99:. Beginning in the 1960s, East Germany was able to reliably provide basic necessities, but luxury and exotic products remained scarce. This led to increased demand for the available luxury goods, such as confections, tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and coffee (3.6 kilograms (7.9 lb) annually per capita) in the 1970s. By the 1970s, coffee was one of the most important items in an East German household budget, although gifts from friends and relatives in the West met about 20 percent of the country's coffee needs. East German citizens spent an average of 3.3 billion
236:
201:
acquiring foreign currency continued into the 1980s, prolonging shortages that progressively damaged the image of the country's political leadership. It is estimated that 20â25 percent of the entire East German coffee consumption from 1975 to 1977 arrived from the West in care packages. Coffee attained a value as a symbol of inner-German unity, far above its role as a mere consumer good or commodity.
20:
266:
In 1980 and 1986, two treaties were signed between East
Germany and Vietnam, whereby East Germany provided the necessary equipment and machinery for production, increased the area of coffee plantations from 600 to 8,600 hectares (1,500 to 21,300 acres), and trained the local population in cultivation
200:
flour, which contains proteins that swell under heat and pressure, clogging the filters. This led to numerous complaints and outraged reactions and protests. Even though the price of coffee on the international markets retreated and normalized in 1978, the problems faced by the East German government
275:
plant. East
Germany also built housing, hospitals, and shops for the 10,000 people who were relocated to the area for coffee production. Against this investment, East Germany was scheduled to receive half of the coffee harvest for the next 20 years. However, coffee takes eight years from planting
67:
countries. The coffee crisis indirectly led to changes in the world market for coffee. The coffee crisis led to a reorientation of East German foreign policy as well as considerable belt-tightening. In particular, the East German government engaged in barter with Third World countries, exporting
283:
Despite the loss of its original customer, Vietnam was able to quickly establish itself after 1990 as the second-largest coffee producer in the world after Brazil, driving much of the traditional coffee production in Africa out of the market. Export production was particularly boosted by the
41:
caused by a poor harvest and unstable commodity prices, severely limiting the government's ability to buy coffee on the world markets. As a consequence, the East German government increased its engagement in Africa and Asia, exporting weapons and equipment to coffee-producing nations.
195:
The citizens of East
Germany overwhelmingly rejected the Kaffee-Mix and saw the coffee shortage as an attack on a major consumer need that was a large part of everyday life. The coffee mix also damaged some coffee machines, as the mixture contained substitute ingredients such as
88:. When these imports stopped in 1954, this led to the first mass shortages and intensified efforts to acquire foreign currency with which to purchase coffee. Beginning in 1957, roasted coffee was produced under the brand name
160:. The cheapest variety of coffee, "Kosta", was discontinued and only more expensive varieties were available. Other alternatives were made available, such as "Kaffee-Mix", a 50 percent mixture of genuine and
209:
In West
Germany, the coffee price increases in 1977 did not lead to any shortages, but did lead to the adoption of cheaper varieties of coffee in the lower price segment. Coffee brands such as
129:(SED) leadership restricted the importation of food and luxury goods, while trying to gather sufficient foreign currency reserves to import petroleum. This occurred against the backdrop of the
383:
Development policies and solidarity in the GDR, presented using examples of state cooperation with
Mozambique and Ethiopia and the development-related education of independent groups
816:
874:
251:. Coffee production began in Vietnam in 1926 during French colonial rule. Beginning in 1975, largely parallel with the coffee crisis in East Germany, the production of
352:
Afrika und das Andere: AlteritÀt und
Innovation : Jahrestagung der VAD vom 3.â6.10.1996 in Berlin (Schriften der Vereinigung von Afrikanisten in Deutschland)
125:
on coffee (approximately US$ 300 million, equivalent to $ 1.51 billion today), nearly five times the expected DM 150 million per year. The
288:. This overproduction led to a crash in worldwide coffee prices in 2001. In 2016, Germany remains the largest export destination for Vietnamese coffee.
608:
646:
89:
824:
221:, by offering coffee as well as non-food items. These changes can also be attributed to the effects of the coffee crisis on West Germany.
957:
52:
192:, were also only available as imported goods. Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski's suggestion of a ban on giving Stollen was unsuccessful.
297:
285:
259:, and lend themselves better to mechanized harvesting. However, Robusta coffee is cheaper and far more bitter than the gold standard
214:
546:"Bundesrepublik und DDR in der Doppelkrise europÀischer Industriegesellschaften Zum sozialökonomischen Wandel in den 1970er Jahren"
609:"Blaue gegen braune Bohnen: Die Stadt Luckenwalde will den DDR-Chefideologen Werner Lamberz mit einer Erinnerungsstelle wĂŒrdigen"
783:
694:
884:
858:
112:
188:, which also caused difficulties in the East German economy, because many of the ingredients, such as almonds, raisins, and
50:
In 1977, East
Germany experienced difficulties meeting domestic demand for coffee, a commodity that had to be bought using
907:
248:
751:
591:
475:
952:
735:
678:
500:
412:
947:
670:"Es geht um unsere Existenz": Die Politik der DDR gegenĂŒber der Dritten Welt am Beispiel von Mosambik und Ăthiopien
404:"Es geht um unsere Existenz": Die Politik der DDR gegenĂŒber der Dritten Welt am Beispiel von Mosambik und Ăthiopien
364:
126:
267:
techniques. In particular, East
Germany provided trucks, machinery, and irrigation systems for the newly founded
942:
141:
103:
for coffee per year, an amount comparable to expenditures on furniture and twice the amount spent on shoes.
321:
230:
276:
until the first usable harvest, which occurred in 1990; at which point the East German state had already
256:
240:
967:
962:
937:
178:
coffee brand. The East German government assumed that much of the population would acquire coffee from
641:
879:
756:
326:
184:
sent by West German relatives. This increased the demand for the typical return gift, a
Dresdner
117:
The coffee crisis began in 1976. The price of coffee rose dramatically after a failed harvest in
77:
846:
668:
402:
255:
began in
Vietnam. Robusta plants grow faster, contain more caffeine, suit the climate of the
350:
277:
8:
235:
130:
643:
Kaffee in beiden deutschen Nachkriegsstaaten: Konsum, Diskurs, Deutung und Beziehungen.
625:
Mitteilung des Ministeriums fĂŒr Handel und Versorgung vom September 1977, Berlin (ADN).
516:
445:
152:
encouraged barter trades with, and armament sales to, Third World countries, such as
854:
790:
731:
702:
674:
587:
557:
545:
496:
471:
449:
408:
381:
360:
161:
145:
324:[Coffee for Weapons: East Germany and Ethiopia - A Difficult Relationship].
437:
100:
81:
164:, and rationing was not required. The Kaffee-Mix was pejoratively referred to as "
725:
650:
174:
134:
260:
252:
169:
149:
94:
931:
561:
441:
218:
122:
121:, forcing the East German government to spend approximately 700 million
761:
463:
85:
38:
23:
East German coffee mix, consisting of 51% coffee, produced due to shortages
653:
Dissertation by Monika Sigmund, scientific collaborator since 2003 at the
63:, i.e. freely convertible Western currencies that were in short supply in
847:"Socialist Modernization in Vietnam: The East German Approach, 1976-1989"
521:
64:
57:
806:
Reader des deutschen Kaffeeverbandes, Stand 2004, retrieved August 2008.
356:
272:
157:
180:
322:"Kaffee gegen Waffen: DDR und Ăthiopien â eine schwierige Beziehung"
302:
153:
189:
185:
80:, much like the rest of Europe after World War II, coffee was a
210:
118:
34:
727:
BĂŒrger, Bitten und Behörden. Geschichte der Eingabe in der DDR
224:
84:. The first coffee imported into East Germany came from the
19:
584:
Faktor Ăl: Die Mineralölwirtschaft in Deutschland 1859-1974
140:
The suggestion to cease coffee production, put forward by
877:[Vietnam and East Germany Sign "Coffee Treaty"].
197:
428:
WĂŒnderich, Volker (2003). "Die "Kaffeekrise" von 1977".
271:, as well as spending approximately $ 20 million on a
247:
The relationship between East Germany and Vietnam was
113:
Coffee production in Brazil § Black frost of 1975
68:
weapons and trucks in exchange for coffee and energy.
851:
Comrades of Color: East Germany in the Cold War World
525:. No. 43/1977. 17 October 1977. pp. 46, 53
137:
only began to affect East Germany in the mid-1970s.
470:. Munich: Econ & List. p. 328.
752:"Kosta, Rondo, Kaffeemix â Honeckers Kaffeekrise"
929:
875:"Vietnam und die DDR schlieĂen "Kaffeeabkommen""
172:, leader of East Germany, and the West German
581:
673:(in German). Ch. Links Verlag. p. 121.
582:Karlsch, Rainer; Stokes, Raymond G. (2003).
407:(in German). Ch. Links Verlag. p. 115.
286:trade relations between the U.S. and Vietnam
687:
348:
827:on 10 March 2004 – via ihk-koeln.de.
660:
637:
635:
633:
631:
373:
204:
427:
394:
298:Economy of the German Democratic Republic
225:Influence on coffee production in Vietnam
16:1970s shortages of coffee in East Germany
908:"Vietnamese coffee wins Germans' hearts"
821:Cologne Chamber of Industry and Commerce
730:. Texte 11 der Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung.
723:
490:
234:
106:
18:
844:
628:
543:
930:
905:
666:
400:
379:
840:
838:
836:
834:
493:Illustrierte Konsumgeschichte der DDR
462:
355:(in German). Berlin-Hamburg-MĂŒnster:
349:Schmidt, Heike; Wirz, Albert (1998).
853:. Berghahn Books. pp. 107â109.
606:
655:Forschungsstelle fĂŒr Zeitgeschichte
342:
239:Robusta coffee plants flowering in
13:
831:
517:"DDR: Die BĂŒrger werden aufsĂ€ssig"
14:
979:
760:. 16 January 2007. Archived from
899:
867:
817:"IHK-LĂ€nderschwerpunkt Vietnam"
809:
776:
744:
717:
619:
600:
575:
144:, was able to be avoided after
958:East GermanyâVietnam relations
537:
509:
484:
456:
421:
314:
1:
906:Phuong, Ha (16 August 2016).
849:. In Slobodian, Quinn (ed.).
667:Döring, Hans-Joachim (1999).
401:Döring, Hans-Joachim (1999).
380:Döring, Hans-Joachim (2007).
308:
142:Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski
71:
895:– via daklakcoffee.de.
550:Zeithistorische Forschungen
257:Vietnamese Central Highlands
231:Coffee production in Vietnam
45:
7:
607:Mohl, Arian (22 May 2007).
468:Die heile Welt der Diktatur
291:
10:
984:
491:Kaminsky, Annette (1999).
330:(in German). 6 August 2014
228:
217:began to make forays into
110:
430:Historische Anthropologie
31:East German coffee crisis
953:1977 in economic history
880:Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk
757:Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk
724:MĂŒhlberg, Felix (2004).
442:10.7788/ha.2003.11.2.240
327:Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk
133:, as the effects of the
948:Economy of East Germany
845:SchÀfer, Bernd (2015).
544:Steiner, André (2006).
205:Effects on West Germany
244:
78:Soviet occupation zone
24:
701:. n.d. Archived from
238:
127:Socialist Unity Party
111:Further information:
107:Coffee crisis of 1977
37:in the late 1970s in
22:
943:1977 in East Germany
649:4 March 2016 at the
613:MĂ€rkische Allgemeine
284:re-establishment of
695:"Kaffee in der DDR"
249:exceptionally close
131:1970s energy crisis
764:on 3 February 2007
245:
168:", a reference to
33:was a shortage of
25:
968:Coffee in Germany
963:Coffee in Vietnam
938:History of coffee
860:978-1-78238-705-3
796:on 21 August 2006
269:Kombinat Viá»t-Äức
146:Central Committee
123:West German marks
101:East German marks
975:
923:
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918:
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883:. Archived from
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865:
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823:. Archived from
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789:. Archived from
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784:"Kaffeeverband"
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705:on 24 June 2010
699:die Kaffeetante
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651:Wayback Machine
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253:Robusta coffee
229:Main article:
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175:Jacobs Krönung
170:Erich Honecker
166:Erichs Krönung
150:Werner Lamberz
135:1973 oil shock
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915:. Retrieved
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889:. Retrieved
885:the original
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762:the original
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703:the original
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86:Soviet Union
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65:Eastern Bloc
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39:East Germany
30:
28:
26:
522:Der Spiegel
93: [
82:scarce good
56: [
932:Categories
567:19 October
357:LIT Verlag
309:References
273:hydropower
213:and later
181:Westpakete
158:Mozambique
72:Background
562:1612-6041
450:177063821
390:(Thesis).
388:TU Berlin
243:, Vietnam
46:Situation
647:Archived
466:(1999).
303:Nechezol
292:See also
154:Ethiopia
90:Röstfein
53:Westgeld
917:30 June
891:14 June
800:30 June
709:29 June
261:Arabica
241:Dak Lak
215:Eduscho
190:succade
186:Stollen
148:member
76:In the
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768:5 June
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677:
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529:5 June
499:
474:
448:
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363:
334:5 June
211:Tchibo
119:Brazil
35:coffee
794:(PDF)
787:(PDF)
446:S2CID
97:]
60:]
919:2017
893:2016
855:ISBN
802:2017
770:2019
732:ISBN
711:2017
675:ISBN
588:ISBN
569:2019
558:ISSN
531:2019
497:ISBN
472:ISBN
409:ISBN
361:ISBN
336:2019
156:and
29:The
438:doi
198:pea
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