614: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3530:Africa portal 3520: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3493: 3489: 3478: 3467: 3456: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3395:Out of Africa 3391: 3390: 3385: 3384: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3001: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2831: 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2301: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2238:Lake Victoria 2235: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2179:Lake Victoria 2175: 2165: 2162: 2154: 2151:December 2015 2144: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2128:This section 2126: 2122: 2117: 2116: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2039:and the 1993 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2009:Tanzania and 2007: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1979: 1978:Kivu Conflict 1976: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1863:War in Darfur 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1780: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1755: 1746: 1742: 1739:This section 1737: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1667:British India 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1600:German Empire 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1551:. Madagascar 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1506:geomorphology 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1411: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247:Ottoman Turks 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1208:Vasco da Gama 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1187: 1183: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1123:Swahili Coast 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1045: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1008: 1002: 992: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 957: 945: 941: 936: 934: 931: 927: 923: 919: 918: 913: 909: 903: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 852: 847: 846:in Tanzania. 845: 844:Olduvai Gorge 842:in Kenya and 841: 837: 833: 828: 825: 824:Bab-el-Mandeb 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 801:modern humans 798: 794: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 762: 756: 754: 746: 742: 741:Bab-el-Mandeb 737: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 718: 713: 710:evolved into 709: 708: 701: 699: 695: 691: 685: 679: 668: 664: 660: 654: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 510: 508: 503: 501: 497: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 470: 466: 462: 459: 455: 449: 439: 437: 426: 424: 413: 412: 407: 397: 386: 385: 380: 373: 371: 367: 358: 347: 345: 334: 333: 331: 330: 325: 315: 304: 302: 291: 289: 278: 276: 265: 263: 252: 250: 239: 237: 226: 224: 213: 211: 200: 198: 187: 185: 174: 172: 161: 159: 148: 146: 135: 133: 122: 120: 109: 107: 96: 94: 83: 82: 77: 70: 68: 64: 60: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6689:Mittelafrika 6639:Françafrique 6504:Pepper Coast 6342:Middle Egypt 6196:Gulf of Aden 6171:Danakil Alps 6109:Gregory Rift 6080: 5932: 5920:Bibliography 5905:. 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Retrieved 4509: 4502:Zimmer, Carl 4496: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4435:. Retrieved 4426:The Atlantic 4424: 4411: 4399:. Retrieved 4388: 4375: 4363:. Retrieved 4344: 4339:Homo sapiens 4338: 4330: 4295: 4291: 4281: 4232: 4228: 4215: 4203:. Retrieved 4189: 4149: 4143: 4140:Homo sapiens 4139: 4130: 4121: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4058: 4051:. Retrieved 4018: 4014: 4004: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3942: 3930:. Retrieved 3910: 3896: 3884:. Retrieved 3879: 3870: 3851: 3845: 3833:. Retrieved 3828: 3819: 3807:. Retrieved 3802: 3793: 3779: 3767:. Retrieved 3758: 3749: 3741: 3736: 3709: 3703: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3632:(2): 230–7. 3629: 3625: 3602:22 September 3600:. Retrieved 3591: 3582: 3563:North Africa 3460:Architecture 3435: 3429: 3423: 3419:The Good Lie 3417: 3413:Hotel Rwanda 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3379: 3370:Nubian Plate 3366:Somali Plate 3359: 3327: 3280: 3278:rainforest. 3264: 3214: 3192: 3149: 3147:) branches. 3094: 3059: 3034:Demographics 2901: 2862: 2701:Antananarivo 2695:Antananarivo 2667:Saint Pierre 2616:Indian Ocean 2614: 2482: 2320: 2299: 2286:importance. 2260:exploitation 2246: 2223: 2196: 2157: 2148: 2137:Please help 2132:verification 2129: 2107:as of 2011. 2071: 2057: 2023: 2008: 1997: 1983: 1889:2011–ongoing 1870:2023–present 1868:War in Sudan 1787: 1749: 1745:adding to it 1740: 1702:World War II 1684:against the 1679: 1648: 1640:protectorate 1597: 1563:against the 1534: 1522:Porto Amélia 1446:Protectorate 1428: 1416: 1387: 1362:colonization 1359: 1344: 1318: 1302:Indian Ocean 1263: 1240: 1228:Persian Gulf 1189: 1158: 1139: 1081: 1062: 1050: 1026:Austronesian 1010: 954: 937: 915: 905: 848: 836:Awash Valley 829: 821: 813:Homo sapiens 812: 809:Homo sapiens 808: 804: 790: 786:Homo sapiens 785: 778:Homo sapiens 777: 774:Homo sapiens 773: 766:Olorgesailie 761:Homo sapiens 759: 757: 753:Jebel Irhoud 750: 729: 725: 715: 707:Homo sapiens 706: 702: 698:North Africa 687: 622: 590: 563: 545:—comprising 531:Omani Empire 516: 504: 484: 480: 476: 475: 59:UN geoscheme 40: 6767:East Africa 6674:Middle East 6619:Afromontane 6581:Niger Delta 6576:Niger Basin 6569:Dahomey Gap 6524:Cape Palmas 6519:Ivory Coast 6514:Slave Coast 6367:Upper Egypt 6337:Lower Nubia 6332:Lower Egypt 6307:Nile Valley 6041:Congo Basin 6036:Pool Malebo 5907:24 November 5822:26 November 5520:29 November 5439:20 December 5131:: 153–157. 4731:, chs. 4, 5 4705:11 November 4551:(1): 3406. 4298:: 199–219. 3710:East Africa 3548:West Africa 3364:, both the 3323:Addis Ababa 3276:Congo Basin 3172:Kinyarwanda 3101:Nile Valley 2880:South Sudan 2827:Anse Etoile 2792:Saint Denis 2787:Saint Denis 2599:(2,572,125) 2571:Addis Ababa 2566:Addis Ababa 2256:exploration 2234:Mount Kenya 2073:South Sudan 2013:fought the 1935:South Sudan 1875:South Sudan 1665:leading to 1593:sovereignty 1581:archipelago 1553:became part 1442:Lake Malawi 1390:wage-labour 1383:Seyyid Said 1381:in 1839 by 1375:slave trade 1371:plantations 1366:city-states 1360:Omani Arab 1224:spice trade 1125:—the Bantu 1073:pastoralist 1065:West Africa 1040:adherents. 870:agriculture 797:skull shape 582:South Sudan 572:, Somalia, 513:Definitions 477:East Africa 370:Territories 262:South Sudan 46:East Africa 6761:Categories 6624:Arab world 6598:Yorubaland 6509:Gold Coast 6434:Maputaland 6424:Nama Karoo 6414:Thembuland 6362:The Sudans 6347:Nile Delta 6312:Nile Delta 6228:Madagascar 6046:Chad Basin 6014:Cape Lopez 5747:14 October 5572:7 February 5546:24 October 5510:esa.un.org 5491:Madagascar 5092:14 October 5017:14 October 4968:by Yu Huan 4804:23 January 4669:087586256X 4645:14 October 4604:; p. 103; 4053:2 November 3932:15 October 3574:References 3268:Somali Jet 3228:Portuguese 3218:, such as 3196:, such as 3061:2017). In 2951:Mozambique 2856:Qalansiyah 2812:Seychelles 2797:Saint Paul 2732:Port Louis 2727:Port Louis 2708:(326,286) 2690:Madagascar 2516:Ali Sabieh 2284:economical 2280:historical 2191:Tanganyika 2097:Nuba Hills 2093:Abyei Area 2083:ended the 2067:Somaliland 1820:Ogaden War 1777:See also: 1752:April 2019 1688:Empire of 1585:Seychelles 1573:Tanganyika 1559:following 1541:Madagascar 1478:cash crops 1452:(nowadays 1434:Mozambique 1397:until the 1325:Fort Jesus 1286:Tana River 1253:conquered 1204:Mozambique 1192:Portuguese 1150:Menouthias 1134:loan-words 1015:-speaking 933:Hatshepsut 874:tsetse fly 840:Koobi Fora 805:H. sapiens 722:Omo Kibish 682:See also: 672:Prehistory 629:Madagascar 625:Mozambique 616:, and the 606:Seychelles 457:Time zones 344:Somaliland 236:Seychelles 210:Mozambique 184:Madagascar 6694:Negroland 6614:Aethiopia 6484:False Bay 6161:Al-Habash 6146:Serengeti 6124:Kavirondo 5796:1476-4687 5223:236357241 4900:2 January 4314:1095-8606 4257:1476-4687 3728:318191973 3695:1556-4894 3307:Sri Lanka 3283:Mogadishu 3143:(such as 3127:(such as 3111:(such as 3069:Languages 2762:Mamoudzou 2757:Mamoudzou 2722:Mauritius 2706:Toamasina 2647:Mutsamudu 2603:Mogadishu 2597:Mogadishu 2577:Dire Dawa 2349:Bujumbura 2272:Ras Hafun 2111:Geography 1974:1998–2003 1923:1981–1986 1917:1978–1979 1895:2013–2015 1883:1983–2005 1834:1991–2009 1828:1991–1994 1822:1977–1978 1816:1998–2000 1810:1961–1991 1804:1974–1991 1784:Conflicts 1720:in 1897. 1589:Mauritius 1514:Vila Pery 1494:goat meat 1490:husbandry 1450:Nyasaland 1314:Cannanore 1103:Afro-Arab 782:Florisbad 602:Mauritius 576:, Kenya, 469:UTC+04:00 465:UTC+03:00 461:UTC+02:00 197:Mauritius 67:Countries 6439:Highveld 6429:Bushveld 6397:Rhodesia 6300:Ifriqiya 6166:Barbaria 6024:Igboland 5901:Archived 5871:Archived 5816:Archived 5804:16862108 5741:Archived 5648:55652367 5540:Archived 5514:Archived 5470:Archived 5468:. 2016. 5407:Archived 5346:Archived 5308:29 April 5270:Archived 5086:Archived 5011:Archived 4937:Archived 4894:Archived 4798:Archived 4750:Archived 4725:Archived 4699:Archived 4639:Archived 4583:31506422 4516:Archived 4488:29545508 4437:15 March 4431:Archived 4417:Yong, Ed 4401:15 March 4395:Archived 4359:Archived 4322:28552208 4265:15716951 4199:Archived 4174:12802332 4118:23754394 4047:Archived 4043:17344813 4035:21846205 3996:21212332 3950:Archived 3923:Archived 3921:. 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